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Development
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Reference :-
Notes by Innovative Gyan
then
/Now
:
Development :-
Shikha Shokeen
Development is generally defined as growth. Some
of the important goals are – seeking more income, equal
treatment, freedom, security, and respect from others.
Different people and different goals :-
about something
belief
-
Different people has different notion for
development because :-
• It is because the life situations of persons are different.
• People seek things that are most important for them or
that which can fulfill their aspirations or desire.
• What may be development for one may not be for the
other. It may even be destructive for the other.
For example: The developmental goals of a boy
from a rich ur- ban family would be to get admission in a
reputed college, whereas the developmental goals of a
girl from a rich urban family would be to get as much
freedom as her brother.
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Shikhasuu
Income and Other Goals :-
Income is considered as the most important
component of development as it can be material goods
and services.
Earning high income is a goal for development. But
it is not the only goal. Apart from income, people also
consider other goals for development like equal
treatment, freedom, security and respect of others. Thus,
for development they look at a mix of goals.
National development :- INDIA
National development refers to the ability of a nation
to improve the lives of its citizens. Measures of
improvement may be material, such as availability
of healthcare etc.
Shikhas
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How to compare different countries or states :-
To compare two different countries or states,
National Income and Per Capital Income are two
important pillars. These are as follows:
1. Comparison through National Income
2. Comparison through Per Capita Income
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Comparison Through National Income :-
Shikha
shoke
National Income refers to the income earned by the
residents of that particular country over a period of time.
Countries with higher national income are
considered as developed countries for e.g. USA,
Germany and France. However, national income may not
be a true indicator to compare different countries because
of population factor.
Averageincome
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-
To overcome this drawback, per capita income is a
better indicator to compare different nations.
oh !
Comparison Through Per Capita Income :-
Average or per capita income is obtained by dividing
the total income by the population of the country to
compare different countries.
World Bank Publishes World Development Report
(WDR) every year to compare the nations and the basis
of per capita income.
Shikha Shokeen
World Bank classifies countries on the basis of per
capita income :-
• Rich countries except middle East countries are called
developed countries.
• India is in category of low middle income country.
Classifying countries (per capita income criteria
Mi
of World Bank)
Rich countries :- Countries with per capita income
of US$ 49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are called
high income or rich countries
Low income countries :- Countries with per capita
income of US$ 2500 or less are called low-income
countries.
Shikha Shokeen
Low middle income countries :- India comes in the
category of low middle income countries because its per
capita income in 2019 was just US$ 6700 per annum.
Income and other criteria :-
⑭wit
The development level should not be judged only on
the income level, other criteria should also be taken into
nume
consideration. e.g. Three states, Haryana, Kerala and
Bihar are compared as follows:
Net
Per Infant attendance
capita mortality Literacy ratio (Per
income rate per Rate % 1,000
State
for 2017- 1,000 live ( 2017- persons)
2018 births 2018 ) Secondary
(Inr) (2017) Stage 2017-
2018
Haryana 2,03,340 30 82 61
Kerala 1,84,000 10 94 83
Bihar 38,631 35 62 43
From this table, various aspects of the development
can be judged as :-
Shikha Shokeen
• Per Capita Income is highest in Haryana and lowest in
Bihar which simply indicates that earning opportunities
are quite less in Bihar.
• Infant mortality rate is lowest in Kerala which shows
that better medical facilities are present in Kerala in
comparison to other two states.
• Literacy rate is highest in Kerala and lowest in Bihar
which shows that better education opportunities are
available in Kerala.
• Net attendance ratio is also highest in Kerala and lowest
in Bihar.
Infant Mortality Rate :-
Infant Mortality Rate can be defined as total number
of children that die before the age of one year our of
1000 live children born in that particular year.
-
Literacy rate :- ·
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Literacy rate can be defined as proportion of literate
population in the age group of 7 years & above.
Shikha smoke
Net attendance Ratio :-
hmm !
Net attendance Ratio can be defined as the total
number of children of 6-10 years age group attending
school out of total no. of children in the same age group.
Public Facilities :-
Income is a good tool of development but it is not
everything. E.g., more income may not give
a pollution free area or protection from total diseases
etc. So public facilities like primary and secondary
education, health facilities, cleanliness
and pollution free area also important to sustain life.
* Money in your pocket why cannot buy all the
goods and services that you may need to live well ?
Money cannot buy all the goods and services that
E
you may need to live well.
Shikha Shokeen
• Money cannot buy us pollution-free environment.
• Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and might not
be able to get protection from infectious disease.
• Beside money, people also like to have equal treatment
in the society, freedom, dignity and honor in their lives,
which money cannot buy them.
..
Public Distribution System :-
-
ATH
Public Distribution System (PDS) is a system in
which the poor people are provided or supplied food
grains at lower price compared to market price.
Some areas like Tamil Nadu has well functioning
PDS while some states like jharkhand and bihar don’t
have efficient Public Distribution System.
Best method to measure Development ( Human
Development Report ) :-
Development
ShikhaShokeen United Nations
Programme
-
Human Development Index or Human Development
Report published by UNDP is one of the best methods to
measure the development of a nation.
The Human Development report is based on three
pillars and these pillars are as follows :-
• Living Standard (Per Capita Income)
• Health Status (Life Expectancy)
• Educational levels of the people (Literacy rate and
Enrolment Ratio)
Human Development Index ( HDI ) :-
Human Development Index is a composite statistic
of life expectancy, education and per capita income
indicators, which are used to rank countries in four tires
of human development.
HDI (Human Development Index) Rank of India in
the World is 136.
Shikhashokeer
Body Mass Index (BMI) :-
BMI can be calculated by taping the weight of a
person (kgs) & height (mtr) then divide the weight by the
square of the height of a person. If the result is less than
18.5 then person in under nourished & if more than 25,
then person is over weight.
In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP
for measuring development different from the one
used by the World Bank?
UNDP World Bank
Has taken It uses per capita income
education, health and per base for comparison. It is
capita income as the base. considered as a narrow
Countries have been
ranked. concept of development.
Under this concept countries
It is also considered as a
have been divided into three
broader concept of
categories – rich, middle and
development.
poor.
T
Sustainable Development :-
Shikha Shokeen
Sustainable Development is development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs.
Environment Degradation and Sustainable
E
Development :-
Environmental degradation refers to the destruction
of natural environment by human activities to fulfil the
greediness of the human.
The mismanagement of natural resources has
resulted into the environmental degradation in the form
of air pollution, water pollution, depletion of natural
resources etc.
It has also threatened the dream of the sustainable
development because it has created such type of
environment which is harmful for the existence of future
generations.
Shikha Shokeen
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Why do different people have different notions of
development? Which of the following explanations are more
important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because the life situations of people are different.
2. Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your
answer.
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals
3. Development of a country can generally be determined by
(a) its per capita income
(b) its average literacy level
(c) health status of its people
(d) all the above
4. Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum
and above in 2017 are called rich countries, and those with a per
capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income
countries. State if it is
(a)True
(b)False
5. Give some examples where factors other than income are
important aspects of our lives
6. What can be some of the developmental goals for your village,
town or locality?
7. Give three examples where an average is used for comparing
situations.
8. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for
development? Explain.
9. Besides the size of per capita income, what other
property of income is important in comparing two or
more societies?
10. Suppose records show that the average income in a
country has been increasing over a period of time.
From this, can we conclude that all sections of the
economy have become better? Illustrate your answer
with an example.
11. From the text, find out the per capita income level
of low-income countries as per World Development
Reports.
12. Write a paragraph on your notion of what should
India do or achieve to become a developed country.
13. Define the Public Distribution System.
14. What are the examples where the collective
provision of goods and services is cheaper than
individual provision?
15. Does the availability of good health and
educational facilities depend only on the amount of
money spent by the government on these facilities?
What other factors could be relevant?
16. In Tamil Nadu, 90% of the people living in rural
areas use a ration shop, whereas in West Bengal, only
35% of rural people do so. Where would people be
better off and why?
17. Is crude oil essential for the development process in a country?
Discuss.
18. Explain the Human Development Report.
19. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in
classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this
criterion, if any?
20. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for
measuring development different from the one used by the World
Bank?
21. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use?
Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
22. Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human
development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not
a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states.
Do you agree? Discuss.
23. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the
people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years
from now?
24. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but
not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this
statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss
25. Explain the main criterion for comparing the development of
different countries.
26. Describe any three possible development goals of landless rural
labourers.
27. Mention any one limitation of per capita income as an indicator
of development.
28. “Though the level of income is important, it is an inadequate
measure of the level of development.” Justify the statement.
·
Reference : -
https://innovativegyan.com/class-10-economics-chapter-1-development-
notes
https://byjus.com/cbse-study-material/important-questions-for-class-10-social-science-
economics-chapter-1-development/
