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2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 1

Substrates for printing and packaging

Product enhancement – a glossary for print providers
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2 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates

Substrates for printing and packaging

Product enhancement – a glossary for print providers

Print pr oviders raise their pr ofiles either by br oadening the spec trum of offset-related materials, applications, issues, trends, characteristics, proper-
materials they c an pr ocess or by specialising in selec ted ma terials and/or ties and standards along with pr ocedures for testing workability and print-
formats. However, substrates are often the c ause of v ociferous complaints ability. A list of web addresses where further information can be obtained is
from cust omers. This supplement t o KBA R eport provides an o verview of also provided.

Abrasion/rub resistance
The mechanical ability of the substrate sur-
face to withstand abrasion.
Abrasion/rub resistance test
Used t o t est the adhesion of ink t o the
substrate; the prin ted image is rubbed
against the unprin ted substr ates for 48
hours (DIN 53109: abrasion wheel t est,
wet/dry; DIN 6723, Prüfbau abrasion test);
evaluation with image analysis.
ABS, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
Thermoplastic copolymer; an ABS film can
be printed with UV or waterless offset inks.
Absorbency
The ability of a substr ate to accept ink and
fount solution thr ough its sur face and
ensure ink adhesion; depends on the vol-
ume of sizing in the substr ate; if foun t
solution is adsorbed and r emains on the
surface, during wet-on-wet offset this ma y
result in ink r epulsion in the final prin ting
units; test: volume of sizing (DIN 53126,
Zellcheming V/15/60), capillary rise (DIN
ISO 8787, DIN 53106).
Acclimatisation, acclimation
Introducing a ma terial into the pr oduction
climate well in adv ance, primarily to allow In the value-added chain and the life cycle of printing and packaging substrates, printing plants function as specialised materials buyers
moisture lev els t o equalise . equilibrium and processors
moisture content, conditioning.
Additional substrate handling packages ing materials and r anging from freely per- Anisotropy ash comprises the inor ganic residue of the
Options available with KBA sheetfed offset meable to hermetically sealed;resistance to The property of being directionally depend- filler.
presses t o enable special substr ates t o be the passage of air [in µm/(Pa·s)] as per ent. With r eference t o paper , properties Banknote paper
printed; the packages can be cust om-con- Bendtsen (DIN 53120, ISO 5636-1/-3, TAPPI influenced by the direction of the grain. High-grade security paper inc orporating
figured for specific press formats and types 460m-46). Antique finish paper watermarks, metal strips and a high pr o-
(table 1). Airmail paper White, wood-free uncoated stock with a portion of rags for added str ength; UV-
Adhesion Thin, lightweight w ood-free writing and rough, minimally calendered surface. and age-resistant.
The phenomenon that keeps inks and coat- envelope paper. Antistatic agents, anti-electrostatic Base paper
ings on the substrate surface; indirect test: Alabaster paper/board agents Paper manufactured specifically for coat-
the drying speed of inks and c oatings that A popular choice for business cards;the sur- Separating or anti-friction agents occasion- ing or for pr ocessing in to corrugated
dry by penetration and oxidation,the cross- face pattern resembles alabaster. ally inc orporated in polymer films t o board.
linking speed of r adiation-cured and sol- Allowance, overcount, oversheets, plus counteract elec trostatic char ge; however, Basis weight
vent inks and c oatings; no standar dised sheets they r educe ink adhesion, so static US term defining paper weights:the weight
tests; fast: nail test (more reliable than the Additional paper r equired t o c ompensate eliminators are a better choice. (in pounds) of a ream (500 sheets) of paper
sticky tape t est), wipe test; testing devices for sheets inevitably spoiled during mak e- APCO II/II cut to the basic size for a particular grade of
for UV syst ems: Fogra UV curing t ester, ready, start-up and production (waste). Art paper developed by Scheufelen for test- paper. The metric equiv alent is gram-
SID UV tester. Aluminium ing c ompliance with DIN 16519-2. Free of mage (grams per square metre).
Ageing A metal e xtracted from bauxite ore; along mechanical pulp and whiteners,it is used Beermat board, coaster board, softboard
The deterioration of substrates and packag- with tin the primar y packaging ma terial as a reference for various standards. Soft, thick and highly absorben t board; can
ing o ver time , eg yellowing, embrittle- used in metal dec orating; often used in Art paper be per fect prin ted in c olour on an offset
ment. BS ISO 9706 r elates to permanence, flexible packaging as a r einforcement (on Wood-free paper c oated on both sides; litho pr ess (cheaper if ganged) or digital
BS 6388 and ISO 5630 t o the simulation of the inside) or mirrored surface (on the out- uniform gloss or semi-ma tt c oating (min. press.
accelerated ageing. side), most c ommonly in the form of 20g/m2 per side) with lo w absorbenc y; Bending stiffness, flexural strength,
Air conditioner metallised p aper ( also u sed t o g reat outstanding prin tability and w orkability; rigidity
System used to create a standard atmos- effect in promotional products) and lam- ideal for photorealistic offset litho. Resistance of a substr ate to bending paral-
phere in a prin tshop warehouse, press hall inated boar d for drinks car tons; when e x- Ash content lel or perpendicular t o the grain (ISO
and finishing department. posed to air, aluminium instantly forms an The percentage by mass remaining when a 5628; three-point beam method; TAPPI
Air permeability, air permeance oxide layer; when metallised paper is print- sample of paper (100%) is ignit ed at 900°C T 489 om-92: Taber test); crucial for worka-
Property of par ticular relevance in packag- ed, the ink adheres to the aluminium oxide. (ISO 2144, Zellcheming IV/40/77); the bility and sheet travel.
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Table 1: Substrate-related options available for KBA sheetfed offset presses

Option Application Infeed/feeder* Printing units/coaters* Delivery*
CX package** Heavier, thicker board Nonstop facility, guide rollers, capacitive double-sheet Mechanical sheet guides with air blasts, sheet travel Height-adjustable nonstop roller,
control, higher pile load capacity, lifting sucker tilting monitoring higher pile load capacity
Microflute Rigid, single-ply fine Special sheet-guide rollers, polished cover lays Special blankets —
package** corrugated
Film/plastic Non-absorbent surfaces Static eliminator, roller coatings (eg chrome), hold-down Mechanical board guides with air blasts, sheet-travel Guide plates with controlled airflow,
printing (gloss-coated cartons, film or shaft with rollers, rollers above cover lays, timed guide monitoring, modified grippers, static eliminator, convertible suction/blowing, suction roller,
package laminates with carton-like bars with rollers, air blasts UV conditioner (ink agitator, rollers, washing device, static eliminator, air extractor system,
rigidity) interdeck UV dryer, coating feed) extended delivery with end-of-press
UV dryer
Lightweight Paper from 0.05 mm thick Special sheet-guide rollers — Suction roller
package
Sheeter Cheaper web stock Web unwinder and rotary cutter prior to feeder — —
Slitter Slits large sheets in half — — Rotating blade prior to delivery
* Features vary according to press type, format and customer specs. ** For thicker substrates additional options are available, eg press plinth, pile logistics.

Bible paper Building material class smooth the paper web and sometimes also on thin sheet stock that can be glued in lay-
25 to 60g/m2 lightweight paper with a high For the purposes of fire prevention and with the paper c oating; production err ors: ers to create “sandwich” cards).
proportion of filler and, possibly, rags respect to their st orage, printing and utili- cockling, greying. Carrier bag
for gr eater opacity (unlik e man y ligh t- sation, polymer films are classified under Calendered/glazed paper Bag with a handle and often a base; offset-
weight papers); commonly used for books , BS EN 13501 as non-c ombustible (A1, A2), Smooth, glossy uncoated stock. printed carrier bags made of chromo
but also suitable for direct mail. flame-retardant (B, C) or normally flamma- Calendering paper or boar d are generally the pr eferred
Blistering ble (D, E2). The use of calender rollers to smooth the choice for luxury goods.
More specifically , of the c oating on w eb Bulking thickness, apparent bulk dry or coated paper surface. Cartonboard, paperboard
stock in the hot-air dryer due to the evapo- density, apparent sheet density Calliper A substr ate c omprising one or mor e
ration of foun t solution, most pr obably a t This is calcula ted b y dividing the pile Thickness (in µm;USA in mil = 25.4µm) of a (couched or glued) la yers of w ood-pulp or
not less than 160° C; bonding strength can height by the number of sheets , and is not single s heet ( paper a nd b oard: DIN E N wood-free material, and thicker (>0.3mm)
be tested using the Scott method, evapora- necessarily the same as the thickness or 20534, ISO 534; corrugated: FEFCO 3). or heavier (150 - 600g/m 2) than paper;
tive tendencies using a Fogra Hex device. calliper of the individual sheets (BS/EN Carbonless copy paper, self-copy paper surface-coated or -struc tured; preferred
Blocking 20534). Paper with a microcapsule coating, com- applications ar e as packaging ( folding
A phenomenon where sheets stick together Bulky paper monly used for business forms, 50 - cartons, laminated drinks cartons), dis-
in the deliv ery pile; can be r emedied b y High-volume paper made fr om long fibres, 175g/m2; various t ypes: CB (c oated back), plays, cups, paperback covers etc; the pack-
applying powder,improving ink drying,and eg esparto grass (esparto paper). CFB (c oated fr ont and back), CF (c oated aging ma terial most fr equently pr ocessed
in UV offset b y reducing the applica tion of Burst(ing) strength front), SC (self-c ontained, ink applica tors in offset litho.
heat (“ cold” lamps r educe pile t empera- Pressure (in kPa) at which a substr ate rup- and r eceptors both on fr ont), SC-CB (self- Cast-coated paper/board
ture). tures; used to ascertain burst fac tor (burst contained, coated back). Paper or board with a white coating cast on
Bonding strength, split resistance strength divided b y gr ammage); can be Cards one side . The sur face can be either high-
The in ternal str ength of a paper , board or tested using the Mullen method (ISO 2758 Rapidly growing group of printed products gloss (not calender ed) or r eflective (hot
laminate; the abilit y of the fibr es t o for paper, ISO 2759 for boar d, BS 3137 for based on car ton (carpark tick ets) and chrome-cylinder calender ed); cast-coated
adhere t o one another . Good bonding both), or the Schopper method (DIN 53113, polymer films (cust omer/bank/tele- paper has the maximum possible c oating
strength prevents fibres from coming loose expired); ISO 3689 and FEFC O 4 apply t o phone car ds, tags, plant labels); can be volume (over 24 g/m 2); has high bulk at 70
(picking) when the substrate is subjected to paper and boar d follo wing immersion in printed economically in waterless UV offset - 400g/m 2 and is used for high-qualit y
perpendicular stress (TAPPI T 541) or shear- water. on KBA-Metronic’s OC 100/200 (direct off- labels, covers and folding cartons.
ing stress (Scott bond test:TAPPI T 403 and Calender set in car d format), KBA-Metronic’s Genius Catalogue paper
T 569, Brecht-Knittweis split resistance: DIN Roller syst em used in papermaking t o 52UV or KBA’s Rapida 74G UV (dir ect offset Thin yet tear-resistant wood-pulp paper for
54516). Table 2: Gloss-coated paper and board
web offset or gr avure, may be c oated
Book(-printing) paper (LWC, ULWC) or unc oated ( SC-A,
Soft- or hard-sized uncoated stock made Coating quality and volume Substrate type Application improved newsprint).
from high-gr ade pulp and with a high Blade-coated on one side, Chromo duplex board, from 1.45 cm3/g (GD1) Folding cartons/ Chalk-surfaced paper
> 12 g/m 2 displays
mechanical resilience. Illustration paper c oated on one side and
Blade-coated on one side, Chromo duplex board, 1.3 -1.45 cm3/g (GD2) Folding cartons/
Breaking length > 12 g/m 2 displays used for prin ting stamps and dust jack ets
The amoun t b y which a paper strip of Blade-coated on one side, Chromo duplex board, - 1.3 cm3/g (GD3) Folding cartons/ (up to 300g/m2).
predefined width lengthens before > 12 g/m 2 displays China clay, kaolin
breaking under its own weight (DIN 53112, Blade-coated on one side, Chromo triplex board (GT1, GT2, GT3) Folding cartons/ White clay used as a filler and c oating pig-
ISO 1924-2). > 12 g/m 2 displays ment.
Blade-coated on one side, Chromo board (GC1, GC2, GC3) Folding cartons/dis-
Braille printing China paper, India paper
ca. 18 g/m2 plays, commercials
The production on folding cartons of tactile Blade-coated on one side, Chromo paper Commercials, labels Thin,absorbent,yellowish paper made from
texts for the blind en tails the use of r otary > 20 g/m 2 bleached abaca (Manila hemp), rice leaves
embossing t ools in offset pr esses or die- Blade-coated on one side, Coated pulp board (GZ) Folding cartons/ or linters (short hairs on c otton seeds after
cutting machines, or of relief coatings in > 20 g/m 2 displays ginning); used for artistic prints.
screen p rinting. Spelling a nd e mbossing Cast-coated on one side, Cast-coated chromo board (GG1, GG2) Folding cartons/ Chromo(lux)
> 24 g/m 2 displays
height can be check ed with a PTS Paper or boar d that is c oated on one side
Cast-coated on one side, Uncalendered high-gloss paper Commercials, labels
BrailleTester. > 24 g/m 2 and used for quality labels, folding cartons,
Bristol board Cast-coated on one side, Cast-coated pulp board (GGZ) Folding cartons/ displays, promos etc (table 2); differences in
A boar d c omprising a minimum of thr ee > 24 g/m 2 displays the c oating pr ocess (blade , cast), coating
glued layers with wood-free calendered lin- Roller-coated on both sides, Illustration printing paper Commercials, volume (12 - 24g/m 2), bulk (1.3 to more
ers; available in differ ent gr ades (inde x, 5 - 20 g/m 2 picture books than 1.45cm 2/g) and boar d struc ture
Roller-coated on both sides, Art paper Commercials,
wedding, cover, postcard; coated or uncoat- (wood-free top liner, number of intermedi-
5 - 20 g/m 2 picture books
ed). ate and base la yers c ontaining r ecycled
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4 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates

fibres);the range includes coated paper and with hot stamping foils, but cold foils are
board (GC), duplex boar d (GD) and triple x also a more economic alternative to met-
board (GT); an alternative is uncoated imi- allised paper, with its printability issues.
tation chr omo boar d (UC) c overed with Colour cast, off shade
wood-free liners on one or both sides. Deviation from paper white (DIN 55980:
Clouds, mottling absolute; DIN 55981: relative; ISO 11475:
1.Non-uniform paper surface and structure determination of CIE whiteness).
(formation), eg poor sizing.2.mottling in Colour densitometry
full or screen solids in offset litho can ha ve Measurement of the optical densit y of a
various causes:a) see 1;b) ink resplitting on colour by shining light on it and measuring
coated paper; c) inadequa te water its transmission.
absorption b y c oated paper in the first Colour guide/swatch/chart Datacolor Elrepho 450X CAD schematic of a folding carton from FEFCO’s catalogue
printing unit; d) inc orrect r oller setting or An aid to colour selection; invaluable when
printing pressure. reproducing colours on different substrates, Corrugated board ly loaded str aight strips of ma terial: SCT
Coated paper/board eg newsprint, uncoated/coated/continuous Packaging ma terial c ontaining sec ondary (ISO 9895, DIN 54518), circular strips of
Paper or board, finished on one (chromo) stock. Examples are HKS and Pantone. fibres (DIN 6735) and c omprising one or material: RCT (DIN 53134); flat corrugated:
or both sides (illustration paper and art Colour tone, shade, hue, tint more la yers of paper c orrugated bet ween FCT (EN ISO 7263, DIN EN 23035, FEFCO 6);
paper) with a sur face applica tion (5 - 25 Colorimetric values for tinted substrates, eg two knurled r ollers and glued t o a liner of corrugated base paper : CMT (DIN EN ISO
g/m2) of white coating slip;distinguished CIE L*a*b* or colour difference DeltaE* (ISO smooth paper, the topmost one of which is 7263); corrugated board edges: ECT (DIN EN
according t o gloss (ma tt, semi-matt, gloss 7724,DIN 5033 or 53140,or DIN 53145 with usually made of kr aft paper . Available as ISO 3037,FEFCO 8);top liner and corrugated
or high gloss , with or without subsequen t Elrepho), diffuse r adiance/reflectance open- or single-face corrugated (with liner paper: CCT ( TAPPI T 824 om-93); crush
glazing),workflow (coated inside or outside factor (ISO 2469; for C/2 degrees ISO 5631: on just one side of the c orrugated layer), or resistance index: STFI (in kNm/kg).
the papermaking machine), coating diffuse reflectance method). single-, double- or triple-w all c orrugated CSWO, coldset wet offset
process and number of c oats (single, dou- Coloured paper (with liner on both sides of one , two or Term applied in the paper industr y to web
ble, triple). Beater- or sur face-dyed w ood-pulp or three layers of corrugated).Only single wall stock prin ted on c onventional w et offset
Coating wood-free paper, eg sign paper; ideal for corrugated can be prin ted in dir ect offset, newspaper presses.
The inline or offline applica tion of coat- flyers. on KBA pr esses only e xtra-fine and micr o- Curling, sheet curl
ing slip by any one of v arious methods: via Conditioning flute; the requisite properties are defined in Caused b y changes in humidit y or shrink-
pigmentation (up t o 5g/m 2), dipping (of Preparing a substr ate for the pr oduction DIN 55468. age through polymerisation of the printed
the w eb in a v at) or casting (a t o ver environment t o enhanc e prin tability and Cracked coating UV inks and c oatings (ISO 14968: curl in a
24g/m2), with a brush, air-knife (with noz- workability; it can include acclimatisation A fla w associa ted with inc orrect folding pack of sheets; DIN 6723: paper for use in
zles), roller (from roller nip) or blade (fr om (to balance the moistur e content), heating (paper),folding without prior creasing (car- optical character recognition systems.
doctored dip roller or gravure cylinder);also or c ooling (t o align the t emperature), an tonboard) or weakened coating as a result Cutting/trimming quality
extrusion coating (application of a separate antistatic charge (to eliminate static elec- of a chemical r eaction and hea t input dur- Edge qualit y (BS/ISO 22414), eg r ounding
polymer emulsion as a w ater and gr ease tricity), relaxation (t o ensur e flatness) ing UV curing. for concave fore-edge.
barrier. and adhesive priming (preprinting). Cracked fold De-inking, deinking
Coating slip/colour/slurry Continuous stationery The result of substrate brittleness caused by Process for r emoving the ink fr om recy-
Aqueous solution made fr om calcium car- Wood-free or w ood-pulp unc oated r oll the excessive extraction of moistur e in the cled paper; various chemicals ar e added
bonate, pigments (chalk, kaolin), starch, paper for computer print-outs (DIN 6723-1, hot-air dr yers on w eb offset pr esses, and during flotation to dissolve both water- and
casein and synthetic resins and used to coat -2) most noticeable during folding; cracks dur- oil-based inks.
paper and board. Convertibility, finishability ing folding occur most fr equently on paper Density
Cobb test/method The ability of printed sheets and sections to and board weighing over 170g/m 2 if they Substrate density is defined by DIN 53105
Method for det ermining the w ater be mechanically finished with no loss of have n ot b een cr eased b eforehand: DIN (in g/cm3) and EN ISO 534 (in kg/m3);print-
absorbency of paper, solid board and corru- quality once the ink has dried; can be accel- 55437, Fogra fold tester. ing paper averages 800kg/m3; relative den-
gated board (EN 20535, ISO 535, FEFCO 7); erated by applying a quick-dry top coating. Creasability sity is the ratio of the weight of one type of
the C obb number c orresponds t o the Corona surface treatment The ability of board to be creased to form a paper to another.
amount of water (in g) absorbed by 1m2 of An electric charge applied to the surface of hinge without tearing its surface coating or Diffuse reflectance/radiance factor
substrate in a pr especified time; the Cobb- non-absorbent metallic foil and polymer fibrous structure (DIN 55437-2: crease-test- Optical pr operty of substr ates; it is meas-
Unger method performs the same function film to increase the surface tension (table ing device; DIN 55437-3: folding behaviour ured i n a ccordance w ith I SO 2 469, DIN
for oil absorbency. 12) and thus improve ink adhesion; even of creased samples). 53145-1/-2.
Cockling, creasing, waviness where substrates have been pr etreated by Crush resistance Dimensional stability
A defec t primarily seen in thick, adhesive- the manufac turer, it ma y be advisable t o There are various standards for t esting the The ability of a substr ate to resist changes
bound heatset products caused by disre- configure the press with a corona unit (KBA crush resistance of board packaging; in its dimensions under the impact of mois-
garding the grain, too high a dr yer tem- recommends Ahlbrandt) because the effect stacked boxes:BCT (ISO 2234,EN ISO 12048, ture (ISO 18903); following c ontrolled
perature, excessive or no r emoistening; in diminishes over time. EN 24180-1/-2, FEFCO 50, EN 22874); axial- immersion in water (ISO 5635) it is possible
sheetfed stock caused by moisture seeping to det ermine the per centage change in
in from the edges. length, width and thickness (swelling).
Table 3: Corrugated board flutes
Coextruded film, co-ex film Directory paper
Bonded film created through the extru- Type Description Flute pitch Flute frequency Flute height Thin, uncoated w eb offset w ood-pulp
sion of two similar or different molten poly- O Graphics flute 1.3 - 1.4 mm 714 - 769/m 0.3 mm stock (approx. 35g/m2) used for t elephone
mers. N Graphics flute 1.6 - 1.8 mm 555 - 625/m 0.4 - 0.6 mm directories and address books.
G Graphics flute max. 1.8 mm min. 555/m max. 0.55 mm
Cold (stamping) foil F 1.9 - 2.6 mm 384 - 526/m 0.6 - 0.9 mm
Document paper
Extra-fine flute
Material used t o inline finish prin ts in E* Microflute 3.0 - 3.5 mm 283 - 333/m 1.0 - 1.8 mm Wood-free, hard-sized, writable/printable
sheetfed offset (KBA CF for Rapida presses); D* Midi-flute 3.8 - 4.8 mm 208 - 263/m 1.9 - 2.1 mm and age-r esistant paper w eighing 60 t o
the metallic pigmen ts (for gold , silver, B* Fine flute 5.5 - 6.5 mm 153 - 182/m 2.2 - 3.0 mm 120g/m2.
bronze effects) are transferred from the car- C* Medium flute 6.8 - 7.9 mm 126 - 147/m 3.1 - 3.9 mm Dot gain
rier to the substrate by the adhesive force of A* Coarse flute 8.0 - 9.5 mm 125 - 105/m 4.0 - 4.9 mm A t ypical offset phenomenon wher e each
K Maxi-flute min. 10.0 mm max. 100/m min. 5.0 mm
the print varnish; much finer detail r epro- dot of ink spreads when printed.Influenced
* DIN 55468
duction is possible (offset qualit y) than by various factors such as the substrate
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Table 4: Proofing substrates as per FograCert

Quality Gloss CIELAB
Gloss min. 60% L* > 95; a* = 0; b* = 0
Semi-matt 21 - 59% L* > 95; a* = 0; b* = 0
Matt max. 20% L* > 95; a* = 0; b* = 0
Tolerance — L* u. a* ± 2; b* +2/– 4
Gloss measurement as per ISO 8254-1/TAPPI 75

Kersten Elektrostatik static eliminators at the feeder and infeed on a KBA Rapida

(ISO paper types), halftone screen (l/cm, and bending stiffness. Felt side, top side reports on faulty production processes (eg
light-trapping effect), screen modulation Electrical properties The side of a sheet or web of paper that had an online catalogue of paper and prin t fin-
(autotypical,FM) and ink (offset litho,heat- Primarily relevant for film, more specifically no contact with the forming wir e; usually, ishing err ors), standardised t ests on sub-
set, coldset, UV, waterless); the compensa- with reference to its volume resistivity (DIN but not always, the better side for printing; strates,including plastic ID cards and proof-
tion cur ves for differ ent c ombinations of 53482, DIN IEC 93), surface resistance (DIN two-sidedness. ing media (FograCert).
factors are specified in Fogra characteri- 53482), relative permittivit y (DIN 53483) Fibre lifting FograCert
sation tables. and punc ture str ength (DIN 53481); Thermal dr ying can cause fibr es t o lift on Certification by Fogra of pr oofing media
Double-coated paper static electricity. the surface of the paper, impairing gloss. as per ISO 12647-7:2007 (table 4).
Wood-free paper with a double c oating on Elrepho 450X Fibres (Folding) boxboard
one or both sides c omprising a primer plus Datacolor’s (www.datacolor.ch) dual-beam Threadlike cellulose structures whose abili- Single- or multilayer board made from pri-
matt or gloss t op c oat; allows ultr afine spectrophotometer with measur ement ty to bond together (fibre-to-fibre bond) is mary or secondary fibres,sometimes with a
screens in offset and high-qualit y digital geometry,diffuse illumination and 0° view- exploited t o mak e paper and boar d; soft- wood-free or c oated top liner tha t can be
prints. ing; a r eference measuring devic e used in wood fibres are two to three times as long easily cr eased and sc ored; printed on
Duplex and triplex paperboard ISO standar ds 2469 ( diffuse r adiance/ as har dwood fibr es, bast fibr es ar e the sheetfed or narrow-web offset presses.
Board made fr om t wo or thr ee la yers of reflectance fac tor) and 2470 ( bright- longest. Folding endurance/strength
waste paper; also the base for chromo ness). Fillers, loading material The number of times a strip of paper or
board. Embossed paper Fine particles of inorganic materials such as board can be folded backw ards and for-
Duplex paper Paper that has been giv en a thr ee-dimen- clay, blanc fixe, talcum or titanium dio xide wards under t ension before it br eaks; test:
Paper comprising two layers with their wire sional sur face, eg hammer ed, imitation that settle among the fibres in paper ISO 5626: Köhler-Molin, Lhomargy, MIT and
sides glued t ogether; usually layers of dif- linenweave, by an embossing calender and modify properties such as opacity, Schopper testers,TAPPI T 423cm-07.
ferent colour t ones or r eactivity (in ten- roller. brightness and smoothness;the higher Formation
tional two-sidedness). Envelope paper the filler content, the cheaper the paper. The alignment and structure of the fibres in
Dusting, powdering, whitening, linting This can be white, unbleached or coloured, Film homogeneity a sheet of paper, visible when held against
The detachmen t of poorly bonded fibr es and made fr om w ood pulp or w ood-free The uniformit y of polymer films when the light; a distinction is made between
and filler par ticles fr om the sur face of pulp; opaque, writable and prin table, rela- printed, stretched or deep drawn. well-closed and cloudy or wild.
uncoated st ock and their deposit on tively stiff. Fine board Ghosting
blankets and formes. Equilibrium moisture content Hardboard or fibr eboard (rigid, split-resist- A faint replica of a prin ted image; may be
Dynox treatment moisture c ontent (in %) of paper or ant, surface-hardened, eg with polymer due to lack of ink r eplenishment following
Process developed by Klöckner (www. board after acclimatisation (Zellcheming emulsions) with sur face finishing (calen- an ink-in tensive applica tion. Mechanical
kpfilms.com) to improve the UV printability V/30/9). dered, coated or embossed); not usually ghosting is the appearance of a secondary,
of har d PVC film b y incr easing the Extrusion printed, it is used as bookbinder’s board. “phantom”image on the printed side of the
surface tension to more than 45mN/m; A pr ocess wher eby a ma terial is ejec ted Fine paper sheet and is usually tr aceable to conditions
unlike a corona sur face tr eatment the under pr essure fr om a no zzle or die with Wood-free (max. 10% w ood pulp) r ag on the printing press and/or layout of the
effect i s u nimpaired b y l engthy s torage the desir ed cr oss-section. Used t o cr eate paper whose sur face can be c oated or forme. Chemical, or gloss , ghosting can
(over one year) and processing. polymer film from molten polymer. uncoated, white or c oloured, embossed, occur when inks c ontaining drying oils ar e
ECMA code FC paper, film-coated paper, matt, calendered; 80 - 400g/m 2; for high- used in production:vapours from drying ink
CAD catalogue (www.ecma.org) of folding- size-press coated paper quality prints. on one side of a sheet ma y interact chemi-
carton designs,comparable to the FEFCO- In papermaking , offset paper tha t has Flatness cally with the ink prin ted on the r everse
ESBO codes. received a thin pigmen ted coating on both A desirable property of paper and film,both side or on the sheet above,creating a phan-
Edge curl sides in an integrated size press. as a single sheet or in the pile; opposite: tom image . Usually tak es the form of a
If the ambient climate is too humid, rollers FEFCO-ESBO Codes curling, buckling, edge curl, cockling. change in gloss or sligh t yellowing; not the
and paper will absorb moistur e and curl a t Codes published by European associations Fogra same as set-off or show-through.
the edges. FEFCO (www .fefco.org) and ESBO (www . Forschungsgesellschaft Druck, Munich Gloss
Edge shrinkage esbo.nl) for folding-car ton and displa y (www.fogra.org). Activities: the dev elop- Optical phenomenon cr eated b y dir ected
If the ambient climate is too dry, rollers and samples made of c orrugated and solid ment of t esting devices, the management reflection on the surface of film and coated
paper will shrink and become tight-edged. board; CAD files a vailable as a CD-ROM of char acterisation tables for ISO paper substrates;gloss levels (in % or with no unit
Edge tearing resistance catalogue; ECMA Code. types and prin ting pr ocesses, appraisal of measurement) are determined by meas-
The r esistance offer ed b y a substr ate t o uring the in tensity of the r eflected ligh t
tearing where a cut has been made parallel where the angle of incidenc e equals the
or perpendicular t o the grain; thermo- angle of r eflection; customary geometries:
plastic flexible film: ISO 11897. 20°/20° (for high gloss), 85°/85° (matt
Elasticity/Young’s modulus, elasticity, E gloss), 60°/60° (medium gloss), 75°/75° or
Rise (in N/mm 2) in the cur ve showing the 45°/45° (prints, substrates and packaging
quotient of changes in t ension r elative t o materials); various standar ds (ISO 8254,
How grain (M)
elongation (ISO 1924); can be det ermined may be indicated DIN 54502, TAPPI 75°; reflectometry as per
from the breaking load;allows inferences on packs of ISO 2813, ASTM D523, DIN 67530,
to be made as to dimensional stability sheets Zellcheming V 22/72).
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6 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates

Gluability Table 5: The five paper types for the processes defined in ISO 12647-2, with their reference values and uses
More specifically of c orrugated boar d, in Type Quality Paper white (CIELAB) Whiteness Gloss Examples (irrespective of grammage) and uses
kN/m (TAPPI T821 pm). PT1 Illustration, gloss-coated, 115 g/m2 L* = 93; a* = 0; b* = –3 85% ISO 65% Illustration, rarely MWC, HWC (sheetfed offset, heatset, gravure)
Grain, machine papermaking direction PT2 Illustration, matt-coated, 115 g/m2 L* = 92; a* = 0; b* = –3 83% ISO 38% Illustration, matt, rarely MWC, HWC (sheetfed offset,
The direction in which most of the fibres continuous, heatset, gravure)
in a piece of paper are oriented and the axis PT3 LWC web offset, lightly coated, 70 g/m2 L* = 87; a* = –1; b* = 3 70% ISO 55% FC, LWC, ULWC, MWC, HWC (heatset, gravure)
along which the paper t ears and fle xes PT4 Offset, uncoated white, 115 g/m2 L* = 92; a* = 0; b* = –3 85% ISO 6% Wood-free, wood-pulp, SC-A (sheetfed offset, heatset,
coldset, hybrid h/c, continuous, gravure)
most easily; determined by the direction in PT5 Offset, uncoated yellowish, 115 g/m2 L* = 88; a* = 0; b* = 6 85% ISO 6% SC-A, SC-B, NP, improved NP (coldset, heatset, hybrid, gravure)
which the forming paper web moves on the — Tolerance L* ± 3; a* ± 2; b* ± 2 — ± 5% —
forming wire in a papermaking machine . It CIELAB values: D50/2°, no polish; white measuring underlay for profile generation, black for production print
can be established by moistening (tends to
swell across the width), tearing or folding
(neatest parallel to the papermaking direc- wet offset w eb st ock used on c ommercial tilayered polypropylene film, which after ances) in sheetfed,web and continuous off-
tion) and fle xing (easiest acr oss). long and narrow-web presses fitted with hot-air being printed are inserted in a mould in to set printing; they support the standardised
grain, short grain. dryers. which the host material (eg for deep-drawn reproduction of colours in print and also
Grammage HTR, PHEMA, hard tissue replacement containers/lids, drinks crates, blow-mould- their faithful simulation in digital proofs;
The area-related weight (in g/m2) of a sub- Polyhydroxyl ethyl methacrylate; extremely ed bottles) is injected and cured; printable the tar geted CIELAB chr omaticity c oordi-
strate aft er c ontrolled conditioning, ie tear- and UV-resistant film for flexo and off- with conventional inks in sheetfed offset nates of the ISO c olour scales ar e clearly
with a moisture c ontent as per EN ISO set printing; suitable for deep-drawing and (trend) or photopolymer letterpress and UV defined (with recommended full-solid den-
536, ISO 12625-6 (tissue paper); ISO 5638 laminating. inks in sheetfed and narr ow-web offset , sities); in practice, paper properties tend to
(single layers of fibreboard); ISO 3039 (cor- Humidity gravure, flexo and lett erpress; distortion- vary enormously from those defined by the
rugated fibreboard),EN 22286;the densi- Ambient humidit y affec ts the moisture free in-mould labels with a ma tt textured ISO, so for qualit y assur ance purposes the
ty can be calcula ted fr om the gr ammage content of paper;acclimatisation,equi- surface are known as soft touch labels. classifications ar e t oo gener al and ar e
and thickness; basis weight. librium moisture content. Improved stock therefore often superseded b y much mor e
Gravure paper, rotogravure paper Hybrid printing Calendered, uncoated w eb offset st ock rigorous criteria.
Lightly s ized a nd t hus h ighly a bsorbent A t echnology dev eloped and signally with defined brightness. Ivory board
paper with a soft sur face and large propor- advanced by KBA; in sheetfed offset, print- Inert UV/gas curing technology Stiff boar d (240 - 320g/m 2) super calen-
tion of filler; there are both coated (LWC, ing with h ybrid inks which can be dried A method for curing UV inks in a pr otective dered with waxed rollers and with a yellow-
ULWC) and unc oated ( SC-A/-B) t ypes conventionally or cur ed b y UV r adiation nitrogen atmosphere, displacing the ambi- ish or greyish tinge; used for greetings and
with good ink tak e-up and str ength a t then UV-coated without a primer t o create ent oxygen which impedes cross-linking; as business cards.
maximum web speeds. unusual gloss effec ts on gloss- or ma tt- a r esult as much as 80% less hea t is Japanese vellum, Chinese vellum
Grease permeability coated substrates; in newspaper offset, the required to cure the inks, and the pile tem- Long-fibred paper impor ted from Japan or
The length of time that paper and board production of newspapers and supple- perature is up t o 50% c ooler. Benefits: China, usually handmade of bast fibres; can
repel gr ease and oil (ISO 16532-1); TAPPI ments using the same ink, either a) b y enables hea t-sensitive polymer films to be exceptionally thin,absorbent,burst- and
UM 557 (KIT Test) also includes resistance to printing supplements using the same paper be prin ted and allo ws higher pr oduction tear-resistant; in offset litho it is good for
wax. as for newspapers and with waterless cold- speeds; developed for narrow-web offset, it printing sophistica ted, upmarket pr oducts
Grey board set inks but with a hea tset dr yer (KBA was first used on a sheetfed pr ess – a KBA with enhanced tactile appeal.
Board that is rough on both sides or smooth Cortina), whereby dot gain r emains the Rapida 105 a t Belgian plastics prin ter Crea Kraft liner
on one side and made of recycled fibres; same, or b) by printing supplements on dif- – in 2002. Paper w eighing 120g/m 2 or mor e and
used eg for calendar backing ferent (impr oved) paper with c oldset inks Initial tearing strength made from sulphate pulp; used as liner for
Handmade paper and no hea tset dr yer, but in an FM scr een The resistance to tearing offered by a sub- corrugated board.
Paper with a regular mesh impressed upon and with a different dot gain. strate when tension is applied to the edges Kraft/sulphate paper
it b y the dandy r oller in a papermaking Hygroexpansion, wet expansion (flap, laminating film); tensile str ength as A par ticularly t ear-resistant, easily prin ted
machine. Produced in a similar w ay t o a Partially reversible dimensional change (in determined by Bekk. paper made fr om soft wood sulpha te pulp
watermark; used for qualit y business %) caused by water penetrating the bond- Ink absorbency/receptivity and used for sacks and carrier bags.
forms. ed fibres in paper or board, eg during faulty A substr ate char acteristic tha t det ermines Label paper
Hardboard acclimatisation or travel through the print- how much ink will penetr ate its sur face. Used for prin ting labels on sheetfed and
Solid board made of couched fibrous layers ing units (ISO 8226). oil absorbency. narrow w eb offset , gravure and digital
that ar e par ticularly rigid; 0.9 - 3.5mm Hygroscopicity Ink penetration time presses; well-sized, coated or lamina ted on
thick, suitable for embossing; cover materi- The a bility o f p aper t o a bsorb m oisture Ink absorption b y substrates can be t ested one side , water- and alkali-r esistant (but
al for office files. from the air. statically using a t est pr ess (IGT, Prüfbau) easily removed in bottle-rinsing machines
Hardness Hysteresis and dynamically using an ultr asound and bottling plan ts), can be easily c oated,
A property influencing prin tability, impor- Hygroscopicity c ycle associa ted with device (emc oDPM), which measur es the bronzed and die-cut.
tant with thick elastic film; testing process: swelling a nd c ross-grain hygroex- depth penetrated in a specific unit of time. Laid paper
ball inden tation har dness (in MP a or pansivity, where a residual expansion or (Ink) trapping Machine-finished paper with par allel lines
N/mm2, EN ISO 2039-1, DIN 53456); Shore swelling r emains ev en if the moisture In pr ocess c olour prin ting, the ac tion of formed in a watermark process to simu-
hardness (DIN 53505,DIN EN ISO 868:Shore content drops back t o the original or t o a printing one ink film on top of another, so late the wir e struc ture of handmade
A for soft elastomers, Shore D for hard elas- minimum; depicted graphically as a hys- that the adhesion of the first film on the paper; printed laid is used as gift-wr apping
tomers). teresis loop. substrate ensur es adhesion of subsequen t paper, unprinted as endpaper.
Hot (stamping) foil Illustration printing paper films. Laminability
Material used in prin t finishing; pigments Perfect-coated paper for high-qualit y ISO paper types The ability of a substrate to accept a full-
(gold/silver effec t, opaque inks) ar e trans- prints in sheetfed (grades:ISO paper type As defined in ISO norm 12647-2, five paper solid application of adhesiv e followed by a
ferred on a carrier to the substrate by a hot 1, standard, consumer) a nd w eb o ffset types whose paper white, brightness liner (eg tr ansparent polymer film for
embossing t ool (in tandem with die- (MWC/HWC); gloss, matt or silk-ma tt and gloss, but not nec essarily gram- gloss/protection, or printed paper eg on
stamping in folding car ton pr oduction) coating, max. 20g/m2 per side; the base mage (table 5) correspond to the average of corrugated boar d); one crit erion when
along with a hea t-reactive film of glue; paper is wood-free, wood-pulp or laminat- the t ypes most c ommonly used for prin t- selecting substrates and inks.
cold foil. ed; 80 to 250g/m2. ing; developed t o calcula te univ ersally Laminate
HSWO, heatset wet offset IML, in-mould labels available IC C standar d pr ofiles for v arious Printing or packaging substrate in which
Abbreviation used in the paper industr y for Labels predominantly made of drawn mul- parameters (dot gain, screen width, toler- identical or differ ent layers of ma terial are
Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 7

glued or welded together with the aim of Loan paper Metal-laminated paper Table 6: Lenticular film thickness
creating op timum, split-resistant s ub- High-grade w ood-free, writable paper Paper on which a silv er- or gold-c oloured Resolution 140 lpi 100 lpi 75 lpi 60 lpi
strates with the printability, strength, barri- (often rag paper) used for c ertain securit y matt,gloss or structured aluminium foil has Thickness 255 µm 355 µm 475 µm 508 µm
er functions, colouring or gloss of the c om- documents such as loans and bonds. been glued ( laminate), usually on one Resolution 3D 100 lpi 3D 62 lpi 3D 40 lpi
ponent ma terials; options: polymer/poly- Long grain, MD, machine direction side; can be printed with UV and IR inks; for Thickness 580 µm 687 µm 832 µm
mer (food st orage bags), paper/polymer Where the paper grain runs par allel t o labels, sweet wr appers, coffee packaging , Source: DPLenticular.com
(eg gr easeproof micr owave bags), the longer side; opposite: short grain. decorations and c onspicuous pr omotional
board/aluminium/polymer (drinks car- Low-grade paper products (primarily reflective cartons). Notched impact strength
tons),paper/aluminium (metallised paper), Base stock for various types of corrugated Metallised paper Temperature-dependent r esistance (in
paper/paper (corrugated board), fibre board, made from unsorted waste paper. Paper tha t has been c oated on one side kJ/m2) of polymer films t o a la teral flex-
pulp/paper (solid boar d, duplex/triplex LWC paper, lightweight coated paper with hot aluminium vapour at over 1,000°C ural impact (ISO 179:Charpy; ISO 180:Izod);
carton). Lightweight (approx. 50 - 70g/m2) paper in a v acuum chamber t o cr eate a fine , a distinction is made between brittle,semi-
Laminated board for drinks cartons thinly c oated on both sides and used for opaque, mirrored sur face; can be prin ted impact-resistant, impact-resistant and
A composite of wood-free board (75%,with long print runs in w eb offset and gr avure; with UV inks; used for e xclusive labels , extremely impact-resistant; the higher the
antibacterial PE c oating, printable on for high-qualit y magazines , newspaper wrappers and decorations. notched impac t str ength, the bett er the
flexo and narr ow-web pr esses), 6µm alu- supplements and catalogues. Milking printability in offset litho.
minium foil (5%, acts as barrier against Machine coated paper, MC paper The gr adual build-up of c oating or filler Number of folds
light, heat, air and migr ation) and poly- Paper that has been coated on both sides in material from the paper on the non-image The number of times a substr ate can be
mer film (20%, sterile seal). the papermaking machine. areas of the blank et. Over time this can be folded mechanically without impairing
Lamination Machine-finished/-glazed paper, abrasive to the lithogr aphic plate, and can productivity.Depends on substrate thick-
The process whereby two or more layers are unglazed paper, MF/UG paper sensitize the non-image ar eas of the pla te ness and bending stiffness (ISO 5628/9).
bonded t ogether t o form a c omposite, or Machine-smooth, ie r ough, uncalendered, resulting in scumming.Milking can result Office paper, copy/copier/copying paper
where a la yer of substr ate is sealed uncoated st ock for lo w-quality prin ted from the soft ening of a c oated paper Wood-free uncoated stock used for mak-
between two layers of plastic. laminated products. surface b y the foun t solution in the first ing copies in copiers, laser and inkjet print-
board for drinks cartons. Machine-glazed paper/board printing unit(s), and only bec ome eviden t ers; may be whit e or c oloured; 70 t o
Lenticular film Paper or board with a high-gloss finish pro- in later or the last printing unit(s). dust- 150g/m2.
PET film which is smooth on one side and duced b y allo wing the w et w eb t o dr y ing. Severe milking or dusting is called Oil absorbency
has an arr ay of len ticules on the other; the against a highly-polished metal c ylinder, piling. A paper’s receptivity to ink can be deter-
smooth side can be printed in conventional also called a yankee dryer. Millboard mined using the Cobb-Unger method for
UV offset (KBA Rapida 74 to 205), waterless Magazine paper Multilayered ma terial made of w ood or testing oil absorbency.
offset (KBA Rapida 74G, 46 and 74 Karat) or Web stock, usually LWC, MWC or SC. recycled fibr es, the solid v ersion of which One-side coated paper
waterless UV offset (KBA-Metr onic Genius Map/chart paper (solid board) is thicker (>1.5mm) and/or Often used for jobs wher e the paper will
52UV,KBA Rapida 74G UV),and registration A dimensionally stable, moisture-resist- heavier (>600g/m 2) than cartonboard; only be printed on one side.One example is
must be absolutely precise;special software ant or moistur e-proof paper used t o prin t corrugated boar d can be thinner and chromo(lux) paper.
is used to split the multiple images into fine land maps and nautical char ts (sheetfed lighter. Opacity
strips and in terleave them in the r elevant speciality); good folding endurance. Mirror paperboard A substrate’s impermeability to light; oppo-
order. Each image strip is then positioned Marbled paper metal-laminated paper. site of transparency; the percentage ratio
beneath a len ticule, eg 12 strips for 12- Paper with a pa ttern cr eated b y adding Moisture content of the r eflectance factors of a single sheet
phase images; the more phases there are, darker fibres. Determined by oven-drying paper or board above a black underla y and of a pile of a t
the higher the r esolution must be and the Mechanical paper, wood-pulp paper at 105°C and comparing this with the c on- least twenty sheets (DIN 53146, ISO 2471),
finer the gauge of the len ticule ( table 6 ); Paper that contains more than 5% mechan- ditioned state (EN 20287, ISO 287). radiation i mpermeability i n t he U V VIS
effects possible: flip-flop images, animated ical wood pulp; there is currently a strong Monofilm range (DIN 10050-9); opacity can be
sequences, morphing, zoom, 3D views; fast- demand for medium-fine litho paper along Polymer film c omposed of just one t ype of increased by using more fillers and a thick-
growing market. with improved newsprint and SC-A. polymer; opposite: coextruded film. er coating slip.
Light-fastness Metal decorating Mottled paper Optical density
Here, the ability of white and coloured sub- Specialist offset applica tion for c onverting Paper pa tterned with finely distribut ed Indirect measure of the thickness of an ink
strates t o r esist y ellowing or bleaching metal sheets bet ween 0.12 and 0.5mm coloured fibres; used for prin ting bank- film; when measuring densit y, paper
when exposed to UV radiation; the compar- thick into metal packaging; KBA-Metal- notes and security documents. white density must be calibrated as zero.
ative scale established us ing eigh t blue Print, the market leader, offers a c omplete Mottling test PA, polyamide
strands of w ool (EN ISO 105-B02, Xenotest range of syst ems that can handle both UV A t est based on image analysis (eg Only Thermoplastic, a hard version of which can
Alpha) ranges from 8 (high resistance) to 1 inks and c oatings and c onventional ones Solutions’ Mottling Viewer) for assessing be formed into film suitable for offset print-
(very low resistance). that are baked in inline ovens; one to eight mottling in paper , full solids and scr een ing; often c ombined with PE in a c om-
Light-trapping effect colours; Metalstar 2 (1,000 x 1,200mm), solids. pound film for food bags; PA 6.6 fibr es are
A pr operty of prin ted paper wher eby dif- Sprint (1,000 x 1,220mm), Mailänder 120A MWC/HWC paper, medium-/ used in synthetic paper.
fuse ligh t penetr ating the upper la yers is (970 x 1,145mm) and Metalwing 2 (modi- heavyweight coated paper Packaging materials
prevented fr om escaping because it is fied KBA R apida, 965 x 1,200 or 1,000 x Wood-pulp paper w eighing 70 - 130g/m 2 Materials for primar y packaging (out er
absorbed by the layers of ink. 1,400mm); offline (Sprin t, Mailänder) or and coated on both sides. casing for packaged goods), secondary
Lightweight paper inline (F lexocoat) c oating syst ems, sheet Newsprint, NP packaging (visually appealing , stackable
Thin paper w eighing 40g/m 2 or less and and plate handling, exhaust air filtration. uncoated stock entirely or par tially com- display packaging), transport packaging
with l ow opacity; commonly u sed f or Metal packaging prising recycled fibres,available in standard (eg c orrugated car tons) and padding; the
high-pagination books; KBA offers remote- Drums, jugs, canisters and hobbocks made and impr oved qualit y (higher degr ee of most c ommon ar e stiff paper , solid/corru-
ly adjustable suc tion rings for optimum of steel plate (>0.5mm thick) for industrial brightness, smoothness and opaci- gated board, film and rigid lamina tes with
sheet travel. and consumer goods,or cans and boxes (for ty); 40 - 55g/m2. the necessary chemical resistance and
Lignin food and drinks , household chemicals and Nominal weight physical durability.
Component of wood which is removed dur- cosmetics), screw caps, vacuum caps, crown In the US, the w eight a t which paper is Packaging, flexible
ing the pulping process in order to enhance corks, decorations, promotional pr oducts billed. A plus or minus tolerance relative to Packaging ma terial with poor crush
whiteness and prevent yellowing. and t oys made of fine sheet metal its basis w eight is permitt ed unless other resistance and relatively soft walls that may
LLWC (<0.5mm), tin pla te or aluminium; arrangements ha ve been made bet ween be made of a laminate; it is possible t o
ULWC metal decorating. the mill and the customer. print the base ma terial (sheetfed offset:
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8 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates

Offset-printed presentation folder with a slip case made of Priplak, a polypropylene film
(photo: Papier Union)

Photo paper pallets of substr ate t o the pr ess b y r oller

Inkjet or laser paper used t o print photos; conveyor, a manual nonst op facilit y at the
depending on the manufac ture and appli- feeder, a heigh t-adjustable nonst op r oller
cation, it is c oated, hard-sized har d paper facility at the deliv ery and r emoval of the
with a clear tr ansparent PE micr o-pore printed piles by roller conveyor;on straight-
Natural-Print packing paper (90 g/m 2), printed on the compact KBA Commander CT top layer (wipe-resistant, protects against on presses pile turners facilitate verso print-
newspaper press at the Main-Post in Würzburg scratches and fingerprin ts) or bar yta coat- ing.
ing (for monochrome prints).Not to be con- Piling
plastic boxes, luxury paper carrier bags and Paperonline.org fused with phot ographic paper , which is Severe build-up of paper dust or coating
gift packaging; flexo, narrow web, gravure: Educational website and portal link provid- coated with ligh t-sensitive chemicals and slip on the rubber blank et; milking,
drinks car tons, bags, sacks, gift wrapping), ed by the Confederation or European Paper used for making photographic prints. dusting
the final product (pad/screen printing:plas- Industries. Pick(ing) resistance Pinholes
tic bottles and tubes) or labels. PC, polycarbonate Perpendicular resistance of the paper or Small holes in the paper or car ton sur face
Packaging, rigid Thermoplastic from which colourless trans- board to surface rupturing or deforma tion, which may result in missing dots. In a web
Packaging ma terial with good crush parent films can be made; can be used as a depends on the size in the paper or ink tack; product, the holes made b y the folding
resistance and r elatively stiff w alls; it is substrate in sheetfed offset. good c orrelation bet ween IGT (ISO 3783) pins.
possible to print the base ma terial (sheet- PE, polyethylene and Prüfbau testers. PLA, polylactic acid
fed offset: cartonboard, microflute bo xes Thermoplastic with a soft, wax-like surface; Pigment Compostable biopoly ester obtained fr om
and displa ys, metal bo xes; narrow w eb: the hardness and chemical resistance of Inorganic or or ganic c oloured solid tha t renewable r esources; can be made in to
folding cartons; flexo: pre-printed corrugat- pure white low-density PE (LDPE) make it imparts colour to paper etc. hard, high-gloss, high-strength films; can
ed [laminated] or post-prin ted corrugated an ideal ma terial for carrier bags (narr ow Pile, stack also be printed in offset litho.
[direct offset]), the final pr oduct (pad/ web, flexo) and self-adhesiv e film (also for Technologically the best way to store sheets Plasma surface treatment
screen prin ting: caps, seals, glass bottles , offset litho), while high-density PE (HDPE) or sec tions prior t o (infeed pile) and aft er The ion bombar dment of non-absorben t
wooden crates) or labels. is used as fibr e stock for synthetic paper (delivery p ile) p rinting o r f inishing; the metal foils and polymer films in order to
Paper (eg DuPont’s Tyvek). sheets are piled on standar dised pallets or increase surface t ension a nd th us in k
A non-woven material with a lar ge surface PEEK, polyetheretherketone trolleys; the use of auxiliar y piles allo ws adhesion;substrates can be pretreated by
area and made of cellulose and/or synthet- Thermoplastic, films of which can be prin t- presses to run continuously. the manufacturer and remain stable over a
ic fibres along with fillers, binding ed in UV flexo and used as food packaging. Pile-logistics system long period of time; an alt ernative t o
agents and, in some cases, whiteners or PET, PETP, polyethylene terephthalate System tha t fr ees pr ess personnel fr om corona surface treatment.
dyes; maximum t hickness 0 .3mm, maxi- Polyester thermoplastic fr om which it is strenuous logistical tasks (KBA par tner: PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate,
mum grammage 150g/m 2; the most possible t o mak e fine film with a high www.krifft-zipsner.de); at its most ad- acrylic glass
common print substrate. degree of t ear resistance (flavourseal food vanced level it encompasses the delivery of A clear transparent or coloured thermoplas-
Paper sizes, paper formats storage bags) or drinks bottles with a w all
ISO 216 (which is based on DIN 476-2, calliper of 500µm ; in sheetf ed offset it Table. 7: ISO and USA sheet formats (in mm)
(table 7) defines the standar d metric siz es mainly takes the form of lenticular film
No. A series B series C series D series USA traditional formats ANSI
of sheet stock for printing; the length divid- and film with differ ent lev els of gloss
ed by the width of all forma ts is the square front and back; modifications: transparent 4A0 1682 x 2378 — — — — E 864 x 1118
2A0 1189 x 1682 — — — — D 559 x 864
root of two, with the surface area of format PET (inkjet/laser prin ting film, debit/credit
A0 841 x 1189 1000 x 1414 917 x 1297 771 x 1091 508 x 635 L = royal —
A0 being 1m2.The USA has its own standard card l aminating f ilm, deep-drawn f ilm), A1 594 x 841 707 x 1000 648 x 917 545 x 771 431,8 x 558.8 L = broadsheet C 432 x 559
sizes. PETG (poly ethylene t erephthalate gly col: A2 420 x 594 500 x 707 458 x 648 385 x 545 394 x 489 L = post —
Paper white shrink labels), APET (amorphous polyethyl- A3 297 x 420 353 x 500 324 x 458 272 x 385 381 x 508 L = crown —
1. In colour densit ometry, calibration ene t erephthalate: in barrier c ompounds), A4 210 x 297 250 x 353 229 x 324 192 x 272 304.8 x 228.6 P = 12 by 9 —
value 0 for measuring c olour densit y in GAG-PET (gly col amorphous gly col poly- long 210 x 99 — 229 x 115 — 279.4 x 431.8 L= ledger, B 279 x 432
P = tabloid
printed images; 2. White point in the r ela- ester: blister packaging).
A5 148 x 210 176 x 250 162 x 229 136 x 192 215.9 x 355.6 L = legal —
tive c olorimetric gamut map when digital pH value A6 105 x 148 125 x 176 114 x 162 96 x 136 215.9 x 279.4 L = letter A 216 x 279
proofs are adapted to production stock. Negative c ommon logarithm of OH A7 74 x 105 88 x 125 81 x 114 68 x 96 184.2 x 268.0 L = executive —
Papermaking, paper production (hydroxyl) ion c oncentration; pH <7 = A8 52 x 74 62 x 88 57 x 81 — 76.2 x 177.8 L = $ bill, —
A mechanical pr ocess for making paper acidic/sour, pH 7 = neutr al, pH >7 = alka- P = origami
and board in the sequence pulp prepara- line/basic (max. 14); the pH value of paper, A9 37 x 52 44 x 62 40 x 57 — 139.7 x 215.9 L = invoice, —
half letter
tion, wire sec tion, press sec tion, drying board and pulp can be det ermined using
A10 26 x 37 31 x 44 28 x 40 — 108 x 139.7 L = quar ter letter —
section (possibly with siz e pr ess), surface aqueous e xtracts (DIN 53124: hot; DIN
treatment (sizing , coating) and finishing 53124, ISO 6588: cold); paper sur faces for Tolerance: ±1.5mm up to 150mm edge length, ±2mm from L = landscape
(calendering, sheeting). offset printing should be slightly alkaline. 150 to 600mm, ±3mm over 600mm P = portrait
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Table 8: Substrates handled by KBA sheetfed offset presses

Format (ISO) KBA max. format Standard substrates Optional substrates Ink Coating options
B3 (380 x 520 mm), 2-up Genius 52UV 360 x 520 mm Paper/board/film ca. 0.1 - — WLUV UV
0.8 mm (substrate-dependent)
SRA2 (450 x 640 mm) Performa 66 485 x 660 mm Paper/board 0.05 - 0.45 mm — Oil-based Aqueous
B2 (500 x 707 mm), 4-up Performa 74 520 x 740 mm Paper/board/film 0.05 - 0.6 mm — Oil-based, UV Aqueous, UV
B2 (500 x 707 mm), 4-up Rapida 74/75 520 x 740/750 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.5 mm Board/film up to 1.0 mm Oil, UV, hybrid,WL,WLUV Aqueous, UV, double
B2 (500 x 707 mm), 4-up Rapida 74G 520 x 740 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.5 mm Board/film up to 1.0 mm WL,WLUV Aqueous, UV
B2 (500 x 707 mm), 4-up 74 Karat 520 x 740 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.3 mm Paper/board/ABS, PC, PET, PS, PVC film up to 0.5 mm WL; film with Aqueous, film with
Zeller+Gmelin Toracard TF Tipadur P-1203 B3
B1 (707 x 1000 mm), 8-up Ra 105/105u 720-740 x 1050 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.5 mm Heavy board/microflute/film up to 1.2 mm Oil, UV, hybrid,WL,WLUV Aqueous, UV, double
B1 (707 x 1000 mm), 8-up Rapida 106 740 x 1060 mm Paper/board 60 - 350 g/m 2 Heavy board/film up to 1.2 mm Oil, UV, hybrid,WL,WLUV Aqueous, UV, double
5 (920 x 1300 mm) Rapida 130 910 x 1300 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.9 mm Lightweight paper from 0.04 mm; heavy board up to Oil-based, UV, hybrid,WL Aqueous, UV, double
1.2 mm; microflute up to 1.6 mm; film
5B (920 x 1300 mm) Rapida 130a 965 x 1300 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.9 mm Lightweight paper from 0.04 mm; heavy board up to Oil-based, UV, hybrid,WL Aqueous, UV, double
1.2 mm; microflute up to 1.6 mm; film
6B (102 x 1400 mm), 16-up Rapida 142 1020 x 1420 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.9 mm Lightweight paper from 0.04 mm; heavy board up to Oil-based, UV, hybrid,WL Aqueous, UV, double
1.2 mm; microflute up to 1.6 mm; film
7 (1100 x 1600 mm) Rapida 162 1120 x 1620 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.9 mm Lightweight paper from 0.04 mm; heavy board up to Oil-based, UV, hybrid,WL Aqueous, UV, double
1.2 mm; microflute up to 1.6 mm; film
7B (1200 x 1600 mm) Rapida 162a 1200 x 1620 mm; Paper/board 0.06 - 0.9 mm Lightweight paper from 0.04 mm; heavy board up to Oil-based, UV, hybrid,WL Aqueous., UV, double
P 1120 x 1620 mm 1.2 mm; microflute up to 1.6 mm; film
8 (1300 x 1850 mm) Rapida 185 1300 x 1850 mm Paper/board 0.1 - 0.6 mm Heavy board up to 1.2 mm, microflute up to 1.6 mm; film Oil-based, UV, hybrid,WL Aqueous, UV
9 (1500 x 2050 mm), 32-up Rapida 205 1510 x 2050 mm Paper/board 0.1 - 0.6 mm Heavy board up to 1.2 mm, microflute up to 1.6 mm; film Oil-based, UV, hybrid,WL Aqueous, UV
P = shortened format for perfecting;WL = waterless

tic tha t can be formed in to rigid sheets tions: folding car tons, flexible packaging , aqueous glues; poster formats: (table 9). Primer
(Perspex, Plexiglas) and e xtruded in to a cards and promotional products. PP, polypropylene A suitable primer c oating or opaque whit e
thick film; printable in sheetfed offset. Polymers Thermoplastic, weldable syn thetic with a applied t o the sur face of a syn thetic or
Polyester Organic macr omolecules based on simple high degree of har dness, rigidity and hea t metallic substrate prior t o printing (offset,
A ca tegory of thermoplastic polymers hydrocarbon molecules (monomers) tha t resistance; following corona treatment it is screen, flexo printing, metal decorating); an
containing esters, the most common being develop useful pr operties, including a high suitable for printing in conventional and UV alternative to corona surface treatment.
PET (poly ethylene t erephthalate). They degree of rigidit y, following ca tenation, offset (eg ArjoW iggins P riplak, overhead Print quality
include PB T (polybut ylene t erephthalate, branching or cr oss-linking; homopolymers projector film); oriented polypr opylene Image r eproduction influenc ed b y the
often used as an insulator against heat and (made from one t ype of monomer): PE, (OPP) and biaxially orien ted polypropylene homogeneity and brightness of the
chemicals),PEN (polyethylene naphthalate, PP, PVC; copolymers (made from differ- (BOPP) ar e used for in-mould labels substrate surface.
used for beer bottles and sailcloth) and ent monomers): ABS, polyester. (IML), banknotes for tropical climates or, Printability
PLA (polylactic acid). Porosity as solid c ompounds (also moulded or cast: Suitability of a substr ate for prin ting: uni-
Polymer film, transparent film Desirable or undesir able pr operty of sub- CPP), for food storage bags. form ink adhesion and an acceptable visual
Polymer webs formed b y injection mould- strates tha t allo ws air , water or oil t o Press format, machine size quality are two key criteria.
ing or extrusion; 20 - 150µm or (mor e penetrate thr ough sur face holes; affects Maximum format that can be prin ted on a Printing ink
typically) 50 - 100µm thick; sold as r olls or absorbency and setting time. sheetfed press (table 8). Colorant containing substances for creating
sheets; may be tr ansparent or opaque , Postcard board Pressure folds optical c ontrasts on the substr ate; key
white or c oloured; surface can be high- Machine-finished, glazed or c oated boar d A mor e adv anced method for t esting properties ar e adhesion and dr ying,
gloss, semi-matt or ma tt, structured, pat- weighing 150 - 190g/m2. tensile strength, routinely at folds cr eat- which can be influenc ed b y the ab-
terned or lenticular; printable with UV Poster paper ed under a specific pressure. sorbency of the sur face, and is initia ted
inks, in offset with conventional and water- Monochrome paper c oated on one side , Primary fibres, virgin fibres according t o differ ent principles: penetra-
less inks, in flexo and gravure with solvent- with good light-fastness and wet Fibres tha t ha ve not pr eviously been tion, solvent ev aporation, polymerisation/
and w ater-based inks; primary applica- tensile str ength when in c ontact with processed or used. condensation (UV and IR r adiation), oxida-
tion,cooling (skin formation,phase-switch-
ing), precipitation (moistur e-set inks) and
Table 9: Most cost-effective production of poster formats with large-format KBA Rapidas sintering/melting (ceramic inks, toner).
Poster name Format Rapida 130a Rapida 142 Rapida 162a Rapida 185 Rapida 205 Printing paper
Mini Quad 31 x 41 cm 8-up — — — — Any t ype of paper manufac tured for pr o-
Medium 45.7 x 58.4 cm 4-up — — — — cessing in the prin ting industry; represents
Double Crown, British Half Sheet 50.8–56 x 76.2 cm — — 2-up — – a rising pr oportion of global paper c on-
1 Sheet 68.5 x 104.1 cm — — 2-up — –
sumption; current trends: more uncoated
Quad Crown 76.2 x 101.6 cm 1-up — 2-up — –
Quad Demy 88.9 x 114.3 cm 1-up — — 4-up – paper, new haptic pr operties, increased
British 1 Sheet 74 x 151 cm — — 1-up — 2-up bulk yet lower grammage, continuous
Quad Royal 102 x 127 cm — 1-up — — 2-up improvements in prin tability and w ork-
4 Sheet, Single Sheet, Double Quad Crown, Subway 101.6 x 152.4 cm — — 1-up — – ability, eg for use on faster presses.
6 Sheet Decaux, City Light Poster, Abribus 118.5 x 175 cm in 2 sections — — 1-up – Printing substrate/material, stock,
6 Sheet More O Ferrall, Adshel,TDI, Superlite/Primesite 120 x 180 cm in 2 sections — — 1-up –
print carrier
12 Sheet 152.4 x 304.8 cm — — in 2 sections — –
16 Sheet Viacom 196.7 x 298.3 cm — — — — in 2 sections Term applied t o an y ma terial tha t can be
16 Sheet 203.2 x 304.8 cm — in 4 sections — in 2 sections – printed (paper, corrugated board, solid
32 Sheet 304.8 x 406.4 cm — — in 6 sections — in 4 sections board, metals, synthetics, glass, textiles);
48 Sheet Viacom 298.3 x 603.1 cm in 12 sections — — in 6 sections – direct printing onto objects is commonly
48 Sheet 304.8 x 609.6 cm in 12 sections — — in 6 sections – called decorating.
96 Sheet Viacom 298.3 x 1212.7 cm — in 24 sections — — in 10 sections
Print-through, strike-through
96 Sheet 304.8 x 1219.2 cm — in 24 sections — — in 10 sections
Partial penetration by the ink into the sub-
When printing multi-sheet posters an overlap of up to 3cm should be allowed. strate d ue t o e xcessive s ubstrate ab-
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10 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates

sorbency or too thin an ink. Table 10: Units of quantity for paper width, ie perpendicular t o the machine
Promotional items, give-aways Printing paper Current Previous direction; opposite: long grain.
Printed products and print-decorated Sheet Basic unit Basic unit Show-through
objects typically comprising multiple mate- Quire 25 sheets 24 sheets Where the image printed on one side is vis-
rials. Ream, long ream 20 quires = 500 sheets 20 quires = 480 sheets ible on the other , due t o inadequa te sub-
PS, polystyrene (now referred to as short ream) strate opacity.
Amorphous or semi-cr ystalline, fully r ecy- Printers ream, perfect ream 211/2 quires = 516 sheets Shrinkage
Bundle 2 reams = 1,000 sheets 2 reams = 960 sheets
clable thermoplastic; a tr ansparent, white Loss of substr ate v olume and dimensions
(now referred to as short bundle)
or coloured high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) Bale 5 bundles = 5,000 sheets 5 bundles = 4,800 sheets caused by moisture evaporation or cooling;
film has high notched impac t str ength, (now referred to as short bale) a property exploited in PET sleeves.
good dimensional stability, optimum ink Sign paper
uptake (following corona treatment) and Paper for prin ting simple signs , banners
good cutting and die-cutting properties. hygiene ar ticles), cartons and car dboard sample of paper and boar d t o det ermine and fly ers; generally c ontains w ood pulp
PTS, Papiertechnische Stiftung manufactured en tirely or lar gely fr om the average quality is defined in EN ISO 186, and is heavily sized.
Research founda tion (Munich, Heidenau, de-inked paper waste; the drawbacks are their pre-test treatment in SN EN 20187, EN Silicon paper, silicon treated/release
www.ptspaper.de) pr oviding c onsulting, colour cast , deviations in colour tone, ISO 2233, ISO 2233 and ENV 12625-2 paper
training and t esting ser vices for the paper and faster ageing. (standard ). self-adhesive paper
industry; affiliated with the FPT Recycling SC paper, supercalendered paper Single-coated paper
(Forschungsvereinigung P apiertechnik, a Recovery and r eprocessing of paper and Uncoated web offset wood-pulp paper that Paper with a single applica tion of c oating
communications pla tform) and the FPS synthetic w aste for r euse as prin ting and has been calendered, ie hea vily c om- slip; the most common form of coating.
(Forschungsvereinigung P apiertechnische packaging substrates. pressed in thickness, and has a high Sized paper
Stiftung, which pr omotes PT S ac tivities); Reel (UK), roll (US) proportion of filler ( opacity); used for Paper tha t has been made mor e r esistant
developed the P aperBaleSensor for fast , The form of substr ate r equired for w eb magazines, supplements a nd c atalogues; to moisture by adding starch,resin and wax
on-site determination of the moisture, printing; specifications include e xternal, grades: SC-B (inline calender ed using a to the pulp (beater-sized paper) or by size-
polymer, fibre and ash c ontent of w aste internal and core diameter,mass,width and soft-nip calender , eg impr oved news- press coating (FC paper), which improves
paper bales. length (which is calculated from these). print), SC-A (inline gloss-calender ed) and the bond bet ween fibres and fillers;
Puncture resistance Reel-logistics system SC-A Plus (offline gloss-calender ed with well-sized paper can be prin ted easily and
For packaging materials, this is determined System tha t fr ees pr ess personnel fr om Janus MK2 calender). does not suffer fr om dusting or pick-
in kJ (ISO 3036). strenuous logistical tasks; at its most Scanning electron microscopy ing.
PVC, polyvinyl chloride advanced lev el KBA ’s P atras r eel-logistics Used t o e xamine the sur face of paper for Skin packaging
Amorphous thermoplastic , the most c om- system enc ompasses the en tire paper defects, coating cracks and blisters, and a Packaging, eg an offset prin ted folding
mon synthetic; softening and antistatic workflow: ordering, storage and manage- cross sec tion for filler distribution, coating carton, with a clear, unprinted, deep-drawn
treatment can impair adhesion, which is ment of the delivered reels, stripping, splice thickness and deposits. plastic skin shrunk onto it; the skin and car-
why only har d PV C (HPV C) film 0.15 to preparation (Easy Splic e) and loading on Scorability ton are bonded with a hea t-sealed coating
0.5mm thick is prin table in UV offset; it the KBA reelstand, and disposal of expired The abilit y of boar d t o be sc ored without (blister coating).
requires pr e-treatment t o enhanc e sur- reels; reels ar e tr ansported on in-floor breaking; unlike cr easing, scoring destr oys Slur
face tension; printable in all UV and digital tracks and turn tables, supported b y the sur face coating and super ficial fibrous A faint,out of register duplicate of a printed
printing processes (toner and inkjet, even unmanned guided vehicles (KBA partner: structure. image, resulting fr om the tr ansfer of the
solvent-based syst ems); film can be Rocla). Scumming, toning image onto the blanket cylinder in the next
translucent or tr ansparent, white or Relative humidity The take-up of ink, from any cause, in non- printing unit. Caused b y fault y pr ess set-
coloured, have different surface gloss levels For an y giv en ambien t t emperature, the image areas of the pla te; when this star ts tings or paper with the wrong grain.
front and back; splinter-free cutting and ratio (as a per centage) of the ac tual mois- to occur in offset lithogr aphy it is said tha t Smoothness
die-cutting, easy t o lamina te and glue , eg ture c ontent of the air t o the pot ential the plate is “catching up”. Haptic pr operty of substr ates with a lo w
for PVC folding cartons; often modified into moisture c ontent; the relative humidit y of Security/safety paper friction coefficient,created by the calender-
PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) for packag- the micr oclimate in the deliv ery pile or a Paper with c oncealed for gery-proof fea- ing, smoothing and chrome cylinders in the
ing film. rell of paper can differ substan tially fr om tures, eg w atermark, metallic thr ead, papermaking or coating machine; opposite
PVOH polyvinyl alcohol the room humidity; optimum: 45 to 55%. applied or integrated taggants. of roughness and thus an indica tion of
Antistatic, weldable, water-soluble, bio- Residual strength Self-adhesive paper the prin tability (less adhesion); in
degradable, durable packaging film with The str ength of w eb offs et pa per aft er Paper with a self-adhesiv e coating on one processes wher e the air flo w is subjec t t o
strong barrier pr operties against gases , being p rinted, dried a nd f olded; target side tha t is pr otected b y silic on-coated defined pr essure, the measur ement of
organic solvents and fats. value with the Fogra method: backing paper when the fr ont is being smoothness and r oughness is iden tical, eg
Quality control >0.67kN/m. printed and un til it is used; for labels , the Bekk method (in sec , ISO 5627), the
A series of inspec tions usually under taken Rheology stamps, coupons in direct mail. Parker prin t-surf method (in µm, DIN ISO
upon r eception of prin ting substr ates or The study of the deforma tion and flo w of Set-off, marking, smearing 8791-4), the B endtsen method (in mP a s,
packaging materials with the aim of ensur- matter; influences wetting and adhesion In sheetfed offset , the transfer of fr esh ink ISO 5636-3, DIN 53108), the Gurley method
ing problem-free processing. of ink to the substrate. from one sheet onto the back of the follow- (in ml/min, ISO 5636-5) and the Sheffield
Rag paper Roughness ing one in the deliv ery pile; in web offset, method (in ml/min, ISO 8791-3); optical
High-grade paper in which a t least 10% Geometric devia tion fr om a per fectly fla t smearing of poorly dried ink on to the laser measurement eg with UBM micr ofo-
of the fibr e content is c omposed of t extile surface; opposite of smoothness ( qv for guide, turning or nip rollers. cus (DIN 4768).
waste (pr emium qualit y, banknote testing methods). Sheet size Solid board
paper), cotton, hemp or flax fibres; rags are Runability The maximum ( table 8 ) and minimum Board made fr om iden tical la yers of
also in Bible paper, document paper. The abilit y of sheets (separ ability, rigidity, sheet dimensions of printable substrates. paper couched together (millboard) or dif-
Raw format flatness etc) and webs (breaking propensi- Sheeter ferent layers glued together and faced with
Untrimmed sheet size. ty) to run through a press without causing Rotating cutting devic e tha t can be posi- a high-gr ade liner (mechanical boar d);
Ream problems. tioned before the feeder on sheetfed press- most common material used for book c ov-
Unit of quan tity for paper ( table 10 ), 480 Sample book, swatch book es to allow the press to accept cheaper web ers.
or 500 sheets (max. 30kg). Collection of paper samples. stock. Specific volume, specific bulk
Recycled paper, recycled content paper Sampling Short grain, CD, cross direction Absolute r atio (in cm 3/g) bet ween a sub-
Paper (eg for newspapers , packaging, The method for obtaining a r epresentative Where the paper grain runs acr oss the strate’s thickness and grammage (EN
Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 11

11

Table 11: Processes and standards for measuring brightness/whiteness and yellowness
Brightness/ whiteness Standard
Measuring geometry Illuminant/observer Basis Parameter Interpretation
ISO brightness ISO 2470,
Diffuse/0° C/2°, D65/10° with CIE xyY (1931) W (with illuminant/observer) Ideal value 100%; with whitener > 100%
(Elrepho 450X) and without UV cut filter
ISO brightness ISO 3688 Diffuse radiance factor Blue light (457 nm) IR3 reflection standard W (blue light) Ideal value 100%
CIE brightness ISO 11475 45°/0° or 0°/45° D50/2° CIE xyY (1931) WCIE = Y + 800 (x n – x) + 1700 (y n – y) Values 90 - 120; the higher the brighter
Degree of colour deviation ISO 11475 45°/0° or 0°/45° D50/2° CIE xyY (1931) TW = 900 (x n – x) – 650 (yn – y) Colour cast, yellowing
Hunter whiteness — 45°/0° or 0°/45° D65/2° CIE XYZ, HunterLab (1958) WH = L – 3 b L = 19.29 [(Z – 11 Y) / Y1/2] Ideal value 100
Stensby whiteness — 45°/0° or 0°/45° D65/2° HunterLab (1958) WS = L + 3 (aL – bL) Ideal value 100
Berger whiteness * — Reflectometer 45°/0° D65/2° RY, RZ, RX = f {CIE XYZ} WB = Y + 3 (1.1333 Z – 1.2985 X) Ideal value 100
Taube whiteness * — 45°/0° or 0°/45° D65/2° CIE XYZ (1931) WT = 3.6734 Z – 3 Y Ideal value 100
ASTM whiteness ASTM E313 45°/0° or 0°/45° C/2°, D50/2° CIE XYZ (1931) WIE313 = 3 (1.242 Z – Y) with C/2° Ideal value 100
Yellowness DIN 6167 45°/0° or 0°/45° C/2°, D50/2° CIE XYZ (1931) G1925 (corresponds to ASTM D 1925) Yellowing: G > 0 yellowish, G < 0 bluish
* Outdated process

ISO 534); there is a shift t owards a lar ger TAPPI, Technical Association of the
volume with the same grammage (cheaper Pulp and Paper Industry
than t hicker, heavier p aper) o r a l ower American-based global r esearch associa-
grammage with the same v olume (t o tion (www.tappi.org) whose test specifica-
reduce postage costs for direct mail and tions and specialist publica tions ar e
mail-order catalogues). respected the world over.
Spectroscopy Tear resistance/strength
Infrared m ethod f or i dentifying o rganic Resistance (in N) t o t ensile for ce; deriva-
compounds: FTIR (Fourier transform tions: tear inde x (in mNm 2/g), stretch a t
infrared) for r esins, glues, binding agents break (in %); plastic and film: ISO 6383-2,
and additiv es, and NIR (near infr ared) for paper: ISO 1974, BS EN 21974: gram-
fillers, sizes and coating binders. Polyethylene fibres in DuPont’s synthetic paper Tyvek under a scanning electron microscope mage-specific det ermination of t earing
Splice (photo: www.IRFIP.fr) resistance in mNm 2/g using the Elmendor f
In web printing,the join between the expir- method).
ing web and the new one; KBA offers auto- arrays for dischar ging static elec tricity Swell Tensile strength
matic splice preparation with Easy Splice. during sheet or web travel; primarily used In bookbinding, the increased thickness of Determined in accordance with DIN EN ISO
Splitting with s ynthetic s ubstrates; KBA s upplier: a text block along its spine edge after being 1924: the quotient (in kN/m) of the br eak-
An e xtreme form of picking in which the Kersten Elektrostatik (www.kersten.de). stitched. ing load and the width of a paper strip, and
pull of a thick, tacky ink tears off large por- Stationery Swelling thus b y deriv ation the t ensile modulus or
tions of a paper ’s or a boar d liner’s surface, General name giv en t o paper and offic e An incr ease in the v olume of paper and stiffness (in N/m); tensile stiffness inde x
which then adhere to the offset blanket and supplies such as envelopes, notepads, pens, board through moisture absorption and of (in Nm/k g) is the quotien t of the t ensile
may cause damage. pencils, erasers, greeting cards, paper clips, synthetics thr ough hea t and/or solv ent stiffness and the grammage.
Standard atmosphere drawing pins etc. absorption. Tensile strength, breaking load
Relative air humidity 50% ± 5% at a press Stretch Swell paper The maximum stress a substr ate can stand
hall t emperature of 23° C (EN 20187, ISO Dimensional change caused by the applica- Paper on which dark-prin ted areas form a when pulled at both ends (EN ISO 1924-2).
187). tion of for ce, heat or moistur e par allel or tangible profile when subjec ted to heat; Test liner
Static electricity perpendicular t o the grain in paper or printable in offset litho. Liner made of sec ondary fibr es (125 t o
An electrical charge that builds up on the board, or differences in the preferred orien- Synthetic fibre paper 180g/m2) and used to make corrugated and
surface of poorly or non-c onductive paper tation of polymer molecules (tac ticity); Paper impr egnated or c oated on one or solid boar d; coated (suitable for prin ting
and film, due to a dear th (+) or e xcess (–) the stability of isotactic polymers (eg PP) both sides with syn thetic fibr es, or with corrugated in direct offset) or uncoated.
of elec trons; causes the sheets t o stick can be enhanced by stretching. synthetic fibres added to the pulp. Testing devices, testers
together, making it difficult to separate and Stretch at break Synthetic paper Indispensable syst ems or sensors for t est-
stack them. Percentage by which a substr ate stretches Highly t ear- and w ater-resistant, dimen- ing the quality and properties of substrates;
Static eliminator, antistatic system prior to breaking (breaking length), rela- sionally stable paper made fr om w elded main suppliers: www.emco-leipzig.com,
System of heads , nozzles, electrodes and tive to its unstretched length (EN ISO 1924- polymer fibres or e xtruded film; polymers: www.fogra.org, www.igt.nl, www.pruef-
2: stress-strain curve: elasticity modulus, BOPP (biaxially oriented polypropylene),PA bau.de, www.ptspaper.de, www.tappi.org.
Table 12: Film surface tension fracture toughness (in J/m),fracture tough- (polyamide), PE (poly ethylene, DuPont’s Textile/cloth printing
ness index (in Jm/kg). Tyvek), polyester, viscose fibr e. Also sheet The printing of lengths of cloth, articles of
Polymer film Surface tension*
Surface strength material, resembling pa per, made fr om clothing and o utdoor adv ertising media
ABS copolymer 35 - 42 mN/m Property of offset paper that influences siz- synthetic filaments by other means,eg spin (flags, banners, cladding) on scr een and
PA 6 34 - 57 mN/m
PBT** 30 mN/m ing, picking and dusting. bonding. Plastic ma terial in sheet form, digital presses.
PE**/** 31 - 36 mN/m Surface tension surface-treated t o mak e it suitable for Thermal properties
PEEK 44 - 46 mN/m Here: atomic interaction of the ink with the commercial printing. Key threshold values when using and print-
PEN** 30 - 39 mN/m substrate sur face in an air or inert gas Synthetics, plastics ing polymer films. They include the
PET 43 - 47 mN/m environment; metal and polymer films Common term for syn thetic and semi-syn- temperature a t which they ar e w orkable,
PC** 33 - 47 mN/m (table 12) may have too low a sur face ten- thetic polymers; a distinc tion is made at which they will sha tter with c old or
PLA (bioplastic) 50 mN/m
PMMA (Perspex) 33 - 49 mN/m sion, causing ink t o bead and r oll off ; it between thermoplastics (malleable when decompose, and their c oefficients of ther-
PP**/** 29 mN/m can be remedied by applying an adhesive warm,eg PVC,PP),thermoset plastics (once mal e xpansion (DIN 53453) and thermal
PS 43 - 44 mN/m primer or corona surface treatment; test- set, they cannot be r emoulded, eg pheno- conductivity.
PVC** 36 - 39 mN/m ing ink: spreading, contact angle measur e- plasts, PUR, hardened epo xides) and elas- Tin plate
* The substantial deviations arise from non- ment (Fogra,TAPPI 558). tomers (all t ypes of rubber tha t ar e mal- Steel r olled in to thin sheets (<0.5mm
standardised testing conditions and the use of Surface/tub/top/vat sized paper leable when cold); thermoplastic film is the thick) and c oated elec trolytically with a
different additives. ** Corona surface treatment uncoated stock that has had its str ength only syn thetic suitable for prin ting; it can layer of white tin; along with aluminium
essential. *** Except for UV, only printable with and water resistance enhanced by dipping also be blo w-moulded in to hollo w beads the most c ommon packaging ma terial
special inks for polyolefines. used in metal decorating.
it in a gelatine and starch solution. for use as a packing material.
Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 12

12 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates

Totally chlorine-free paper, TCF paper Web tension demand for office paper and bulky
Environmentally friendly uncoated stock This must be c ontrolled in or der t o a void book-printing paper; the most popular
produced from pulp bleached without the web breaks. types of c oated paper ar e art and car-
use of chlorine (TCF label). Web-breaking propensity bonless copy paper,while demand is declin-
Translucency Inability of a paper web to withstand vibra- ing for LWC paper.
The sta te of permitting ligh t t o pass tion or start-up tension. Wrinkles, creases
through par tially or diffusely ; semi-trans- Wet picking Quality fla w in papermaking; in prin ting,
parency (cf transparency). A property of Sudden r eduction in picking r esistance; the result of uneven tension on the w eb at
films and low-filler paper. Measuring CIE whiteness and ASTM caused b y o vermoistening in offset prin t the rollers in the superstruc ture, the cylin-
Transparency yellowness with Techkon’s SpectroDens production. ders in the printing unit etc.
The property of a substrate that allows light Premium (0°/45°) Wet strength Writing paper
to pass through; the opposite of opacity; Property of paper that can be enhanc ed by Well-sized and calender ed uncoated
ratio in % (DIN 53147) of the r adiance Waste paper mixing alkali-r esistant additiv es in the stock or handmade paper that is suitable
factors of a single sheet of the substr ate Used paper prior to recycling or disposal. pulp. for writing on both sides; 60 - 90g/m2.
over a black underla y (RS) and a whit e Waste, reject sheets, spoilage, misprints Wet tensile strength Yellowing, yellow discoloration
underlay (RW ), and of the whit e underlay Unsellable prin ted sheets or sec tions of The abilit y of paper t o r esist spr eading or Yellow t o br ownish disc oloration (DIN
(RWU): T = (RW – RS) [(10000 / RWU) – web. elongation when subjec ted t o moistur e; 6167) of paper, board or coatings caused by
RS]; objects behind a transparent substrate Water absorbency important for poster paper (application chemical reactions within the fibrous struc-
can be seen mor e clearly than behind a Cobb test/method of glue) and w eb stock (fan-out potential); ture ( lignin) o r w ith i nk c omponents
translucent one. Water resistance can be measur ed with emcoDDPM (ghosting); atmospheric o xygen, heat
Transparent paper Resistance of a substr ate over time to pen- expansion module . ISO 3781: tensile and daylight are all conducive to yellowing.
Paper with a high lev el of transparency etration b y w ater. ISO 15106 det ermines strength after immersion in water. Zellcheming
and a low level of absorbency;in offset litho the w ater v apour tr ansmission r ate using Wettability The Association of Pulp and Paper Chemists
thick,stiff (also coloured) transparent paper four different methods,ISO 3038 and FEFCO Controlled by adjusting the surface ten- and Engineers (www .zellcheming.de) in
is a popular alternative to polymer films. 9 apply t o the glue bond in c orrugated sion of non-absorben t substr ates; aids: Germany; publishes r eference pamphlets
Two-sidedness fibreboard. wetting angle measurement with water or on paper manufac ture (PMAK), paper test-
Property of paper r eflecting the differ ence Watermark oil ( Fogra pr ojector, PTS-PP:103/85), ing (TEST), paper finishing and car ton con-
in texture (smoothness), appearance and A genuine w atermark is a design stamped run-off test inks. version (CONV),carton and board manufac-
printability between the side of the paper in the wet paper pulp as it is forming in the Whitener, brightener, fluorescent ture (PBTC) and paper recycling (RECO).
in contact with the papermaking machine’s papermaking machine , either with a wir e whitening agent, FWA Dieter Kleeberg
forming wire (wire side) and the side a way mould in the vat or by running the wet web A colorant added t o paper and fluor escent
from the forming wire (felt side). under a dandy r oller. This c ompresses the inks tha t mak es the in visible UV-A r ays
UG paper, unglazed/unfinished paper paper, decreasing its opacit y in the image (<380nm) in da ylight turn blue , causing
machine-finished paper area of the design, which becomes visible more visible light to be r eflected than is Dieter Kleeberg
ULWC/LLWC paper, ultra/light when the dried paper is held up to the light. incidental. Dresdener Ring 60
lightweight coated paper Semi-genuine w atermarks ar e made with Whiteness (index), brightness 61130 Nidderau, Germany
Tel: (+49) 6187 3153
Web offset or gravure paper coated on both an engr aved r oller in the dr ying sec tion, Measure of the brightness and achromatic- dieter.kleeberg@t-online.de
sides and w eighing less than 45g/m 2; pri- fake ones with a transparent overprint. ity of paper and boar d; various definitions
marily used to print mail-order catalogues. Waterproof paper and measuring procedures are in use (table Supplement to
Uncoated paper/stock Paper with a waterproof coating (DIN 11) for factoring in the phenomenon that a KBA Report No. 33 • 9/2008
(English edition)
Paper with or without a sur face treatment, 54515); difficult to print. bluish tone imparts a whiter impression
pigmentation (up to 5g/m 2) or colour (DIN Weather resistance (whiteners). Translated by Christina Degens-Kupp
19300: wood-pulp, dyed); its manifold tac- The degree to which polymer films (out- Winding tension
tile properties make it a popular substr ate door adv ertising, compost bags) and The uniformit y of the t ension a t which a
in offset litho. poster paper ar e r esistant t o ligh t paper web was wound on the c ore affects Koenig & Bauer Aktiengesellschaft
Units of paper quantity (light-fastness), water (hygrostability) the quality of the prin ted image when the Würzburg Facility
The cust omary units used in the paper and ageing. web runs thr ough the pr ess, and can be 97010 Würzburg, Germany
industry can be found in table 10. tested by tapping the web at various points Tel: (+49) 931 909-0
Fax: (+49) 931 909-4101
UV radiation Useful web addresses across its width. The mor e uniform the www.kba.com
Ultraviolet r ange of th e e lectromagnetic Metal decorating: mpma.org.uk, empac.eu sound, the more uniform the tension. kba-wuerzburg@kba.com
spectrum (approx. 100 - 370nm, invisible); Print/media: pira.co.uk, gain.net, cpia-aci.ca, Wire-side, underside, wrong side Radebeul Facility
uses include curing specially sensitised inks printnet.com.au, printmedia.org.za The side fr om which w ater dr ains fr om 01439 Radebeul, Germany
and coatings on non-absorbent substrates, Flexible packaging: flexpack.org, the pulp in the wir e; normally, but not Tel: (+49) 351 833-0
bleaching substr ates ( whiteners) and flexpack-europe.org, eurosac.org necessarily, the side tha t prin ts less w ell; Fax: (+49) 351 833-1001
inks (fluorescent inks). Folding cartons and corrugated: ecma.org, two-sidedness. www.kba.com
procarton.com, fefco.org kba-radebeul@kba.com
Waste disposal technology Paper industry: cepi.org, Wood-free paper, groundwood-free
Peripheral systems used in print production prima-papernetwork.org paper KBA-Metronic AG
and finishing for the r emoval, collection In theory, paper that contains no mechani- Benzstraße 11
Paper, board and plastic processing
97209 Veitshöchheim, Germany
and/or bundling of paper w aste, used industries: citpa-europe.org cal wood pulp. In practice, paper that con- Tel: (+49) 931 9085-0
materials et al (eg baling pr esses, crushers) Packaging institutes: worldpackaging.org tains less than 5% mechanical w ood pulp; Fax: (+49) 931 9085-100
and the e xtraction and/or r ecovery of air- Solid board: esbo.nl, uncoated paper has seen the str ongest www.kba-metronic.com
Corrugated board: fefco.org
borne emissions. growth, primarily on the back of spir alling info@kba-metronic.com

Registered trademarks, copyrighted and patented pr oducts are not specified as

such in the above feature. This does not mean that they are, or may be treated
as, public domain. The figures quoted date fr om November 2007. Er rors and
omissions excepted.
This publication contains illustrations fr om Datacolor , FEFCO, IRFIP , KBA ,
Kersten Elektrostatik, Papier Union and TECHKON.