Acknowledgement

On this great occasion of successful completion of my assignment, I would like to express

my sincerest gratitude to my lecturer Ms. Rashmi who has guided and assisted me to
complete the assignment. Without her support I would not have finished the assignment
within time. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank my friends and family
members, without them this assignment could not have been completed in a short duration.

W. K. C. Madhushanka

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement.....................................................................................................................1

Table of figures..........................................................................................................................5

Task 01.......................................................................................................................................6

Introduction to protocols........................................................................................................6

Communication protocols......................................................................................................6

The importance of communication protocols........................................................................7

Different types of communication protocols.........................................................................7

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).....................................................................................7

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)...................................................................................8

User Datagram Protocol (UDP).............................................................................................9

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)..................................................................................................9

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)..............................................................................10

Definition of a Server...........................................................................................................11

How do servers work?.........................................................................................................11

Types of Servers..................................................................................................................12

Types of Servers Hardware..................................................................................................14

Server Hardware..................................................................................................................17

Client computer hardware....................................................................................................19

Differences between server hardware and client PC hardware...........................................21

Server hardware for Hospital Management System............................................................22

Server Operating System.....................................................................................................23

Linux Server.........................................................................................................................23

Unix Server..........................................................................................................................25

Windows Server...................................................................................................................27

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 Mac OS Server.....................................................................................................................28

Web Server...........................................................................................................................29

Dynamic and static web servers...........................................................................................29

Dynamic vs. static web servers............................................................................................30

Popular Web Servers available............................................................................................30

The Domain Name System..................................................................................................33

How DNS functions.............................................................................................................34

Importance of DNS..............................................................................................................35

Types of Domain Names.....................................................................................................36

How Generic Domain Names are organized.......................................................................38

How country code domain names are organized.................................................................39

How top-level domains are organized.................................................................................40

Task 02.....................................................................................................................................42

Front-end..............................................................................................................................42

Back-end..............................................................................................................................43

Technologies used in the project to develop front-end........................................................43

Technologies used in the project to develop back-end........................................................44

OSI Reference Model..........................................................................................................44

Presentation Layer...............................................................................................................46

Application Layer................................................................................................................47

The relationship of the Front-end with the presentation layer.............................................49

The relationship of the Back-end with the Application layer..............................................49

Online website creation tools...............................................................................................50

Online web creation tools names.........................................................................................51

Advantages of Online Website Creation Tools...................................................................52

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 Disadvantages of Online Website Creation Tools...............................................................52

Custom-built websites (Bespoke)........................................................................................53

Advantages of custom-built websites..................................................................................53

Disadvantages of bespoke websites.....................................................................................54

Difference between custom-built websites and online web creation tools..........................55

Task 03.....................................................................................................................................57

Introduction to the system....................................................................................................57

System Purpose....................................................................................................................59

Objectives of the system......................................................................................................60

Technologies used................................................................................................................61

Requirements.......................................................................................................................62

ERD......................................................................................................................................66

DFD......................................................................................................................................67

Use Case Diagram................................................................................................................68

Wireframes...........................................................................................................................69

Implementation of the system..............................................................................................75

Code Snippets......................................................................................................................80

Database Tables...................................................................................................................85

Activity 04...............................................................................................................................87

Test Plan...............................................................................................................................87

References................................................................................................................................96

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 Table of figures
Figure 1 Tower Server.............................................................................................................14
Figure 2 Rack Server...............................................................................................................15
Figure 3 Blade Servers.............................................................................................................15
Figure 4 Micro Servers............................................................................................................16
Figure 5 Mainframes................................................................................................................16
Figure 6 NAS...........................................................................................................................17
Figure 7 ERD for the database.................................................................................................66
Figure 8 DFD for the system...................................................................................................67
Figure 9 User Case Diagram....................................................................................................68
Figure 10 Index........................................................................................................................69
Figure 11 About.......................................................................................................................70
Figure 12 Contact.....................................................................................................................71
Figure 13 Login........................................................................................................................72
Figure 14 Patient......................................................................................................................73
Figure 15 Payment...................................................................................................................74
Figure 16 Interface 01.............................................................................................................75
Figure 17 Interface 02..............................................................................................................76
Figure 18 Contact Us...............................................................................................................76
Figure 19 Admin Dashboard....................................................................................................77
Figure 20 Staff Management...................................................................................................77
Figure 21 Room Management.................................................................................................78
Figure 22 Surgery Management...............................................................................................78
Figure 23 Patient Management................................................................................................79
Figure 24 Payment Management.............................................................................................79
Figure 25 Index.php.................................................................................................................80
Figure 26 About us.php............................................................................................................80
Figure 27 Contact Us.php........................................................................................................81
Figure 28 Login.php.................................................................................................................81
Figure 29 Admin.php...............................................................................................................82
Figure 30 Staff Management.php............................................................................................82
Figure 31 Room Manahement.php..........................................................................................83
Figure 32 Surgery Management.php........................................................................................83
Figure 33 Patient Management.php.........................................................................................84
Figure 34 payment.php............................................................................................................84
Figure 35 Database Structure...................................................................................................85
Figure 36 PHP Code 01...........................................................................................................85
Figure 37 PHP 02.....................................................................................................................86

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Task 01
1.1 Explain and differentiate the different web technologies such as communication
protocols, server hardware, operating systems and web server software with regards
to designing, publishing and accessing the Hospital Management System (HMS).

Introduction to protocols
Protocols are sets of rules and standards that define how data is transmitted and received
between devices in a network. They are essential for ensuring that different devices and
systems can communicate with each other efficiently and effectively. Protocols establish a
common language for devices to communicate, allowing them to exchange data in a
consistent and reliable way. There are many different types of protocols, each designed for
specific purposes and applications, such as web browsing, email, file sharing, and video
streaming. Standardized protocols ensure that devices from different manufacturers can
communicate with each other seamlessly, regardless of the underlying technology or
platform. Protocols are the backbone of modern computing and are essential for the smooth
operation of networked systems.

Communication protocols
Communication protocols are the rules and standards that govern the exchange of
information between two or more devices on a network. Communication, on the other hand,
refers to the act of exchanging information between two or more individuals or devices. In
the context of computer networks, communication protocols are essential for enabling
devices to communicate with each other. They define how data is transmitted, received, and
processed, ensuring that information is understood by both the sender and the receiver.
Without communication protocols, devices would not be able to communicate effectively,
leading to errors and inconsistencies in data transmission.

Effective communication between devices on a network depends on the use of standardized

communication protocols that are understood by all devices. This ensures that data can be

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transmitted and received reliably and efficiently, regardless of the underlying hardware or
software. The use of standardized protocols also enables interoperability between devices
from different manufacturers, which is critical for the smooth operation of modern
networks.

In summary, communication protocols are the foundation of modern computer networks,

enabling devices to communicate with each other effectively and efficiently. They ensure
that data is transmitted and received reliably, and they enable interoperability between
devices from different manufacturers.

The importance of communication protocols

Communication protocols are a set of rules that govern the transmission of data between
devices. These protocols ensure that devices can communicate with each other in a
standardized way, regardless of their underlying hardware or software. The importance of
communication protocols lies in the fact that they allow for seamless communication
between different devices and networks, enabling interoperability and facilitating the
exchange of data. Without communication protocols, devices would be unable to
communicate with each other in a reliable and efficient manner, leading to a breakdown in
communication and potentially causing errors, data loss, and security breaches (Elprocus,
2023).

Moreover, communication protocols provide a standardized framework for the development

of new technologies and applications, making it easier for developers to create new systems
that can work together with existing devices and networks. They also enable the integration
of different systems and services, allowing for the creation of more complex and
sophisticated applications (Elprocus, 2023).

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Different types of communication protocols
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a protocol that enables communication between web
servers and clients, such as web browsers. It is the foundation of the World Wide Web and
is used to transmit data over the internet. HTTP is a client-server protocol, which means
that it allows for the exchange of information between two entities: a client and a server.
The client sends a request to the server, and the server responds with the requested
information. This communication is facilitated through the use of messages, which are sent
back and forth between the client and the server (Cloudfare, 2023).

HTTP messages consist of two parts: a header and a body. The header contains information
about the message, such as the type of request or response, while the body contains the
actual data being transmitted. The most common types of HTTP requests are GET, POST,
PUT, and DELETE, which allow clients to retrieve, create, update, or delete data on a
server.
HTTP is a stateless protocol, which means that it does not retain information about previous
requests. This can lead to inefficiencies when multiple requests are made to the same
server, as each request must be processed independently. To address this issue, web
developers use cookies or other mechanisms to maintain state information (Cloudfare,
2023).
HTTP has evolved over time, with the latest version being HTTP/2.0, which offers
improved performance and security features. Additionally, HTTPS (HTTP Secure) is a
variant of HTTP that uses encryption to protect data in transit, making it more secure than
regular HTTP.
In summary, HTTP is a protocol that allows for the exchange of information between web
servers and clients. It is based on messages, which contain headers and bodies, and supports
different types of requests and responses. HTTP is a stateless protocol, but web developers
use cookies or other mechanisms to maintain state information (Cloudfare, 2023).

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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a transport layer protocol that provides reliable,
ordered, and error-checked delivery of data between applications running on different hosts.
TCP is one of the most commonly used protocols on the internet, and is a key component of
many applications, including web browsing, email, file transfer, and streaming media. TCP
uses a connection-oriented approach to data transmission, which means that a connection is
established between the sender and receiver before data is transmitted. This connection is
maintained until all the data has been transmitted and is closed after the transmission is
complete. TCP segments the data into packets, which are then sent over the internet in a
series of packets. Each packet is given a sequence number, and the receiver acknowledges
receipt of each packet. If a packet is lost or damaged in transit, the receiver sends a request
to the sender to retransmit the missing or damaged packet.

TCP also includes flow control and congestion control mechanisms, which help to ensure
that data is transmitted efficiently and without overwhelming the network. Flow control
regulates the rate at which data is transmitted, while congestion control regulates the
amount of data that can be sent over the network at any given time.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless transport layer protocol used for
transmitting datagrams over an IP network. It is a simple protocol that does not establish a
connection between the sender and receiver before transmitting data. Instead, it sends
datagrams directly to the destination address specified in the IP header. UDP is a faster and
more efficient protocol than TCP, which is connection-oriented and provides reliable data
transfer. However, UDP does not provide error checking, flow control, or congestion
control mechanisms like TCP does, which can result in the loss or corruption of data
packets during transmission.

UDP is often used in applications that require real-time data transfer, such as online
gaming, streaming video, and VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol). These applications
require fast data transfer, and they can tolerate some data loss or delay without affecting the
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user experience. One of the benefits of UDP is its simplicity, which makes it easier to
implement in networked systems. It also has a smaller overhead than TCP, which makes it
more efficient for transmitting small packets of data.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a protocol used for transferring files over a network. It is
one of the oldest and most widely used protocols for transferring files between computers.
FTP uses a client-server model, where a client initiates a connection to a server to transfer
files.
FTP allows users to transfer files of various types, including text, images, audio, and video
files. It supports both binary and ASCII file transfer modes. FTP also allows users to create,
delete, rename, and move files and directories on the server. FTP operates over two
channels: the command channel and the data channel. The command channel is used for
transmitting control information between the client and the server, such as user
authentication and file transfer commands. The data channel is used for transferring files
between the client and the server. FTP has some security vulnerabilities, such as the
transmission of passwords in plaintext, which can be intercepted by malicious actors. To
address these issues, Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) and FTPS (FTP over SSL) were
developed, which add encryption and authentication to the FTP protocol.

In summary, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a protocol used for transferring files between
computers over a network. It supports various file types and allows users to perform file
operations on the server. FTP has security vulnerabilities that are addressed by more secure
protocols such as SFTP and FTPS.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a protocol used for sending and receiving email
over the internet. It is the standard protocol for sending email messages between servers and
is responsible for the delivery of email from the sender's email client to the recipient's email
server. SMTP uses a client-server model, where the client sends email messages to the
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server, which then delivers the message to the recipient's email server. SMTP also includes
a set of rules and guidelines for email formatting, which ensures that email messages are
properly formatted and can be read by any email client.

SMTP uses a set of commands to transfer email messages between servers. These
commands include:

HELO/EHLO: Used to initiate a connection between the client and server.

MAIL FROM: Specifies the email address of the sender.
RCPT TO: Specifies the email address of the recipient.
DATA: Used to transmit the email message body.
QUIT: Terminates the connection between the client and server.

SMTP also includes a set of error codes and responses to indicate whether an email message
was successfully delivered or encountered an error during transmission. SMTP is often used
in conjunction with other protocols, such as POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) and
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), which are used for retrieving email messages
from a server.

Definition of a Server
A server is a computer program or a device that provides services or resources to other
computers, devices, or clients on a network. It typically refers to a computer system that is
dedicated to managing and storing data, managing network connections, or providing
access to software applications or services. A server can provide various types of services,
such as file sharing, web hosting, email hosting, database management, and network
management. Servers can be physical devices or virtual machines running on a host system.

Servers are designed to handle a large number of requests and provide efficient and reliable
performance to clients on the network. They typically have more processing power,
memory, and storage capacity than client computers and are optimized for high availability
and uptime.
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In client-server architectures, client devices such as laptops, desktops, smartphones, or
tablets send requests to the server for data or services, which the server provides in
response. Servers can be managed by system administrators, who are responsible for
ensuring their security, performance, and availability.

How do servers work?

Client-server models are used to implement server services that operate through computer
networks. This notion allows users to distribute jobs among several computers and access
them all at the same time. Every network service necessitates the presence of a server
(software) that is always ready. This is the only method to assure that clients, such as web
browsers or e-mail applications, may always reach the server and use its services when
needed.

Types of Servers
Web Server
A web server's principal function is to store, process, and transmit websites to clients such
as web browsers and search engine crawlers. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or
its encrypted counterpart, HTTPS, is used for communication between the server (software)
and the clients. HTML documents and the contents included inside them, such as photos,
style sheets, or scripts, are transported in this manner. The Apache HTTP server, Microsoft
Internet Information Services (IIS), and Nginx are all popular web servers (IONOS, 2023).

File Server
File servers manage the central storage of data that is available to a variety of clients over a
network. Companies rely on this file management to allow access to the same file to
numerous workgroups. File servers defend against difficulties caused by different local file
versions by providing automated file versioning and centralized backup of all company
data. Transmission methods such as FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SFTP (Secure File
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Transfer Protocol), FTPS (FTP over SSL), or SCP (Secure Copy) are used when accessing
the file server through the internet. SMB (Server Message Block) and NFS (Network File
System) protocols are used in local computer networks (LAN) (IONOS, 2023).

Mail Server
A mail server is made up of various software modules that work together to send, receive,
forward, and recover emails. This is commonly handled by the Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP). To access a mail server, users must use an e-mail client to gather
messages from the server and deliver them to their inbox. IMAP (Internet Message Access
Protocol) or POP (Post Office Protocol) are used for this (IONOS, 2023).

Database Server
A database server is a type of server that is dedicated to managing and storing databases. It
is specifically designed to handle the high demands of database applications and provides
access to data for clients and other servers over a network. The database server can be a
physical or virtual machine, and it runs software that enables it to store, manage, and
retrieve data efficiently. This software is known as a database management system
(DBMS), and it provides a variety of functions, including data storage, retrieval, indexing,
querying, and backup and recovery (IONOS, 2023).

DNS Server
A DNS server, or Domain Name System server, is a type of server that translates domain
names into IP addresses. DNS is essentially the phone book of the internet, where domain
names are mapped to their corresponding IP addresses (IONOS, 2023).

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When a user types a domain name into their web browser, the browser sends a request to
the DNS server to look up the IP address associated with that domain name. The DNS
server then returns the IP address to the browser, allowing it to establish a connection to the
server hosting the website or service associated with that domain name. DNS servers can be
configured in a variety of ways, including as authoritative servers, caching servers, and
recursive servers. Authoritative servers are responsible for providing the actual IP addresses
associated with domain names. Caching servers, on the other hand, store frequently
accessed IP addresses to speed up the lookup process. Recursive servers combine the
functions of authoritative and caching servers, providing a full range of DNS services.
DNS servers can be run on a variety of hardware platforms, including dedicated servers,
virtual machines, and cloud-based platforms. Some popular DNS server software options
include BIND, PowerDNS, and Unbound (IONOS, 2023).

DNS servers are a critical component of the internet infrastructure, enabling users to access
websites and services using domain names instead of IP addresses. They are used by
individuals, businesses, and organizations of all sizes and are essential for the proper
functioning of the internet (IONOS, 2023).

Types of Servers Hardware

Tower Servers
These servers are designed to be used as standalone units and are typically used in small
offices or businesses. They come in a variety of sizes and can be configured with a range of
hardware components, including processors, memory, storage, and networking interfaces
(Types.blog, 2022).

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Rack Servers
These servers are designed to be mounted in standard 19-inch racks and are commonly used
in data centers. They are designed to be highly scalable and can be configured with a variety
of hardware components, including processors, memory, storage, and networking interfaces
(Types.blog, 2022).

Figure 2 Rack Server

Blade Servers
These servers are designed to be densely packed into a single rack enclosure, providing high
density and scalability. They are typically more expensive than rack servers but provide
higher performance and lower power consumption (Types.blog, 2022).

Figure 3 Blade Servers

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Micro servers
These servers are designed for low-power, low-cost, and lightweight computing
applications and are commonly used in web hosting, cloud computing, and small business
environments. They typically use low-power processors and have limited expansion
capabilities (Types.blog, 2022).

Figure 4 Micro Servers

Mainframes
These servers are designed for high-volume, mission-critical applications and typically
require specialized hardware and software. They are highly scalable and can support
thousands of users and applications simultaneously (Types.blog, 2022).

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Unit 10: WDD ID: PG68678
Network-Attached Storage (NAS) Servers
These servers are designed to provide file-level data storage services to other devices on a
network. They typically use specialized software and hardware components to provide
high-speed file transfers and data access (Types.blog, 2022).

Figure 6 NAS

Server Hardware
CPU
Given its function in running programs and processing data, the CPU is an essential
component to examine. Some servers operate several CPUs, generally one processor per
socket. Others employ a single CPU with many cores to facilitate multiprocessing. Given
these options, purchasers should examine the number of cores available on a processor,
CPU clock speed, available cache, and the number of sockets (Moore, 2020).

Since vendors provide a variety of product alternatives, the IT buyer's task becomes
determining the server hardware configuration that best matches a certain scenario. Cloud
infrastructure operating in a data center, for example, may do a range of general-purpose
computing activities on a 0.5U single-CPU server or a 1U dual-CPU server. The relatively
tiny 1U unit may be a viable choice because it can easily fit 16 cores using standard data
center cooling technologies (Moore, 2020).

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Memory
Server RAM is crucial for getting the most out of a system. The more accessible memory a
company has, the better its workloads are likely to perform. Memory speed and quality are
two further aspects that influence performance. Server characteristics that improve
dependability should also be considered by IT purchasers. These include fault-tolerance and
error-correcting coding (Moore, 2020).

Storage
The storage requirements of a server will vary depending on the intended applications and
workloads: a database server will have different requirements than one running a web
application. An IT buyer must investigate server technology to ensure that it satisfies the
organization's storage needs. Most server suppliers support SSDs and conventional hard
drive technologies for flash storage. Buyers should verify with suppliers to validate the
drive types and technologies they support, which may include Serial-Attached SCSI, Serial
Advanced Technology Attachment, and non-volatile memory express (NVMe). The
anticipated server workload will decide which technology is required. For example, a
company working with massive databases and unstructured data would almost always need
local instance drives, such as NVMe PCI Express devices (Moore, 2020).

Reliability
Server hardware is designed to be more reliable than client computer hardware. Servers
often have redundant components, such as power supplies, hard drives, and network
adapters, to ensure that if one component fails, the server can continue to function without
interruption.

Scalability
Server hardware is designed to be scalable, meaning that it can be easily upgraded or
expanded as needed. This allows organizations to increase their capacity as their needs
grow.

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Connectivity
Servers typically have multiple network interfaces to provide connectivity to different
networks, as well as more advanced network features, such as load balancing,
virtualization, and clustering.

Client computer hardware

Processor (CPU)
The CPU is the brain of the computer and performs the majority of the processing tasks. It
interprets and executes instructions from the computer's software, manages input and output
operations, and coordinates the activities of other hardware components. Popular CPU
brands include Intel and AMD, with various models available for different performance
levels and budgets.

Memory (RAM)
Random access memory (RAM) is used to temporarily store data and instructions that are
currently in use by the CPU. RAM is faster than storage devices such as hard disk drives
(HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs), but its contents are lost when the computer is turned
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off. RAM capacity ranges from a few gigabytes (GB) to several hundred GB, and higher-
capacity RAM is useful for running memory-intensive applications such as video editing or
gaming.

Storage
Client computers typically have one or more internal storage devices for storing the
computer's operating system, software applications, and user data. Traditional hard disk
drives (HDDs) use spinning disks to store data magnetically, while solid-state drives
(SSDs) use flash memory to store data more quickly and reliably. HDDs are still popular
due to their lower cost per GB, while SSDs offer faster read and write speeds and are less
prone to physical damage.

Display
A monitor or display is used to display visual information on the computer, including text,
images, and video. Monitors come in a range of sizes and resolutions, with popular options
including 1080p and 4K displays. In addition to traditional monitors, touchscreens are also
available, which can provide a more interactive user experience for certain applications.

Input Devices
Input devices are used to enter data into the computer and include the keyboard and mouse.
A keyboard provides a set of keys for entering text and commands, while a mouse allows
for navigation and selection on the screen. Other input devices include touchpads,
trackballs, and stylus pens, which are commonly used with touchscreen displays.

Graphics card
A dedicated graphics card is used to improve the performance of graphics-intensive
applications, such as gaming or video editing. Graphics cards are responsible for rendering
images and video on the computer's display and can range in performance from entry-level
models to high-end gaming or professional-grade cards.

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Audio
Client computers have audio output devices, such as speakers or headphones, and an audio
input device, such as a microphone. High-quality audio is important for multimedia
applications such as gaming, streaming video or music, or voice communication.

Differences between server hardware and client PC hardware

Performance
Server hardware is designed to handle heavy workloads and process large amounts of data
at high speeds. This is achieved through high-performance processors, large amounts of
memory, and fast storage devices such as solid-state drives (SSDs). In contrast, client
computer hardware is designed for general-purpose computing and is typically not
optimized for high-performance applications.

Reliability
Server hardware is designed for high reliability and is expected to run continuously for long
periods of time without failure. This is achieved through the use of redundant power
supplies, fans, and other components, as well as failover mechanisms that ensure that if one
component fails, another one takes over automatically. Client computer hardware is
designed for individual use and is typically not as reliable as server hardware.

Scalability
Server hardware is designed to be easily scalable, meaning that additional hardware can be
added to increase its capacity or performance. This is achieved through modular designs
that allow additional components to be added, such as additional processors or memory
modules. In contrast, client computer hardware is typically not designed for easy scalability
and is often limited in its upgrade options.

Management
Server hardware is designed to be managed remotely, meaning that system administrators
can monitor and control the server from a central location. This is achieved through built-in

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management interfaces such as IPMI (Intelligent Platform Management Interface) and
remote console access. Client computer hardware, on the other hand, is typically not
designed for remote management and is usually managed by the individual user.

Power consumption
Server hardware is designed to be energy-efficient and often includes features such as
power management and low-power modes. This is because servers are typically run
continuously and consume a significant amount of power. Client computer hardware, on the
other hand, is designed for individual use and is often not optimized for energy efficiency.

Form factor
Server hardware is typically designed to be rack-mounted, meaning that multiple servers
can be stacked in a single cabinet. This allows for efficient use of space and easy
management of multiple servers. Client computer hardware, on the other hand, is typically
designed to be desktop or laptop form factor.

Overall, server hardware and client computer hardware have distinct differences in their
performance, reliability, scalability, management, power consumption, and form factor.
Server hardware is optimized for high-performance applications, high reliability, and
scalability, while client computer hardware is designed for general-purpose computing and
individual use.

Server hardware for Hospital Management System

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Server Operating System
A server operating system (OS) is a type of operating system intended for installation and
operation on a server computer. It is a more sophisticated operating system with features
and capabilities necessary in a client-server architecture or other corporate computing
environment, The following are a few major examples of server operating systems,

Linux Server
Linux server is a type of server operating system based on the Linux kernel. Linux is an
open-source operating system that is widely used for servers due to its reliability, security,
and flexibility. There are many different distributions, or "distros", of Linux available, each
with its own unique features and capabilities. Some of the key features of Linux server
include,

Stability
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Linux is known for its stability and reliability, which makes it a popular choice for mission-
critical applications.

Security
Linux is inherently more secure than other operating systems due to its open-source nature,
which allows for frequent updates and patches.

Flexibility
Linux can be easily customized and configured to meet the specific needs of an
organization or environment.

Scalability
Linux is highly scalable, which means it can be easily adapted to support large-scale
deployments and high-traffic websites.

Command-line interface
Linux servers are typically managed using a command-line interface, which provides a high
degree of control and flexibility.

Open-source software
Linux is built on open-source software, which means there is a large ecosystem of free and
open-source software available for Linux servers.

Some of the most popular Linux server distributions include,

Ubuntu Server
A popular distribution that is known for its ease of use and extensive documentation.

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W.K. Chathura Madhushanka Unit 10: WDD ID: PG68678
Red Hat Enterprise Linux
A commercial distribution that is widely used in enterprise environments.

CentOS
A free, community-supported distribution that is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

Debian
A stable and reliable distribution that is known for its robust package management system.

Overall, Linux server is a powerful and versatile platform that is widely used in a wide
range of environments, from small businesses to large-scale enterprise deployments. Its
flexibility, scalability, and security make it an attractive choice for organizations of all
sizes.

Unix Server
UNIX is a family of operating systems that share a common heritage and architecture.
UNIX servers are known for their stability, security, and performance, and are widely used
in enterprise environments. Some of the key features of UNIX server include,

Stability
UNIX is known for its stability and reliability, which makes it a popular choice for mission-
critical applications.

Security
UNIX is inherently more secure than other operating systems due to its strong permissions
system and built-in security features.
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W.K. Chathura Madhushanka Unit 10: WDD ID: PG68678
Scalability
UNIX is highly scalable, which means it can be easily adapted to support large-scale
deployments and high-traffic websites.

Compatibility
UNIX is highly compatible with a wide range of hardware and software, which makes it a
popular choice for organizations with diverse IT environments.

Command-line interface
UNIX servers are typically managed using a command-line interface, which provides a high
degree of control and flexibility.

Some of the most popular UNIX server distributions include,

Solaris
A commercial distribution developed by Oracle that is widely used in enterprise
environments.

IBM AIX
A commercial distribution developed by IBM that is known for its scalability and
reliability.

HP-UX

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A commercial distribution developed by Hewlett-Packard that is known for its performance
and security.

BSD
A family of free and open-source UNIX-like operating systems that are widely used in
academic and research environments.

Overall, UNIX server is a powerful and reliable platform that is well-suited for mission-
critical applications and high-traffic websites. Its stability, security, and performance make
it an attractive choice for organizations of all sizes. However, it is worth noting that UNIX
systems can be more complex to manage than other operating systems, which may require
additional training and expertise.

Windows Server
Windows Server is a server operating system developed by Microsoft, based on the
Windows NT architecture. It is designed to provide a robust and reliable platform for
running applications, services, and other resources in a networked environment.
Some of the key features of Windows Server include,

Active Directory
A directory service that provides centralized authentication and authorization for users,
computers, and other network resources.

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DNS and DHCP
Services that provide name resolution and automatic IP address assignment for client
computers on the network.

Hyper-V
A virtualization platform developed by Microsoft that allows multiple virtual machines to
run on a single physical server.

Remote Desktop Services

A feature that allows users to access remote desktops and applications over a network
connection.

File and Storage Services

A set of services that provide centralized storage management and file sharing capabilities.

Windows PowerShell
a command-line interface and scripting language that allows administrators to automate
tasks and manage servers more efficiently.

Windows Server is available in several editions, including Standard, Datacenter, and

Essentials. Each edition provides different features and capabilities to meet the needs of
different types of organizations and environments.

Mac OS Server
macOS Server is a server operating system developed by Apple, based on the macOS
operating system. It is designed to provide a powerful and easy-to-use platform for
managing and deploying a wide range of services and resources in a networked
environment. macOS Server includes a range of built-in features and capabilities, including
file sharing, printer sharing, profile management, VPN, backup, web and wiki hosting, and
Xcode server. These features are designed to help businesses and organizations of all sizes
manage their networks and resources more efficiently and securely. One of the key
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advantages of macOS Server is its tight integration with other Apple products and services.
This makes it a popular choice for Mac-based networks and environments, where users can
take advantage of features such as iCloud integration, Time Machine backup, and Apple
Remote Desktop.

MacOS Server is easy to set up and configure, with a simple and intuitive interface that
allows administrators to manage their servers and services with ease. It is also highly
scalable, making it suitable for organizations of all sizes.

Web Server
A web server is software and hardware that responds to client requests over the World Wide
Web using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and other protocols. A web server's
primary function is to show website content by storing, processing, and distributing
webpages to users. Web servers, in addition to HTTP, support SMTP (Simple Mail
transmission Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol), which are used for email, file
transmission, and storage (Gillis, 2020).

Web server hardware connects to the internet and exchanges data with other connected
devices, whereas web server software regulates how a user accesses hosted content. The
client/server concept is shown via the web server operation. Web server software is
required on all machines that host websites (Gillis, 2020).
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Dynamic and static web servers

Static Web Server

A static web server is comprised of hardware, or a computer equipped with an HTTP
server. These servers are characterized as static since they aid in the presentation of hosted
material. A NGINX web server is the greatest example of a static web server (Solarwinds,
2023).

Dynamic web servers

A static server, application server, and database are all components of dynamic web servers.
It is called dynamic because it employs the application server to change hosted files before
transferring them through HTTP to the user's browser. Images, videos, and HTML text may
all be updated and shown on a dynamic website. An Apache web server is one of the
greatest examples of dynamic web servers (Solarwinds, 2023).

Dynamic vs. static web servers

A web server may deliver both static and dynamic information. Static material is shown as
is, but dynamic information may be updated and modified. A PC and HTTP software will
make up a static web server. It is deemed static since the server will transmit hosted files to
a browser in their entirety (Gillis, 2020).

A web server and associated applications, such as an application server and database, will
be included with dynamic web browsers. Because the application server may be used to
update any hosted files before they are transmitted to a browser, it is termed dynamic.
When material is requested from the database, the web server can produce it. While this
technique is more adaptable, it is also more complex (Gillis, 2020).
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Popular Web Servers available
Apache Web Server
Apache HTTP Server is a popular and widely used free and open-source web server
software that runs on multiple operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS.
It was first released in 1995 and is now maintained by the Apache Software Foundation.
The software is designed to serve web content over the internet and includes a range of
features such as high performance and scalability, modularity, security features such as
SSL/TLS encryption and access control, and logging and monitoring capabilities. Apache
HTTP Server is highly customizable and can be extended through a wide range of modules
and plugins to add additional functionality and features. Its open-source nature means that it
can be used, modified, and distributed without licensing fees or restrictions, making it a
popular choice for businesses and organizations of all sizes (Gillis, 2020).

Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)

Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) is a web server software developed by
Microsoft and is used to serve web content to clients over the internet. It is included with
the Windows Server operating system and is commonly used in enterprise environments
that use Microsoft technologies. Some of the key features of IIS include support for HTTP,
HTTPS, FTP, and SMTP protocols, a modular architecture that allows for customization
and extension, and integration with other Microsoft products such as Active Directory and
Microsoft SQL Server. Additionally, IIS includes security features such as SSL/TLS
encryption, authentication mechanisms, and logging and monitoring capabilities (Gillis,
2020).

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Nginx
Nginx (pronounced "engine-x") is a free and open-source web server software that is
designed to serve web content over the internet. It was first released in 2004 and has since
gained popularity due to its high performance and scalability, particularly in serving static
content and handling a large number of concurrent connections. Nginx can also be used as a
reverse proxy, load balancer, and HTTP cache, and is known for its modular architecture
that allows for easy customization and extension. Other features of Nginx include support
for SSL/TLS encryption, IPv6, and WebSockets, as well as advanced logging and
monitoring capabilities. Nginx is widely used by businesses and organizations of all sizes,
and is often preferred for its reliability, speed, and versatility (Gillis, 2020).

Lighttpd
Lighttpd is a free and open-source web server software that is designed to serve web content
over the internet. It was first released in 2003 and is known for its high performance, low
memory footprint, and scalability. Lighttpd is particularly suited for serving static content,
but can also handle dynamic content using FastCGI, SCGI, or CGI interfaces. It supports
various features such as URL rewriting, SSL/TLS encryption, IPv6, and server-side
scripting, and can be extended using plugins. Lighttpd is often preferred for its simplicity,
speed, and resource efficiency, and is commonly used by businesses and organizations of
all sizes (Gillis, 2020).
Sun Java System Web Server
Sun Java System Web Server (previously known as Sun ONE Web Server) is a web server
software developed by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle Corporation) that is used to serve
web content over the internet. It supports various features such as HTTP, HTTPS, CGI, and
Servlets/JSP, and can be used with multiple operating systems, including Windows, Linux,
and Solaris. Sun Java System Web Server is known for its scalability and performance, and
includes advanced features such as load balancing, high availability, and clustering. It also
includes security features such as SSL/TLS encryption, access control, and logging and
monitoring capabilities. Sun Java System Web Server is often used in enterprise
environments due to its reliability, security, and support for Java technologies (Gillis,
2020).

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1.2 Identify and define the types of DNS and the uses of it, with clarifications on how
domain names are structured. Review the effect of search engines on website
performance. Provide evidence-based support for improving a site’s index value and
rank of the Hospital Management System (HMS) through search engine optimization.

The Domain Name System

DNS, or Domain Name System, is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system that
translates human-readable domain names into the numerical IP addresses that computers
use to identify and communicate with each other on the internet (Comer, 2009).

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The DNS system is comprised of a global network of servers that store and maintain
records of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. When a user types in a
domain name, their computer sends a request to a DNS server to look up the corresponding
IP address. The DNS server then responds with the IP address, allowing the user's computer
to establish a connection with the intended website or service. DNS plays a critical role in
ensuring that internet services are accessible to users. It allows users to type in a human-
readable domain name, such as google.com or facebook.com, instead of having to
remember the numerical IP address associated with the site (Comer, 2009).
In technical terms, DNS is a distributed database system that uses a hierarchical naming
structure. The DNS system is organized into domains, which are managed by a variety of
organizations, including domain registrars and internet service providers.
Overall, DNS is a crucial component of the internet infrastructure and is essential for the
smooth operation of online services and communication. (Comer, 2009)

How DNS functions

DNS (Domain Name System) is a hierarchical system that translates domain names, which
are human-readable identifiers for websites and other internet resources, into IP addresses,
which are the unique numerical identifiers used by computers to communicate with each
other over the internet (Kurose & Ross, 2017).

When a user enters a domain name into their web browser, the browser first checks its own
cache to see if it has the corresponding IP address stored locally. If not, the browser sends a
request to a DNS resolver, typically operated by the user's internet service provider (ISP) or
a third-party provider (Kurose & Ross, 2017).

The DNS resolver then sends a request to one or more authoritative DNS servers, which are
responsible for maintaining information about the domain name and its corresponding IP
address. If the authoritative DNS server has the requested information, it returns the IP
address to the resolver, which in turn returns it to the user's web browser. The browser can
then use the IP address to establish a connection with the web server hosting the requested
resource. If the authoritative DNS server does not have the requested information, it may
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forward the request to another DNS server higher up in the hierarchy, until the information
is found or until the top-level DNS servers are reached. The DNS hierarchy is structured in
a tree-like fashion, with top-level domains (such as .com, .org, .edu, etc.) at the root of the
tree, and subdomains branching out from there (Kurose & Ross, 2017).

DNS operates using a combination of different protocols, including the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), as well as various DNS-
specific protocols such as DNS Query and DNS Response. The system is highly scalable
and distributed, with millions of DNS servers located all over the world, providing
redundancy and fault tolerance (Kurose & Ross, 2017).

Importance of DNS
DNS (Domain Name System) is important because it serves as the backbone of the Internet,
enabling users to access websites, applications, and other services using human-readable
domain names rather than numerical IP addresses. DNS plays a critical role in translating
domain names to IP addresses and directing traffic to the correct server.

Main tasks that DNS performs.

Translation of domain names to IP addresses
DNS enables users to access websites and other Internet services using human-readable
domain names instead of IP addresses. This makes it much easier for users to remember and
access websites.
Load balancing
DNS can be used for load balancing by distributing traffic across multiple servers that have
the same domain name. This can improve the performance and reliability of web
applications and other Internet services.
Redundancy

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DNS can also provide redundancy by allowing multiple servers to have the same domain
name. If one server fails, DNS can automatically redirect traffic to another server with the
same domain name, ensuring that the service remains available.
Security
DNS can be used for security purposes, such as blocking access to known malicious
websites or redirecting users to a secure website using HTTPS.

Without DNS, users would have to memorize the IP addresses of websites and other
Internet services they wish to access, which would be both impractical and challenging.
DNS makes it possible for users to access Internet services quickly and easily, without
having to remember complicated numerical addresses. DNS also enables load balancing,
redundancy, and security features. By allowing multiple servers to have the same domain
name, DNS can distribute traffic across multiple servers, improving performance and
reliability. If one server fails, DNS can automatically redirect traffic to another server with
the same domain name, ensuring that the service remains available. Additionally, DNS can
be used for security purposes, such as blocking access to known malicious websites or
redirecting users to a secure website using HTTPS.
In summary, DNS is a critical component of the Internet infrastructure that enables users to
access websites and other Internet services quickly and easily. Its importance cannot be
overstated, and any disruption to DNS services can have a significant impact on Internet
users and businesses.

Types of Domain Names

Top level domains
Top-level domains (TLDs) are the highest level of domain names in the hierarchical domain
name system of the internet. They are located after the last dot in a domain name and are
often used to indicate the purpose or type of organization that owns the domain.
There are two main categories of TLDs: generic top-level domains (gTLDs) and country
code top-level domains (ccTLDs).

Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)

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These domain names are not specific to a particular country or territory and include
extensions like .com, .org, .net, .info, and .biz. There are also newer gTLDs that have been
introduced in recent years, such as. shop, .blog, and .app.

Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs)

These domain names are specific to a particular country or territory and use a two-letter
country code in place of the TLD. Examples include .us (United States), .uk (United
Kingdom), .ca (Canada), and .jp (Japan)

Second Level Domains

Second-level domains (SLDs) are the domain names that come immediately before the top-
level domain (TLD) in a website's address. For example, in the address
"www.arogyahospital.com", "arogyahospital" is the second-level domain. SLDs are
typically chosen by website owners or organizations as a way to create a unique and
memorable web address that represents their brand or identity. They are often used in
conjunction with a specific TLD, such as .com, .org, or .net.

In addition to providing a unique web address, SLDs can also help to improve a website's
search engine optimization (SEO) by including relevant keywords or phrases that describe
the website's content or purpose.

SLDs can be registered through a domain registrar or hosting provider and are subject to
availability. It's important to choose an SLD that accurately reflects your brand or
organization and is easy for your audience to remember and type into a web browser.

Third Level Domains

Third-level domains (TLDs) are domain names that come before the second-level domain
(SLD) in a website's address. For example, in the address "www.blog.arogyahospital.com",
"blog" is the third-level domain.

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Third-level domains are used to create subdomains or subdirectories that are associated with
the main domain or SLD. They are often used to organize content within a website or to
create unique sections or pages that have a different purpose or audience than the main
website.
For example, a business might use a third-level domain to create a blog that is separate from
the main website, with the address "blog.example.com". Alternatively, a university might
use a third-level domain to create a departmental website, with the address
"history.university.edu".
Third-level domains are subject to the same availability and registration requirements as
SLDs and can be registered through a domain registrar or hosting provider. They are a
useful tool for organizing website content and creating a unique web address that reflects
the purpose or identity of a particular section or page within a website.

How Generic Domain Names are organized.

Generic domain names are organized into a hierarchical system consisting of top-level
domains (TLDs), second-level domains (SLDs), and third-level domains (TLDs).
The highest level of this system is the TLD, which is the last part of the domain name and is
usually separated from the rest of the domain by a dot. Examples of TLDs
include .com, .org, .net, .gov, .edu, and .mil.
Below the TLD is the SLD, which comes immediately before the TLD and is the most
recognizable part of the domain name. Examples of SLDs include "google" in
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"www.google.com", "Wikipedia" in "en.wikipedia.org", and "amazon" in
"www.amazon.co.uk". SLDs are chosen by the owner of the website and can be used to
create a memorable and easily recognizable domain name that represents the website's
brand or identity.
Finally, below the SLD is the TLD, which is a subdomain of the SLD. TLDs are used to
organize content within a website or to create unique sections or pages that have a different
purpose or audience than the main website. For example, a business might use a TLD to
create a blog that is separate from the main website, with the address "blog.example.com".
Alternatively, a university might use a TLD to create a departmental website, with the
address "history.university.edu".
The organization of generic domain names is managed by the Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), which is responsible for coordinating the
assignment of domain names and IP addresses across the internet. ICANN works with a
number of registries and registrars to manage the distribution and registration of domain
names.
In addition to TLDs, SLDs, and TLDs, there are also country code top-level domains
(ccTLDs), which are two-letter domain extensions that are used to represent specific
countries or regions. Examples of ccTLDs include .us for the United States, .uk for the
United Kingdom, and .cn for China.
Overall, the hierarchical system of generic domain names provides a standardized way to
organize website addresses and make them easily identifiable and memorable for users.

How country code domain names are organized

Country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) are two-letter domain extensions that are used to
represent specific countries or regions. These domain names are organized in a similar
hierarchical system to generic domain names, consisting of top-level domains (TLDs),
second-level domains (SLDs), and subdomains.

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The highest level of the ccTLD system is the TLD, which is the two-letter country code
assigned to each country or region. Examples of ccTLDs include .us for the United
States, .uk for the United Kingdom, and .cn for China.

Below the TLD is the SLD, which comes immediately before the TLD and is the most
recognizable part of the domain name. Examples of SLDs include "Arogyahospital" in
"www.Arogyahospital.com.us", "Arogyahospital" in "www.Arogyahospital.co.uk", and
"Arogya" in "www.arogya.cn". SLDs are chosen by the owner of the website and can be
used to create a memorable and easily recognizable domain name that represents the
website's brand or identity.

Finally, below the SLD is the subdomain, which can be used to create additional sections or
pages within the website. Subdomains can be used for a variety of purposes, such as
creating language-specific versions of a website or organizing content by topic or audience.
For example, a business might use a subdomain to create a customer support portal, with
the address "support.example.com.us".

The organization and management of ccTLDs are overseen by the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA), which is responsible for coordinating the allocation of domain
names and IP addresses across the internet. IANA works with national registries and
registrars to manage the distribution and registration of ccTLDs.
Overall, the hierarchical system of ccTLDs provides a standardized way to organize website
addresses by country or region and make them easily identifiable and memorable for users.
This allows businesses, organizations, and individuals to create websites that are tailored to
specific audiences or markets, and helps to promote online identity and presence at a
national or regional level.

How top-level domains are organized.

Top-level domains (TLDs) are the highest level in the domain name system hierarchy and
are used to identify the domain's purpose or geographical location. TLDs are divided into

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W.K. Chathura Madhushanka Unit 10: WDD ID: PG68678
two main categories: generic top-level domains (gTLDs) and country code top-level
domains (ccTLDs).
Generic top-level domains (gTLDs) are open for registration to anyone, regardless of their
geographic location, and are divided into several subcategories,

Unsponsored gTLDs
These TLDs are not affiliated with any specific organization or group, and include popular
extensions such as .com, .net, and .org.
Sponsored gTLDs
These TLDs are designed for specific organizations or groups, and include extensions such
as .edu (for educational institutions) and .gov (for government organizations).
Generic-restricted TLDs (grTLDs):
These TLDs are reserved for use by specific groups or organizations and include extensions
such as .biz (for businesses) and .pro (for professionals).

Country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) are two-letter domain extensions that are used to
represent specific countries or regions. Examples of ccTLDs include .us for the United
States, .uk for the United Kingdom, and .cn for China.

TLDs are managed and overseen by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA),
which is responsible for coordinating the allocation of domain names and IP addresses
across the internet. IANA works with national registries and registrars to manage the
distribution and registration of ccTLDs, while gTLDs are managed by the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).

Overall, the organization of TLDs provides a standardized way to categorize and identify
websites based on their purpose or geographic location. This allows businesses,
organizations, and individuals to create websites that are tailored to specific audiences or
markets, and helps to promote online identity and presence at a national or regional level.

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Task 02
2.1 Considering the requirements given in the above scenario define the relationships
between front-end and back-end website technologies and discuss how the front-end
and the back end relate to presentation and application layers.

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Front-end
In software development, the term "front-end" refers to the part of a web application or
software that the user interacts with directly. It's also known as the client-side. The front-
end of an application includes the visual elements of the application that the user sees and
interacts with, such as buttons, menus, forms, and images. It also includes the user
experience (UX) design and user interface (UI) design, which are focused on making the
application easy to use and intuitive for the user. Front-end developers use a combination of
programming languages such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create the user interface
and user experience of an application. They work to ensure that the user interface is visually
appealing, easy to navigate, and responsive to user actions.

In summary, the front-end is the part of an application that the user directly interacts with. It
includes the visual elements, user interface design, and user experience design, and is
created by front-end developers using programming languages such as HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript.

Back-end
The word "back-end" in software development refers to the portion of a web application or
software that is in charge of processing the logic, data, and actions that take place in the
background but are invisible to the user. The server-side is another name for it. The server,
program, and database that support the front-end and give the user the required
functionality make up the back-end of an application. It is in charge of data processing,
database management, and server-side script execution.

Back-end developers use programming languages such as Python, PHP, Ruby, Java, and C#
to build the server-side of the application. They work to ensure that the server runs
smoothly, and the database is well-managed and secure. They also develop the APIs

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W.K. Chathura Madhushanka Unit 10: WDD ID: PG68678
(Application Programming Interfaces) that allow the front-end and back-end to
communicate with each other.

Technologies used in the project to develop front-end.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
HTML is the standard markup language used to create the structure and content of web
pages.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

CSS is a style sheet language used to add styling and formatting to web pages.
.
JavaScript
JavaScript is a programming language used to add interactivity and functionality to web
pages. It's used to create dynamic and responsive web pages, and to communicate with
back-end servers.

Technologies used in the project to develop back-end.

Server-side programming languages
The most common programming languages used for back-end development are PHP,
Python, Ruby, Java, and Node.js.

Databases
A back-end system typically needs a database to store and manage data. Popular databases
include MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and Oracle.

Web servers

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W.K. Chathura Madhushanka Unit 10: WDD ID: PG68678
A web server is responsible for handling incoming requests and serving responses back to
the client. Popular web servers include Apache, Nginx, and IIS.

Cloud platforms
Cloud platforms like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform, and Microsoft
Azure provide infrastructure and services that make it easier to build and deploy web
applications.

OSI Reference Model

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual model that defines a
network protocol stack in terms of seven layers. It was developed in the 1980s by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to facilitate communication between
different computer systems. The seven layers of the OSI model are,

Physical Layer
This layer is responsible for transmitting bits over a communication channel, such as copper
wires, optical fibers, or wireless signals. It defines the electrical, mechanical, and
procedural aspects of the physical connection between devices.

Data Link Layer

This layer provides a reliable communication service between adjacent network nodes, such
as switches and routers. It performs error detection and correction, flow control, and frame
synchronization.

Network Layer
This layer is responsible for routing packets between different networks. It determines the
best path for a packet to reach its destination based on the network topology and traffic
conditions.

Transport Layer
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W.K. Chathura Madhushanka Unit 10: WDD ID: PG68678
This layer provides end-to-end reliable communication between applications running on
different hosts. It performs segmentation and reassembly of data, flow control, and error
recovery.
Session Layer
This layer establishes and manages sessions between applications, providing mechanisms
for session synchronization, checkpointing, and recovery.

Presentation Layer
This layer formats data for presentation to the application layer, handling issues such as data
encoding, compression, and encryption.

Application Layer
This layer provides services to applications, such as file transfer, email, and remote login. It
interacts directly with the application software and represents the highest level of
abstraction in the OSI model.

The main benefit of the OSI model is that it provides a standardized framework for
understanding and designing communication protocols. It enables different vendors and
organizations to develop interoperable systems that can communicate with each other,
regardless of the underlying hardware or software. However, the OSI model is primarily a
theoretical framework and has not been fully implemented in practice. Instead, most
modern networks use the simpler TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
model, which has fewer layers and is better suited for practical implementation.

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Presentation Layer
The Presentation Layer is the sixth layer of the OSI model, responsible for presenting data
to the Application Layer in a way that the application can understand. Its main purpose is to
translate data from the format used by the Application Layer into a common format that can
be transmitted over the network, and vice versa. Some of the key functionalities of the
Presentation Layer include,

Data Translation
The Presentation Layer translates data from the application's native format to a common
format that can be understood by both the sending and receiving applications. This may
involve data compression, encryption, or other transformations to ensure that the data can
be transmitted efficiently and securely.

Data Compression
The Presentation Layer may compress data to reduce the amount of data that needs to be
transmitted over the network, which can help to improve network performance and reduce
transmission times.

Encryption and Decryption

The Presentation Layer may encrypt data to ensure that it is transmitted securely over the
network, and decrypt it at the receiving end. This can help to protect sensitive data from
interception or unauthorized access.

Character Code Translation

The Presentation Layer may convert character codes to ensure that data is transmitted
correctly between applications that use different character encoding schemes.

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Data Syntax Conversion
The Presentation Layer may convert data syntax to ensure that data is transmitted correctly
between applications that use different data formats.

Overall, the Presentation Layer plays a critical role in ensuring that data can be transmitted
efficiently and securely between different applications over a network. By translating data
into a common format that can be understood by both the sending and receiving
applications, it helps to ensure that data can be transmitted reliably and accurately, without
errors or data loss.

Application Layer
The Application Layer is the seventh and topmost layer of the OSI model, responsible for
providing services to the end-user applications. It is the layer that interacts with the user
directly and provides a means for the user to access the network. Its main function is to
provide an interface between the user and the network, and to enable communication
between different applications over the network. Some of the key functionalities of the
Application Layer include,

User Interface
The Application Layer provides an interface for the user to access the network and
communicate with other users or applications. This may include graphical user interfaces
(GUIs), command-line interfaces (CLIs), or web-based interfaces.

Network Services
The Application Layer provides a variety of network services to applications, such as file
transfer, email, remote login, and web browsing.

Resource Sharing
The Application Layer enables applications to share network resources, such as printers,
files, and databases.

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Data Exchange
The Application Layer enables applications to exchange data with each other over the
network, using a variety of data exchange formats and protocols.

Security
The Application Layer provides security services to protect the network and its users from
unauthorized access, data theft, and other security threats.
Overall, the Application Layer plays a critical role in enabling communication and data
exchange between different applications over the network. By providing a variety of
network services, resource sharing, and security services, it enables users and applications
to access and utilize the network in a secure and efficient manner.

The relationship of the Front-end with the presentation layer

The front-end of an application is responsible for presenting the user interface and
interacting with the user. It utilizes various technologies such as HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript to create a visually appealing and interactive user interface. The presentation
layer, also known as the application layer or middleware, is responsible for formatting data
and presenting it to the user in a way that is understandable and meaningful. It is the layer
that sits between the front-end and the back-end of an application, and it is responsible for
managing the communication between the two.

The front-end and the presentation layer are closely related because the front-end is
responsible for presenting data to the user in a visually appealing and interactive way, while
the presentation layer is responsible for formatting the data and ensuring that it is presented
correctly. For example, if a user interacts with a web application by entering data into a
form on the front-end, the front-end will pass that data to the presentation layer. The
presentation layer will then validate the data, process it, and return a response to the front-
end. The front-end will then take that response and present it to the user in a way that is
visually appealing and easy to understand.

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In summary, the front-end and presentation layer work closely together to ensure that data
is presented correctly and in a way that is easy for the user to understand. The front-end is
responsible for presenting the user interface, while the presentation layer is responsible for
formatting data and managing the communication between the front-end and the back-end.

The relationship of the Back-end with the Application layer

The back-end of an application is responsible for processing and storing data, managing the
application logic, and providing an interface to the front-end. It utilizes various
technologies such as server-side programming languages, databases, and APIs to perform
these tasks.

The application layer, also known as the middleware or presentation layer, sits between the
front-end and the back-end and is responsible for formatting data and managing
communication between the two layers. The relationship between the back-end and the
application layer is that the back-end provides the data and functionality that the application
layer needs to format and present the data to the front-end. The application layer receives
data from the back-end, processes it, and formats it in a way that can be easily understood
and used by the front-end.

For example, when a user submits a form on the front-end, the application layer receives the
data, validates it, and then passes it on to the back-end for processing. The back-end
performs the necessary processing, such as storing the data in a database or performing
calculations, and then returns the result to the application layer. The application layer then
formats the data and returns it to the front-end in a way that can be displayed to the user.

In summary, the back-end and application layer work together to provide the necessary data
and functionality to the front-end. The back-end provides the data and application logic,
while the application layer formats the data and manages communication between the front-
end and the back-end.

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2.2 Discuss the differences between online website creation tools and custom-built web
sites by considering the design flexibility, performance, functionality, User Experience
(UX) and User Interface (UI). Evaluate the tools and techniques available to design the
web application given in the scenario.

Online website creation tools

Online website creation tools are platforms that allow users to create websites without the
need for programming skills or technical knowledge. These tools provide a user-friendly
interface and a wide range of templates, themes, and widgets that can be customized to
create a website according to individual needs.
Some of the popular online website creation tools include Wix, Weebly, Squarespace,
WordPress.com, and Shopify. These platforms provide various features such as drag-and-
drop editors, pre-designed templates, responsive design, and e-commerce integrations.

Online web creation tools names

There are several easy online website creation tools available that allow users to create a
website without any coding or web development experience. Here are a few examples,

Wix
Wix is a popular website builder that offers a drag-and-drop interface, making it easy for
users to create professional-looking websites. It also provides a variety of templates and
customization options.

Squarespace
Squarespace is a website builder that offers modern and sleek templates, making it a great
option for creative professionals and small businesses. It also provides a variety of design
customization options and has a user-friendly interface.

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Weebly
Weebly is another popular website builder that provides a drag-and-drop interface and a
variety of templates. It also offers an e-commerce platform, making it a great option for
small businesses.

WordPress.com
WordPress.com is a website builder that offers a variety of templates and customization
options. It also provides a user-friendly interface and allows users to create a website for
free or choose a paid plan for additional features.

Shopify
Shopify is an e-commerce platform that allows users to create an online store without any
coding experience. It offers a variety of templates and customization options, as well as
payment processing and shipping integration.

Advantages of Online Website Creation Tools

No coding or technical skills required.
Online website creation tools allow anyone, regardless of their technical expertise, to create
a website easily.

Cost-effective
Most online website creation tools offer free or low-cost plans, making them an affordable
option for individuals and small businesses.

Quick and easy

With pre-designed templates and a drag-and-drop interface, it is possible to create a website
in a matter of hours.

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No software installation required.
Online website creation tools run on a web browser, so there is no need to install any
software on your computer.

Disadvantages of Online Website Creation Tools

Limited customization
While online website creation tools offer a wide range of templates, themes, and widgets,
the customization options are limited compared to custom-built websites.
Limited functionality
Online website creation tools may not provide advanced functionality such as custom
plugins or integrations that are available with custom-built websites.

Dependency on the platform

Users are dependent on the platform provider for the functionality and performance of their
website.
Limited control
Users have limited control over the backend code and server configurations.

Overall, online website creation tools are a convenient and cost-effective option for
individuals and small businesses who require a simple website without advanced
functionality or customization. However, for businesses with specific requirements, a
custom-built website may be a better option to ensure complete control, flexibility, and
scalability.

Custom-built websites (Bespoke)

Custom-built websites are websites that are designed and developed from scratch,
specifically for a particular business or organization. This process involves hiring a
professional web developer or web development team to build the website according to the
client's specifications and needs. Here are some details about custom-built websites,
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Advantages of custom-built websites
Customization
Custom-built websites are designed to meet specific business requirements, which means
that the website can be customized to suit the specific needs of the business. This means
that the website will be tailored to the client's specific branding, style, and functionality
requirements.

Scalability
Custom-built websites are built to be scalable, which means that they can easily adapt to
accommodate the growth of a business. This means that the website can be expanded and
updated as the business grows and changes.

Unique design
Custom-built websites are designed to be unique, which means that the website will not
look like any other website on the internet. This can be an advantage for businesses that
want to stand out and create a unique online presence.

Control
With a custom-built website, the business has full control over the website's design,
functionality, and content. This means that changes can be made quickly and easily without
having to rely on a third-party website builder.

Disadvantages of bespoke websites

Cost
Custom-built websites can be expensive, especially for small businesses or startups that are
on a tight budget. The cost of a custom-built website can range from a few thousand dollars
to tens of thousands of dollars, depending on the complexity of the website.

Time-consuming

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Custom-built websites can take a long time to develop, especially if the website is complex
or has a lot of custom features. This means that businesses may have to wait several months
before their website is ready to launch.

Maintenance
Custom-built websites require regular maintenance, which can be time-consuming and
costly. This includes security updates, bug fixes, and general maintenance to ensure that the
website is running smoothly.

Dependence on the developer

With a custom-built website, the business is dependent on the developer or development
team to maintain and update the website. This means that if the developer goes out of
business or is not available, the business may struggle to maintain and update the website.

Overall, custom-built websites can be a great option for businesses that want a unique,
tailored online presence. However, they can be expensive and time-consuming to develop
and maintain. It is important for businesses to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of
custom-built websites before making a decision.

Difference between custom-built websites and online web creation tools

There are various factors to consider when comparing custom-built websites with online
website creation tools. While both options have their advantages and disadvantages,
custom-built websites offer several benefits that online website creation tools cannot match.

Firstly, custom-built websites provide complete control over the design and functionality of
the website. Designers can tailor the website to the specific needs of the business or
individual, ensuring that the site meets the user's needs. Custom-built websites also offer
the flexibility to integrate with other applications, such as payment gateways, third-party
software, and other web-based systems.
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Secondly, custom-built websites are typically more secure than those built using online
website creation tools. Since custom-built websites are developed from scratch, they are
less vulnerable to common security threats such as malware and hacking. Custom-built
websites can also be designed to include advanced security features such as firewalls, SSL
certificates, and other encryption methods.
Thirdly, custom-built websites offer superior performance and faster loading speeds
compared to websites built using online website creation tools. Developers can optimize
custom-built websites to ensure faster loading times, better site speed, and improved user
experience.

However, custom-built websites are typically more expensive than websites created using
online website creation tools. Custom-built websites require skilled developers and
designers, which can be costly, especially for small businesses or individuals with limited
budgets. Moreover, custom-built websites can take a longer time to develop and deploy
compared to websites built using online website creation tools. In conclusion, while
custom-built websites offer several benefits that online website creation tools cannot match,
the decision between the two ultimately depends on the specific needs and budget of the
business or individual. If flexibility, performance, and security are critical factors, then
custom-built websites are a better option. However, if cost and ease of use are more
important, then online website creation tools may be the better choice.

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Task 03
3.1 Design a suitable web application solution for the given scenario using PHP, JS
and MySQL (Screenshots of important code lines with proper comments and user
interfaces filled with sample data must be attached to the documentation). Apply a
database design for the proposed system and provide the well normalized database
design of the proposed system. Provide evidence of the design, multipage website
supported with fidelity wireframes and a full set of client and user requirements.

Introduction to the system

Welcome to the future of healthcare management, Arogya Health Care's new and powerful
Hospital Management System (HMS)! Our state-of-the-art web-based solution is
meticulously crafted to revolutionize the way Arogya Health Care hospital handles critical
information and transforms the patient care experience.

Gone are the days of manual paperwork and scattered data stores. With our low-cost yet
robust HMS, we aim to streamline and optimize every aspect of hospital management,
empowering healthcare professionals to focus on what truly matters – providing exceptional
care to patients.

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The current challenges faced by Arogya Health Care, with multiple paper forms and
disparate data repositories, are a thing of the past. Our solution offers a comprehensive suite
of functionalities tailored to meet the hospital's unique requirements. From patient
information management and room availability to staff scheduling and patient invoices, our
system covers it all.

By centralizing patient records and medical history in electronic health records (EHRs), our
HMS ensures that crucial information is readily accessible to authorized personnel,
eliminating inconsistencies and enhancing data accuracy. With an efficient room scheduling
feature, we optimize resource utilization and guarantee seamless patient admissions and
discharges.

Our system's staff management module empowers hospital administrators to efficiently

manage the workforce, allocate duties, and facilitate smooth operating room scheduling,
enhancing overall operational efficiency.

Moreover, we recognize the importance of financial management in healthcare. Arogya

Health Care's new HMS includes robust patient invoicing and billing capabilities,
simplifying the payment process and ensuring transparency in financial transactions.

The reception module, designed to handle patient inquiries, admission details, and
movement tracking, ensures that every step of the patient journey is well-documented and
easily accessible to authorized staff, improving communication and patient care
coordination.

Security is at the core of our HMS, with role-based access controls and strict adherence to
data privacy regulations, safeguarding sensitive patient information from unauthorized
access.

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Our system's user-friendly interface, combined with mobile compatibility, enables hospital
staff to access critical information on-the-go, empowering them to make informed decisions
anytime, anywhere.

As we embark on this transformative journey with Arogya Health Care, we commit to

providing unwavering support, continuous updates, and enhancements to ensure that the
HMS remains at the forefront of healthcare technology.

Together, let us embrace the power of creativity and innovation to create a more efficient,
cost-effective, and patient-centric healthcare environment. Welcome to Arogya Health
Care's Hospital Management System – your gateway to a brighter, healthier future.

System Purpose
The purpose of the Arogya Health Care Hospital Management System (HMS) is to
revolutionize the way the hospital manages critical information and processes, aiming to
enhance patient care, improve operational efficiency, and optimize resource utilization. The
system is designed to address the following key purposes:

The HMS aims to replace the manual, paper-based system with electronic health records
(EHRs) to centralize and organize patient information and medical history. This ensures
that all essential data is easily accessible to authorized staff, leading to better patient care
and informed decision-making.

By providing real-time information on room availability, staff schedules, and operating

theater bookings, the system optimizes resource utilization. This leads to reduced waiting
times, effective allocation of rooms and personnel, and improved overall hospital
efficiency.

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The HMS facilitates streamlined invoicing and billing processes, generating detailed patient
invoices and tracking payments. Integration with insurance providers simplifies insurance
claims processing and revenue management.

With a user-friendly interface and mobile compatibility, the system enables hospital staff to
access critical information on-the-go. This enhances communication and coordination
among teams, leading to smoother workflows and improved patient care.

The system prioritizes data security and ensures compliance with healthcare regulations.
Role-based access controls protect sensitive patient information from unauthorized access,
safeguarding patient privacy.

By streamlining administrative tasks and reducing manual paperwork, the HMS allows
healthcare professionals to focus more on patient care, leading to an improved patient
experience and satisfaction.

The system's reporting and analytics capabilities provide hospital administrators with
valuable insights into key metrics, occupancy rates, revenue, and other vital data. This
empowers data-driven decision-making for better hospital management.

As a low-cost yet powerful solution, the HMS offers Arogya Health Care an affordable way
to upgrade its management system, eliminating the need for extensive paper-based
documentation and manual processes.

Objectives of the system

The primary objectives of the Arogya HMS are as follows.

Centralize Patient Information

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Eliminate paper forms and disparate data stores by implementing electronic health records
(EHRs) to maintain comprehensive patient information and medical history.

Optimize Resource Utilization

Ensure effective allocation of rooms, staff, and operating theaters, reducing waiting times
and enhancing overall hospital efficiency.

Improve Billing and Revenue Management

Facilitate streamlined invoicing, payment tracking, and insurance integration, resulting in
enhanced financial management and revenue generation.

Enhance Communication and Coordination

Provide a user-friendly interface and mobile compatibility, enabling hospital staff to access
critical information on-the-go and improving communication among teams.

Ensure Data Security and Compliance

Implement role-based access controls and robust data privacy measures to protect sensitive
patient information and comply with healthcare regulations.

Technologies used.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

HTML is used to create the structure and content of the web pages. It defines the layout and
organizes the various elements of the website, such as headings, paragraphs, images, links,
forms, and more. HTML provides the backbone of the website, ensuring that all the content
is properly structured and semantically meaningful. It allows developers to present

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information in a hierarchical manner and establish the relationships between different
elements.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

CSS is used to style the HTML content and control the presentation of the web pages. With
CSS, developers can define how each element should be visually displayed, including
properties like colors, fonts, sizes, margins, padding, and positioning. CSS allows for
consistent styling across the entire website, ensuring a cohesive and appealing design. It
enables the separation of content from its presentation, making it easier to update and
modify the website's appearance without changing its underlying structure.

The combination of HTML and CSS allows developers to create visually engaging and
user-friendly web pages for Arogya Health Care Hospital's website. For example, they can
use HTML to structure the web page with headings, paragraphs, images, and links, while
CSS can be employed to style these elements, providing a consistent color scheme,
typography, and layout throughout the website.

In addition to HTML and CSS, JavaScript is another essential technology that is commonly
used in web development to add interactivity and dynamic features to the website.
Together, these three technologies form the foundation of modern web development and
contribute to creating a professional, functional, and visually appealing website for Arogya
Health Care Hospital.

Requirements
Functional Requirements

Patient Information Management

Register new patients with their personal information, medical history, and contact details.

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Update and maintain accurate electronic health records (EHRs) for each patient, including
diagnoses, treatments, and test results.
Allow authorized users to search for and access patient information efficiently.

Room Availability and Scheduling

Maintain a database of available rooms, including room types (e.g., single, double, ICU)
and occupancy status.
Enable staff to schedule patient admissions, transfers, and discharges, ensuring efficient
room allocation and management.
Monitor and manage room turnover and cleaning processes to optimize room availability.

Staff and Operating Room Scheduling

Store staff records, roles, and contact details for effective staff management.
Create and manage staff schedules, considering availability, shifts, and preferences.
Allow booking and scheduling of operating rooms for surgeries and procedures, avoiding
conflicts and optimizing utilization.

Patient Invoicing and Billing

Generate itemized invoices for medical services, treatments, medications, and other charges
incurred by patients.
Track patient payments, including partial payments and outstanding balances.
Integrate with insurance providers for insurance claim processing and billing for insured
patients.

Reception Module:

Record and track patient admissions, including admission dates and assigned rooms.
Manage patient discharges, ensuring proper documentation and handover.

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Log patient movements within the hospital for easy tracking and communication.

Reporting and Analytics

Provide hospital administrators with an intuitive dashboard displaying key metrics,
occupancy rates, revenue, and other important data.
Allow users to generate custom reports and analytics based on specific criteria.

User Authentication and Access Control

Implement secure user authentication mechanisms to ensure only authorized personnel can
access sensitive information.
Apply role-based access control to restrict access to specific functionalities based on staff
roles and responsibilities.

Data Privacy and Security

Ensure compliance with data privacy regulations and industry standards to protect patient
information from unauthorized access.
Employ encryption and other security measures to safeguard data during transmission and
storage.

Client-Side Requirements

Responsive User Interface

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Develop a responsive and user-friendly interface that adapts to different screen sizes and
devices.
Ensure that the website is accessible and usable across various browsers.

Interactive Forms
Implement interactive forms for patient registration, staff details, and other data entry tasks.
Validate form inputs to ensure data accuracy and completeness before submission.

Real-time Updates
Utilize JavaScript to provide real-time updates on room availability, appointment
scheduling, and other relevant information without requiring page reloads.

Dynamic Content
Use JavaScript to dynamically update and display content on the page based on user
interactions, such as search results or filtered data.

Server-Side Requirements
Database Management
Design and implement a relational database to store and manage critical hospital data, such
as patient information, staff details, room availability, schedules, and billing records.
Choose an appropriate database management system (DBMS) like MySQL, PostgreSQL, or
Microsoft SQL Server.

Data Validation and Sanitization

Implement server-side validation and sanitization of user inputs to ensure data integrity and
security.

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Validate and sanitize all incoming data to prevent SQL injection and other security
vulnerabilities.

User Authentication and Access Control

Develop a robust user authentication system to verify user credentials during login and
registration processes.
Implement role-based access control (RBAC) to restrict access to certain functionalities
based on user roles and permissions.

Business Logic and Data Processing

Implement the necessary algorithms and business logic to handle patient admissions,
discharges, room scheduling, staff scheduling, and billing processes.
Ensure data consistency and accuracy through proper data processing and manipulation.

ERD

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 Figure 7 ERD for the database

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DFD

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 Figure 8 DFD for the system

Use Case Diagram

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 Figure 9 User Case Diagram

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Wireframes

Figure 10 Index

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 Figure 11 About

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 Figure 12 Contact

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 Figure 13 Login

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 Figure 14 Patient

Figure 15 Payment
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Implementation of the system

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 Figure 16 Interface 01

Figure 17 Interface 02

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 Figure 18 Contact Us

Figure 19 Admin Dashboard

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 Figure 20 Staff Management

Figure 21 Room Management

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 Figure 22 Surgery Management

Figure 23 Patient Management

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 Figure 24 Payment Management

Code Snippets

Figure 25 Index.php

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 Figure 26 About us.php

Figure 27 Contact Us.php

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 Figure 28 Login.php

Figure 29 Admin.php

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 Figure 30 Staff Management.php

Figure 31 Room Manahement.php

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 Figure 32 Surgery Management.php

Figure 33 Patient Management.php

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 Figure 34 payment.php

Database Tables

Figure 35 Database Structure

PHP CODE

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 Figure 36 PHP Code 01

Figure 37 PHP 02

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Activity 04
Create a suitable test plan for the developed system and critically evaluate the results
of your Test Plan. Include a review of the overall success of your multipage website;
use this evaluation to explain any areas of success and provide justified
recommendations for areas that require improvements.

Test Plan
A test plan for the Arogya Health Care Hospital Management System (HMS) ensures that
the system functions as intended and meets the specified requirements. The plan should
cover various testing phases and scenarios to ensure the system's reliability, functionality,
and security. Here's a suggested test plan:

Test Objectives

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Verify that the HMS meets the functional requirements for patient information
management, room availability and scheduling, staff and operating room schedules, and
patient invoices.
Ensure the system is user-friendly and responsive across different devices and browsers.
Validate data integrity and accuracy in the database.

Assess the system's performance, scalability, and security.

Testing Phases

Unit Testing

Test individual components and modules in isolation.

Validate the correctness of functions and data processing.
Use testing frameworks and tools like Jest, PHPUnit.

Integration Testing

Test interactions between different modules and components.

Verify that data flows smoothly between different parts of the system.

System Testing

Perform end-to-end testing of the entire system.

Validate the complete flow of patient registration, room scheduling, staff management, and
billing processes.

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User Acceptance Testing (UAT)

Involve hospital staff and stakeholders to perform real-world testing.

Obtain feedback on usability and ensure the system meets user expectations.

Performance Testing

Assess system performance under different loads and user concurrency.

Measure response times, server resource utilization, and database performance.
Use tools like JMeter or Apache Bench for load testing.

Security Testing

Identify and fix potential security vulnerabilities.

Test against common security threats, such as SQL injection and XSS attacks.
Use tools like OWASP ZAP or Burp Suite for security testing.

Test Scenarios

Register a new patient and verify the patient's information is correctly stored in the
database.
Schedule a patient for admission, transfer, and discharge, ensuring room availability and
proper scheduling.

Test staff scheduling and operating room booking to avoid conflicts and ensure optimal
resource utilization.

Generate patient invoices and validate the accuracy of charges and payments.
Test different user roles and permissions to ensure proper access control.

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Verify the system's responsiveness and compatibility on various devices and browsers.
Validate data input and boundary conditions to prevent data errors and system crashes.

Defect Reporting and Tracking

Use a bug tracking system to report and monitor defects found during testing.
Categorize defects based on their severity and prioritize their resolution.

Test Data

Prepare test data, including sample patient records, staff details, and room availability.
Ensure data privacy and confidentiality during testing.

Test Environment

Set up a separate testing environment that closely resembles the production environment.
Isolate the testing environment from the live system to avoid unintended consequences.

Test Documentation

Create detailed test cases, including expected outcomes and test steps.
Document test results and any issues found during testing.

Regression Testing

Perform regression testing after bug fixes or system updates to ensure that new changes do
not impact existing functionalities.

Sign-off and Deployment

Obtain sign-off from stakeholders and hospital management after successful testing.

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Deploy the system to the production environment.

By following this test plan, the Arogya Health Care Hospital Management System can be
thoroughly tested, ensuring a reliable, efficient, and user-friendly solution for the hospital's
critical information management needs.

TEST CASE 01
Name: Going to the home page Test Type: Whitebox Testing
Testing Process
Checking whether the website is loading into
the home page.

Test Prediction
Successfully loading into the home

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Actual Reslt
Pass

TEST CASE 02
Name: Logging into the admin account Test Type: Whitebox Testing
Testing Process
Checking if the website is going into the
admin page.

Test Prediction
Successfully loading into admin account

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Actual Reslt
Pass

TEST CASE 01
Name: Going to login page Test Type: Whitebox Testing
Testing Process
Checking whether the website is loading
into the login interface.

Test Prediction
Successfully loading into the home

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Actual Reslt
failed

TEST CASE 01
Name: Troubleshooting the issue in login Test Type: Whitebox Testing
Testing Process
Troubleshooting why the website is not
loading into the login.

Test Prediction
Successfully loading into the home

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 Actual Reslt
Passed

Reason for not loading is due to a syantax error occurred in the navigation bar, and it has been
sorted out. The predicted result in the test case 03 has been mentioned below.

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Login loaded successfully.

References
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protocol-http/
[Accessed 16 20 2023].
Comer, D., 2009. The Internet Book: Everything You Need to Know About Computer
Networking and How the Internet Works. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

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Elprocus, 2023. What are Communication Protocols & Their Working. [Online]
Available at: https://www.elprocus.com/communication-protocols/
[Accessed 16 April 2023].
Gillis, A. S., 2020. Web Server. [Online]
Available at: https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/glossary/Internet-Technologies
[Accessed 30 March 2023].
IONOS, 2023. What is a server?. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/server/know-how/what-is-a-server-one-
term-two-definitions/#:~:text=Definition%20Server%20(hardware)%3A%20a,a%20host
%20with%20server%20software.
[Accessed 10 April 2023].
Kurose, J. & Ross, K., 2017. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach. s.l.:Pearson.
Moore, J., 2020. Server hardware guide to architecture, products and management.
[Online]
Available at: https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/Server-hardware-guide-to-
architecture-products-and-management
[Accessed 30 March 2023].
Solarwinds, 2023. What Is a Web Server?. [Online]
Available at: https://www.solarwinds.com/resources/it-glossary/web-server
[Accessed 30 May 2023].
Types.blog, 2022. Types Of Server Hardware. [Online]
Available at: https://types.blog/types-of-server-hardware/
[Accessed 10 April 2023].

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