Unit I : Income from ‘Profits and Gains of Business or Profession’

(Sections 28 to 44D)
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1.1 Basis of Charge
1.2 Important rules regarding assessment of PGBP
1.3 Computation of Profits of Business or profession
1.4 Deductions expressly allowed
1.5 Expenses expressly disallowed
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Sec. 2(13) Business :
Business means the purchase and sale or manufacture of a commodity with a view to
make profit. It includes any trade, commerce or manufacture or any adventure (Doing activity
for the first time without knowing the outcome) or concern in the nature of trade, commerce and
manufacture.
To judge a transaction as business transaction, following points should be considered -
1. Nature of commodity
2. Nature of transaction (Whether incidental to a business or not)
3. Intention of the related party
4. Duration of transaction
5. Effort applied in transaction.
Sec. 2(36) Profession:
Profession means the activities for earning livelihood which require intellectual skill or
manual skill, e.g. the work of a lawyer, doctor, auditor, engineer and so on are in the nature of
profession. Profession includes vocation.
Vocation : Vocation implies natural ability of a person to do some particular work e.g. singing, dancing,
etc. Here, no training or no qualification is required but having natural ability.
Profits : Excess income over expenditure.
Gains : Any incidental revenue from business.
As the rules for the assessment of business, profession or vocation are the same, there is no
importance of making any distinction between them for income tax purposes.
Sec. 28 : Basis of Charge :
The following incomes are chargeable to income tax under the head ‘PGBP’:
i) Revenue Profits from Business or Profession : The profits and gains of any business or
profession which was carried on by the assessee at any time during the previous year;

In the course of Deduction

Revenue
Business U/s 28

Loss Chargable under

Transfer
'Capital Gain'
Capital
No transfer No deduction

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ii) Any Compensation due to or received by an agent : Any compensation or other payment
due to or received by an agent, managing the whole or substantially the whole of the affairs of any
person, at the termination his management or modification of the terms and conditions relating
thereto.
iii) Income of trade association, etc : Income derived by a trade, professional or similar
association from specific services performed for its members.
iv) Receipts in connection with foreign trade :
a) Profit on sale of import license.
b) Duty Draw back / Duty remission (decrease) scheme / Duty free replenishment (refill)
certificate.
c) Cash Assistance.
d) Profit on sale of Duty Entitlement Passbook.
e) Repayment of any customs or excise duty to any person against exports.
v) Value of any benefit or Perquisite from business or profession : The value of any
benefit or perquisite whether convertible into money or not, arising from business or the exercise
of profession.
vi) Remuneration to partner from the firm : Any interest, salary, bonus, commission or
remuneration due to or received by a partner of a firm from the firm provided that it has been
allowed as deduction in computing the taxable profits of such firm.
vii) Amount received or receivable for certain agreement :
a) Not carrying out any activity in relation to any business or
b) Not sharing any know-how, patent, copyright, trade mark, license, franchise or any other
business or commercial right of similar nature or information or technique.
viii) Keyman Insurance Policy : Any sum received under a keyman insurance policy including the
sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy.
ix) Interest on securities : Interest on securities, if the business of the assessee is to invest in
securities, otherwise interest on securities shall be chargeable to income tax under the head
Income from other sources’.
x) Recovery against certain capital assets covered u/s 35AD : Any sum received on account
of any capital asset (other than land or goodwill or financial instrument) being demolished,
destroyed, discarded or transferred, if the whole of the expenditure on such capital asset has been
allowed as deduction u/s 35AD.
xi) Income from speculative transaction.
Sec. 43(5) Speculative Transaction : Speculative transaction means a transaction in which a contract
for the purchase or sale of any commodity, including stocks and shares, is periodically or ultimately
settled otherwise than by the actual delivery or transfer of the commodity or scrip.
Sec. 29 : Computation of Income from Business or Profession :
According to Section 29, the profits and gains of any business or profession are to be computed in
accordance with the provisions contained in Section 30 to 43D.

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 Sec. 29 :Computation of Income from Business or Profession

Admissible Expenses or Profit Other

Inadmissisable
Deduction payments not Chargable Provisions
Deduction
(Sec. 30 to 37) deductable in to Tax
(Sec. 40)
certain (Sec. 41)
circumstances
(Sec. 40A)

Rules for adjustment of Profit and Loss Account prepared by the Assessee :
The profit and Loss Account prepared by the assessee is not correct from the income tax point –
a) Several expenses are charged to it which are wholly or partly inadmissible.
b) Some admissible expenses are omitted.
c) Some taxable income are not credit
d) Some such incomes are credited which are either not taxable under the head PGBP or are not
taxable at all.
Proforma for computation of Income under the head PGBP
Particulars Rs. Rs.
Profit as per P & L A/c xxx
Add : i) Expenses or losses disallowed but charged in P & L A/c xxx
ii) Incomes taxable as business income but not credited to the P & L A/c xxx
iii) Expenses in excess of the allowed amount charged to P & L A/c xxx
iv) Under valuation of closing stock or over valuation of opening stock xxx xxx
Deduct i) Expenses or losses allowed but not debited to P & L A/c xxx
ii) Incomes not taxable as business income but credited to the P & L A/c xxx
iii) Income exempt from tax but credited in P & L A/c xxx
iv) Over valuation of closing stock and under valuation of opening stock xxx xxx
Taxable income from Business xxx
Deductions Expressly Allowed (Sec. 30 to 37)
Sec. 30 : Expenses in respect of business premises : Revenue expenses for use of premises for
business or profession is allowed.
a) Premises are occupied as tenant : Rent, Repair, Insurance and Tax.
b) Premises are occupied as owner : Repair, Insurance and Tax.
Note :
1. If the business premise belongs to the assessee no deduction in respect of rent will be allowed.
2. If the assessee is a partnership firm and the business premises belongs to a partner of the firm,
the rent payable to the partner will be an allowable deduction.
Sec. 31 : Revenue Expenditure on Plant and Machinery / Furniture and Fixture :

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 Revenue expenditure incurred on current repairs and insurance premium incurred on plant
and machinery / furniture and fixture is allowed. [Rent and taxes are allowed u/s 37]
Note : Capital expenditure shall not included in repairs.
Sec. 32 : Depreciation :
Difference between Depreciation under Accounting Rules and Taxation Rules
No. Accounting System Taxation System
1. Charges against profit. Allowances in nature
2. WDV / SLM method is allowed. Only WDV method is allowed. (Electricity
Generation Unit can adopt SLM Method)
3. Depreciation is charged on Individual Asset Depreciation is charged on Block of asset.
4. On the basis of number of days asset used. 50% of normal Depreciation (If asset is used
below 180 days) or Normal Depreciation.
5. Only on Tangible Asset. Tangible and Intangible asset.
6. Life of the asset. Prescribed rate.
Category of Asset : Five categories of asset.
I. Building
II. Furniture and Fittings.
III. Machinery and Plant
IV. Ships
V. Intangible Asset (Know-how, Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, Licenses, Franchises or
Commercial rights).
Block of Assets :
1. Falls under the same category.
2. On which same rate of depreciation is applied.
Conditions of Allowance of depreciation :
There are two essential conditions :
1. Asset should be owned, wholly or partly by the assessee.
2. It should be used for the purpose of assessee’s business or profession.
50% of normal Depreciation :
If any asset is acquired and put to use not to excess of 180 days during same previous year then
assessee can get the benefit of depreciation only 50% of normal depreciation.
Format for computation of Depreciation :
Opening WDV of block xxx
Add Actual Cost of asset acquired during P.Y. xxx
Less Money payable in respect of asset sold / discarded / damaged, etc. xxx
WDV for Depreciation xxx
Less Depreciation at prescribed rate xxx
Closing WDV xxx

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Rates of depreciation prescribed under IT Act :

1) Building

Residential Business Installing Plant and Machiner /

Purpose Purpose Temporary Building
(5%) (10%) (40%)

2) Furnture and Fittings

(10%)

3) Plant and Machinery

General Motor Car Motor Car used Remaining Assets

(15%) used on hire for own business (40%)
(15%) (30%) [Books, Computers /etc]

4) Ships

(20%)

5) Intangible Assets

(25%)
Sec. 33AB : Tea, Coffee and Rubber Development Account
a) The assessee should deposit in special account with the National Bank for Agricultural and
rural Development.
b) The deposit should be made within a period of six months from the end of the PY or before
furnishing the return of his income, whichever is earlier.
c) Limit : Sum equal to deposited or 40% of profits of such business (before making deduction
under this section and before setting off brought forward business losses), whichever is less.
d) Utilization of funds : Must be used in the same previous year in which it is withdrawn.
Sec 33ABA : Site Restoration Fund :
Deduction will be allowed in respect of prospecting, extraction or production of petroleum or
natural gas in India. It is necessary that, agreement with central government.
a) The assessee should deposit in special account with the State Bank of India.
b) The deposit should be before the end of the previous year.

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c) Limit : Sum equal to deposited or 20% of profits of such business (before making deduction
under this section and before setting off brought forward business losses), whichever is less.
Sec. 37 : General Deduction (Residuary section) :
Conditions should be fulfilled –
a) Expenses not covered under section 30 to 36.
b) Revenue nature expenditure.
c) Not of capital nature
d) Not of personal nature
e) Expenses incurred for running of business / profession.
f) Expenditure shall be made during the previous year.
Explanation 1 : Expenditure incurred on protection money, hafta, bribes, etc. will not be allowed.
Explanation 2 : Expenditure incurred on CSR activities will not be allowed.
Examples of expenses allowed :
1. Expenses incurred in the purchase, manufacture and sale of goods.
2. Expenses incurred on day to day running of the business.
3. Expenses incurred on breach of contract.
4. Amount of Value Added Tax / GST, excise duty, professional tax.
5. Compensation paid for retrenchment of undesirable employee.
6. Contribution made to provident fund.
7. Commission paid for securing orders.
8. Compensation paid to employees due to accident on duty.
9. Royalties paid for mines.
10. Insurance premium paid for policy of its employees for compensation during work.
11. Compulsory subscription to an association.
12. Legal expenses for – normal course of business, to avoid business liability, defend for title of his
assets, terminate a disadvantageous trading relationship, and resist a winding-up petition by
some shareholders.
13. Annual listing fee paid to stock exchange.
14. Expenditure on inauguration ceremony.
Sec 34 : Conditions for depreciation allowance and development rebate [Omitted w.e.f. 1.4.1988].
Section 35 : Expenditure on Scientific Research :
a) Scientific Research : It means activities for the extension of knowledge in the fields of natural
or applied science including agriculture, animal husbandry or fisheries.
b) Scientific Research Expenditure : It means expenditure incurred on scientific research
would include all expenditure incurred for the prosecution or the provision of facilities for the
prosecution of scientific research but does not include any expenditure incurred in the
acquisition of right in or arising out of scientific research.

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 A summary of weighted deduction u/s 35
Section Expenditure incurred / contribution made Deduction (As a % of
contribution made)
35(1)(i) Revenue Exp. Incurred on scientific research related to the 100%
assessee’s business
35(1)(ii) Research Association for scientific research 150%
35(1)(iia) Company for scientific research 100%
35(1)(iii) Research Association for research in social science or statistical 100%
research
35(1)(iv) Capital expenditure (Other than expenditure on land) 100%
35(2AB) Expenditure on in-house research (Except land and building) 150%

Scientific
Research

Self Outside Agency

Indian Research Association /

Incurred before Incurred regularly
commencement of business with business Company National Laboratory /
University /College/ IIT
Scientific
Within 3 yrs immediaely Capital Research
preceding the Revenue Exp. Scientific Social or
Exp. Research Statistical
commencement of
Business 100% Research
100% (Except
Land) 150%
100%
Revenue Exp. Capital Exp.
[Raw material and 100%
Salary exp. is
allowed] (Except Land)

100%
Only Salary and
Material
*Salary not include
perquisite

100%

In-house Research : A deduction of an amount equal to 150% of expenditure (excluding land or

building) shall be allowed.
Sec. 35D : Amortization (paying off) of Preliminary Expenses :
Preliminary expenses includes –
1. Preparation of feasibility report,
2. Preparation of project report
3. Conducting market survey.
4. Legal charges for drafting any agreement.
5. Printing charges for the Memorandum and Articles of Association.
6. Fees paid for registering the company.
7. Expenses regarding issue of shares or debentures e.g. underwriting commission, brokerage,
typing, printing, advertisement of prospectus etc.

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 Deduction : Deduction is allowed is 1/5 of such expenditure for each of the five successive
previous year beginning with the previous year in which the business is commences.

Preleminary expenses (Max. Limit)

Indian Company Other than Indian Company

5% of 'Cost of Project' or 5% of 'Cost of Project'

5% of the 'Capital employed'

Option of the assessee

Sec. 35DD : Expenditure for amalgamation or demerger of an undertaking :

Allowed deduction of 20% of such expenditure for each of five successive previous years
beginning with the year in which amalgamation or demerger takes place.
Section 35DDA : Expenditure on voluntary retirement :
Allowed deduction of 20% of such expenditure for each of five successive previous years
beginning with the year in which the expenditure was incurred.
Sec. 35 AD : Expenditure on Specified Business :
- 100% expenditure of capital nature is allowed [Excluding land, goodwill, financial
instrument]
- Deduction is allowed in the year in which business is commenced –
a) Expenditure incurred prior to commencement of its operations.
b) The amount is capitalised in the books of accounts on the date of commencement of its
operations.
- Payment of Rs. 10,000 in a day should not be made in cash.
Businesses :-
1. Setting up and operating of cold chain facility.
Cold chain facility means a chain of facilities for storage or transportation of:
a) Agriculture and forest produce,
b) Meat and meat products,
c) Poultry
d) Marine and dairy products
e) Products of horticulture, floriculture and apiculture
f) Processed food items.
2. Warehousing facility – for storage of agricultural produce.
3. Laying and operating of petroleum oil pipeline.
4. At least one hundred beds hospital.
5. Building for slum redevelopment or rehabilitation framed by Central or State Government.

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6. Housing project under a scheme for affordable housing framed by Central or State Government.
7. Two-star or above category hotel.
8. Production of fertilizer in India.
9. Inland container depot / container freight station.
10. Bee-keeping and production of honey and beeswax.
11. Warehousing facility for storage of sugar.
12. Infrastructure facility – toll road, bridge, water supply, water treatment, irrigation project,
sanitation, port, airport, etc.
13. Semiconductor wafer fabrication manufacturing unit.
Sec. 36 : Other deduction :
1. Insurance premium paid for stock which is used for purpose of business / profession.
2. Insurance premium for cattle, Paid by federal milk co-operative society.
3. Insurance premium paid (any mode other than cash) for the health of employees.
4. Bonus or commission to employee. (On actual payment basis)
5. Interest paid on borrowed capital for purpose of business / profession (On actual
payment basis). No deduction of ‘interest paid’ for acquisition of asset from the date of
borrowing till the date of ‘put to use’. (It would be added to cost of asset).
6. Discount on Zero Coupon Bond allowed as deduction on pro-rata basis.
7. Bad debts – The debt should be incidental to the business.
8. Loss regarding animals (Not for stock in trade) – allowed as deduction. [Cost of animal –
carcasses of animals]
9. Employers contribution to provident Fund – only Recognized provident fund or approved
superannuation fund. [Subject to Sec. 43B]
10. Employees contribution to provident fund or superannuation fund etc. [Subject to Sec. 43B].
11. Approved gratuity fund. [Subject to Sec. 43B].
12. Expenditure on family planning (Only when assessee is company) : Capital expenditure = 5 equal
installments; Revenue expenditure – in the same previous year.
13. Entertainment expenses, advertisement expenses (Except section 37(2B) i.e. advertisement in
political party).
14. Security Transaction Tax (STT).
Sec. 40(a) : Expenses not allowed in any circumstances :
1. Expenditure on advertisement in any souvenir, etc. published by a political party.
2. Payments outside India, in India to a non resident or a foreign company on which TDS is not
deducted and has not paid on or before the due date specified.
3. Payment to residents – on which TDS has not been deducted or before the due date of filing the
return of income – 30% of such sum shall not allowed as deduction.
4. Wealth tax : Wealth tax chargeable under the Wealth Tax Act shall not be allowed as deduction.
5. Tax on Profits and Gains : Any sum paid on account of any tax levied on the profits and gains
of any business or profession shall not be allowed as a deduction.

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6. Contribution to unrecognized provident fund.
Sec. 40A : Expenses not deductible in certain circumstances :
1. Excessive payment to relatives.
2. Payment in Cash : Payment made to a person in a day is made exceeding Rs. 10,000 other than
account payee cheque, bank draft or use of electric clearing system, it will be disallowed. Entire
amount will be disallowed.
Exception : Where payment is made for plying, hiring or leasing goods carriages, the limit of
disallowance shall be exceeding Rs. 35,000.
Sec. 43B : Deductions allowable only on actual payment :
1. Any sum payable by the assessee by way of tax, duty, cess or fee.
2. Any sum payable by him as an employer by way of contribution to any provident fund,
superannuation fund or gratuity fund or any other fund for the welfare of employees.
Certain Allowable Losses
Losses which are directly incidental to the business or profession of the assessee are allowable.
Following are some examples of such losses.
1) Robbery or Dacoity : Loss caused by robbery or dacoity is not deductible. But, if it is
incidental to business it will be allowed as a deduction and this depends upon the specific circumstances
and conditions. For example, if cash is sent for disbursement at different centers by a sugar factory in
rural area, it is incidental to business and is, therefore, allowed. Any loss due to robbery in a bank will be
allowed as the bank is under an obligation to maintain some cash outside the strong room for payments.
2) Embezzlement (Misappropriation), Theft, etc. : The loss of money due to embezzlement
by an employee handling the funds of the business while discharging his official duties is allowed as
deduction. When an employee goes to bank to deposit the cash and he takes away the money for his own
use, even then, the loss is allowable. Theft by a cashier, who is in charge of cash, is also an allowable loss.
A theft committed either by an employee or by someone else by breaking open into the business premises
after office hours, is also allowable.
3) Loss due to Non-recovery of Advances : If it is the practice in a business to give advance
money to the suppliers and if the supplier neither supplies the order nor refunds the advance money, the
loss sustained by the assessee is incidental to business and is, therefore, allowable.
4) Penalty paid for infraction of law is not allowed.
Illustration 1 :
Mr. Amitabh prepared the following profit and loss account of his cloth shop for the year ended
31st March, 2019. Find out his income from business for the AY 2019-20.
Profit and Loss Account
(For the year ended 31st March, 2019)
Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs.
Salaries and wages 33,000 Gross Profit 3,34,725
Rent, etc. 1,600 Gifts received from relatives 275
Household expenses 82,000
Income Tax 900
Advertisement 800

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 Postage expenses 600
Gifts to relatives 900
Fire Insurance Premium 400
Life Insurance Premium 2,100
Bad Debts Reserve 800
Audit Fees 400
Net profit 2,11,500
Total 3,35,000 Total 3,35,000
Solution :
Computation of Income from PGBP
A.Y. : 2019-20
Particulars Rs. Rs.
Profit as per P & L A/c 2,11,500
Add : Household expenses 82,000
Income Tax 900
Gifts to relatives 900
Life Insurance Premium 2,100
Bad Debts Reserve 800 86,700
2,98,200
Less Gifts received from relatives 275 275
Taxable income from Business 2,97,925
Illustration 2 : Given below is the Profit and Loss Account of a Timber Merchant for the year ended 31st
March, 2019. Compute total income for the AY 2019-20.
Profit and Loss Account
(For the year ended 31st March, 2019)
Particulars Rs Particulars Rs
Opening Stock 25,000 Sales 6,00,000
Purchases 2,50,000 Rent for Property 15,000
Wages 1,00,000 Closing Stock 35,000
Audit Fees 1,000
Repairs (House Property) 2,000
General Charges 1,500
Commission for raising loan 1,000
Bad debts Reserve 500
Bad debts 2,000
Interest on capital 10,500
Contribution to Staff Welfare Fund 2,500
Provision for Income Tax 1,500
Depreciation (Allowable) 2,500
Net Profit 2,50,000
Total 6,50,000 Total 6,50,000
Solution :
Computation of Income from Business
Particulars Rs. Rs.
Profit as per P & L A/c 2,50,000
Add : Repairs (House Property) 2,000
Bad debts Reserve 500
Interest on capital 10,500
Contribution to Staff Welfare Fund 2,500
Provision for Income Tax 1,500 17,000
2,67,000
Less Rent for Property 15,000
Taxable income from Business 2,52,000

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Problem 1 : The following is the Profit and Loss Account of Mr. X for the year ended on 31st March,
2019. Compute his taxable income from business for that year: [Problem 10, Page 236]
Profit and Loss Account
(For the year ended 31st March, 2019)
Particulars Rs Particulars Rs
Opening Stock 15,000 Sales 2,80,000
Purchases 1,40,000 Closing Stock 20,000
Wages 20,000 Gift from Father 10,000
Rent 46,000 Sale of Car 17,000
Repairs of Car 3,000 Income tax Refund 3,000
Medical Expenses 3,000
General Expenses 10,000
Depreciation of Car 4,000
Profit for the year 89,000
Total 3,30,000 Total 3,30,000
Following further information is given:
(1) Mr. X carries on his business from rented premises half of which is used as his residence.
(2) Mr. X bought a car during the year for Rs 20,000. He charged 20% depreciation on the value of the
car. The car was sold during the year for Rs 17,000. The use of the car was 3/4 th for the business and
1/4th for personal use.
(3) Medical expenses were incurred during the sickness of Mr. X for his treatment.
(4) Wages include Rs 250 per month on account of Mr. X’s driver for 10 months.
Problem 2 :
The following is the Profit and Loss Account of the Raj Oil Mills for the financial year 2018-19.
Compute its business income on the basis of additional information.
Profit and Loss Account
(For the year ended 31st March, 2019)
Particulars Rs Particulars Rs
Office Salaries 15,000 Gross Profits 80,000
General Expenses 7,000 Profit on Sale of car 15,000
Bad Debts 1,000 Recovery of bad debts 5,000
Advertising Expenses 3,700 Interest on Govt. Securities 3,500
Insurance Premium (fire) 1,500 Dividends 3,500
Depreciation 5,000 Gifts on the occasion 5,000
Reserve for bad debts 3,000 of Gruhapravesam
Donation to a school 2,500
Car Expenses 2,000
Net Profit 71,300
Total 1,12,000 Total 1,12,000
Additional information:
(a) General expenses include:
(i) Rs 2,500 as compensation paid to an accountant who had to be removed from service in the interest
of business, and
(ii) Rs 3,300 as contribution paid to the Govt. for laying electric cables for the company’s plant.
(b) Depreciation as regards to the relevant blocks of assets under the Income Tax Act was Rs 3,500.
(c) In the assessment year 2015-16 the Assessing Officer had refused to allow deduction for the bad
debts of Rs 5,000 now recovered.
(d) Car expenses include Rs 500 attributable to use of car for personal work.

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Solution :
Computation of Income from Business
AY : 2019-20
Particulars Rs. Rs.
Profit as per P & L A/c 71,300
Add : Disallowed Expenses
Depreciation 5,000
Reserve for bad debts 3,000
Donation to School 2,500
Car expenses 500 11,000
82,300
Less Profit of sale of car 15,000
Recovery of Bad debts 5,000
Interest on Govt. Securities 3,500
Dividends 3,500
Gifts on the occasion of Gruhapravesam 5,000
Depreciation 3,500 35,500
Taxable income from Business 46,800
Problem 3 : The following is the Profit & Loss Account of Sri S. Kumar for the year ending 31 st March,
2019: [Problem 12, Page 238]
Profit and Loss Account
(For the year ended 31st March, 2019)
Particulars Rs Particulars Rs
Rent 3,870 Gross Profit b/d 55,048
Staff Salaries 8,620 Miscellaneous Receipts 383
General Charges 3,780 Discounts 458
Interest on Capital 1,800 Interest of Govt. Securities 2,400
Audit Fee 1,050 Bad Debts Recovered 560
Bad Debts 840 Profit on Sale of Machineries 5,765
Reserve for Bad Debts 600 Profit on Smuggling
Business 1,25,000
Income Tax 2,400 Less:
Law Charges 3,700 (1) Bribe to Border Police 12,000
Compensation to a 2,800 (2) Smuggled goods Seized 16,000
retrenched employee
Cost of extension of office 2,000 (3) Penalty to Custom 84,000
premises Authorities 13,000
Charity and Donation 184
Depreciation 5,700
Entertainment Expenses 12,600
Net Profit 98,670
Total 1,48,614 Total 1,48,614
Compute Mr. Kumar’s Income from Business for the related Assessment Year after taking into account
the following:
(a) The expenditure of rent includes a sum of Rs 720 being rent charged for a godown owned by the
assessee himself.
(b) Staff salary includes Rs 1,200 being the salary of a servant engaged at the residence of the assessee.
(c) The general expenses include a sum of Rs 500 being advertisement expenses.
(d) Law charges include payment of Rs 2,300 being Stamp and Registration Fees and Solicitor’s Bill for
the Deed of Purchase of a property.
(e) Depreciation on fixed assets chargeable according to Income Tax Rules amounts to Rs 6,780.

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(f) Bad Debts recovered include an item of Rs 200 the claim for which was disallowed in the related
year of assessment.
(g) The profit on sale of machineries relate to a machine purchased in December 2016 for Rs 15,000.
Its written-down value on 1.4.2018 was Rs 10,935 and the same was sold during the year for Rs
16,700.
Problem 4 : From the following Profit and Loss Account of a sole proprietorship business for the year
ended 31st March, 2019, compute his taxable income from business and the gross total income for the
assessment year 2018-19: [Problem 11, Page 237]
Profit and Loss Account
(For the year ended 31st March, 2019)
Particulars Rs Particulars Rs
Salary to Staff 15,000 Gross Profit b/d 2,00,000
General Expenses 8,000 Dividend from an Indian 5,000
Bad Debts 3,000 Agricultural Company
Advertisement 5,000 Interest on Notified 1,000
Proprietor’s Salary 15,000 Capital Investment Bonds
Int. on Proprietor’s Capital 3,000
Reserve for Sales Tax 8,000
Gratuity to Staff 40,000
Donation 12,000
Purchase of Land 20,000
Advance Income Tax Paid 5,000
Depreciation 10,000
Legal charges for defending a suit 1,000
for breach of a trading contract
Net Profit 61,000
Total 2,06,000 Total 2,06,000
Additional Information:
(1) General Expenses include Rs 2,000 paid as compensation to an employee whose services were
terminated as his continuing in service was considered detrimental to the profitable conduct of the
business.
(2) The assessee has received demand notice of sales-tax for the preceding year amounting to Rs 8,000
and he has not disputed the liability.
(3) The gratuity paid had no relation to the service or salary drawn by the staff. It was given on ad hoc
basis.
(4) Donation was given to the Chamber of Commerce to work against the threat of nationalization of
the type of business carried on by the assessee. The Chamber collected such donations from several
other parties also doing the same type of business. The Chamber in turn donated money to different
parties who exercised their pressure with the Government and ultimately it was averted.
(5) The assessee purchased land in the name of the District Magistrate for constructing houses for its
workers. It was to be done by the Government under the subsidized Housing Scheme for industrial
workers. The ownership would vest in the Government.
(6) Depreciation is found to be in excess by Rs 2,000.
Problem 5 : Sri Pandey is a reputed Vakil of Bikaner. He has prepared the following Income &
Expenditure Account for the year ended 31st March, 2019: [Problem 17, Page 244]

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 Profit and Loss Account
(For the year ended 31st March, 2019)
Expenditure Rs Income Rs
Household Expenses 12,000 Legal fees 1,26,000
Office Expenses 7,000 Special commission appointment 1,400
Charity 500 fees
Telephone Expenses 500 Cash gifts received from Clients 2,000
Income Tax 900 House Rent 15,000
Rent 4,000 Int. on Govt. Securities 3,000
Gift to daughter 2,000 Salary as part-time Lecturer in Law 6,000
Electricity Charges 1,000
Donation to National Defense Fund 1,000
Contribution to Public Provident Fund 2,400
Books for profession 3,000
(Annual publications)
Salaries 15,000
Purchase of Motor-car 60,000
Purchase of Furniture 2,000
Life Insurance Premium 5,000
Motor-car Expenses 6,000
Purchase of Typewriter 6,000
Excess of Income over Expenditure 25,100
Total 1,53,400 Total 3,53,400
Following other particulars were received:
(a) Sri Pandey lives in one-half of the house and the other half is used for office. Rent and Electricity
charges are in respect of this house.
(b) One-half of car expenses are for personal use.
(c) Depreciate Motor-car @ 15%, Typewriter @ 15% and Furniture @ 10%.
Compute his taxable income from business and profession for the A.Y. 2019-20.
Problem 6 : From the Profit & Loss Account for the relevant assessment year, compute income from
business of Sri Babu Rao.
Profit and Loss Account
(For the year ended 31st March, 2019)
Particulars Rs Particulars Rs
To Salaries 88,000 By Gross Profit 3,80,000
To Rent 42,000 By Sundry receipts 20,000
To General expenses 20,000 By dividends 40,000
To Advertisement 25,000 By Commission 30,000
To Legal expenses 15,000 By Bad debts recovered 10,000
To Sales-tax 10,000 (earlier allowed)
To Wealth-tax 20,000 By Rent of building let out 44,000
To Telephone expenses 12,000
To Gratuity paid 30,000
To Provision for bad debts 10,000
To Advance income-tax 20,000
To Depreciation 38,000
To Office expenses 12,000
To Municipal taxes of property let out 10,000
To Contribution to employees provident fund 6,000
To Net profit 1,66,000
Total 5,24,000 Total 5,24,000
Other information:
(a) Legal expenses were found to have been incurred for the registration of a business asset.

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(b) 50% of the business premises were used for residential purposes.
(c) General expenses include a donation of Rs 10,000 towards A.P. Chief Minister’s Relief Fund.
(d) Advertisement expenses were paid in Cash.
(e) Allowable depreciation as per income-tax rules, Rs 46,000.
Solution :
Computation of Income from Business
AY : 2019-20
Particulars Rs. Rs.
Profit as per P & L A/c 1,66,000
Add : Inadmissible Expenses
Rent 21,000
General Expenses(Donation) 10,000
Advertisement expenses (Paid in cash) 25,000
Wealth tax 20,000
Provision for bad debts 10,000
Advance Income Tax 20,000
Depreciation 38,000
Municipal Tax of property let out 10,000 1,54,000
3,20,000
Less Inadmissible Incomes
Dividends 40,000
Rent of building let out 44,000 84,000
Depreciation 46,000
Taxable income from Business 1,90,000
Problem 7: Sri Sunil Dutta furnishes the following information relevant for the A.Y. 2018-19:
[Problem 21, Page 247]
Profit and Loss Account
(For the year ended 31st March, 2019)
Particulars Rs Particulars Rs
Office Expenses 45,000 Gross Profit 3,43,000
Sundry Expenses 39,000 Sundry Receipts 11,000
Entertainment Expenses 15,000 Bad debts recovered 7,100
Audit Fees 12,000 (Not allowed earlier)
Legal Charges 4,000 Customs duties recovered 32,500
Extension of Building 6,000 from the Government
Bonus to Staff 36,000 (Allowed earlier as deduction)
Salary to Staff 43,000 Gifts received from father 1,43,000
Depreciation on Plant & Machinery 23,000
Contribution towards Recognised P.F. 15,000
Contribution towards Unapproved Gratuity 4,000
Fund
Provision for Sales Tax 25,000
Sales Tax 38,000
Payment to a National Laboratory for
Scientific Research 49,600
Net Profit 1,82,000
Total 5,36,600 Total 5,36,600
Additional Information:
(a) Payment to a National Laboratory is for the purpose of carrying on approved scientific research, not
related to the business. Besides, Sri Sunil Dutta purchases a plant of Rs 30,000 for the purpose of
carrying on scientific research related to the business. Neither cost of plant nor depreciation
thereon is debited to profit and loss account.

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(b) Depreciation on plant and machinery and extension of building as per income-tax rule is Rs 19,000.
(c) Sales tax of Rs 38,000 includes interest for late payment of sales tax Rs 1,200 and penalty for
evading GST Rs 10,000.
(d) Provision for sales tax is however paid on July 10, 2015. Evidence of payment is submitted along
with the return of income.
(e) Salary to staff includes a payment of pension of Rs 8,000 to the widow of a former employee.
Compute business income of Sri Sunil Dutta for the assessment year 2019-20.
Problem 8: Mr. Dewan is a Chartered Accountant in Delhi. From the following information, compute
the income from profession. [Problem 22, Page 249]
Income and Expenditure Account
(For the year ended 31st March, 2019)
Expenses Rs Income Rs
To Drawings 8,000 By Audit fees 2,24,000
To Office rent 42,000 By Financial consultancy service 98,000
To Telephone charges 15,000 By Dividend from UTI 10,000
To Electricity Bill 4,200 By Accountancy works 14,000
To Salary of staff 66,000
To Car expenses 21,000
To Subscription for journals 2,500
To Institution fee 1,200
To Stipends given to Trainees 12,000
To Net Profit/Income 1,74,100
Total 3,46,000 Total 3,46,000
Notes:
1. Depreciation of car during the year amounts to Rs 5,000.
2. 30% of the car is used for personal purpose.
Problem 9 : Dr. Surendra is a renowned medical practitioner who maintains books of account on cash
basis, furnishes his Receipts and Payments Account for the financial year 2018-19. [Problem 20, Page
152]
Income and Expenditure Account
(For the year ended 31st March, 2019)
Receipts Rs Payments Rs
Balance b/d 14,000 Electricity and Water Bills 2,000
Consultation Fees: Rent of Clinic:
2013-14 3,000 2013-14 600
2014-15 15,000 2014-15 4,800
2015-16 2,000 2015-16 600
Visiting Fees 30,000 Purchase of medicines 40,000
Loan from bank for 25,000 Purchases of Professional Books 4,000
professional purposes
Sale of Medicines 60,000 Household expenses 7,800
Gifts and Presents 5,000 Collection charges on Dividend Income 100
Remuneration from 6,000 Motor-car purchased 30,000
Articles Published in Surgical Equipments 4,800
Professional Journals Income Tax 10,000
Dividend 10,000 Salary to Staff 15,000
Interest on Post Office 7,000 Life Insurance Premium 15,000
Savings Bank A/c Gift to Wife 5,000
Interest on Loan 2,000
Car expenses 15,000
Balance c/d 20,300

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 Total 1,77,000 Total 1,77,000
Compute his Taxable Professional Income for the assessment year 2019-20, after taking into account the
following additional information:
(a) 1/3 of the use of Motor-car relates to his personal use.
(b) Depreciation on Motor-car allowable is 15%, on books it is @ 100% and on Surgical Equipments it is
@ 15%.
(c) Gifts and presents include Rs. 3,000 from patients in appreciation of his medical service and Rs
2,000 received as Birthday Gifts from relatives.
(d) Closing stock of medicine amounted to Rs. 5,500.
Problem 10: The following is the Receipts and Payments Account of Mr. Nagaraja Rao, a practicing
Chartered Accountant for the year ended 31.3.2019:
Receipts Rs.
Audit Fees 19,210
Consultation 10,000
Appellate Tribunal appearance 15,000
Miscellaneous 20,000
Interest on Government Securities 10,000
Rent received 10,000
Presents from clients 10,000
Payments Rs.
Office expenses 10,000
Office rent 5,000
Salaries and Wages 12,050
Printing and Stationery 1,000
Subscription to C.A. Institute 3,000
Purchase of books for professional purposes (Annual publications) 1,300
Travelling expenses 5,800
Interest on bank loan 3,000
Donation to National Defense Fund 5,000
Loan from bank was taken for the construction of the house in which he lives. Municipal value of
this house is Rs 8,000 and the local taxes Rs 800 p.a. 1/4th of travelling expenses are not allowable.
Compute professional income and income from house property for the previous year 2018-19.
Problem 11 : Dr. Gupta is a medical practitioner of Ludhiana. From the following, calculate his income
from profession for the assessment year 2019-20: [Problem 18, Page No. 150]
Rs.
1. Gross receipts from dispensary 2,35,000
2. Gross receipts from consultation 1,65,000
3. Operation fees 2,50,000
4. Visiting fees 50,000

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5. Gifts from patients 30,000
6. Medicine purchased 1,25,000
7. Closing stock of medicines 35,000
8. Salaries paid to employee 1,50,000
9. Surgical equipments purchased 48,000
10. Dr. Gupta went to attend a medical seminar in Germany to update the knowledge and spent Rs
25,000 on it.
11. He owns a house whose municipal value is Rs 50,000. Half portion of the house is used for
profession. Expenses paid on the house: Municipal Taxes 10% of M.V., Repairs Rs 10,000.
12. Medical books purchased (Allow depreciation @ 40%) Rs. 30,000.
Problem 12 : Sri Rathore gives you the following particulars from his books of account. Compute his
Taxable Business Income for the year ending 31.3.2019: [Problem 12, Page No. 144]
Net profit as per Profit and Loss A/C (Before charging the following) Rs. 5,75,000
Expenditure on Family planning Rs. 45,000
Lump-sum payment made for Technical know-how Rs 90,000
Entertainment expenditure Rs. 30,000
Expenditure on acquiring Patent-Right Rs. 84,000
Expenditure on advertisement – Paid in Cash Rs. 18,000
Amount paid to Rajasthan University for an approved Research Programme in Social Sciences not
connected with his business Rs. 20,000
Provision for Excise duty (He paid only Rs 20,000 before filing I.T. return) Rs 45,000.
Problem 13 : Miss. Vishnu Priya gives you the following information from her accounts for the year
ending 31.3.2019:
Net profit as per the Profit and Loss Account (Before charging the following) Rs. 5,40,000
Expenditure on staff welfare Rs. 30,000
Revenue expenditure on family planning among employees Rs. 32,000
Capital expenditure on the above Rs. 8,00,000
Lump sum consideration for purchase of technical know-how on 1.7.2013 Rs. 1,00,000
Entertainment expenditure Rs. 15,000
Expenditure on acquisition of patent right on 1.11.2012 Rs. 1,25,000
Expenditure on advertisement paid in cash Rs. 90,000
Amount paid to Anna University for an approved research programme in the field of social science not
connected with the Business Rs. 40,000
Compute business income of Vishnu Priya for the assessment year 2015-16.
Problem 14 : The Net profit of Mr. Sulaiman of Madurai as per his profit and loss account for the year
ended 31.3.2019 after charging the following item was Rs 2,40,000: [Problem 13, Page 145]
(a) Interest on capital Rs. 20,000
(b) Salary to staff Rs. 1,16,000
(c) Office expenses Rs. 3,000

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 (d) Bad debts written-off Rs. 13,000
(e) Provision for bad debts Rs. 10,000
(f) Provision for income-tax Rs. 16,000
(g) Donation Rs. 10,000
(h) Depreciation Rs. 17,000
Depreciation allowable as per the Act is only Rs. 12,000.
Compute income from business.
Problem 15 : Mr. Gupta provides you the following detail from his business books for the assessment
year 2019-20:
(a) Computed net profit after charging the following Rs. 72,000
(b) Provision and reserves debited to P & L A/c.
(1) Provision for Discount on Debtors Rs. 42,000
(2) Provision for Depreciation Rs. 31,000
(c) Household expenses Rs. 48,000
(d) Donation to a recognised school Rs. 70,000
(e) Computer purchased for scientific research Rs. 20,000
(f) Bearer cheque issued for a purchase Rs 25,000
(g) O. Y. T. deposit Rs. 16,000
(h) Advertisement expenses on sign boards Rs. 45,000
(i) Audit fees paid in cash Rs. 25,000
(j) Patent purchased during the year Rs. 75,000
(k) Market survey and feasibility report expenses (Cost of a new project Rs 6,00,000) Rs. 50,000
(l) Opening stock is valued at cost + 10% basis and closing stock is valued at cost - 10% basis.
Opening stock was valued at Rs 66,000 and closing stock was valued at Rs. 72,000.
Income credited to Profit and Loss account were:
(1) Bank Interest on F. D. Rs. 7,000
(2) Refund of Excise Duty Rs. 5,000
(3) Dividend from Indian Cos. Rs. 3,000
(4) Bad debts recovered Rs. 3,000
Compute Business Income of the assessee for the assessment year 2019-20. Give proper notes in
support of your answer.
*****

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