PYQs

1)INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS

1. SRILANKA
2. MALDIVES
3. SOUTH EAST ASIA
4. CHINA
5. PAKISTAN

2) Effect of Policies & Politics of Developed and Developing

countries on India (India’s interests, diaspora)

1. JAPAN
2. AFRICA
3. ISRAEL
4. USA
5. RUSSIA

3) 1) Important International institutions, agencies, for a

(structure, mandate)
2) Bilateral, Regional, Global groupings & Agreements
(involving and/or affecting India)

1. UN AND ITS AGENCIES

( WB , IMF, UNSC , WHO , UNESCO** )

2. WTO**
3. QUAD
4. BIMSTEC
5. I2U2
6. NDB AND AIIB
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND GEOPOLITICS
IR- relationship between states( population, territory,
government, sovereignty)

Kosovo as a state? Kurdistan a state? – NO they lack the 4

components of becoming a state
They are nations but not states.

NATIONAL INTERESTS- the interests or goals of a state that

guides its foreign policy.

POWER- The ability of one actor to influence another

including military, economic , soft and smart power.

Foreign Policy
The strategy and decision made by a state government in its
interaction with other countries aiming to achieve national
objectives .

OBJECTIVE
1. Ensuring safety of the nation from external threats.
Example-: India’s strategic partnership with Russia Us
France for defence cooperation .
Russia – Brahmos and s400

2. Economic growth
Foreign investment
Look west and east policy want to improve economic
relations
 3. Spreading ideology
Eg-:The spread of democracy by us during cold war and
spread of communism by ussr

4. Regional influence
Ex- china road and belt initiative to extend its influence
in Asia and beyond

5. World peace
Ex- india commitment about un peacekeeping forces

Determinants of foreign policy

1. Geography
India’s vast coastline and land boundary with nuclear
power neighbours influence its foreign policy

2. History
Freedom and anti colonial movement
India supported apartheid movement

3. Economic conditions
Indian signed 4 EFTAs recently

4. Domestic Factors

5. Cultural Factors

6. International Factors
Globalisation, terrorism , nuclear arms, pendamic
Sanctions and embargoes

Example us and eu has put economic sanctions on russia

Because of its annexation of crimea in 2014

Embargoes
Cover partial or all aspects of trade it effects trading and
commercial activity with the target nation
1973- oil embargo with us

Hegemony
Predominance of one or group of state it can be military,
economic and cultural
Military hegemony- US has maintained military hegemony
through NATO, and global military basis

Economic hegemony- china's BRI, china's manufacturing

Cultural hegemony- McDonalds

ACTORS IN IR

1. States
2. IGOs- UN AND EU
3. NGOs- private organisations that operate international
on range of issues
Ex- Amnesty international- works for human rights
Greenpeace international
Transparency international
 4. MNCs
They influence the economic policies and labour market
and technology transfer across borders
Ex- Apple , microsoft, Exxon mobil ( one of the largest
public traded oil and gas company)

Influence economic policies and environmental issues

CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGE

1. Climate change

EXAMINE THE ROLE OF SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING

STATE IN NEGOTIATING HIGHLIGHTING THEIR
VULNERABILITY TO CC AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON
GLOBAL POLICIES

2. TERRORISM

3. MIGRATION AND REFUGEES CRISIS

Seniphobia –
Ex- serian refugee crisis

4. GLOBAL PENDAMIC
5. CYBER SECURITY AND INFORMATION WARFRE
US acquisition on russia and china for cyber espionage

INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY

 Objective of IFP

1. Ensuring Territorial intergrity and sovereignty

2. Promotion of international peace and security
3. Protecting the indian diaspora
4. Domestically – welfare of people
5. Improve India’s global standing

EVOLUTION
DR . s jaishakar

1. The first Phase (1947- 62) Optimistic non alignment

India adopting non alignment to resist constraint its
prevent dilution of its sovereignty
India supported decolonisation- in Asia and Africa and as a
cofounder of NAM Spoke about SOUTH- SOUTH coperation
and 3rd world sovereignty
This phase ended in 1962 .

2. The second phase (1962-71) Decade of realism and

recovery

1964- india concluded a defence agreement with US

India faced external pressure on Kashmir ( Tashkent
Agreement)

Both india and Pakistan to withdraw all armed forces to

pre war positions and talked about to restore diplomatic
ties.
India was forced to borrow grains from Us under the
conditions of PL480.

1971 – Bangladesh Librations war

THE THIRD PHASE (1971-91):- Greater indian regional

assertion

1. Indo pak war 1971 – india displaced remarkable hard

power liberationg bangladesh
2. India and ussr signed treaty of peace ,friendship and
cooperation
3. In 1974 india conducted peaceful nuclear explosion
test in Pokhran 1. Named smiling buddha.
4. After this Us and its allies put sanctions on india
5. USA in response to india’s nuclear test formed
nuclear suppliers group 1975
6. India’s status as a world power was not recognised
because of Hindu rate of growth( very less growth)
because of state led industrialisation, and Export
pessimism
7. Two major things happened at the end of this phase-:
Collapse of Ussr
Economic Crisis of india
These compelled india to look at its domestic and
foreign policy .

The fourth phase (1991 – 1998) : Safeguarding

strategic Autonomy
 1. Disintegration of ussr led to Unipolarity
( emergence of USA as a single super power)
2. India adopted LPG reforms
Tactical ( Short term )
Strategic ( long term , security based outcome)
3. In 1998 iIndia conducted operation shakti and in
pokhran 1 and becamed a nuclear state.
4. Look east policy launced to boost trade with south
asia.
5. India also normalised its realtion with israel in this
phase
India formally established relations with israel
under prime minister Pv narsihma rao

The fight phase (1998- 2013) : India as a balancing power

1. The 9/11 attack led to decline of us hegemony

2. Rapid rise of china
 Reforms under Deng xioping in 1970s( ‘ it does not
matter weather the cat is black or white as long as
the cat catches the mice)
He introduction decentralised economic control,
opening up of market
Socialism with chinese characteristics
3. The reforms in china was slow and controlled and in ussr
there was disruption they wanted to change rapidly
4. India USA civil nuclear deal -123 agreement India’s
relations with USA improved
5. Subprime lending crisis – collapse of Lehman brothers
6. India’s growth was visible during this period despite the
subprime crisis
7. India improved relationship with Russia , Collaborating
with china for trade, climate change
8. Brics also emerged as a major platform

The sixth phase ( 2013- until now) Energetic

Engagement)

1. China gathering momentum by adopting a more

muscular and assertive foreign policy.
2. Usa withdrawal form afganistan and Trumph adopting
america’s 1st approach
3. The west turning increasingly inward because of
greater protectionism , calls for de globalisation and
Xenophobia
( Xenophobia is a term used to describe the fear or
dislike of people from other countries or cultures. It
involves an excessive or irrational fear of strangers or
foreigners, often accompanied by hostility, prejudice,
or discrimination. The term comes from the Greek
words "xenos" (stranger) and "phobos" (fear).

4. Russian annexation of crimea and Brexit.

INDIA’s Takeaway
 Look east became act east
 Greater engagement with indian diaspora
 Neighbourhood 1st policy
 Multipolar World engagement
 Diplomacy – Agile and fast
  India becoming 5th largest economy, booming
service sector .

NON ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT

Leaders-
India – Jawaharlal Nehru
Egypt- Gamal Abdel Naseer
Sukarno – Indonesia
Kwame Nkrumah – Ghana
Josip Broz Tito – Yugoslavia

ORIGIN- Bandung conference 1955 ( indonesia)

1st summit in Belgrade 1961

NAM was established during cold war as an effort by state to

not align with or against any power bloc

IMPACT OF NAM
 Promotion of peace and sovereignty
 Decolonisation and support for independence
movement
 Disarmament ( stopping the arm race)
 Economic development and Cooperation
 During covid19 pandemic NAM call for international
solidarity and equatable access of vaccines to all
countries
 NAM provides an international forum for developing
countries to discuss impacts of globalisation and
advocates for international equitable economic system
  18th NAM submit- Azerbaijan in 2019 marked by strong
criticism of Israel action during Israel Hamas war.
 19th – Uganda in Kampala ( Kampala Declaration)
Motto- deepening cooperation for shared global
affluence

INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD

Gujral Doctrine -:
The Gujral Doctrine, named after former Indian Prime
Minister Inder Kumar Gujral, was a set of five principles to
guide India's relations with its neighbors. It emphasized
goodwill, non-interference in the internal affairs of
neighboring countries, resolving disputes through peaceful
means, and refraining from using its size and power to bully
smaller neighbors. The doctrine aimed to build trust and
promote regional cooperation in South Asia.

An example of the Gujral Doctrine in action is when India

provided assistance to Nepal during times of crisis without
expecting anything in return, showcasing goodwill and non-
interference in Nepal's internal affairs. Additionally, India
signed the historic Ganges Water Sharing Treaty with
Bangladesh, demonstrating the commitment to resolving
disputes through peaceful means and fostering good
relations with neighboring countries. These actions reflect
the principles of the Gujral Doctrine in practice.

5 principles
 Non – reciprocity with neighbours
 Territory should not be used against the interests of any
country
 Non interference in internal affairs
 Respect each other territorial sovereignty and integrity
 Settle all dispute through peaceful bilateral negotiations

Principles of Neighbourhood 1st Policy 2014

India's Neighbourhood First Policy is a key component

of the country's foreign policy, prioritizing relations with
its immediate neighbours in the South Asian region ¹ ².
The policy aims to promote regional cooperation,
address shared issues, and foster economic
development and cultural exchange with the following
key features:

*Immediate Priority to Neighbours*

- Focuses on improving relations with immediate
neighbours for peace and stability in South Asia.

*Dialogue*
- Engages in vigorous regional diplomacy through
dialogue and political connectivity.

*Resolving Bilateral Issues*

- Resolves issues through mutual agreement, such as
the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) with Bangladesh.

*Connectivity*
- Enhances connectivity through agreements with
SAARC members, promoting the free flow of resources,
energy, goods, labour, and information across borders.

*Economic Cooperation*
- Strengthens trade ties with neighbours, investing in
SAARC for regional development, such as the BBIN
grouping for energy development.

*Technical Cooperation*
- Emphasizes technical cooperation, exemplified by the
development of a dedicated SAARC satellite for sharing
technology and expertise.

*Disaster Management*
- Offers cooperation on disaster response, resource
management, and weather forecasting, providing
support to neighbours in times of need.

*Military and Defence Cooperation*

- Deepens security in the region through military
cooperation, conducting exercises like Surya Kiran with
Nepal and Sampriti with Bangladesh.

*Challenges*
- Relations with Pakistan and Afghanistan pose
significant diplomatic and security challenges.
- China's increasing presence in the region and anti-
Indian sentiments in neighbouring countries also pose
challenges.
 *Suggestions for Improvement*
- Monitor demographic shifts and tackle illegal
migration.
- Engage with regional organizations to counter
terrorism.
- Establish economic ties with Pakistan.
- Invest in border infrastructure.
- Monitor and complete LOC projects.
- Enhance maritime domain awareness.
- Develop the North-Eastern Region to support the
Neighbourhood First Policy and the Act East Policy.

 Sovereignty and territorial integrity

 Mutual respect and sensitivity
 Non interference in internal affairs
 Shared prosperity
 Connectivity for regional integration
 Economic cooperation and people to people exchanges

PRINCIPLES

Here are the key principles of India's Neighbourhood First

Policy ¹:
- *Samman (Respect)*: Treat all nations as equals
- *Samvad (Dialogue)*: Regular and constant communication
- *Shanti (Peace)*: Focus on peace and tranquility in the
region
- *Samriddhi (Prosperity)*: Economic cooperation and
development
- *Sanskriti (Cultural Connection)*: Promote cultural
exchanges and shared heritage
These principles aim to strengthen regional cooperation,
address shared concerns, and promote economic
development and cultural exchange with immediate
neighboring countries.

INDIA NEPAL

STATE AND UT BORDERING WITH NEPAL- UTTAR PRADESH

, SIKKIM, UTTRAKHAND , WEST BENGAL and BIHAR

India and Nepal have a complex and multifaceted relationship

that spans thousands of years, with significant cultural,
economic, and political ties ¹ ². Here are some key aspects of
India-Nepal relations:

*Historical Ties:*
- India and Nepal share a long history, with the Buddha, who
was born in Lumbini, Nepal, playing a significant role in Indian
culture.
- The two countries have an open border, and people-to-
people ties are strong, with many Indians and Nepalis having
familial relationships.

*Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950):*

- The treaty established reciprocal treatment of Indian and
Nepali citizens in the two countries, including residence,
property, business, and movement.
- It also provides national treatment for both Indian and
Nepalese businesses and gives Nepal access to weaponry
from India.
.

*Significance of Nepal for India:*

- Nepal shares borders with five Indian states and is
strategically located in India's 'Himalayan frontiers.'
- Nepal acts as a buffer state against any possible aggression
from China.
- Rivers originating in Nepal feed the perennial river systems
in India, and Nepal is an important pilgrim site for many
Indians.

*Areas of Cooperation:*
- *Trade and Economy:* India is Nepal's largest trade partner
and the largest source of foreign investments, providing
transit for almost the entire third country trade of Nepal.
- *Connectivity:* Various connectivity programs have been
undertaken to enhance people-to-people linkages and
promote economic growth and development.
- *Development Assistance:* The Government of India
provides development assistance to Nepal, focusing on the
creation of infrastructure at the grass-root level.

- *Defence Cooperation:* Bilateral defence cooperation

includes assistance to the Nepalese Army in its modernization
through the provision of equipment and training. Nepali
soldier are a part of Borkha regiment of indian army
Surya Kiran – joint exercise between the two
- *Cultural:* Initiatives have been made to promote people-
to-people contacts in the area of art & culture, academics,
and media with different local bodies of Nepal.
- *Humanitarian Assistance:* Nepal is prone to earthquakes
and floods, and India provides significant humanitarian
assistance.

*Recent Developments:*
- *Arun-3 Hydro Electric Project:* In 2019, the cabinet
approved ₹1236 crore investments for the Arun-3 hydro
project.
- *International Centre for Buddhist Culture and Heritage:*
A centre is being built in the Lumbini Monastic Zone to
promote Buddhist culture and heritage.

- *Hydropower Projects:* The two leaders signed five

agreements, including one for the development and
implementation of the 490.2 megawatts Arun-4 hydropower
project.
- *Cross-border Rail Link:* The operationalization of the 35-
kilometer cross-border rail link from Jayanagar (Bihar) to
Kurtha (Nepal) will be further extended to Bijalpura and
Bardibas.

*Challenges:*
- *Territorial Disputes:* One of the main challenges in Indo-
Nepal ties is the Kalapani boundary issue, with Nepal
releasing a new political map claiming Kalapani,
Limpiyadhura, and Lipulekh of Uttarakhand, and the area of
Susta (West Champaran district, Bihar) as part of Nepal.

 Trade imbalances
 Strategic – China’s BRI
 India Interference's in regional matters of Nepal

Recently Nepal became the 1st asian state to formally

register same sex marriage

HYDROPOWER COPERATION- which offer mutual benefit

2 project –
 Panchaswer multipurpose project on MAHAKALI RIVER
 Lower arun hydroelectric project
 Sapt kosi dam project
 Seity river project

India provide transit rights to Nepal for trading with other

countries
Ramayan circuit and pashupati Nath Ayodhya bus service

India is the largest trading partner and has a trade surplus

India is the largest source of FDI In Nepal
Nepal looking for new options and reducing trade surplus
with india

South asia 1st cross border petroleum pipeline- connecting

Motihari india to amleshgaj in Nepal
1st trilateral power trade from Nepal to Bangladesh through
india

History of border disputes between india and Nepal

*History of Border Demarcation*

- The modern India-Nepal border was established on March
4, 1816, after the signing of the Sugauli Treaty between
British India and Nepal.
- The Treaty declared the Mahakali River as the borderline
between both countries.

*Border Disputes*
- The border dispute persists due to rivers changing their
courses, unavailability of old maps and documents, and
encroachment by India.
- Over 200 years later, the dispute regarding the border and
the surrounding no-man’s land area flares up now and then in
different areas of the Indo-Nepali border.

*Reasons for Dispute*

- The rivers, which were counted on as a border, have
diverged from their courses several times.
- Around 600 kilometers of the border is defined by rivers:
the Mechi in the east, Mahakali in the west, and Naryani in
the Susta area.
- The unavailability of old maps and documents to revise
demarcations has made the situation even harder to resolve.

*Major Disputed Areas*

- Kalapani
- Limpiyahura
- Susta
- Mechi
- Tanakpur

*Encroachment by India*
- India has encroached on over 60,000 hectares of land in 23
of the 75 bordering districts, with 71 total areas of dispute.
- Reports claim that India has encroached on 14,500 hectares
of the reclaimed land in the Susta area due to the changing
course of the Naryani River.

*Efforts to Resolve the Dispute*

- An India-Nepal Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee
has been set up and tasked to find a reasonable solution.
- Nepal has launched a “save Susta campaign” to raise
awareness about the issue.

s.n NEPAL INDIA

o
1. Kali river:- originates from Kali river originates from
Nw of Liphu Lake below lipulekh pass
2. Susta area:- Gandak river
 Dispute arise because of
the change in course or
river .
How can relations be improved?

 Adequate dialogue
 Better river cooperation
 Keeping the above points in mind

Class 3
INDIA – CHINA

*History*

- India and China have a long history of cultural and economic

exchange, dating back to the Silk Road.
- In the 20th century, India and China had a tumultuous
relationship, with the 1962 Sino-Indian War being a
significant turning point.
- Since then, there have been multiple attempts at
normalization, including high-level visits and agreements.
o 1988, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's visit marked the
beginning of improving relations
o 1993, an agreement on border peace was signed during Prime
Minister Narasimha Rao's visit

*Border Disputes*

- The 1962 war led to a longstanding border dispute, with

both countries having different perceptions of the Line of
Actual Control (LAC).
- Multiple clashes and standoffs have occurred,
BORDER DISPUTES IN RECENT PAST
1. DENCHOK 2014
2. DAPSANG PLAINS 2015
3. DOKLAM STANDOFF 2017
4. GALWAN 2020
- Resolving the border issue remains a significant challenge in
India-China relations.

*Economic Ties*

- China is India's largest trading partner, with bilateral trade

growing substantially in recent years.
- However, there is a significant trade imbalance in favor of
China, which raises concerns for India.
- Chinese investments in India, particularly in technology and
infrastructure, have also grown.

*Geopolitical Implications*

- India's "Act East" policy and China's Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI) create competition in the Indo-Pacific region.
- India has strengthened its partnerships with countries like
the US, Japan, and Australia, forming the Quad, a security
and economic forum aimed at promoting a free and open
Indo-Pacific.

*Diplomatic Efforts*

- Regular high-level visits and dialogues aim to address issues

and improve relations.
- Special Representatives have held 22 rounds of talks on the
India-China Boundary Question.
- Foreign Ministers from both countries meet regularly, with
notable visits by Foreign Minister Wang Yi in 2014, 2016, and
2018.
*Global Multilateral Forums*

- Cooperation in BRICS, SCO, and other international

organizations aims to shape global governance.
- Efforts to reform the UN and other multilateral institutions
are ongoing.
.

*Technology and Cybersecurity*

- Competition in tech and digital spaces has intensified.

- India has concerns about China's tech dominance and
cybersecurity threats.
- India's ban on Chinese apps, including TikTok and Huawei,
reflects these concerns.

*People-to-People Exchanges*

- Cultural and educational exchanges promote understanding.

- Tourism and travel between the two countries have
increased.
- India-China friendship associations and organizations foster
people-to-people ties.

*Regional and Global Governance*

- Cooperation in regional forums like BRICS and SCO aims to

promote regional stability.
- Competition in global governance and multilateral
institutions reflects differing priorities.
- India's role in the Quad and China's Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI) shape regional dynamics.

*Environmental and Climate Change Issues*

- Cooperation on climate change and environmental

protection is essential.
- India has concerns about China's environmental record and
pollution.
- Joint efforts in international climate negotiations are crucial.

 Key words

Siachen Glacier – Pyq

WESTERN SECTOR ( Region of ladakh)
Aksai chin – sovereignty is contested
China sayd as per mcDonald line aksai chin area belongs to
them
India – during british rule this area belong to us as per
Johnson line

CENTRAL SECTOR (HP, UK)

Largely uncontested

EASTERN SECTOR ( SIKKIM , AP)

Mcmohan line – Simla agreement 1914(signed by tibatein
residents)

CHINA ‘S 5 finger policy

1. LADAKH
2. NEPAL
3. SIKKIM
4. BHUTAN
5. ARUNACHAL PRADESH

CHALLENGES

1. TERRITORIAL
2. MARITIME
 INDO PACIFIC
 STRING OR PEARL
3. BRI
4. TRADE DEFICIT
5. FORM OF GOVERNMENT
 6. TRANS- BOUNDARY RIVER MANAGEMENT
7. TREATMENT TO UIGHUR MUSLIMS

MARITIME DISPUTES

SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTE

o The maritime dispute between India and China is primarily
related to the South China Sea, where India has been
increasing its presence in recent years.
.
- The South China Sea is a critical waterway for international
trade, and any disruptions could have far-reaching
consequences for global commerce.

_International Trade_

- The South China Sea is an important shipping route, with

over $5 trillion in trade passing through it every year.
- Any disruptions or conflicts in the region could lead to
significant economic losses and disruptions to global supply
chains.
- The disputes in the South China Sea also have implications
for energy security, as the region is home to significant oil
and gas reserves.

- The South China Sea disputes involve territorial and

maritime claims, with China asserting its dominance over the
region and other countries pushing back against its aggressive
actions.
- India's increasing involvement in the South China Sea is seen
as a challenge to China's dominance and a sign of India's
growing ambitions as a global power.
- The maritime disputes in the South China Sea have
implications for regional security, international trade, and the
global economy, and require a peaceful and diplomatic
resolution

*India and China*

- India has expanded its military and diplomatic engagement
with Southeast Asian claimant states, including the
Philippines and Vietnam, and is likely to increase its presence
in the South China Sea, putting pressure on China.

- India has enhanced its military sales and assistance to the

Philippines and Vietnam, and has conducted oil and gas
exploration with Vietnam in the South China Sea since the
early 2000s, despite China's criticism.

- India's increasing involvement in the South China Sea has

raised China's concerns, as India has begun to take a more
proactive stance on the issue, including calling for the
peaceful settlement of disputes and adherence to
international law.

*China and the World*

- China is locked in multiple maritime disputes in the South
China Sea with countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Taiwan, Brunei, and the Philippines, who claim that
China has been encroaching on their sovereign territories and
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs).
- China maintains that these territories are an integral part of
its "core interests" and has been conducting military
surveillance, land reclamation, and island-building activities
in the area.

- Extra-regional countries like India and the United States also

have stakes in securing the South China Sea, which is home to
rich biodiversity and varied resources, including natural gas
and oil reserves, and is a critical sea lane of communication
(SLOC) for international trade.
STRING OF PEARLS

"The String of Pearls" is a geopolitical term referring to

China's strategy of developing a network of military and
commercial facilities in the Indian Ocean region. These
"pearls" represent various ports and facilities that China is
developing or has influence over, which could potentially
encircle India and enhance China's strategic presence in the
region.

India views this strategy as a potential threat to its security

and interests in the Indian Ocean. To counter this, India has
taken several steps, such as strengthening its naval
capabilities, enhancing maritime cooperation with regional
and global partners, increasing surveillance and patrols in the
Indian Ocean, and engaging in strategic partnerships with
countries like the United States, Japan, and Australia to
balance China's growing influence in the region. These
measures aim to safeguard India's maritime interests and
ensure regional stability in the face of the "String of Pearls"
strategy.
IMPORTANT PORTS

BRI
2023 marked the 10th anniversary of BRI
Here we see ITALY Left BRI
 It is a infrastructure project- idea with better
connectivity
 Regional Integration
Issues of transparency and debt trap
CPEC
Launched in 2015 (3000 km)
Connects – kashgar ( XINJIANG UTGHUR ) TO Gwadar
Passes through indian territory of gilgit baltistan

COUNTING IT

 G7 – BBBW (B3W) renamed as PGII

The G7 (Group of Seven) Countries proposed a ‘Build
Back Better World (B3W) initiative’ at the
recent 47th G7 summit to counter China’s Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI

The G7 countries are the UK, Canada, France,

Germany, Italy, Japan and the US.

 EU’s GLOBAL GATEWAY INITIATIVE

 G20 – IMEC
 INDIA AND JAPAN – ASIA AFRICA GROWTH
CORRIDOR
 INTERNATIONAL NORTH SOUTH TRANSPORT
CORRIDOR- connecting india to middle east and
russsia
 BLUE DOT NETWORK – certification programme for
quality infrastructure projects.
Led by usa , japan and australia

TRANS BOUNDARY RIVER MANAGEMENT

Here chinese have a upstream position and enjoys a

dominant position
SIANG river known as YARLUNG TSANGPO in china – There is
a chinese dam MEDONG PROJECT and to counter it india
build Barrack in siang river

THE NINE DASH LINE AND DISPUTES IN SOUTH CHINA

SEA

 IMPORTANT LOCATION
PARACEL island, SPRATLY island,

UIGHUR MUSLIMS
India has raised concerns against the persecution of
uighur muslims

CONCERNS OVER 5G, Cyber security, surveillance

espionage

Way forward
 Diplomatic level talks should resume
 People to people talk
 Cultural ( informal summit)
Mammallapuram known as 7pagodas
Arjunas prnance deseat of ganga (wuhan) – 2018

 Settling border disputes

 Maritime security
 Example -: quad, rules based order, collaboration with
light mind nations

INDIA BANGLADESH
Historical context - india played a significant role in
bangladesh liberation
100th constitution amendment – land boundary
agreement
Areas of cooperation
 Largest trading parnter
 LDC TAG TO BE LOOSED BY BANGLADESH
BANGLADESH EXPLORING NEW AREAS

 INFRASTRUCTURE

- *Akhaura-Agartala Cross-Border Rail Link*: This project will

connect India’s northeast to Bangladesh by rail for the first
time. It will also facilitate better connectivity between
Bangladesh’s Chattogram port and the northeast and boost
trade and tourism.
- *Khulna-Mongla Port Rail Line*: This project connects
Bangladesh’s second-largest port to the country’s rail
network for the first time. It is also connected to India via the
Petrapole cross-border rail link.
- *Maitree Super Thermal Power Project*: This project is a
1,320 MW plant located in the Khulna division of Bangladesh.
It is meant to meet the growing energy needs of the people
and businesses in southern Bangladesh and to contribute to
energy security in the neighbourhood.

 River
Shares 54 rivers but treaty only for Ganga and kudhasa
river

 DEFENCE
SAMPRITI – Army
BONGO sagar - maritime

Challenges
 Border issue – drag trafficking
 Illegal migration- Rohingya )
 Tipaimukh – barak river
 Trade imbalances
 INDIA – BHUTAN

1. Cultural
2. Bhutan carbon neutral
3. Economic – Treaty of friendship and cooperation
1949

Druk Gyalpo – Highest civilian honor

OUR PM WAS AWARDED WITH THE AWARD

TWO RAILWAY LINE - MOUs

Kokrajhar – GELEPHU
BANARHAT – SAMTSE

Hydropower project – 2024

PUNATSANGCHUU II
MANGDECHHU
CHUKHA
TALA
KURICHU

GELEPHU mindfulness city – Assam

 India's external aid 2023-24 bhutan higest partner

 BORDER ROAD ORGANISATIONS – Dantak project

 India's FSSAI AND bhutan FDA for food security

 Bhim , rupay , digital drukyul – economic cooperation

Challenges

 China’s increasing presence ( Dokhlam, jakarlyng,

pasanlung issues , safaung wildlife century)

 Hydro

 TRADE
INDIA SRILANKA

*Early History*
- Buddhism was introduced into Sri Lanka in the 4th century
BCE from India.
- Sri Lanka has the longest continuous history of Buddhism of
any Buddhist nation.

*Indian Intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War*

- India intervened directly in the conflict for the first time in
1987, supplying food and medicine to the northern Jaffna
region.
- The Indo-Sri Lankan Accord was signed in 1987, assigning
regional autonomy to Tamil areas and calling for Tamil
militant groups to disarm.
- India sent a peacekeeping force, the IPKF, to enforce
disarmament and watch over the regional council.

*Support during COVID-19 and Sri Lankan Economic Crisis*

- India extended help worth USD 3.8 billion to Sri Lanka
during the economic crisis.
- India supplied 500,000 vaccines to Sri Lanka under grant
assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

*Culture*
- The two countries share near-identical racial and cultural
ties.
- Sinhalese people descend in part from Northern Indian
Indo-Aryan settlers who migrated to the island from 543 BCE
to 243 BCE.
- Tamil people belong to the Dravidian group that migrated to
the island from 300 BC.

*Economy*
- India and Sri Lanka are member nations of several regional
and multilateral organizations.
- Since a bilateral free trade agreement was signed in 2000,
Indo-Sri Lankan trade has increased significantly.
- India is Sri Lanka's primary trading partner, and Sri Lanka's
exports to India have expanded.
- Lines of credit india given
- Local currency swap agreement

*Development Cooperation*
- India is active in several areas of development activity in Sri
Lanka.
- India has supplied medical equipment to hospitals,
implemented education programs, and contributed to the
Ceylon Workers Education Trust.

Maritime collaboration
2022-: with imf help sri lanka in its economic crisis
Military
Mitra shakti
Slinex – naval exercise

Multi level collaboration

 Saarc
 Bimstec
 Indo pacific

Tourism

Challenges between the two

1. Issue of fisherman -:
- There have been alleged incidents of Sri Lankan Navy
personnel firing on Indian fishermen fishing in the Palk
Strait.
- The issue started because of Indian fishermen using
mechanized trawlers, which deprived Sri Lankan
fishermen of their catch and damaged their fishing boats

2. Ethnic issue( LTTE )

13th amendments in indian constitution

3. CHINA INTERVENTION
Humbantota
String of pearls

4. KACHCHATHEEVU ISLAND
 The dispute over Katchatheevu Island between India
and Sri Lanka is a long-standing issue that has its roots in
the colonial era ¹ ². Here are some key points that
explain the dispute:

*Location and Significance*:

Katchatheevu is a small, uninhabited island located in
the Palk Strait between India and Sri Lanka. It has
cultural and religious significance for both countries,
particularly for Tamil fishermen who visit the island for
an annual festival.

*Colonial Era Dispute*:

In the 1920s, the British colonial government attempted
to demarcate the maritime boundary between India and
Sri Lanka. The Indian government claimed that
Katchatheevu was part of Indian territory, while the Sri
Lankan government argued that it belonged to Sri Lanka.
The dispute was never resolved during the colonial era.

*Post-Independence Developments*:
After India and Sri Lanka gained independence, the
dispute continued. In 1974, India recognized Sri Lanka's
sovereignty over Katchatheevu through the Indo-Sri
Lankan Maritime Agreement. However, this agreement
was not ratified by the Indian Parliament, leading to
ongoing disputes and tensions between the two
countries.

*Fishermen's Concerns*:
 Indian fishermen have long been concerned about the
agreement, as it restricts their access to traditional
fishing grounds around Katchatheevu. Sri Lankan
fishermen, on the other hand, have accused Indian
fishermen of poaching in Sri Lankan waters.

*Recent Developments*:
In recent years, the dispute has taken on a political
dimension, with some Indian politicians claiming that
the island was "given away" to Sri Lanka by the Indian
government. This has led to renewed tensions between
the two countries, with Sri Lanka's Foreign Minister
stating that the issue was resolved 50 years ago and
there is no room for reopening discussions.

*Current Status*:
The dispute over Katchatheevu remains unresolved, with
both countries maintaining their claims to the island.
While there have been efforts to address the issue
through diplomatic channels, the situation remains
complex and sensitive, with implications for the
livelihoods of fishermen and the broader relationship
between India and Sri Lanka.

Wadge bank -: part of Kachchatheevu island

Here india was given sovereignty rights

5. Indian peace keeping force – SL civil war

 INDIA – MALDIVES

*History*
- Maldives is located south of India's Lakshadweep Islands in
the Indian Ocean.
- Both nations established diplomatic relations after the
independence of Maldives from British rule in 1966.
- India was one of the first nations to recognize Maldives'
independence.

*Bilateral Treaties and Strategic Partnership*

- In December 1976, India and the Maldives signed a

maritime boundary treaty.
- In 1981, India and Maldives signed a comprehensive trade
agreement.
- Operation cactus – 1988 to prevent military coup
- Both nations are founding members of the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the South
Asian Economic Union and signatories to the South Asia Free
Trade Agreement.

*Commercial Relations*
- India has provided extensive economic aid and has
participated in bilateral programs for the development of
infrastructure, health, telecommunications and labor
resources.
- The State Bank of India has contributed more than US$500
million to aid the economic expansion of Maldives.
- India and Maldives have announced plans to jointly work to
expand fisheries and tuna processing.

*Military Relations*
- In April 2006, the Indian Navy gifted a Trinkat Class Fast
Attack Craft of 46 m length to the Maldives

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

- *India-Maldives Dispute*: A social media post from Indian

Prime Minister Narendra Modi praising the beauty of India’s
beaches in Lakshadweep sparked a diplomatic row with
Maldives. Three Maldivian junior ministers were quick to
criticize the Indian prime minister, which led to calls from
Indian social media users to boycott Maldives as a tourist
destination.
- *Muizzu: India will continue to remain the Maldives’ closest
ally*: President Muizzu stated that India will continue to
remain the Maldives’ closest ally and emphasized that there
was no question about it. He also mentioned that the only
matter of contention that arose was the presence of Indian
military in the Maldives, which India has agreed to withdraw.
- *Third Meeting of High-Level Core Group*: The third
meeting of the High-Level Core Group was held in Malé on 17
March 2024, which was seen as a positive step towards
improving relations between India and Maldives. The
withdrawal of Indian personnel manning the aviation
platforms

-CHINA’S INFLUENCE

SAGAR –
Net security provider -1988
Exercise- EKUVERIN , DOSTI , EKATHA

 India and maldives separate by -: 8 degree channel

Indian minicoy from maldives
INDIA AND MYANMAR

Keywords
1. Kaladan multi moral project( sittwe to kolkata port)
The Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project
is a $484 million project connecting the eastern Indian
seaport of Kolkata with the Sittwe seaport in Rakhine
State, Myanmar by sea ¹. The project includes the
following components:

*Sea-River-Road Route*
- Kolkata-Sittwe shipping route: 539 km (335 mi) from
Kolkata to Sittwe via the Bay of Bengal
- Sittwe seaport to Paletwa inland jetty river boat route:
158 km (98 mi) from Sittwe to Paletwa via the Kaladan
River
- Paletwa inland jetty to Zorinpui road route in
Myanmar: 62 km (39 mi) from Paletwa to Zorinpui
- Zorinpui to Aizawl road route in India: 110 km (68 mi)
from Zorinpui to Aizawl

*Complementary Railway Route*

- Sittwe-Kyaukhtu railway: operational since 2011
- Kyaukhtu-Zorinpui railway: planned but not yet
surveyed
- Zochawchhuah (Zorinpui)-Sairang railway: being
surveyed since August 2017

*Other Projects*
- Alternate route to northeast India: developing a
railway route from Cox's Bazar deep water port to South
Tripura district
- Sittwe Special Economic Zone: announced by India's
Union Minister of State for External Affairs V K Singh in
August 2016
- Thathay Chaung Hydropower Project: an 1800
megawatt, two-dam project being built and financed by
India on the Chindwin River in Rakhine State of
Myanmar
- Sittwe-Gaya gas pipeline: proposed to transport gas
from Sittwe gas field to Gaya
- Agartala-Feni-Chittagong Highway: Indian has decided
to build a bridge over the Feni River at the Tripura-
Bangladesh border
- India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway: a highway
under construction that will connect Moreh, India with
Mae Sot, Thailand via Myanmar
 2. Free movement regime (FMR)

Importance of Myanmar
1. If good relations then good connectivity to south east
asia
Act east policy
2. Bay of bengal – cooperation on economic and disaster
management
3. China angle

 Multilateral engagement
Saarc
Bimstec
 Asean
MEKONG Ganga

Free movement regime

As part of act east policy in 2018
Ministry of home affair – decided to scrap

Issues-: why scrap?

 Uncontrolled immigration of chin people
 Tension between different communities Meitei and kukis
 United nations office on drugs and crime
Report -: Myanmar is suffreing form drug narotics etc
 Instability in myanmar

Two water bodies -;

Irrawady and salween

IMBEX – MILITARY EXERCISE

 Class 4

INDIA PAKISTAN

2024- pakistan elections

Historical influence of military in pakistan

Relations with pakistan is one of the most challenging and

complex in IR .
Characterised by periods of intense rivalry interspesed with
dialogue as an attempt towards peace.
Issues in relations
*(post independence- GS1)
1. Territorial and border management
 Kashmir confict
Led to several war and continuous unrest in the
region(Article 370)

 Border skirmishes
Subsequent cease fire violations undermine the peace
initiative and escalate tensions

 Siachen glacier (two river – nubra and shyok)

Located above nubra valley
It is the highest battleground on earth where military
stand off continue despite harsh conditions.

 Issue of cross border terrorism

‘ bleeding india through 1000 cuts’
India accused Pakistan of state sponsored terrorism

Security and Military dynamics

 Nuclear arms race

 Military and defence budget prorities

 Strategic alliances
India – Us , France , Ussr
Pak- Ussr , China
 Indus water treaty
World bank – 1960s
Pak- INDUS , chenab, jhelum ( western river) limited
rights

 Irrigation project and run of the river project have

limited storage
Run of the river project- The water cannot be stored
and river should flow
80% share of water to pak 20% to India

 India – RAVI, beas, Sutluj ( eastern river) exclusive

rights

Chenab – kishenganga and Ratle hydro project

Permanent indus commission- by both sides

Meet every 1 year

Disputes-: resolution under Article 9 of World bank

If not resolved then one can go to world bank who will

appoint a neutral expert
If then also not resolved then court of arbitration

Other projects on chenab river

KIRU
PAKAL DUL – marusudar river ( right bank tributary)
DULHASTI
SALAL POWER
  Economic Potential
Trade potential v/s reality
Blood and water can't flow together
Failure or SAARC est in 1985 ( secretariat in kathmandu)

 Religion and Minority rights

 Past till date determine the relations

 Kartarpur corridor
2019 to facilitate religious pilgrimage and cultural exchange
It connects Darbar sahib gurudwara (pak) to Dera Baba
Nanak shrine ( gurdaspur) india 4 km where guru nanak
spend his last 18 years
Visa free movement for pilgrims
2019- to commemorate 550th birth of guru Nanak dev ji the
founder of sikhism

The Chinese Angle

CPEC – violate india's sovereignty

Dr. S jaishakar – VICTIMS OF TERRORISM DO NOT SIT WITH

PERPETRATORS OF TERRORISM TO DISCUSS TERRORISM .

How to solve the issue?

 Secure ourselves
 Better water sharing
 Joint mechanism
 People to people
 Economic cooperation
REGIONAL GROUPINGS

1. SAARC
2. BIMSTEC
3. ASEAN
4. BRICS
5. SCO

2. BIMSTEC
7 members – Bangladesh , Bhutan, India , Myanmar , Nepal ,
Sri Lanka and Thailand

*What does BIMSTEC stand for?*

BIMSTEC stands for the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-
Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation.

*What is BIMSTEC?*
BIMSTEC is an international organization formed by seven
South Asian and Southeast Asian nations. It has a combined
GDP of US$5.2 trillion and houses 1.73 billion people.

*What are the objectives of BIMSTEC?*

The 14 main objectives of BIMSTEC are as follows:

- Trade & Investment

- Transport & Communication
- Energy
- Tourism
- Technology
- Fisheries
- Agriculture
- Public Health
- Poverty Alleviation
- Counter-Terrorism & Transnational Crime
- Environment & Disaster Management
- People-to-People Contact
- Cultural Cooperation
- Climate Change

*What is the BIMSTEC Free Trade Area Framework

Agreement?*
The BIMSTEC Free Trade Area Framework Agreement
(BFTAFA) has been signed by all member nations to stimulate
trade and investment. The Trade Negotiating Committee
(TNC) was set up, with Thailand as the permanent chair, to
negotiate in areas of trade in goods and services, investment,
economic co-operation, trade facilitations and technical
assistance for LDCs.
Becoming a new battleground for dominance between india
and china

Intially 4 member state then nepal and bhutan joined in 2004

Important connectivity
1. Kaladan
2. Asian trilateral
3. BBIN MVA

INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM
1. Bimstec summit – highest decision making body
 1st ever foreign minister meeting of bimstec in bangkok
thailand .
As of know 14 priority area
1. India said it would take these areas as priority area-:
Transport and communications
Tourism
Environment and disaster management
Counter terrorism and transnational crime

QUESTION- PYQ

Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like

the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities
between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives
realized by forming this new organisation?

ANSWER-
Yes, BIMSTEC can be seen as a parallel organization to
SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation), as both aim to promote regional
cooperation and economic integration in the South
Asian region. However, there are significant
similarities and dissimilarities between the two:

Similarities:

1. Regional focus: Both BIMSTEC and SAARC aim to

promote regional cooperation and economic
integration among neighboring countries.
2. Economic development: Both organizations
prioritize economic development, trade, and
investment among member states.
3. Multisectoral approach: Both organizations have a
multisectoral approach, covering various areas like
trade, transport, energy, tourism, and more.

Dissimilarities:

1. Membership: SAARC includes Afghanistan,

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan,
and Sri Lanka, while BIMSTEC includes Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and
Thailand.
2. Geographic scope: SAARC focuses on South Asia,
while BIMSTEC includes both South Asian and
Southeast Asian countries.
3. Priorities: SAARC emphasizes social and cultural
development, while BIMSTEC prioritizes economic and
technical cooperation.
4. Decision-making: SAARC follows a consensus-based
decision-making process, while BIMSTEC uses a more
flexible, consultative approach.

Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming

BIMSTEC:
 1. Expanding economic influence: BIMSTEC allows
India to strengthen economic ties with Southeast
Asian nations, complementing its Act East Policy.
2. Counterbalancing China's influence: By engaging
with Southeast Asian nations, India aims to
counterbalance China's growing presence in the
region.
3. Enhancing regional connectivity: BIMSTEC focuses
on transport and communication links, aligning with
India's efforts to improve regional connectivity.
4. Diversifying trade relationships: BIMSTEC provides
India with an alternative platform to diversify its trade
relationships, reducing dependence on SAARC.
5. Strengthening regional security: BIMSTEC's
counter-terrorism and transnational crime
cooperation aligns with India's security concerns.

By forming BIMSTEC, India aims to promote its

economic and strategic interests in the region, while
also addressing regional security concerns and
counterbalancing China's influence.

ASEAN
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS
1967, Bangkok declaration
Founding members-:
Indonesia (I)
Malaysia (M)
Phillaphines (P)
Singapore (S)
Thailand (T)

Total members -:
Brunei , Cambodia , Lagos , Myanmar, Vietnam +
IMPST

AIM-:
ONE VISION, ONE IDENTITY AND ONE COMMUNITY

SECRETARIAT-: Jakarta indonesia

RCEP-: Regional comprehensive Economic partnership

(15 members)
10 – member of asean + china , japan, new zeland,
south korea, and australia

India was a founding member of RCEP However in

2019 india withdrew form RCEP Negotiations.

India ASEAN COOPERATION

 Act east
  Countering china
 Indo pacific
 North east project ( kaladan)
 ADMM+ ASEAN DEFENSIVE MINISTERS
MEETING +

4. BRICS
Coined by british economist Jim o neill
Initially bric 2001
2010 – BRICS

2009 – summits annully

15th brics summit – johannesburg ( BRICS EXPANSION)

SOUTH AMERICA – Argentina*

AFRICA – EGYPT , ETHOPIA
WEST ASIA – UAE , IRAN , SAUDI

They Reaffirmed materialism,

Why BRICS EXPANDED ??

More cooperation, more trade, more benfits

NEW DEVELOPMENT BANK -:

Created in 6th brics summit ( Forgalega Declaration brazil)
Hq- shanghai china
Issued green bonds
Credit rating – AA+
BRICS CONTINGENT RESERVE ARRANGEMENTS 2015 – 7th
BRICS SUMMIT
Framework for protecting against global liquidity pressures
Seen as an competitor to IMF

1st bric summit in Russia Yekaterinburg

5. SCO
8 members – India ,
- China
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Pakistan
- Russia
- Tajikistan
- Uzbekistan

Objective-:
 Promote peace In eurasia
 RATS - Regional anti terrorism structure
 Samarkand declaration (sco, 2022 ) centralises
connectivity, energy and food security
 Kashi ( varanasi) designated as 1st cultural capital if SCO

Challenges ?
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) faces the
following challenges ¹ ²:

- *China’s Rise*: China’s rise increases the prospects for

China’s emergence as the dominant force in inner Asia.
This has led to external pressures from other regional
powers, such as the United States, which has sought to
contain China's rise and limit its influence in the region.

- *Limited institutional mechanisms*: While the SCO

has a number of bodies, such as the Council of Heads of
State, the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, and the
Council of National Coordinators, these bodies lack the
formal decision-making and enforcement powers that
are necessary for effective governance.

- *Divergent Interests and Disagreements*: The SCO

includes member states with different political systems,
economic models, and strategic priorities such as CPEC,
border infrastructure projects, etc., which can lead to
internal conflicts and disagreements on issues such as
economic cooperation and security.

- *Conflicts Exist Between Member Countries*: India

and China have border issues, India and Pakistan have
issues over terrorism, and Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan also
have border issues. There are also several conflicts
between Taliban-led Afghanistan and Pakistan which
makes the border area of the two countries unstable.
- *Limited geographical scope*: The SCO's geographical
focus is limited to Eurasia and neighboring regions,
 which restricts its ability to engage with global issues
and challenges.
- *Western skepticism and criticism*: The SCO faces
criticism from Western countries for its lack of
democratic credentials, its support for authoritarian
regimes, and its internal conflicts and border disputes
among members.

6. QUAD

The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD), also known

as the Quad, is an informal strategic forum between four
nations: the United States, India, Australia, and Japan ¹ ².
Here are some key points about the Quad:

*Key Objectives*
- Work for a free, open, prosperous, and inclusive Indo-
Pacific region
- Maintain a rules-based global order
- Ensure freedom of navigation and a liberal trading
system
- Offer alternative debt financing for nations in the Indo-
Pacific region

*Formation*
- First met in 2007 on the sidelines of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (Asean)
- Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe pitched the idea in
2007
- Origins traced back to the evolution of Exercise
Malabar and the 2004 Tsunami relief efforts
*Principles*
- Keep strategic sea routes in the Indo-Pacific free of
military or political influence
- Reduce Chinese domination in the region
- Counter China's economic and military rise

*Significance for India*

- Strategically counters China's economic and military
rise
- Provides support in case of Chinese hostilities on
borders
- Allows for strategic explorations in the Indo-Pacific
region

*Summit*
- Last met in 2022 in Tokyo for the fourth time and the
second time in person
- Launched a new initiative for continuous collaboration
in the maritime domain, space, climate change, health,
and cyber security
- Pledged to meet challenges for ensuring rules-based
maritime order in the East and South China Seas
- Opposed any coercive, provocative, or unilateral
actions that seek to change the status quo

*Next Summit*
- Scheduled to be hosted by Australia in 2023
- Will be the fifth in-person summit of the Quad nations
*Achievements of Quad:*
 - Quad partners have delivered over 400 million COVID-
19 vaccine doses to Indo-Pacific countries and almost
800 million doses globally
- Quad partners have committed to ensuring the Quad’s
work is aligned with ASEAN’s principles and priorities
and continues to support implementation of the ASEAN
Outlook on the Indo-Pacific

- Quad partners have committed to supporting the

region’s development, stability, and prosperity through
the Quad’s positive, practical agenda
- Quad partners have committed to taking significant
action on climate change – individually and collectively

*Challenges of Quad:*
- Quad faces the challenge of China’s rise in the Indo-
Pacific region
- Quad faces the challenge of limited institutional
mechanisms
- Quad faces the challenge of divergent interests and
disagreements among member countries
- Quad faces the challenge of limited geographical scope
- Quad faces the challenge of Western skepticism and
criticism

Class 5:-
Major power blocs

1. INDIA US RELATIONS

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION

1st 1947-1971
Mix of competition and cooperation
1962- PL 480 Us food aid scheme
US – NATO INDIA didn't joined
Pak getting close to USA

2) 1971-1990
1971- Treaty of friendship with russia
1974- Pokhran 1 – led to a nuclear apartheid against india

3) 1990-2000
Fall of soviet union
World – bipolar to unipolar

India faced BOP crisis- LPG reforms

1st Gulf war – Us fighter planes refilled in india

1998- Pokhran 2 project shakti

4) 2000 onwards
9/11 attackk
After 9/11 us choose pak to end terrorism

China meteoric rise – economically, technically and militarally

Defence relations

2008:- 123 Agreement- Civil Nuclear Deal

Indian diaspora in us – becoming powerful

Trump – de- globalisation ( America 1st policy)

CAATSA ( Russia , Iran, North korea)
CAATSA stands for Countering America's Adversaries Through
Sanctions Act, which is a federal law that was signed by
President Donald Trump on August 2, 2017 ¹ ². This law
imposes sanctions on three countries, specifically:

- *Iran*: Sanctions Iran's ballistic missile or weapons of mass

destruction programs, the sale or transfer to Iran of military
equipment or the provision of related technical or financial
assistance, and Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and
affiliated foreign persons.
- *Russia*: Imposed sanctions on Russia for interference in
the 2016 U.S. elections and its involvement in Ukraine and
Syria. The Act converted the punitive measures previously
imposed by Executive Orders into law to prevent the
President from easing, suspending or ending the sanctions
without the approval of Congress.
- *North Korea*: Modifies and increases the President's
authority to impose sanctions on persons in violation of
certain United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding
North Korea.

POLITICAL
 Both democracies
 Ruled based orders

ECONOMIC
 Trade *- 2022-23 $128.5
 Remittances *

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
 UN
 G20
 IMF
 WB

 IPEF- indo pacific economic framework for prosperity

2021 US LED initiative for inclusiveness, economic growth and
fairness

4 pillars
Supply chain resilience
Clean energy and decarbonisation and infrastructure
Taxation and anti corruption
Fair and resilient trade

India's issue –
Digital framework
  IORA – indian ocean rim association

 QUAD – INDIA , US , JAPAN AND AUSTRALIA

THEME- Indo pacific

DEFENCE

OUR relations has improve as $ 20 billion arms were taken

Military exercise-
1. YUDHA ABHYAAS ,
2. VAJRA PRAHAR ,
3. MALABAR

INDIA HAS SIGNED ALL THE 4 foundational agreement with

USA
1. GSOMIA (2002- 2019)
GENERAL SECURITY OF MILITARY INFORMATION AGREEMENT
Two countries will protect any classified information of
technology that they share
2019- INDUSTRIAL SECURITY ANNEX

2. LEMOA (2016)
LOGISTICS EXCHANGE MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT
Allow military of two countries to replenish from each other
bases. And excess supplies spare parts and services from land
facilities and air bases and ports .

3. COMCASA (2018)
COMMUNICATIONS COMPATIBILITY AND SECURITY
AGREEMENT
 ALLOWS USA to provide india with incripted
communications equipments ( very secure
communication)

4. BECA (2020)
BASIC EXCHANGE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT
Helps india to get real time excess to US geospatial
intelligence.

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
 MAITREE
MARKET INTEGRATION AND TRANSPORTATION
PROGRAMS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Between – INDIA US BILATERAL PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN

INDIAN – ministery of power
US – United nation agency for international
development
 NISAR
NASA AND ISRO
ISRO IN 2023 Signed artemist accord – mission to moon
helps in india's gaganyan

 ICET – INITIATIVE ON CRITICAL AND EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES
Focus area- AI , defence startup , 5g ,6g etc

COMBATTING TERRORISM
US WITHDRAWAL from afg
SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE INITIATIVE- Japan , india , australia

NUCLEAR – 123
2016- india ‘ Major defence partner ‘
2018- 2+2 dialogue

STA – stategic trade authorisation ( category 1) – sensitive

technology

DIASPORA
EVENTS-:
HOWSY MODI
NAMASTE TRUMP

RECENT CHALLENGES TO INDIA – US RELATIONS

1. H1B VISA
2. ALLEGATIONS OF KILLING ON US SOIL - FIVE EYES
ALLIANCE ( Australia ,Canada, US ,New zeland, UK)
Origin – 2nd world war
Similar 9 eyes alliance –

3. TRADE BARRIERS
4. RUSSIA
DESPITE CAATSA INDIA GOING FOR S400

5. US MILITARY AID TO PAK

INDIA – RUSSIA RELATIONS

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION
1971- treaty of friendship
2000- Declaration on india Russia strategic partnership

2010- special and privilege strategic partnership

DEFENCE
1. Brahmo
2. S400
3. T72,T-90
4. Nuclear powered submarines
5. Joint deals and technology transfer

CIVIL NUCLEAR COOPERATION

KUNDANKULAM POWER PROJECT in Tamil Nadu

KASHMIR
RUSSIA always supports india on kashmir issue
ENERGY

CONNECTIVITY

The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a

7,200 km long multi-mode network of ship, rail, and road
routes for moving freight between India, Iran, Azerbaijan,
Russia, Central Asia, and Europe ¹. The primary objective of
the INSTC project is to reduce costs in terms of time and
money over the traditional route currently being used

*Route:
+ India (Mumbai)
+ Iran (Bandar Abbas, Chabahar)
+ Afghanistan (Zaranj, Delaram)
+ Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan)
+ Russia (Astrakhan)
+ Europe (St. Petersburg, Moscow)

*Benefits:
+ Reduces transportation time by 30-40%
+ Cuts costs by 30-40%
+ Boosts trade and economic growth
+ Enhances regional connectivity and cooperation

- Modes of Transport:
- Sea (Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf)
- Road
- Rail
- Air

*Key Projects:
+ Chabahar Port development (India, Iran)
+ Railway lines (Chabahar-Zaranj, Zaranj-Delaram)
+ Road construction (Delaram-Zaranj, Zaranj-Kandahar)

*Challenges:
+ Security concerns (Afghanistan, Pakistan)
+ Infrastructure development (roads, railways, ports)
+ Funding and investment
+ Geopolitical tensions (US-Iran sanctions)
INSTC has the potential to become a significant trade route,
enhancing regional economic integration and cooperation.
However, addressing the challenges and ensuring the
corridor's security and infrastructure development are crucial
for its success.

Connecting part-
Russia and iran – RASHTASTARA PROJECT as part of INSTC
(india , Iran , Russia and ajerbaijan )

CHALLENGES
 RUSSIA UKRAINE
 RUSSIA CHINA GETTING CLOSE
 RUSSIA – CHINA – PAKISTAN
 INDIA’S CLOSENESS TO US

WAY FORWARD
 IMPROVE TRADE
 MULTILATERAL- BRICS AND SCO ETC
 Becoming more multi dimensional

(EAST ASIA SUMMIT – 18 member

10- asean member
6-
2- usa and russia

The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a regional forum held

annually by leaders of 18 countries in the East Asian,
 Southeast Asian, South Asian and Oceanian regions The
most recent EAS was held on September 7, 2023, in
Jakarta, Indonesia, and was chaired by Indonesia ¹.
Some of the key points from the summit include:

- EAS leaders reinforced their support for ASEAN

centrality and the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific
- Discussion of strategic issues, including climate action,
Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the situation in Myanmar,
destabilizing activities in the South China Sea, and the
Korean Peninsula
- Agreement on a joint Statement on 'Maintaining and
Promoting the Region as an Epicentrum of Growth'
- The 19th EAS will take place in late 2024 in Lao PDR,
the 2024 ASEAN and EAS Chair.
India founding member since 2005
It is the only leader led forum in indo pacific that bring
together all the key partner to dicuss key issues

INDIA JAPAN RELATIONS

  COMMON GROUPINGS

1. QUAD
2. G20
3. G4- INDIA , Brazil , Germany, and Japan ( UNSC
CANDIDATE FOR PERMANENT MEMBERSHIP)
4. ITER –

 Common enemy
China – ( fight on senkaku/ diaoyo located in east china sea)

INVESTMENT

ODA ( OFFICIAL DEDICATED ASSISTANCE )– indian has been

the largest recipient of japanese oda loan for past decades
Ex – DELHI METRO

DFC- DEDICATED FREIGHT CORRIDOR

AAGC – ASIA AFRICA GREAT CORRIDOR

( by india and japan in afican region counter to BRI)
 DEFENCE PARTNERSHIP
2+2
EXAMPLE-:
1. JIMEX NAVAL EXERCISE
2. MALABAR (NAVAL)
3. VEER GUARDIAN
4. SHUVYUN MAITRI ( air force)
5. DHARMA GUARDIAN (Army)
6. MILAN – SAGAR
7. ASCA – Acquisition and cross servicing agreement
8. MLSA – Mutual logistics support agreement

STRATEGIC
JAPAN INVESTED IN NORTH EAST INDIA
DOMESTIC CURRENCY SWAP AGREEMENT

AREAS OF COOPERATION
1. Disaster management and climate change
2. Nuclear disarmament ( korean pensula)
3. Health care – ayushman + aswin
Japani shinkansen system – indian highspeed railway

4. Indian japan nuclear deal 2016

5. India japan digital partnership
6. India japan act east forum

CHALLENGES
1. Economic challenges
1- CEPA Underperformed
2- India’s withdrawal from RCEP

2. Defence
a) SORYA class submarine- acquiring is difficult for
india

b) Acsa , mlsa –not as comprehensive as other

international agreements

3. ISSUE OF CHINA

4. OSAKA TRACH - e-commerce route both countries

have difficult track
QUESTION -: The time has come for India and Japan to build
a strong contemporary relationship,
one involving global and strategic partnership that will have
a great significance for
Asia and the world as a whole.’ Comment.
Answer-:
This statement highlights the importance of a strong India-
Japan relationship in today's global scenario. Both countries
share common values, such as democracy, economic
freedom, and strategic interests, making them natural
partners. A robust India-Japan partnership can have
significant implications for Asia and the world, including:

1. Counterbalancing China's influence: A strong India-Japan

partnership can counterbalance China's growing economic
and military presence in the region, promoting a more stable
and secure Asia.

2. Economic growth: Collaboration in areas like trade,

investment, and technology can drive economic growth and
development in both countries, benefiting the region as a
whole.

3. Strategic cooperation: Partnership in defense and security

can enhance regional stability, addressing common concerns
like maritime security, terrorism, and cybersecurity.

4. Global governance: India and Japan can work together to

shape global governance, promoting multilateralism, and
addressing pressing issues like climate change, pandemics,
and economic inequality.
5. Asian century: A strong India-Japan partnership can help
shape the Asian century, promoting peace, prosperity, and
stability in the region, and setting an example for other
nations to follow.

In conclusion, a strong India-Japan relationship is crucial for

promoting peace, stability, and prosperity in Asia and the
world. By working together, they can address common
challenges, drive economic growth, and shape global
governance, making the 21st century truly an Asian century.
INDIA EU

HISTORY
1952- EUROPEAN LOCAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY
1957- EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
Schagan agreement 1995

1993- MAASTRICHT TREATY – helps to transform european

countries

1999- EURO was introduced

2016- Brexit – REFERENDOM

GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE
1. EUROPEAN COUNCIL – political
2. EUROPEAN COMMISSION ( pyq * GLOBAL CRIMATE
CHANGE ALLIANCE)
3. LEGISLATIVE
4. COUNCIL OF EU

NORDIC COUNTRIES
Denmark ,Finland, swedan, island

BALTIC STATES -:
Estonia , latvia and lithavinia
SCANDENAVIAN COUNTRIES
Denmark , Norway and sweden

INDIA AND EU RELATIONS

LPG-
1994- COOPERATION AGREEMENT
2000- 1st india eu summit
2005- joint action plan
2017- deeping cooperation

COOPERATION

1. POLITICAL
Development assistance
High level political dialogue

2. ECONOMIC
Remittances
Trade and infrastructure
3. Security
Terrorism
Cyber security
Climate change

4. Cultural
Erasmus+ cultural and educational exchange programme
People to people

5. Multi lateral
 SDGs
WTO
Treatment of refugees

CHALLENGES

1. High Tariffs on indian products

2. BILATERAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT AGREEMENT-: india
EU launched Top FOR having in FTA CALLED as BTIA IN
2007.
3. Eu criticises india’s compulsory licences process
4. Difference points of opinion on international issue such
as russia ukraine war , palestine- isreal war

WINDSOR FRAMEWORK
The uk govt reached a deal with EU on post brexit trade
rules that will govern northern island
THE WINDSOR FRAMWORK will replace northern ireland
protocols

The Windsor Framework is a post-Brexit legal agreement

between the European Union and the United Kingdom,
which adjusts the operation of the Northern Ireland
Protocol ¹ ². It was announced on February 27, 2023,
formally adopted by both parties on March 24, 2023,
and came into effect on October 1, 2023 ². The
agreement relates to goods crossing the Irish Sea from
Great Britain to Northern Ireland ². It introduces
"conceptual" green and red lanes to reduce checks and
paperwork on goods that are destined for Northern
Ireland, and separates them from goods at risk of
moving into the EU Single Market ². The agreement also
includes a number of agreements on medicine control,
VAT and alcohol duty ².

Here are some key points about the Windsor Framework

¹ ²:

- *Green Lane*: A new "green lane" for movements of

goods between Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
which will mean that traders moving goods destined for
Northern Ireland will be freed of unnecessary
paperwork, checks and duties, using only ordinary
commercial information rather than customs processes
or complex certification requirements.

- *UK Internal Market Scheme (UKIMS)*: A new scheme

for the movement of goods, which will significantly
expand the range of businesses who can benefit; end
the requirement for traders to provide customs
commodity codes for each movement; scrap
burdensome supplementary declarations; and ensure
that businesses can therefore move their goods using
the same type of commercial information as they
already hold.

- *Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme (NIRMS)*:

A new scheme for moving prepacked retail goods such
as food, drink, cut flowers and pet food from Great
Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) into Northern
Ireland, which started on October 1, 2023.

- *Northern Ireland Plant Health Label (NIPHL)*: A new

scheme for moving plants from Great Britain to
Northern Ireland, which came into effect from October
1, 2023.

- *Stormont Brake*: A mechanism that would allow the

Northern Ireland Assembly to temporarily stop any
changes to EU goods regulations from applying in
Northern Ireland if the Assembly feared that the
changes would have "significant and lasting effects on
everyday lives".

- *Not for EU*: A label indicating that the product is not

guaranteed to conform to EU standards and thus may
not legally be sold (or resold) in the EU.
 Windsor framework –
2 structure
1. 2 lane system
GREEN LANE – the goods from Britain for northern
ireLand with go through the green lane

RED LANE – with proper paper work and formalities

INDIA – AFRICA RELATIONS

IMPORTANCE OF AFRICA FOR INDIA

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION
 Africa decolonisation

Areas of cooperation
 India africa forum summit

Indian council for cultural cooperation

Economic
 Trade
 Food security
 Energy

Geo strategic
  India ocean
 Piracy
 Military bases by countries like china can harm india
 NON state actor – Boko haram
 Good relations with africa can help in countering china
 Cobalt and uranium abundant in africa

INSTITUTIONAL ENGAGEMENT
 INDIAN AFRICA FORUM SUMMIT
 GROWTH IN POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC ENGAGEMENT
 GROWTH IN TRADE AND INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
 INDIAN PHARMACEUTICALS COMPANIES HAVE
PROVIDED INDIAN MEDICINES AT AFFORDABLE RATES
 INDIA HAS SIGNED MEMORANDUM OF
UNDERSTANDING WITH ALL AFRICAN NATIONS ON
INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION
 IN 2022 – india stated Trilateral maritime exercise
With TANZANIA AND MOSAMBIQUE
 PAN AFRICA E NETWORK PROJECT
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK for SATELLITE CONNECTIVITY

e- vidyabharti and e aarogya bharti in 2019

for free education for african students

niger – uranium deposit

south africa – platinum and chromium
Areas where military coup have attempted-
 AFGHANISTAN
Tribal warring clans - pashtuns

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF Relations

 Ghandhara – one of the 16th maha janpads
 IVC –
 Membership in SAARC
 2011- strategic partnership agreement

Importance of afghanistan

 Acess to other asian powers

 Its strategic location
 Golden triangle
 Resource rich areas
 Connectivity with central asia
 Peace
 Afgan led , owned peace process

PROJECTS
 DELARAM ZARANIJ HIGHWAY
 SALMA DAM
 HARI RIVER
 PARLIAMENT BUILDING
 HEART OF ASIA – ISTANBUL PEACE PROCESS
 DEVELOPMENT AIDS ( covid , disaster etc)
 Traing of military
 Mi- 25 (RUSSIAN HELICOPTERS)
 RING ROAD
 Issues that persist

 Haqqani network – member of tabilan

 Lack of Democratic practice
 Influence of china and pak
 Operation devi shakti

WEST ASIA
COUNTRIES BORDERING WITH MEDITERRANEAN SEA -:

Here are the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea ¹ ² ³ ⁴

⁵:

- *Albania*
- *Algeria*
- *Bosnia and Herzegovina*
- *Croatia*
- *Cyprus*
- *Egypt*
- *France*
- *Greece*
- *Israel*
- *Italy*
- *Lebanon*
- *Libya*
- *Malta*
- *Monaco*
- *Montenegro*
- *Morocco*
- *Northern Cyprus*
- *Palestine*
- *Slovenia*
- *Spain*
- *Syria*
- *Tunisia*
- *Turkey*
- *United Kingdom* (Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Gibraltar)
Please note that Northern Cyprus is recognized only by
Turkey, due to the Cyprus dispute.

LEVANT REGION-:
The Levant region includes the following countries and
regions ¹ ² ³:
- *Cyprus*: an island nation in the Mediterranean Sea.
- *Hatay Province*: a province located in modern-day
Turkey.
- *Israel*: a country in the Levant region.
- *Jordan*: a country in the Levant region.
- *Lebanon*: a country in the Levant region.
- *Palestine*: a geographic region in the Levant region.
- *Syria*: a country in the Levant region.

The Levant region is bounded by the Taurus Mountains to

the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the west, the northern
Arabian Desert to the south and Upper Mesopotamia to the
east.

MAGHREB REGION-:
Babel mandeb

Gulf cooperation council-:

Yemen- hauthu rebels

ISRAEL

COUNTRIES BORDERING-

Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt..

1. OPERATION AL AWSA FLOOD – hamas attack –
coincided with sabath ( religious holidays for jews)
Compromise of IRON DOME ( short range air defence) by
ISRAEL
2. Israel- Ironsword operation
 HISTORY

1947- UN ADOPTING RESOLUTION 181

TWO STATE SOLUTIONS
1. Israel 2. Palestine

Arab israel conflict stated

1967- 6 days war – israel gained control of sinai
peninsula( egypt) , Gaza strips and Golan Heights and west
bank

1973- yom kippur war

By egypt and syria – 2 front war on jewish religious day
But not successful in getting back their territories

1979- Camp david accord – a peace agreement between

israel and egypt
In between INTIFADA( people's apprising took place)

1993- OSLO ACCORDS

INITIATIVE BETWEEN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE

ARAB PEACE INITIATIVE LED BY SAUDI arabia endorsed by

ARAB LEAQUE

2019 – US LED ABRAHAM ACCORD – UAE , BAHRAIN TO EST

DIPLOMATIC TIES.
BEN GURION CANAL PROJECT
 CONNECT mediterranean sea with gulf of
Aqaba(Egypt ,Isreal , jorden , saudi)
 It aims to create alternative maritime routes bypassing
Suez canal
 Go through Negev desert ( israel)

India always supported two state solution

1st non arab state to recognise PLO
OPERATION AJAY – to return indian citizens from israel in
2023 .

RED SEA CRISIS

CHEMICAL TANKER MV CHEM PLUTO STRUCK BY DRONE

ATTACK close to gujarat coast

MV CHEM PLUTO- liberia flag , japanese owned and

neitherland operated
Alleged to be carried by Houthi rebels
Babe al mandeb – gate of grief

Important ports

Port said
Port Eilat – isreal
Suej port
Jeddeh
Yemen

Operation PROSPERITY guardian – by US TO SAFEGUARD THE

REGION
THERE ARE COMBINED MARITIME FORCES – indian navy is
also a part of it.
CTF 153- one of the task forces under CMF

Red sea , bab el mandeb , gulf of aden

Operation sankalp in persian gulf and gulf of oman by india

government to secure safety and security of indian vessels
Persian Gulf borderd by ??

The gulf of oman connects with pesian gulf through strait of

hormuz

Countries bordering caspian sea ??

Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Azerbaijan.

Countries bordering black sea??

Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Georgia.

INDIA WEST ASIA RELATIONS

HISTORICAL
 Trade during indus valley civilisation
Mesopotamia bahrain

 NAM- egypt
 Look west policy 2014
 INDIA UAE – CEPA
 SAUDI JIO PLATFORM
 INDIA – ARAB COOPERATION FORUM
 2 state SOLUTION ALWAYS SUPPORTED BY INDIA
 POLICY OF DEHYPENATION ( looking both relationships
individually)

MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS
 UAE – treaty for wanted terrorists
  Organisation of islamic countries- india invited as guest
of honour
 I2U2 – indian israel uae usa – for economic growth
regional stability
 IMEC- to counter china’s BRI
 ENERGY COOPERATION
 MARITIME SECURITY
 INSTC

QUESTION PYQ - How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA)
grouping transform India's position in global politics?
I2U2
is a new economic cooperation forum consisting of
Israel, India, the United Arab Emirates, and the United
States ¹ ² ³. The group aims to deepen economic
cooperation by focusing on six key areas:

- *Water*: The UAE will invest $2 billion to develop a

series of integrated food parks across India that will
incorporate state-of-the-art climate-smart technologies
to reduce food waste and spoilage, conserve fresh water,
and employ renewable energy sources.

- *Energy*: The I2U2 Group will advance a hybrid

renewable energy project in India’s Gujarat State
consisting of 300 megawatts of wind and solar capacity
complemented by a battery energy storage system.
 - *Transportation*: The group aims to advance physical
connectivity between countries in the Middle East
region.

- *Space*: The governments of India, Israel, the United

Arab Emirates, and the United States announced a new
joint space venture on the margins of the United Nations
General Assembly in New York in September 2023.

- *Health*: The group aims to improve public health and

access to vaccines.

- *Food Security*: The leaders discussed innovative

ways to ensure longer-term, more diversified food
production and food delivery systems that can better
manage global food shocks.

The I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE, and USA) grouping is expected

to transform India's position in global politics in the
following ways

*Strengthening Regional Alliances:*

- Deepen engagement with Israel and the UAE, key players in
the Middle East
- Expand India's footprint in the region
- Increase strategic presence, enhance energy security, and
strengthen counter-terrorism efforts
*Enhancing Trade and Economic Ties:*
- Strengthen economic partnership with the US, India's
largest trading partner
- Benefit from Israel's expertise in areas like water
management, agriculture, and defense
- Enhance trade and economic ties with the US and Israel

*Countering China's Influence:*

- Offer an alternative to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
- Counter China's growing influence in the region
- Promote a rules-based international order

*Strengthening India's Role in Global Governance:*

- Promote democracy, human rights, and the rule of law
- Increase influence in international organizations like the UN
and the WTO
- Enhance role in shaping global policy on issues like climate
change, trade, and security

*Dehyphenation of Foreign Policy:*

- Deepen engagement with Israel through Abraham Accords
without risking ties with the UAE and other Arab states

The I2U2 grouping has the potential to significantly enhance

India's position in global politics, enabling it to pursue a more
assertive foreign policy and increase its strategic presence in
the region.
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE – where atlantic and indian ocean
meets
BAL EB MANDEB – connets red sea with aden( indian ocean)

INDIAN IRAN RELATIONS

JCPOA – iran nuclear deal 2015 ( signed by omaba withdrawn

by trump )
Done between P5+1 ( russia , china , france , germany , usa+
iran)
Iran agreed to cut down its stores of centri fuges Enriched
uranium and heavy water
Also agreed to allow IAEA( *INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY
AGENCY) TO ACESS ITS NUCLEAR SITES

Areas related to nuclear programs

Natanz
Fordow
Arak
Ispahan
Bushehs
IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS

UNITED NATIONS

LEAGUE OF NATION- 1945

Un coined by franklen d roosevelt

P5
6 organs –
UNGA
UNSC
ECOSOC
TRUSTEESHIP
ICJ
SECRETARIAT

UNGA
All 193 members represented in UNGA
ONLY UN body with universal representation
Very year in september meetings helds in new york

Two types of majority

Simple and 2/3rd.

2/3rd majority for

– peace and security
Admission of NEW MEMBERS
BUDGETARY MATTERS

PRESIDENT ELECTED EVERY YEAR FOR 1 year term

UNSC
  5 permanent and 10 non permanent(2years) = 15
members

 India entered the 8th term as non permanent member in

2021.
can't contest for 2 consecutive term

 These 10 members selected on the basis of geographic

representation

 VETO POWER TO P5 states

ECOSOC – THE UN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

- 54 members Elected by UNGA FOR 3 years
 Seats on the basis of geographical representation
 Sustainable development
 Discussing international economic and social issues

TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL
1945
Is a non self govering authority placed under
Administrative authority of trusteeship council

Trust territory – were created during inter war period

By 1994 all TT attained self government and became
independent and as a result TC SUSPENDED ITS OPERATION
IN 1994.
UN SECRETARIAT

Secretary general and international UN staff to carryout day

to day operation of UN
CURRENT SECRETARY GENERAL – antonio guteress (9th UNSG
and his 2nd term)

APPOINTMENT BY – UNGA on recommendation of UNSC

5year term
Renewed

ICJ
Princpal judicial organ
Jurisdiction – only member countries 193
Hq- The peace Palace in netherland
Judges- 15 judges elected for a nine year term by UNGA AND
UNSC

VOTES simultaneously but separately

1/3rd (5) judges retire every 3 years are eligible for

reappointment

Official language- english and french

ENTERTAIN – 2 types of cases

1. Legal – contontious cases – final and binding

Only the states can be party to it
 2. Advisory opinion –
 5 organ of UN
 UN SPECIALISED AGENCIES
PUBLIC HEARING OF ICJ
 ADVISE NOT BINDING

Permanent court of International criminal

arbitration court
Not UN BODY Not un body
OLDEST GLOBAL BODY for Created by ROME STATUE
international dispute India , usa , china not a
settlement member

Jurisdiction- member It investige and ties

state + INTERNATIONAL individual with charged
org + private parties + graviest crimes
kosovo*+ palestine 1. Genocide
2. war crime
3. crime against humanity,
4.crime of agression
Hq Netherland Netherland
Tri partite in structure Official language-: English
1. Administrative and french
council
2. Panel of
independent
arbitrator
3. International bureau

UN REFORMS
1. G4 -:
 2. Coffee club / UFC – uniting for concensus
Oppose G4 membership
Countries- pakistan , argentina , spain, italy , sk ,
australia and canada
3. AU – ezalwini consensus sirte declaration
2 seats with AU WITH VETO

THIS DEMAND OF AU IS LED BY C10 ( which is led by Sierra

leone)
4. OIC
2nd largest inter government ( after UN)
Collective voice of muslim world

Hq- saudi arabia

UN SPECIALISED AGENCIES

1. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATIONS-:

Hunger, food malnutrition-195 – 194 countries + EU
 FAMOUS FOR CODEX alimentarious
commission( FAO+ WHO) to develop good
standards

 2004- RIGHT TO FOOD GUILDLINES

 HQ- ROME ITALY

 INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROTECTION CONVENTION-

  Reports it publishes –

 STATE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

 STATE OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

 GLOBAL FOOD PRICE INDEX report

 STATE OF THE WORLD FOREST report

 GLOBAL FORESTS RESOURCE ASSESMENT

 GLOBAL REPORT OF FOOD CRISIS

2. UNIDO
Promoting – industrialisation in developing countries
HQ- vienna

REPORT-: Industrial Development report

Deep carbonisation

3. ICAO
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AIR ORGANISATIONS
 CORSIA – cabon of setting and reduction scheme
for international aviation
 Market based measure to offset with aviation
Co2
 AIR NAVIGATION COMMISSION IS technical
body under ICAO
4. UNWTO
Hq- Madrid
REPORT
 WORLD TOURISM BAROMETER
 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
 DHORDHO IN GUJARAT BEST TOURISM VILLAGE
TITLE

LANGUAGE
 English
 French
 Chinese
 Arabia
 Russian
 Spanish

5. INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURE

DEVELOPMENT

FOCUSES ON – Rural economy and food security

HQ- ROME

REPORTS
 STATE OF FOOD SECURITY a joint report by IFAD,
FAO, UNICEF, WHO

6. *INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATIONS

 ONLY TRIPARTITE UNO AGENCY
GOVERNMENTS
 EMPLOYERS
WORKER REPRESENTATION
 1919
 HQ- GENEVA
 GOT – NOBEL 1969
 8 convection india has ratified only 6
These are not legally bind

India not ratified 2

 Freedom of association and Protection of right to
organise ( number 87)
 Right to organise and collective bargain (98)

India has signed

 Forced labour convention (29)
 Abolition of force labour convention (105)
 Equal remuneration convention (100)
 Discrimination convention (111)
 (Minimum age convention (138)
 Worst form of child labour) (182)** pyq

REPORTS
1. WORLD EMPLOYMENT SOCIAL OUTLOOK
2. WORLD OF WORK
3. GLOBAL WAGE REPORT
4. WORLD SOCIAL PROTECTION REPORT
 7. WHO

HQ- geneva
World health authority

Reports-
 SOFI
 MALARIA , TB, GLOBAL NUTRITION, HEALTH

8. UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION

Hq- Switzerland
REPORT
 Integrated index for postal development

9. INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATIONS**

CREATED COMPREHENSIVE SHIPPING REGULATIONS

FRAMEWORK

(POLAR CODE
MARPOL CONVENTION )*** pyq

10. WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANISATIONS

HQ- Geneva
Facilitate international exchange of meteorological
data
 Reports
 GHG BULLETIN
 STATE OF THE GLOBAL CLIMATE
 GHG WATCH (G2W)

UNEP + WMO- 1988 = IPCC

IMF WORLD BANK
1944- brettenwoods 1944 - brettenwoods
conference conference
Hq- Washington FOCUS-: poverty,
reduction, improvement of
living stds.

REPORTS-: REPORTS -:
1. GLOBAL FINANCIAL 1. GLOBAL ECONOMIC
STATBILITY PROSPECTS
2. WORLD ECONOMIC 2. WORLD
OUTLOOK DEVELOPMENT
3. FISCAL MONITOR REPORTS
3. LOGISTICS
PERFORMANCE
INDEX WHICH
INSPIRE NITI AAYOG
LEADS INDEX
4. LEADS PROSPERITY
INDEX
POVERTY AND
SHARED PROSPERITY
5. GLOBAL FINANCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
REPORT
 RAPID CREDIT 5 development
FACILITATE- provide institutions of WB
assistance to low income INDIA IS PART OF 4 and
countries ****2022 pre not part of
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE
FOR INDUSTRIAL
DISPUTE
RAPID FINANCING OTHER INSTITUTIONS
INSTRUMENT- prompt 1. IBRD
financial assesment to 2. IDA
prompt to any IMF 3. IFC – masala bond
COUNTRY placing urgent 4. MIGA
BOP crisis

WIPO – world UNESCO – world ITU

intellectual heritage LIST
property
organisation
1967 , HQ- Geneva
Switzerland
REPORTS-: REPORTS -: REPORTS -:
1. World 1. GLOBAL 1. WORLD tele
INTELLECTUA EDUCATION communi
L PROPERTY MONITORING REPORT
REPORT REPORT 2. ICT
2. GLOBAL 2. GENDER DEVELOPMENT
INNOVATION PARITY INDEX
INDEX INDEX*** 3.GLOBAL
CYBER
SECURITY INDEX
Conventions-:
1. PARIS
Related to
protecting
industrial
property
2. BRENE
related to
copyright
3. MADRID
AGREEMENT
related to
trademark of
authors

IAEA
- Worlds ATOMS FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT
- NUCLEAR COOPERATION
- AUTONOMOUS AND INDEPENDENCE
- REPORTS TO UNGA AND UNSC
- HQ- vienna AUSTRIA

THERE IS A ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL - THE CIVIC

NUCLEAR SITES WILL BE PUT UNDER IAEA NOT THE
NUCLEAR ONES .**

IT ALSO HAS A INCIDENCE AND TRAFFICKING DATA BASE

FOCUS -:
 TALKS ABOUT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, NUCLEAR
ENERGY AND NUCLEAR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT,
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT, NUCLEAR SAFETY.
SMALL UPDATES -:

COMMANWEALTH

2024 - Marked 75 years of creation of commenwealth

LONDON declaration

CHOGM- meet Every 2 years recently meet in RWANDA

NO CHARTER TREATY OR CONSTITUTION

Suspension of member can occur in breach of HUMAN
RIGHTS
EXAMPLE- PAKISTAN, ZIMBABWE, NIGERIA
COMMON WEALTH GAMES – Quadrennial multispory event.

2) NATO
75 years
32nd member – SWEDEN
HQ- BRUSSEL
MEMBER OF EU THAT ARE NOT PART OF NATO- AUSTRIA ,
SIPRAS, IRELAND AND MALTA

IMPORTANT ARTICE 5 -: RELATED TO COLLECTIVE SECURITY

NATO + 5 = Japan , Sk, israel, australia, new zeland

IMPORTANT PLACES IN NEWS

3) WADGE BANK -: FISHING GROUND KACHCHATIVO ISLAND

4) INTERNATIONAL MARITIME BOUNDARY LINE

5) INDUS WATER TREATY – india completed SHABPUR KANDI
BAARAGE ON RAVI RIVER
6) INDIA EFTA( EUROPEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT)
SIGNED- TEPA ( trade and economic partnership agreement)
$100 billion FDI AND 1 million jobs in 15 years – LEGAL
COMMITMENT

BY FOUR NON EU - iceland , norway , lichentin , Switzerland

7) Digital drukyul – indian bhutan

8) MINSTERIAL MEETING OF IPEF – held in march

9) India and brazil held the 1st 2+2 dialogue

MERCOSUR A TRADE BLOC – Argentina , Brazil and uruguay
and paraguay
pacific alliance trade bloc by LATIN AMERICA – CHILE ,
columbia , MEXICO AND PERU

10) OPERATION INDRAVATI- ? TO EVACUATE INDIAN PEOPLE

Imp location -: HISPANIOLA ISLAND IN HAITEI

OPERATION DEV SHAKTI

11) AFRICAN CLUB BY AFRICAN UNION IN ITS 37th summit
12) GULF OF TONKIN
LOCATED northern vietnam and southern china
Beibu golf – under the chinese control
RIVER WHICH EMPTY INTO GULF OF TONKIN – RED RIVER
(yuan)

Gulf of tonkin is connected to south china sea via Hainan

strait

13) DARIEN GAP – one of the most dangerous hotspots for

illegal migration
Connects columbia to painama

14)BLUE LINE - isreal and labanon have no official border

separating them except the BLUE LINE SET BY UN IN 2000

15) FMR – myanmar

16) INDIA – UAE COP 28

CEPA 2022 , currency swap agreement

17) withdrawal of Argentina from BRICS

18) SASEC – connectivity programme

Project in assam

19) 19th summit of NAM CAMPALA UGANDA

) south sudan became the 121st recent member of nam

20) IFC – IOR est in 2018 based on IMAC POSTED BY INDIAN

NAVY tackling malta
HQ- GURUGRAM
JOINTLY MANAGED BY INDIAN NAVY AND INDIAN
POSTGUARD

21) FPHUT KARNAL hydro power PROJECT RELATED TO NEPAL

22) INSTC – mumbai port – through caspian sea

23) BLUE RAMAN PROJECT BETWEEN – Italian company

- closer indian ocean and mediterranean sea to exchange
digital data to serve cable system.

24) Angola OPEC – HQ INTERGOVERNMENTAL

25) VOICE OF THE GLOBAL SOUTH SUMMIT -2nd. HOSTED BY
Indian pm unvailed DAKSHIN

5Cs – GLOBAL SOUTHS