Servo
How a Servo Works
1. Motor: Provides the movement.
2. Feedback Sensor: Typically a potentiometer or encoder, it monitors the output
position or speed.
3. Controller: Processes the input signal and adjusts the motor to achieve the
desired position or speed.
4. Input Signal: A control signal (often a Pulse Width Modulation, PWM) dictates
the desired position or speed.
Ultrasonic Wave
Generation (Input)
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To produce ultrasonic waves, devices use transducers, which convert electrical
signals into sound waves.
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): Generates controlled pulses that determine
wave frequency.
Output (Reception)
After being transmitted, ultrasonic waves interact with objects or mediums
DC motor (Direct Current motor)
is an electric motor that converts direct electrical energy into mechanical energy
through the interaction of magnetic fields and electric currents. It is widely used in
various applications due to its simplicity, efficiency, and ability to control speed
and torque.
Components:
Armature (Rotor): Rotating part of the motor.
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Field Windings (Stator): Creates a magnetic field (can also be permanent
magnets).
Commutator: A mechanical switch that reverses current direction to
maintain continuous rotation.
Brushes: Transfer current to the rotating armature through the
commutator.
Operation:
Direct current flows through the armature, generating a magnetic field.
This field interacts with the stator's magnetic field, producing torque.
The commutator reverses the current direction in the armature windings,
ensuring consistent rotational motion.
A motor driver
is an electronic circuit or device used to control and power motors, particularly in
applications requiring precise control of speed, direction, and torque. It acts as an
interface between a microcontroller (or control system) and the motor, amplifying
low-power control signals to drive the motor effectively.
Why Use a Motor Driver?
Microcontrollers typically cannot provide the high current or voltage required
by motors.
Motor drivers handle the power needs while allowing for precise control using
low-power signals
→ Key Features of Motor Drivers
1. Current Amplification:
Boosts control signals to supply the motor with sufficient current and
voltage.
2. Direction Control:
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Reverses motor direction using switches or transistors.
3. Speed Control:
Achieved using PWM or variable voltage.
4. Overload Protection:
Prevents damage from excessive current or heat.
5. Feedback Integration (in advanced drivers):
Supports sensors (e.g., encoders or Hall sensors) for precise control.
L293D DC Motor Driver Arduino
The L293D is a quadruple half-H driver IC, capable of driving two DC motors
simultaneously in both directions. To connect it with Arduino, follow these steps:
Hardware Connections:
1. VCC (Pin 16): Connect to Arduino’s 5V pin.
2. GND (Pin 10): Connect to Arduino’s GND pin.
3. Enable (Pin 1): Connect to any digital output pin on Arduino (e.g., Pin 2).
4. Input 1 (Pin 2): Connect to Arduino’s digital output pin (e.g., Pin 3).
5. Input 2 (Pin 3): Connect to Arduino’s digital output pin (e.g., Pin 4).
6. Output 1 (Pin 5): Connect to motor 1’s positive terminal.
7. Output 2 (Pin 6): Connect to motor 1’s negative terminal.
8. Output 3 (Pin 9): Connect to motor 2’s positive terminal.
9. Output 4 (Pin 10): Connect to motor 2’s negative terminal.
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عامه الاسود بالسالب و الاحمر بالموجب
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Arduino
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