SATELLITE
REMOTE
SENSING
BY—MUSKAAN SAHRAWAT
23/57067
1
TO MAKE YOU ALL
UNDERSTAND SATELLITE
REMOTE SENSING IN DETAIL,I
WILL BE DISCUSSING A NO.OF
TOPICS LIKE:
• 1.INTRODUCTION
• 2.PRINCIPLES
• 3.RESOLUTIONS
• 4.EMR INTERACTION WITH
ATMOSPHERE AND EARTH
FEATURES
• 5.MAJOR SATELLITES AND
SENSORS:LANDSAT,IRS,IKONOS,S
POT,MODIS,QUICKBIRD.
• 6.STAGES
S AT E L LI T E R E MO T E S E N S IN G : 2
INTRODUCTION:SATELLITE
REMOTE SENSING
• THE ART AND SCIENCE OF OBTAINING INFORMATION
ABOUT AN OBJECT OR FEATURE WITHOUT PHYSICALLY
COMING IN CONTRACT WITH THAT OBJECT OR FEATURE.
• --REMOTE SENSING CAN BE USED TO MEASURE :
• A] VARIATIONS IN ACOUSTIC WAVE DISTRIBUTION.
• B]VARIATIONS IN FORCE DISTRIBUTIONS .
• C]VARIATIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
ThePhoto by PhotoAuthor is licensed under CCYYSA.
DISTRIBUTIONS.
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REMOTE SENSING OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
*ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY OR
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(EMR) IS THE
ENERGY PROPAGATED IM THE FORM OF AN
ADAVANCING INTERACTION BETWEEN
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS.IT TRAVELS
WITH THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT IN THE FORM OF
VISIBLE
LIGHT,ULTRAVIOLETRAYS,INFARED,HEAT,RADI
O WAVES AND X-RAYS.
*VARIATIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
CSAN BE MEASURED USING PHOTOGRAPHIC OR
NON-PHOTOGRAPHUC SENSORS.
*REMOTE SENSING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENERGY IS USED FOR EARTH OBSERVATION.
THE PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING INVOLVE
PRINCIPLES OF GATHERING OF INFORMATION ABOUT OBJECTS OR AREAS
FROM A DISTANCE,TYPICALLY USING SENSORS MOUNTED
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REMOTE ON SATELLITES OR AIRCRAFTS.THE KEY PRINCIPLES
INCLUDE:
SENSING: 1.ENERGY SOURCE OR ILLUMINATION: THE PROCESS
BEGINS W ITH AN ENERGY SOURCE (USUALLY THE SUN)
THAT PROVIDES ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION TO THE
OBJECT BEING OBSERVED.
2.INTERACTION WITH THE ATMOSPHERE :AS ENERGY
TRAVELS FROM THE SOURCE TO THE ESRTH'S SURFACE
AND BACK TO THE SENSOR,IT INTERACTS W ITH THE
ATMOSPHERE,WHICH CAN SACTTER,ABSORB,OR
TRANSMIT THIS ENERGY.
3.INTERACTION WITH THE TARGET:WHEN THE ENERGY
REACHES THE EARTH,IT INTERACTS WITH THE SURFACE
FEATURES.DIFFERENT MATERIALS REFLECTS,ABSORB AND
TRANSMIT THE ENERGY IN VARIOUS WAYS DEPENDING ON
THEIR PROPERTIE S.
4.RECORDING OF ENERGY BY SENSOR:THE REFLECTED OR
EMITTED ENERGY FROM THE TARGET IS CAPTURED BY
SENSORS(CAMERAS,SCANNERS,OR RADARS)ON SATELLITES
OR AIRCRAFTS
5 .TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION:THE SENSOR TRANSMITS THE RECORDED DATA
TO RECEIVING STATIONS ON THE EARTH FOR FUTURE PROCESSING.
6.DATA PROCESSING:THE RAW DATA RECEIVED IS PROCESSED TO CORRECT FOR
ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS,GEOMETRIC DISTORTIONS AND OTHER NOISE.IT IS THEN
TRANSFORMED INTO MEANINGFUL INFORMATION LIKE MAPS,IMAGES,OR
DATASETS.
7.INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS:THE PROCESSED DATA IS INTERPRETED AND
ANALYZED TO EXTRACT USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT THE TARGET AREA,SUCH AS
LAND USE,VEGETATION HEALTH,WATER BODIES,OR URBAN DEVELOPMENT.
8.APPLICATIONS: REMOTE SENSING IS WIDELY USED IN FIELDS SUCH AS
ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING,AGRICULTURE,FORESTRY.GEOLOGY,OCEANOGRAPHY,AND URBAN
PLANNING.
SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING RESOLUTIONS
REFER TO THE DIFFERENT WAYS DATA IS 7
CAPTURED,EACH AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF
DETAIL:
RESOLUTIONS OF
✓ SPATIAL RESOLUTION:THE SIZE OF THE
REMOTE SENSING SMALLEST OBJECT THAT CAN BE DETECHED
(E.G.10METRES,30 METRES)
✓ SPECTRAL RESOLUTION:THE ABILITY TO
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DIFFERENT
WAVELENGTHS OR BANDS OF THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM.
✓ TEMPORAL RESOLUTION:THE FREQUENCY AT
WHICH A SATELLITE REVISITS AND
CAPTURES DATA FROM THE SAME LOCATION.
✓ RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION:THE SENSITIVITY
OF ASENSOR TO DETECT SMALL DIFFERENCES
IN ENERGY INTENSITY (BRIGHTNESS LEVELS).
EMR INTERACTION WITHATMOSPHERE 8
AND EARTH'S SURFACE FEATURES:
WHEN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS{EMR} INTERACTS WITH THE
ATMOSPHERE AND EARTH SURFACE,IT UNDERGOES SEVERAL PROCESSES :
✓ABSORPTION:
[ATMOSPHERE]: CERTAIN GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE LIKE WATER VAPOR,CARBON DIOXIDE,AND
OZONE,ABSORB SPECIFIC WAVELENGTHS OF EMR .FOR EG.OZONE ABSORBS UV RADIATION,PROTECTING
LIVING ORGANISMS FROM HARMFUL EFFECTS.
[EARTH'S SURFACE]:DIFFERENT SURFACES(E.G.WATER,SOIL,VEGETATION)ABSORB EMR
DIFFERENTLY.DARKSURFACES GENERALLY ABSORB MORE RADIATIONS THAN THE LIGHTER SURFACES.
✓ REFLECTION:
[ATMOSPHERE]:CLOUDS AND AEROSOLS CAN REFLECT EMR,AFFECTING THE AMOUNT OF SOLAR ENERGY
THAT REACHES THE EARTH'S SURFACE. THE REFLECTION CAN INFLUENCE TEMPERATURE AND WEATHER.
[EATH'S SURFACE]:SURFACES LIKE ICE AND SNOW REFLECT A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT (HIGH
ALBEDO),WHICH CAN HELP REGULATE LOCAL AND GLOBAL TEMPERATURES.
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P R E S E N TA T I O N T I T L E 10
MAJOR
SATELLITE
AND SENSORS
✓ LANDSAT
✓ IRS
✓ IKONOS
✓ SPOT
✓ QUICKBIRD
1.] IT REFERS TO A SERIES OF EARTH-OBSERVING SATELLITE MISSIONS
LANDSAT JOINTLY MANAGED BY NASA AND THE U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY [USGS].
2.] THE PRIMARY GOAL OF THE LANDSAT PROGRAM IS TO MONIT OR AND
COLLECT DATA ABOUT EARTH'S SURFACE,PROVIDING IMAGES THAT
SHOW CHANGES IN THE FORESTS,URBAN AREAS,AGRICULTURE,AND
BODIES OF WATER OVER TIME.
----KEY POINTS ABOUT LANDSAT:
✓ STARTED IN 1972,MAKING IT ONE OF THE LONGEST -RUNNING
PROGRAM OF ITS KIND.
✓ PROVIDES A MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES (CAPTURING DATA IN VARIOUS
WAVELENGTHS)THAT HELP SCIENTISTS STUDY ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGES,LAND USE,AND NATURAL DISASTERS.
✓ THE DATA IS FREE AND PUBLICLY AVAILABLE,OFTEN USED FOR
AGRICULTURE,FORESTRY,GEOLOGY,MAPPING AND ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING.
✓ LATEST SATELLITES INCLUDES LANDSAT8 AND LANSAT9,LAUNCHED IN
2013 AND 2021,RESPECTIVELY.THESE SATELLITES HAVE ENHANCED
SENSORS AND HIGHER-QUALITY IMAGERY.
IRS
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(INDIAN REMOTE
1) THESE SATELLITES A RE A PART OF SERIES DEVELOPED AND OPERA TED
BY (ISRO).
SENSING SATELLITE)
2) THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF ISRO SATELLITES IS TO COLLECT HIGH
RESOLUTION IMAGERY AND DA TA OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE FOR
VARIOUS APPLICATIONS SUCH AS AGRICULTURE,DISASTER
MANAGEMENT,FORESTRY,AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING.
KEY FEATURES OF IRS SATELLITES:
1) LAUNCHED SINCE 1988:THE FIRST IRS SATELLITE,IRS -1A,WAS LAUNCHED
IN 1988.THE PROGRAM HAS EVOLVED WITH THE NEWER AND MORE
ADVANCED SATELLITES BEING LAUNCHED OVER THE YEARS.
2) MULTISPECTRAL AND PANCHROMATIC IMAGING:IRS SATELLITES
CAPTURE DATA IN VARIOUS SPECTRAL BANDS,INCLUDING VISIBLE,NEAR -
INFRARED,AND SHORTWAVE INFRARED,ENABLING DETAILED ANALYSIS
OF LAND COVER,VEGETATION, WATER BODIES,AND MORE.
3) APPLICATIONS:A]AGRICULTURE
B]FORESTRY
C]URBAN PLANNING
D]DISASTER MANAGEMENT
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IKONOS:
✓ IKONOS WAS A HIG H RESOLUTION EAR TH IMAGING SATELLITE
LAUNCHED BY SPAC E IMAG ING INC .IN 1999.
✓ IT WAS ONE OF THE FIRST C OMME RCIAL SATE LLITES TO PR OVID E
HIG H RESOLUTIO N IMAGERY TO NON-GO VE RNME NT
USERS,MARKING A SIG NIFIC ANT AD VANCE ME NT IN THE
AVAILABILITY OF THE C OMME RCIAL APPLICATIO NS.
KEY FEATURES OF IKONOS:
✓ HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGERY: IKON OS WAS CAPABLE OF
CAPTURING IMAG ERY WITH A RESOLUTION OF 0.82 METRES IN
PAN CH ROMATIC MODE(BLACK AND W HITE) AND 3.2 METRES IN
MULTISPECTRAL MOD E(COL OR),AL LOW ING D ETAIL ED
OBSERVATION OF L AN D FEATURES,URBAN AREAS,AND
INFRASTRUCTURE.
✓ COMMERCIAL EARTH OBSERVER : IKON OS WAS AMONG
THE EARLIES T SATELL ITES TO OFFER HIG H RESOL UTI ON IM AG ES
FOR COMMERCIAL USE.ITS D ATA W AS USED B Y IN DUSTRIES SUCH
AS MAPPING ,U RB AN PLAN NING ,AGRICULTURE,AND
EN VIRONMENTAL MONITORIN G.
SPOT
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➢ SPOT(SATELLITE POUR I OBSERVATION DE LA TERRE)IS
A SERIES OF EARTH OBSERVING SATELLITES OPERATED
BY AIRBUS DEFENCE AND SPACE.
➢ THESE SATELLITES HAVE BEEN PROVIDING HIGH
RESOLUTION IMAGERY OF EARTH'S SURFACE SINCE
1986,PRIMARILY FOR APPLICATIONS LIKE
CARTOGRAPHY,LAND USE PLANNING,AGRICULTURAL
MONITORING,AND ENVIORONMENTAL OBSERVATIONS.
KEY FEATURES OF SPOT SATELLITES:
➢ LAUNCH HISTORY:THE FIRST SPOT SATELLITE WAS
LAUNCHED IN 1986,AND THE MOST RECENT SATELLITE IN
THE SERIES,SPOT7, WAS LAUNCHED IN 2014.THE SPOT
SERIES HAS CONTRIBUTED SIGNIFICANTLY TO EARTH
OBSERVATION OVER THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES.
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STAGES OF THE STAGE S OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING INVOLVE A SYSTEMATIC
PROCESS THAT TRANSFORMS THE INTERACTION OF T HE
SATELLITE REMOTE ELECTROMAGNETIC R AD IATION WITH E AR TH'S SUR FACE INTO VALUABLE
DATA FOR ANALYSIS.STAGES INCLUDE :
SENSING ✓ ENERG Y SOURC E:THE PR IMARY ENERGY SOURCE FOR SATELLITE
RE MO TE SENSING IS USUALLY THE SUN(PASSIVE R EMOTE
SENSING ), WHIC H EMITS EMR THAT INTE RACTS WITH THE EARTH'S
SURFACE. IN THE AC TIVE REMOTE SENSING ,THE SATE LLIT E ITSE LF
EMITS ENE RGY,LIK E R AD AR OR LIDAR, AND ME ASURES T HE RE TUR N
SIG NAL.
✓ RADIATION AND THE ATMOSPHER E:AS THE E NER GY TRAVELS FROM
THE SUN TO E AR TH,IT P[ASSES T HR OUGH THE ATMOSPHERE ,WHERE
IT MAY BE SCATTER ED,ABSOR BED,O R TR ANSMITTED .THE
ATMOSPHE RE AFFE CTS HOW MUC H ENE RGY RE AC HES THE EARTH'S
SURFACE AND HO W MUC H IS REFLEC TED OR EMITTED BACK TO THE
SATELLITE.
✓ INTER AC TION W ITH THE EARTH'S SURFACE:WHEN THE RADIATION
RE AC HES THE E AR YH'S SURFACE ,IT INTER AC TS WITB THE O BJECTS
IN VARIOUS WAYS.T HE SUR FACEW MAY ABSORB, REFLECT ,OR ON THE
MATERIAL PR OPERTIES.DIFFER ENT SUR FAC ES HAVE UNIQUE SPEC IAL
CHARAC TERISTIC S,WHIC H ALLOWS THE SATELLITE T O DISTINGUISH
BETWE EN THEM.
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➢ R EFLE C TION OF ENE RG Y :THE E NE RG Y R E FLECTE D BY THE E AR TH'S SUR FACE IS CAPT URE D BY SATE LLIT E
SE NS OR S.T HE INT ENSITY AND WAVE LE NGT H O F THE E NER GY RE CO RD E D DE PEND UPO N T HE PR OPE RT IE S OF THE
SUR FAC E AND THE T YPE OF SE NSOR .
SE NS ING B Y SAT ELLITE SE NSOR : SATE LLIT ES AR E EQ UIP ED W IT H V ARIO US T YP ES OF SE NSOR S T HAT C APTUR E THE
ENE ER GY RE FLE C TED OR E MIT TE D FR OM THE E AR TH'S SUR FAC E. THIS DA TA IS C OLLE CT ED IN THE FO RM O F R AW
IMAG ES OR SP EC TR AL D ATA. D EPE NDING ON THE SE NSOR ,IT MAY CAP TURE DAT A AC R OSS DIFF ER ENT SPE C TR AL
BAND S(VISIBLE,INFR ARE D,MICR OW AVE ,E TC)
TR ANSMISSION AND RE CE PTIO N;YTHE S ATELLIT E SEND S YHE CAPT URE D DAT A T O THE G R OUND RE CEIVING
STA TIONS THR OUG H R AD IO S IG NALS.T HE D ATA IS T HEN S TOR ED ,PRO CESSE D,AND THE N PR EP ARE D FPO R
ANALYSIS.T RANSMISSIO N IS CR UCIAL FO R CONVE RTING R AW SATE LLITE SE NS OR D STS INT O A USE ABLE FO RMAT .
D ATA PRO CESSING : THE TR AW D ATA RE C EIVE D FR OM THE SAT ELLITE UND ER GO ES VAR IOUS PR OC ESSING ST EPS TO
C OR RE C T DISTO RT IONS A ND T O IMPRO VE Q UALITY.T HE D ATA IS O FTE N CONVE RT ED INTO MAP S O R OT HRE R
FO RMS O F IMAG E RY.
D ATA INT ER PRE TAT IO N AND APP LICAT IO N:TH E PRO CE SSE D DAT A IS THE N INTE RPR E TED TO EX TR AXT USE FUL
INFOR MATIO N,SUCH AS ID ENTIF YING LAND COV ER T YP ES,MAPPING URB AN G RO WT HG,OR M ONITOR ING
VE GE TAT IO N.T HIS INFO RMAT ION IS APPLIED ACR OSS VAR IOUS FIE LDS LIKE AG RICULTUR E,ENVIR ONME NT AL
MO NIT OR ING ,UR BAN PLANNING ,AND D ISASTE R MANAGE ME NT .
