MODULE 2: PHARMACOGNOSY
1. The following is/are the
A. A. They give a dark green color with ferric
properties of the hydrolysable chloride TS
tannins except: Tannins are divided into 2 chemical classes,
A. They give a dark green Hydrolyzable and nonhydrolyzable (condensed)
color with ferric chloride tannins. This classification is based on:
TS 1. identity of the phenolic nuclei involved
B. Gallic acid when heated 2. how they are joined
result to formation or Hydrolyzable tannins: consist of gallic acid or
pyrogallol related polyhydric compounds esterified with
C. They yield no precipitate glucose
with bromine water TS Ferric Chloride Test: Blue black color
D. Pyrogallol give soluble Nonhydrolyzable tannins: contain only phenolic
compounds with lead acetate nuclei but frequently are linke to carbohydrates
or proteins
Ferric Chloride Test: Brownish green
For numbers 2-7: Classify the 2. A. Water Distillation
following volatile oils with their 3. D. Enfleurage Method
correct method of extraction. Use the 4. B. Ecuelle Method
choices given below: 5. A. Water Distillation
A. Water Distillation 6. E. Water and Steam Distillation
B. Ecuelle Method 7. C. Direct Steam Sterilization
C. Direct Steam Distillation
D. Enfleurage Method Volatile Oils are usually obtained by
E. Water and Steam distillation of the plant parts containing the
Distillation oil. The method of distillation depends on the
2. Turpentine oil condition of the plant material.
3. Gumamela flower Water Distillation: Applied to plant material
4. Citrus oil that is dried and not subject to injury by
5. Dried samples boiling. Ex. Turpentine Oil
6. Clove oil, cinnamon oil Water and Steam Distillation: employed for either
(Dried/Fresh sample) dried or fresh substances that may be injured by
7. Peppermint/Spearmint boiling. Ex. Cinnamon, clove
Direct Steam Distillation: applicable to fresh
plant drugs. Ex. Peppermint, Spearmint
Expression: volatile oils that cannot be
distilled without decomposition (lemon oil,
orange oil)
Ecuelle Method: involves puncturing the oil
glands by rolling the fruit over a trough lined
with sharp projections which will pierce the oil
glands located in the outer portion of the peel.
Ex. Citrus oils
Enfleurage Method: Method of extracting volatile
oils with the use of cold fat, used for fresh
flower parts which contains very small volatile
oil content
8. Formed by the diacetylation of C. Heroin
morphine: Hydrogen atoms of both the phenolic and
A. Codeine alcoholic hydroxyl groups are replaced by
B. Apomorphine acetyl groups.
C. Heroin
D. Opium
Codeine: prepared from methylation of morphine
or from reduction and demethylation of thebaine
9. Castor oil yields: B. Ricin
A. Lecithin A toxic lecithin or hemagluttin
B. Ricin Lecithin: from Soybean oil
C. Limonene Limonene: the main hydrocarbon present in lemon
D. Methyl Salicylate oil
Methyl Salicylate: chief constituent of
gaultheria/wintergreen oil
10. Test used to detect the C. Barfoed’s Test
presence of reducing Barfoed's reagent, a mixture of ethanoic (acetic)
monosaccharides in solution acid and copper(II) acetate, is combined with the
A. Bial’s Test test solution and boiled. Formation of a red
B. Seliwanoff’s Test copper(II) oxide precipitate indicates the
C. Barfoed’s Test presence of reducing sugar. The reaction will be
D. Benedict’s Test negative in the presence of disaccharide sugars
E. Iodine Test because they are weaker reducing agents.
Bial’s Test: test used to distinguish between
pentoses and hexoses
Seliwanoff’s Test: test used to distinguish
between pentoses and hexoses
Benedict’s Test: Test used to distinguish a
reducing sugar from non-reducing sugar
Iodine Test: used to detect the presence of
starch
