Biomolecules - Class 12 NCERT Notes
1. Carbohydrates:
- Classification:
- Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose).
- Disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, maltose).
- Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose).
- Structure of glucose and fructose.
- Glycosidic bond and examples of disaccharides.
2. Proteins:
- Amino acids: Structure, classification, and zwitterion formation.
- Peptide bond formation.
- Levels of protein structure: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
- Functions of proteins.
3. Enzymes:
- Definition and characteristics.
- Mechanism of enzyme action (lock and key model, induced fit model).
- Factors affecting enzyme activity (pH, temperature, substrate concentration).
4. Vitamins:
- Classification:
- Water-soluble vitamins: B-complex and C.
- Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K.
- Deficiency diseases associated with each vitamin.
5. Nucleic Acids:
- Types: DNA and RNA.
- Structure of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base).
- Differences between DNA and RNA.
- Functions of DNA (genetic material) and RNA (protein synthesis).
6. Lipids:
- Definition and types (fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids).
- Functions of lipids in the body.
- Saponification and iodine number.
7. Hormones:
- Classification: Steroid hormones, peptide hormones.
- Functions and examples of important hormones (e.g., insulin, thyroxine).
8. Polysaccharides:
- Structure and functions of starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
9. Tests for Biomolecules:
- Tests for carbohydrates (e.g., Fehling's test, Benedict's test).
- Tests for proteins (e.g., Biuret test, Xanthoproteic test).
Key Focus:
- Structures of glucose, sucrose, and cellulose.
- Mechanism of enzyme action.
- Functions and deficiency diseases of vitamins.
- DNA and RNA structure and functions.
