SHIFT CIPHERS
Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely
known encryption techniques. It is a type of substitution
cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a
letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet.
If you have a message you want to transmit securely, you can
encrypt it (translate it into a secret code). One of the simplest
ways to do this is with a shift cipher. Famously, Julius Caesar
used this type of cipher when sending messages to his
military commanders. The mod mathematically deals with
the wrap-around at the end of the alphabet. This explains
why we use the numbers 0 through 25 instead of 1 through
26. The former choice makes this wrap-around issue much
easier to express mathematically.