BEHAVIOURISM
Presented by
Arpita Maity
Introduction
Behaviourism or the behaviourist approach lays stress on
the role of environmental stimuli in determining the way
we act.
Learning — changes in behaviour because of experiences
(excluding changes due to fatigue, injury or drug effects)-
is at the centre of this approach.
Contemporary behaviourists (often called S - R
psychologists) view environmental factors as stimuli, and
the resultant behaviour, as responses. They attempt to
demonstrate that behaviour is controlled by
environmental contingencies of external rewards or
reinforcements which form links between behavioural
responses and their effects (or stimuli)
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), a physiologist by profession,
while working with dogs incidentally came across an
interesting learning phenomenon, now called Classical
Conditioning.
Pavlov found that when a bell was sounded just before a
hungry dog was presented with food, after several trials,
the dog would salivate simply at the sound of the bell.
ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS: The original, naturally occurring stimulus
mentioned in the preceding paragraph is called the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The
term unconditioned means “unlearned”.
In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, the food is the unconditioned stimulus.
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE: The reflex response to the unconditioned
stimulus is called the unconditioned response (UCR)
In Pavlov’s experiment, the salivation to the food is the UCR (unconditioned
response).
CONDITIONED STIMULUS : When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated
pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive
response, learning has occurred. The neutral stimulus can now be called a conditioned
stimulus (CS). (Unconditioned means “unlearned,” and, as mentioned earlier, conditioned
means “learned.”)
CONDITIONED STIMULUS : The response that is given to the CS (conditioned
stimulus)is not usually quite as strong as the original unconditioned response (UCR), but
it is essentially the same response. However, because it comes as a response to the
conditioned stimulus (CS), it is called the conditioned response (CR).
Classical Conditioning
Before Conditioning
UCS (food) ———— UCR (salivation)
NS (bell) ————————No salivation
During Conditioning
CS (bell) ———— UCS (food) ———— UCR (salivation)
After Conditioning
CS(bell) CR(Salivation)
Principles of Classical Conditioning
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Discrimination
Application of classical conditioning
(1) Developing good habits
(2) Breaking of bad habits and elimination of conditioned
fear
(3) Training of the animals
(4) Use in Psychotherapy
(5) Developing Positive attitudes
(6) Teaching alphabets
References
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/72486/3/Blo
ck-4.pdf
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/8300/1/Unit-
16.pdf
https://dspmuranchi.ac.in/pdf/Blog/applications%20of%20cl
assical%20conditioning.pdf
https://gcwgandhinagar.com/econtent/document/1587181
812CLASSICAL%20CONDITIONING.pdf
https://lah.elearningontario.ca/CMS/public/exported_cour
ses/HSP3C/exported/HSP3CU02/HSP3CU02/HSP3CU02
A02/_teacher/verywell.com-
WhatIsClassicalConditioning.pdf
