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We will discuss minimum energy efficiency and enhanced energy

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Extraction, processing and generation of energy with fossil fuels are
directly associated with major environmental impacts like air
pollution, water pollution, land pollution, global warming, climate
change, a smog generation etc. Energy conservation and energy
security are considered to be a national priority for our country.
Dependence of imports of fossil based fuel has a huge impact on the
economics of our country.

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Let us discuss the strategies to improve the energy performance in
the order of priority. The first step is to reduce energy demand using
passive strategies like proper orientation of the building, minimizing
the exposure, natural ventilation, night venting etc. Often passive
strategies comes with no cost or very less cost, but provides
significant improvement in energy performance and reduce the
energy demand.

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The next strategy is to reduce energy demand with optimized
building envelope. Building envelope separates the interior and
exterior parts of the building. Building envelope includes roof
external wall, the ground slab, external windows and curtain walls.
Optimized building envelope means insulating external wall and
roof, proper selection of glazing, shading the glazing etc. building
envelope improvements generally comes with the minor cost of
insulating the external walls and roof and selecting a premium glass.
The next step is to select efficient equipment’s to meet the demand.
Efficient equipment’s may include air conditioning equipment, fans,
lighting, pumps, motors, etc. The next step is to monitor and control
the operation of the equipment's efficiently. Installation of a BMS
system should do this job. This is addressed in the credit energy
metering and management. And finally, renewable energy sources
can be considered to reduce the dependence of fossil fuel.
Renewable energy sources are comparatively expensive. Projects
should consider reducing the demand first and then consider

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renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources are addressed
in the credits on site and off site renewable energy systems.

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Now, let us discuss the strategies with little more depth when it
comes to orientation, the building has to be oriented in such a way
that the maximum exposure is in north/south direction and
minimum exposure in East /West direction. The reason is that
north/south direction will have diffused radiation whereas, east and
west directions will have direct radiation. Direct radiation will result
in glare and it is not pleasant

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Next comes the building envelope, building envelope separates
interior and exterior spaces of the building. In other terms, it
separates conditioned and non-conditioned area of the building the
components of building envelope broadly classified into two groups
1.opaque and 2.fenestration. Opaque components as the name
implies, does not transfer light. External walls, roof and the ground
slab are considered to be opaque components of the building
envelope. fenestration include transparent components of the
building, otherwise components which transfers light into the
building include windows, skylight, curtain, glass, curtain walls, etc.

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Opaque components as the name implies, does not transfer light.
External walls, roof and the ground slab are considered to be
opaque components of the building envelope. fenestration include
transparent components of the building, otherwise components
which transfers light into the building include windows, skylight,
curtain, glass, curtain walls, etc.
There are two performance metrics to be taken care to improve the
energy performance of the project, 1.U value and 2.solar heat gain
coefficient, abbreviated as SHGC.

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Then comes solar reflectance of the surface. Solar reflectance is the
ratio between solar radiation reflected from the surface and the
incident solar radiation. For hot climates, the solar reflectance
should be more to reduce the heat gain. For cold climates, the solar
reflectance should be less to increase the heat gain to absorb the
solar radiation. For cold climates, the solar reflectance should be
less to absorb the solar radiation.

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Fenestration include transparent components of the building,
otherwise components which transfers light into the building
include windows, skylight, curtain, glass, curtain walls, etc. There are
two performance metrics to improve energy performance 1.U-value
2.SHGC(Solar Heat Gain Coefficient)

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U value should be lesser for both hot and cold climates to minimize
the heat gain or heat loss into the building. Solar heat gain
coefficient is a very important performance metrics for glazing solar
heat gain coefficient is the fraction of solar radiation admitted to the
fenestration to the incident radiation. Solar heat gain coefficient
should be less for hot climates to minimize the heat gain into the
building and it should be more for colder climates to increase the
heat gain into the building. solar heat gain coefficient can be
reduced by providing shading devices like overhangs, fins, blinds,
curtains etc. solar heat gain coefficient for the selected materials
should be better than the prescribed values in ASHRAE 2010 or
Energy Conservation Building Code.

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ECBC provides performance requirements for building envelope,
lighting systems, mechanical systems and equipment’s, HVAC
system, water heating systems and pumping systems. The
requirements for building envelop based on climatic zones. ECBC
divides India into five climatic zones, namely 1.hot and dry 2.warm
and humid. 3. Composite 4.temperate and 5.cold.

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Before going to the details of the equipment’s, it will be helpful to
understand three things 1.Energy modelling or energy simulation
2.Bureau of energy efficiency, energy labelling program and 3.
Compliance approach for the mandatory requirement and credit.

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All the energy conservation strategies we have discussed so far has
to be validated as there is a cost involved, we need to understand
the cost plus benefit. This can be done by energy modelling or
energy simulation. Both means the same energy modelling or
energy simulation .energy modelling or energy simulation is a
computer simulation that helps project team to model the project
and simulate various scenarios. For example, the project team can
simulate various window to wall ratios say 20% 25% 30% and 40%
and so on. So, that they can find out how the window to wall ratio
impacts the energy costs of the building and they can take informed
decision. There are various energy modelling tools available on the
market. For example, eQUEST, TRACE 700, HAP, Design builder

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Bureau of energy efficiency Ministry of power government of India
provides energy labelling certificate to help consumers choose
energy efficient equipment. The rating is given in stars. One star
means the least efficient equipment and five star means the most
efficient equipment. Bureau of energy efficiency star rating covers
many equipment’s such as refrigerators, air conditioners, lighting
fixtures, transformers, motors, fans, etc.

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Let us go back. Let us go back to the performance metrics of
equipment’s, air conditioning and heating equipment’s are assessed.
The performance of air conditioning and heating equipment’s are
measured with COP. COP is the ratio between desired output it may
be cooling output or heating output divided by the power input.
Higher the COP better the energy performance.

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The performance of lighting systems are measured with LPD. LPD
stands for lighting power density, it is the ratio between electrical
power inputs and area of an area of the illumination. LPD is the ratio
between electrical power input and area illuminated.

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There are two standards specified in the credit ASHRAE 90.1 2010
and Energy Conservation Building Code ASHRAE 90.1 is published by
American Society for Heating, Refrigeration and Air conditioning
Engineers .Energy Conservation Building Code(ECBC) established by
Bureau of Energy Efficiency Ministry of power government of India
to regulate energy performance of buildings in India. ECBC is
intended to be mandatory for buildings having connected load of
100 kilowatt that is 120 kV or more.

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There are two compliance approaches to comply with the monetary
requirement and earn the credit 1.prescriptive approach and
2.performance based approach or whole building energy simulation.
In prescriptive approach projects need to comply with the
performance requirements as stipulated in energy conservation
building code. Compliance of prescriptive approach a simple but
project can meet the mandatory requirement and earn only eight
points in prescriptive approach.

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In performance based projects need to perform energy simulation
and demonstrate that the proposed design has performance better
than the base case. Base case energy simulation is done as
stipulated in ASHRAE 2010 or energy conservation building code.
Proposed case simulation is done as per the actual design and
performance of the coupons installed in the project.

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Points are awarded based on percentage of cost reduction in
performance case compared to the base case. Products can earn 15
points plus exemplary performance in performance based approach.
Projects can meet the mandatory requirement and yearn 15 points
plus exemplary performance in performance based approach.

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We will discuss credit-3 onsite renewable energy and credit-4 offsite
renewable energy together as they both are associated with
renewable energy.

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First, we need to understand what is considered as renewable
energy for the credit? Renewable energy should be in compliance
with MNRE that is Ministry of New and Renewable Energy sources,
Government of India and respective state Governments regulatory
commission. Renewable energy sources include solar photovoltaic
system that is solar PV system, solar thermal system, wind energy,
tidal energy, biomass, and geothermal power generation and low
impact hydro plants.

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Remember, conventional hydro plants are not considered to be
renewable energy sources conventional hydro plant have significant
negative impact on the environment because of construction of
reservoirs or dams. On the other hand, low impact hydro plants are
smaller in size that is less than 25 kilowatt and does not require
construction of reservoir or dams. When it comes to solar thermal
system as a source of hot water, it cannot be used as direct power
generation source for the credit instead, energy savings associated
with the use of solar thermal systems can be considered for the
credit.

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So, which energy sources are not considered to be renewable, all
fossil based energy sources are not considered to be renewable like
coal, oil, methane, natural gas are not considered to be renewable.
Nuclear power is not considered to be renewable. Conventional
hydro plants are not considered to be renewable. Energy from
incineration of municipal waste is not considered to be a renewable
energy source. Passive strategies like natural ventilation night
venting, geothermal heat pump can help improve the energy
performance of the building, but they are not considered to be
sources of renewable energy.

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The intent or objective of the credits is to encourage on-site and off-
site renewable technologies to minimize environmental impacts
associated with the use of fossil based energy sources.

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There are two credits associated with renewable energy onsite and
offsite renewable energy. Offsite renewable energy is also called as
green power. Compliance requirement for onsite renewable energy
is straightforward project should install renewable energy systems
within the site. There are two approaches for offsite renewable
energy or green power. 1.Invest in renewable energy sources
2.Purchase renewable energy certificates.

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Points are awarded based on percentage contribution of renewable
energy to the total annual energy consumption.
Both offsite renewable energy purchase and certificate should be
contracted for at least two years.

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Let us understand the term Renewable Energy Certificate. When a
renewable energy plant is generating one megawatt hour of
electricity, we get two outputs as products.
1. one megawatt of electricity, which is supplied to the grid, at the
price agreed with a utility agency like electricity board.
2. We get one renewable energy certificate for one megawatt hour,
which reflects the environmental benefit associated with the
generation of renewable energy.

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So, when you purchase renewable energy certificate, you're actually
purchasing the environmental benefit associated with generation of
renewable energy and not the electricity itself. So, one renewable
energy certificate is equal to environmental benefit of one
megawatt hour of renewable energy production.

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To give an example of how renewable energy certificates works, let
us consider a windmill in Kanyakumari and a customer in Delhi who
wants to support renewable energy. The windmill generates power
and sell it to the local grid that is Tamilnadu electricity board at a
price agreed with Tamilnadu electricity board. It can also sell the
environmental benefit of the renewable energy produced to the
customer in Delhi who wants to support the cause of renewable
energy.

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We will discuss mandatory requirement - 1 Ozone depleting
substances and credit-1 Eco-friendly refrigerants together, as they
both are associated with refrigerant management.

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Before getting into the details of the mandatory requirement and
credit, we need to understand what is the refrigerant? What is the
halon? And what are the environmental impacts associated with
refrigerants and halon? Refrigerants are chemicals or mixtures of
chemicals used in refrigeration and air conditioning equipment to
produce or to achieve temperatures lesser than the surroundings.
Even though refrigerants are used in closed loops, a small amount of
refrigerants will leak during operations and maintenance and it will
cause an environmental impacts such as global warming and ozone
depletion. Halons or carbonated halogens used in fire extinguishers.
Chlorine and Bromine present in halons cause ozone depletion.

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Natural refrigerant:
The first group of refrigerants are natural refrigerants. Natural
refrigerants include air, water, co2, ammonia and hydrocarbons.
Natural refrigerants are environmentally very good, but they have
some disadvantages like air, water and co2 have poor refrigerant
properties compared to conventional refrigerants. Ammonia is toxic
and inflammable. Hydrocarbon is an explosive like propane, butane
or LPG. Propane, Butane and LPG are excellent refrigerants, but they
are also very good fuel and explosive in nature. Hence, they have
safety implications. Because of these disadvantages, natural
refrigerants are not commercially used. Natural refrigerants are no
more used in conventional commercial refrigeration and air
conditioning systems.
Chloro Fluro Carbon:
The next group of refrigerants is chloro fluoro carbons R-11 and R-12
are examples of CFC. CFCs are excellent regions, but they have very
high ozone depleting potential because of the presence of chlorine.

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Hence, Montreal protocol has phased out CFCs from 2010. So, CFCs
are no more used in the industry.
Hydro Chloro Fluro Carbons:
The next group of refrigerants are hydro chlorofluorocarbons. In
CFCs, we know that chlorine is the culprit, which breaks ozone
molecules. Hence, in hydro chlorofluorocarbons, chlorine is
substituted by hydrogen to reduce the ozone depleting potential.
Some examples of hydro chlorofluorocarbons include R-22, R-123
etc.
R-22 is used in small air conditioning equipment’s like window air
conditioners and split air conditioners. Even though chlorine is
diluted in hydro chlorofluorocarbons, still it has chlorine and hence
it has an ozone depleting potential. So, Montreal protocol has
decided to phase out hydro chlorofluorocarbons by 2030. Many
countries have already stopped production of air conditioning
equipment’s using hydro chlorofluorocarbons that is R-22. If you are
consulting a project, advise your clients not to go for equipment’s
with R-22 as they will be, as they will be no longer available in few
years.
Hydro Fluro Carbons:
The next group of refrigerants are hydro fluorocarbons. Chlorine is
completely eliminated in hydro fluorocarbons. Hence, they have no
ozone depleting potential, but still they have global warming
potential. Some examples of hydrofluorocarbons include R-134, R-
407, R-410, etc. Most refrigeration and air conditioning equipment
at present or using hydrofluorocarbons as Refrigerants.
Summary:
To summarize natural refrigerants are environmentally very good,
but because of the disadvantages they are not being commercially
used. There are a lot of research going on to use hydrocarbons as
refrigerant taking care of th e safety implications .
Chlorofluorocarbons are phased out since 2010 by Montreal
protocol. Hydro chlorofluorocarbons are scheduled to be phased out

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by 2030. Hydrofluorocarbons are widely used in the market at
present.

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So, what is the best thing to do in relation to refrigerant
management in our projects? The first thing to do is consider using
passive strategies like natural ventilation, night venting etc. Then try
to reduce the demand of cooling equipment’s by strong building
envelope. By this way you can eliminate or reduce the amount of
refrigerants used in the project. The next strategy is to look for
opportunities to use natural refrigerants. If it is not possible to use
natural refrigerants go for hydro fluorocarbons .Chlorofluorocarbons
and hydro chlorofluorocarbons should not be used in the project.

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Ozone is a gas in the stratosphere with three oxygen atoms, oxygen
molecules with two oxygen atoms or stable whereas, ozone with
three oxygen atoms are highly unstable. It requires a lot of energy to
be stable and remain as ozone. This energy is taken from ultraviolet
radiation from the sun. Since the UV radiation is utilized by the
ozone to be stable only less radiation is reaching our planet, thus
saving our planet from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Ozone
depletion is caused by chemicals like chlorine and bromine. Chlorine
and bromine breaks the ozone into oxygen. Chlorine is released
from chlorofluorocarbons that is CFC, chlorine and bromine is
released from halons. The impact caused by the impact caused by a
chemical on ozone is measured by ozone depleting potential. That is
ODP. Ozone depletion is an immediate danger hence it has to be
addressed immediately. Ozone depletion is regulated by an
international protocol called as Montreal protocol.

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Global warming is the result of greenhouse effect. Earth is
surrounded by a group of greenhouse gases which trap and retain a
part of solar radiation. This is called greenhouse effect. In fact,
greenhouse effect is required to some extent to keep the earth at a
comfortable temperature. If there is no greenhouse gases, it will be
very cold for us to survive. If you have noticed the temperature
when you are in flight, it will be subzero temperature. But what is
happening now is because of the human activities, we are emitting a
lot of greenhouse. So, the greenhouse gases are trapping more heat
than required. This results in gradual increase of the atmospheric
temperature. This phenomenon is called as global warming. Global
warming results in further effects such as unusual floods, climate
change, etc. The impact of a substance to global warming is
measured by Global Warming Potential (GWP). Global warming is a
slow process compared to ozone depletion . Ozone depletion is
considered to be an immediate danger. Global warming global
warming is regulated by an international protocol called as Kyoto

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protocol.

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To comply with the mandatory requirement, ozone depleting
substances, there are two requirements.
No CFCs should be used in refrigeration and air conditioning
equipment.
No Halons to be used in fire suppression system.
This can be easily complied as CFCs and Ozone depleting halons are
already phased out by Montreal protocol. To earn points in the
credit, eco-friendly refrigerants, we need to reduce both ozone
depletion and global warming associated with the use of
refrigerants.
The compliance requirement is the compliance requirement is the
sum of lifecycle ozone depleting potential (LCODP) * 105 lifecycle
global warming potential (LCGWP) should be less than or equal to
30.
LCGWP + LCODP x 105 ≤ 13
Look at 105 in the formula to achieve to comply with this credit
practically no ozone depleting substances should be used in the

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project .Even minor ozone depleting potential impact will lead to
noncompliance because of 105.
So practically no ozone depleting substances should be used in the
project. Further projects should select equipment’s operating at
lower pressure. Lower pressure means less energy consumed by
compressors and less leakage rate in the system. Select equipment’s
which can operate for longer life because at the end of the life of
the equipment, there are very good chances that the refrigerants
may be disposed into the atmosphere.

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We will discuss mandatory requirement - 3 commissioning plan for
building equipment and systems and credit - 5 commissioning and
post installation of equipment’s and systems together as they both
are associated with commissioning.

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First, let us understand what is commissioning? Generally, when
asked this question, the common answer I get is commissioning is
putting an equipment into operation for first time and testing its
performance. But this is not correct, this is performance testing and
not commissioning, often, performance testing and commissioning
are confused.
So, what is commissioning? Commissioning is a process used to
verify that the project's energy related systems are designed,
procured, installed, calibrated and perform as per the project
requirements. That is based on design and construction documents.
Proper commissioning results in improved operational performance,
reduces maintenance issues and contractor call-backs during
Operation

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The next question is who can be a commissioning authority?
Commissioning authority should have at least three years’
experience in building equipment’s and systems. Ideally,
commissioning authority is an independent third party, independent
third party means it does not have any design or construction role.
But if the project is very small that is less than 2000 square meter or
if it is a non-air conditioned building, owner or designer can be
commissioned authority. Contractor cannot be the commission
authority

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The intent or objective of the mandatory requirement and credit is
to verify and ensure the buildings energy related systems and
equipment’s are commissioned to achieve the performance, as it is
envisioned during the design stage.

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To comply with the mandatory requirement, a commissioning
authority should be appointed to ensure the building equipment’s
and systems are installed, tested and operated as per owner’s
project requirement or the base of design. To earn points in the
credit, the commissioning authority’s scope should go beyond
performance testing. It should be extended at least one year after
occupancy to ensure that the commissioned equipment’s and
systems perform efficiently as per the design and construction
documents.

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The next credit in energy efficiency categories energy metering and
management.

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Energy metering here refers to energy sub metering. Generally,
energy meters are provided by utility agencies to build for energy
consumption of the complete building. It is preferable to install sub
meters to measure energy consumption of major components of a
building like chillers, pumps, lighting systems, AHU, elevators, etc.
Remember, measurement is the first step for management.

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Management referred in energy metering and management can be
associated with building management system. Building
Management System is also called as Building Energy Management
System that is BEMS or Building Automation Control System that is
BACS or Building Automation System BAS all refers to building
management system. Building Management System is a computer
based control system to monitor and control systems and
equipment in the building.

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Building Management System is often connected to air conditioning
systems, lighting systems, renewable energy systems, transportation
systems, ventilation systems such as fresh air and co2 control, water
management systems, access control systems etc. BMS allows the
facilities management team to efficiently operate the system. For
example, BMS can be used to schedule the operation of lighting like
8am to 6pm. After that, it will automatically switch off. BMS can be
used to control the temperature setting of occupied and unoccupied
spaces. There are so many advantages of using BMS system in the
building.

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The intent or objective of the credit is to encourage sub metering
and continuous monitoring to identify improvement opportunities
in building energy performance.

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There are three requirements to score points in this credit.
1.Install submitters to measure at least five major energy consumers
of the building.
2.Install a BMS system.
3.Commit to share the energy consumption data including the
submitted data with IGBC.

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For energy metering, any five of the following sources and
consumers can be monitored for energy metering. Any five of the
following energy sources and consumers can be considered for
metering based on their consumption and price associated with the
consumption. Energy sources such as generators, renewable energy
systems, ups, etc. can be considered for metering consumers such as
interior and common area lighting, exterior lighting, pumps like
municipal water supply pumps, wastewater pumps, etc.
transportation systems such as lifts, elevators, escalators, etc. BTU
meters can be installed if chilled water is supplied to tenants. BTU is
an abbreviation of British Thermal Unit. BTU meters measure
cooling energy delivered through chilled water system.

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