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DESCRIPTION
DOSTINEX Tablets contain cabergoline, a dopamine receptor agonist. The chemical
name for cabergoline is 1­[(6­allylergolin­8ß­yl)­carbonyl]­1­[3­(dimethylamino)
propyl]­3­ethylurea. Its empirical formula is C26H37N5O2, and its molecular weight is
451.62. The structural formula is as follows:

Cabergoline is a white powder soluble in ethyl alcohol, chloroform, and N, N­

dimethylformamide (DMF); slightly soluble in 0.1N hydrochloric acid; very slightly
soluble in n­hexane; and insoluble in water.

DOSTINEX Tablets, for oral administration, contain 0.5 mg of cabergoline. Inactive

ingredients consist of leucine, USP, and lactose, NF.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Mechanism of Action: The secretion of prolactin by the anterior pituitary is mainly
under hypothalamic inhibitory control, likely exerted through release of dopamine by
tuberoinfundibular neurons. Cabergoline is a long­acting dopamine receptor agonist with
a high affinity for D2 receptors. Results of in vitro studies demonstrate that cabergoline
exerts a direct inhibitory effect on the secretion of prolactin by rat pituitary lactotrophs.
Cabergoline decreased serum prolactin levels in reserpinized rats. Receptor­binding
studies indicate that cabergoline has low affinity for dopamine D1, 1­ and 2­adrenergic,
and 5­HT1­ and 5­HT2­serotonin receptors.

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Clinical Studies: The prolactin­lowering efficacy of DOSTINEX was demonstrated in

hyperprolactinemic women in two randomized, double­blind, comparative studies, one
with placebo and the other with bromocriptine. In the placebo­controlled study (placebo
n=20; cabergoline n=168), DOSTINEX produced a dose­related decrease in serum
prolactin levels with prolactin normalized after 4 weeks of treatment in 29%, 76%, 74%
and 95% of the patients receiving 0.125, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg twice weekly respectively.

In the 8­week, double­blind period of the comparative trial with bromocriptine

(cabergoline n=223; bromocriptine n=236 in the intent­to­treat analysis), prolactin was
normalized in 77% of the patients treated with DOSTINEX at 0.5 mg twice weekly
compared with 59% of those treated with bromocriptine at 2.5 mg twice daily.
Restoration of menses occurred in 77% of the women treated with DOSTINEX,
compared with 70% of those treated with bromocriptine. Among patients with
galactorrhea, this symptom disappeared in 73% of those treated with DOSTINEX
compared with 56% of those treated with bromocriptine.

Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: Following single oral doses of 0.5 mg to 1.5 mg given to 12 healthy adult
volunteers, mean peak plasma levels of 30 to 70 picograms (pg)/mL of cabergoline were
observed within 2 to 3 hours. Over the 0.5­to­7 mg dose range, cabergoline plasma levels
appeared to be dose­proportional in 12 healthy adult volunteers and nine adult
parkinsonian patients. A repeat­dose study in 12 healthy volunteers suggests that steady­
state levels following a once­weekly dosing schedule are expected to be twofold to
threefold higher than after a single dose. The absolute bioavailability of cabergoline is
unknown. A significant fraction of the administered dose undergoes a first­pass effect.
The elimination half­life of cabergoline estimated from urinary data of 12 healthy
subjects ranged between 63 to 69 hours. The prolonged prolactin­lowering effect of
cabergoline may be related to its slow elimination and long half­life.

Distribution: In animals, based on total radioactivity, cabergoline (and/or its metabolites)

has shown extensive tissue distribution. Radioactivity in the pituitary exceeded that in
plasma by >100­fold and was eliminated with a half­life of approximately 60 hours. This
finding is consistent with the long­lasting prolactin­lowering effect of the drug. Whole
body autoradiography studies in pregnant rats showed no fetal uptake but high levels in
the uterine wall. Significant radioactivity (parent plus metabolites) detected in the milk of
lactating rats suggests a potential for exposure to nursing infants. The drug is extensively
distributed throughout the body. Cabergoline is moderately bound (40% to 42%) to
human plasma proteins in a concentration­independent manner. Concomitant dosing of
highly protein­bound drugs is unlikely to affect its disposition.

Metabolism: In both animals and humans, cabergoline is extensively metabolized,

predominately via hydrolysis of the acylurea bond or the urea moiety. Cytochrome P­450
mediated metabolism appears to be minimal. Cabergoline does not cause enzyme
induction and/or inhibition in the rat. Hydrolysis of the acylurea or urea moiety abolishes
the prolactin­lowering effect of cabergoline, and major metabolites identified thus far do
not contribute to the therapeutic effect.

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Excretion: After oral dosing of radioactive cabergoline to five healthy volunteers,

approximately 22% and 60% of the dose was excreted within 20 days in the urine and
feces, respectively. Less than 4% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine.
Nonrenal and renal clearances for cabergoline are about 3.2 L/min and 0.08 L/min,
respectively. Urinary excretion in hyperprolactinemic patients was similar.

Special Populations
Renal Insufficiency: The pharmacokinetics of cabergoline were not altered in 12 patients
with moderate­to­severe renal insufficiency as assessed by creatinine clearance.

Hepatic Insufficiency: In 12 patients with mild­to­moderate hepatic dysfunction (Child­

Pugh score 10), no effect on mean cabergoline Cmax or area under the plasma
concentration curve (AUC) was observed. However, patients with severe insufficiency
(Child­Pugh score >10) show a substantial increase in the mean cabergoline Cmax and
AUC, and thus necessitate caution.

Elderly: Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of cabergoline has not been studied.

Food-Drug Interaction
In 12 healthy adult volunteers, food did not alter cabergoline kinetics.

Pharmacodynamics
Dose response with inhibition of plasma prolactin, onset of maximal effect, and duration
of effect has been documented following single cabergoline doses to healthy volunteers
(0.05 to 1.5 mg) and hyperprolactinemic patients (0.3 to 1 mg). In volunteers, prolactin
inhibition was evident at doses >0.2 mg, while doses 0.5 mg caused maximal
suppression in most subjects. Higher doses produce prolactin suppression in a greater
proportion of subjects and with an earlier onset and longer duration of action. In 12
healthy volunteers, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg doses resulted in complete prolactin inhibition,
with a maximum effect within 3 hours in 92% to 100% of subjects after the 1 and 1.5 mg
doses compared with 50% of subjects after the 0.5 mg dose.

In hyperprolactinemic patients (N=51), the maximal prolactin decrease after a 0.6 mg

single dose of cabergoline was comparable to 2.5 mg bromocriptine; however, the
duration of effect was markedly longer (14 days vs. 24 hours). The time to maximal
effect was shorter for bromocriptine than cabergoline (6 hours vs. 48 hours).

In 72 healthy volunteers, single or multiple doses (up to 2 mg) of cabergoline resulted in

selective inhibition of prolactin with no apparent effect on other anterior pituitary
hormones (GH, FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH) or cortisol.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

DOSTINEX Tablets are indicated for the treatment of hyperprolactinemic disorders,
either idiopathic or due to pituitary adenomas.

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CONTRAINDICATIONS
DOSTINEX Tablets are contraindicated in patients with:
Uncontrolled hypertension or known hypersensitivity to ergot derivatives.
History of cardiac valvular disorders, as suggested by anatomical evidence of
valvulopathy of any valve, determined by pre­treatment evaluation including
echocardiographic demonstration of valve leaflet thickening, valve restriction, or
mixed valve restriction­stenosis. (See WARNINGS)
History of pulmonary, pericardial, or retroperitoneal fibrotic disorders. (See
WARNINGS)

WARNINGS
1. Pregnancy: Dopamine agonists in general should not be used in patients with
pregnancy­induced hypertension, for example, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and post partum
hypertension, unless the potential benefit is judged to outweigh the possible risk.

2. Fibrotic Complications:
a. Cardiac Valvulopathy:
All patients should undergo a cardiovascular evaluation, including echocardiogram to
assess the potential presence of valvular disease. If valvular disease is detected, the
patient should not be treated with DOSTINEX. Postmarketing cases of cardiac
valvulopathy have been reported in patients receiving DOSTINEX. These cases have
generally occurred during administration of high doses of DOSTINEX (>2mg/day) for
the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Cases of cardiac valvulopathy have also been
reported in patients receiving lower doses of Dostinex for the treatment of
hyperprolactinemic disorders.

Physicians should use the lowest effective dose of DOSTINEX for the treatment of
hyperprolactinemic disorders and should periodically reassess the need for continuing
therapy with DOSTINEX. Following treatment initiation, clinical and diagnostic
monitoring (for example, chest x­ray, CT scan and cardiac echocardiogram) should be
conducted to assess the risk of cardiac valvulopathy. The recommended frequency of
routine echocardiographic monitoring is every 6 to 12 months or as clinically indicated
with the presence of signs and symptoms such as edema, new cardiac murmur, dyspnea,
or congestive heart failure.

DOSTINEX should be discontinued if an echocardiogram reveals new valvular

regurgitation, valvular restriction or valve leaflet thickening.

DOSTINEX should be used with caution in patients exposed to other medications

associated with valvulopathy.

b. Extracardiac Fibrotic Reactions:

Postmarketing cases of pleural, pericardial, and retroperitoneal fibrosis have been
reported following administration of DOSTINEX. Some reports were in patients

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previously treated with other ergotinic dopamine agonists. DOSTINEX should not be
used in patients with a history of cardiac or extracardiac fibrotic disorders.

Fibrotic disorders can have an insidious onset and patients should be monitored for
manifestations of progressive fibrosis. Therefore, during treatment, attention should be
paid to the signs and symptoms of:
Pleuro­pulmonary disease such as dyspnea, shortness of breath, persistent
cough or chest pain.
Renal insufficiency or ureteral/abdominal vascular obstruction that may occur
with pain in the loin/flank and lower limb edema as well as any possible
abdominal masses or tenderness that may indicate retroperitoneal fibrosis.
Cardiac failure: Cases of valvular and pericardial fibrosis have often
manifested as cardiac failure. Therefore, valvular fibrosis (and constrictive
pericarditis) should be excluded if such symptoms occur.

Clinical and diagnostic monitoring such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate, chest x­ray,
serum creatinine measurements, and other investigations should be considered at baseline
and as necessary while patients are treated with DOSTINEX.

Following diagnosis of pleural effusion or pulmonary fibrosis, the discontinuance of

DOSTINEX was reported to result in improvement of signs and symptoms.

PRECAUTIONS
General: Initial doses higher than 1.0 mg may produce orthostatic hypotension. Care
should be exercised when administering DOSTINEX with other medications known to
lower blood pressure.

Postpartum Lactation Inhibition or Suppression: DOSTINEX is not indicated for the

inhibition or suppression of physiologic lactation. Use of bromocriptine, another
dopamine agonist for this purpose, has been associated with cases of hypertension,
stroke, and seizures.

Hepatic Impairment: Since cabergoline is extensively metabolized by the liver, caution

should be used, and careful monitoring exercised, when administering DOSTINEX to
patients with hepatic impairment.

Psychiatric: Pathological gambling, increased libido, and hypersexuality have been

reported in patients treated with dopamine agonists including cabergoline. This has been
generally reversible upon reduction of the dose or treatment discontinuation (See
Postmarketing Surveillance data).

Information for Patients: Patients should be instructed to notify their physician if they
suspect they are pregnant, become pregnant, or intend to become pregnant during
therapy. A pregnancy test should be done if there is any suspicion of pregnancy and
continuation of treatment should be discussed with their physician.

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Patients should notify their physician if they develop shortness of breath, persistent
cough, difficulty with breathing when lying down, or swelling in their extremities.

Drug Interactions: DOSTINEX should not be administered concurrently with D2­

antagonists, such as phenothiazines, butyrophenones, thioxanthenes, or metoclopramide.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: Carcinogenicity studies were

conducted in mice and rats with cabergoline given by gavage at doses up to 0.98
mg/kg/day and 0.32 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are 7 times and 4 times the
maximum recommended human dose calculated on a body surface area basis using total
mg/m2/week in rodents and mg/m2/week for a 50 kg human.

There was a slight increase in the incidence of cervical and uterine leiomyomas and
uterine leiomyosarcomas in mice. In rats, there was a slight increase in malignant tumors
of the cervix and uterus and interstitial cell adenomas. The occurrence of tumors in
female rodents may be related to the prolonged suppression of prolactin secretion because
prolactin is needed in rodents for the maintenance of the corpus luteum. In the absence of
prolactin, the estrogen/progesterone ratio is increased, thereby increasing the risk for
uterine tumors. In male rodents, the decrease in serum prolactin levels was associated
with an increase in serum luteinizing hormone, which is thought to be a compensatory
effect to maintain testicular steroid synthesis. Since these hormonal mechanisms are
thought to be species­specific, the relevance of these tumors to humans is not known.

The mutagenic potential of cabergoline was evaluated and found to be negative in a

battery of in vitro tests. These tests included the bacterial mutation (Ames) test with
Salmonella typhimurium, the gene mutation assay with Schizosaccharomyces pombe P1
and V79 Chinese hamster cells, DNA damage and repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
D4, and chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes. Cabergoline was also negative
in the bone marrow micronucleus test in the mouse.

In female rats, a daily dose of 0.003 mg/kg for 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout
the mating period inhibited conception. This dose represents approximately 1/28 the
maximum recommended human dose calculated on a body surface area basis using total
mg/m2/week in rats and mg/m2/week for a 50 kg human.

Pregnancy: Teratogenic Effects: Category B. Reproduction studies have been

performed with cabergoline in mice, rats, and rabbits administered by gavage.

(Multiples of the maximum recommended human dose in this section are calculated on a
body surface area basis using total mg/m2/week for animals and mg/m2/week for a 50 kg
human.)

There were maternotoxic effects but no teratogenic effects in mice given cabergoline at
doses up to 8 mg/kg/day (approximately 55 times the maximum recommended human
dose) during the period of organogenesis.

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A dose of 0.012 mg/kg/day (approximately 1/7 the maximum recommended human dose)
during the period of organogenesis in rats caused an increase in post­implantation
embryofetal losses. These losses could be due to the prolactin inhibitory properties of
cabergoline in rats. At daily doses of 0.5 mg/kg/day (approximately 19 times the
maximum recommended human dose) during the period of organogenesis in the rabbit,
cabergoline caused maternotoxicity characterized by a loss of body weight and decreased
food consumption. Doses of 4 mg/kg/day (approximately 150 times the maximum
recommended human dose) during the period of organogenesis in the rabbit caused an
increased occurrence of various malformations. However, in another study in rabbits, no
treatment­related malformations or embryofetotoxicity were observed at doses up to 8
mg/kg/day (approximately 300 times the maximum recommended human dose).

In rats, doses higher than 0.003 mg/kg/day (approximately 1/28 the maximum
recommended human dose) from 6 days before parturition and throughout the lactation
period inhibited growth and caused death of offspring due to decreased milk secretion.

There are, however, no adequate and well­controlled studies in pregnant women. Because
animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug
should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because
many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse
reactions in nursing infants from cabergoline, a decision should be made whether to
discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the
drug to the mother. Use of DOSTINEX for the inhibition or suppression of physiologic
lactation is not recommended (see PRECAUTIONS section).

The prolactin­lowering action of cabergoline suggests that it will interfere with lactation.
Due to this interference with lactation, DOSTINEX should not be given to women
postpartum who are breastfeeding or who are planning to breastfeed.

Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness of DOSTINEX in pediatric patients have not
been established.

Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of DOSTINEX did not include sufficient numbers of
subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger
patients. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses
between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient
should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the
greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant
disease or other drug therapy.

ADVERSE REACTIONS
The safety of DOSTINEX Tablets has been evaluated in more than 900 patients with
hyperprolactinemic disorders. Most adverse events were mild or moderate in severity.

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In a 4­week, double­blind, placebo­controlled study, treatment consisted of placebo or

cabergoline at fixed doses of 0.125, 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 mg twice weekly. Doses were halved
during the first week. Since a possible dose­related effect was observed for nausea only,
the four cabergoline treatment groups have been combined. The incidence of the most
common adverse events during the placebo­controlled study is presented in the following
table.

Incidence of Reported Adverse Events During the 4-Week, Double-Blind,

Placebo-Controlled Trial
Cabergoline Placebo
(n=168) (n=20)
*
Adverse Event 0.125 to 1 mg two
times a week
Number (percent)
Gastrointestinal
Nausea 45 (27) 4 (20)
Constipation 16 (10) 0
Abdominal pain 9 (5) 1 (5)
Dyspepsia 4 (2) 0
Vomiting 4 (2) 0
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Headache 43 (26) 5 (25)
Dizziness 25 (15) 1 (5)
Paresthesia 2 (1) 0
Vertigo 2 (1) 0
Body As a Whole
Asthenia 15 (9) 2 (10)
Fatigue 12 (7) 0
Hot flashes 2 (1) 1 (5)
Psychiatric
Somnolence 9 (5) 1 (5)
Depression 5 (3) 1 (5)
Nervousness 4 (2) 0
Autonomic Nervous System
Postural hypotension 6 (4) 0
Reproductive – Female
Breast pain 2 (1) 0
Dysmenorrhea 2 (1) 0
Vision
Abnormal vision 2 (1) 0
*Reported at 1% for cabergoline

In the 8­week, double­blind period of the comparative trial with bromocriptine,

DOSTINEX (at a dose of 0.5 mg twice weekly) was discontinued because of an adverse
event in 4 of 221 patients (2%) while bromocriptine (at a dose of 2.5 mg two times a day)

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was discontinued in 14 of 231 patients (6%). The most common reasons for
discontinuation from DOSTINEX were headache, nausea and vomiting (3, 2 and 2
patients respectively); the most common reasons for discontinuation from bromocriptine
were nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness or vertigo (10, 3, 3, and 3 patients
respectively). The incidence of the most common adverse events during the double­blind
portion of the comparative trial with bromocriptine is presented in the following table.

Incidence of Reported Adverse Events During the 8-Week, Double-Blind

Period of the Comparative Trial With Bromocriptine
Cabergoline Bromocriptine
Adverse Event* (n=221) (n=231)
Number (percent)
Gastrointestinal
Nausea 63 (29) 100 (43)
Constipation 15 (7) 21 (9)
Abdominal pain 12 (5) 19 (8)
Dyspepsia 11 (5) 16 (7)
Vomiting 9 (4) 16 (7)
Dry mouth 5 (2) 2 (1)
Diarrhea 4 (2) 7 (3)
Flatulence 4 (2) 3 (1)
Throat irritation 2 (1) 0
Toothache 2 (1) 0
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Headache 58 (26) 62 (27)
Dizziness 38 (17) 42 (18)
Vertigo 9 (4) 10 (4)
Paresthesia 5 (2) 6 (3)
Body As a Whole
Asthenia 13 (6) 15 (6)
Fatigue 10 (5) 18 (8)
Syncope 3 (1) 3 (1)
Influenza­like symptoms 2 (1) 0
Malaise 2 (1) 0
Periorbital edema 2 (1) 2 (1)
Peripheral edema 2 (1) 1
Psychiatric
Depression 7 (3) 5 (2)
Somnolence 5 (2) 5 (2)
Anorexia 3 (1) 3 (1)
Anxiety 3 (1) 3 (1)
Insomnia 3 (1) 2 (1)
Impaired concentration 2 (1) 1
Nervousness 2 (1) 5 (2)

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Cabergoline Bromocriptine
Adverse Event* (n=221) (n=231)
Number (percent)
Cardiovascular
Hot flashes 6 (3) 3 (1)
Hypotension 3 (1) 4 (2)
Dependent edema 2 (1) 1
Palpitation 2 (1) 5 (2)
Reproductive – Female
Breast pain 5 (2) 8 (3)
Dysmenorrhea 2 (1) 1
Skin and Appendages
Acne 3 (1) 0
Pruritus 2 (1) 1
Musculoskeletal
Pain 4 (2) 6 (3)
Arthralgia 2 (1) 0
Respiratory
Rhinitis 2 (1) 9 (4)
Vision
Abnormal vision 2 (1) 2 (1)
*Reported at 1% for cabergoline

Other adverse events that were reported at an incidence of <1.0% in the overall clinical
studies follow.

Body As a Whole: facial edema, influenza­like symptoms, malaise

Cardiovascular System: hypotension, syncope, palpitations
Digestive System: dry mouth, flatulence, diarrhea, anorexia
Metabolic and Nutritional System: weight loss, weight gain
Nervous System: somnolence, nervousness, paresthesia, insomnia, anxiety
Respiratory System: nasal stuffiness, epistaxis
Skin and Appendages: acne, pruritus
Special Senses: abnormal vision
Urogenital System: dysmenorrhea, increased libido

The safety of cabergoline has been evaluated in approximately 1,200 patients with
Parkinson’s disease in controlled and uncontrolled studies at dosages of up to 11.5
mg/day which greatly exceeds the maximum recommended dosage of cabergoline for
hyperprolactinemic disorders. In addition to the adverse events that occurred in the
patients with hyperprolactinemic disorders, the most common adverse events in patients
with Parkinson’s disease were dyskinesia, hallucinations, confusion, and peripheral
edema. Heart failure, pleural effusion, pulmonary fibrosis, and gastric or duodenal ulcer
occurred rarely. One case of constrictive pericarditis has been reported.

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Postmarketing Surveillance data: The following events have been reported in

association with DOSTINEX: cardiac valvulopathy and extracardiac fibrotic reactions,
(See WARNINGS, Cardiac Valvulopathy and Extracardiac Fibrotic Reactions).

Others events have been reported in association with cabergoline: hypersexuality,

increased libido, pathological gambling (See PRECAUTIONS, Psychiatric). In
addition, cases of alopecia, aggression and psychotic disorder have been reported in
patients taking DOSTINEX. Some of these reports have been in patients who have had
prior adverse reactions to dopamine agonist products.

OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage might be expected to produce nasal congestion, syncope, or hallucinations.
Measures to support blood pressure should be taken if necessary.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

The recommended dosage of DOSTINEX Tablets for initiation of therapy is 0.25 mg
twice a week. Dosage may be increased by 0.25 mg twice weekly up to a dosage of 1 mg
twice a week according to the patient’s serum prolactin level. Before initiating treatment,
cardiovascular evaluation should be performed and echocardiography should be
considered to assess for valvular disease.

Dosage increases should not occur more rapidly than every 4 weeks, so that the physician
can assess the patient’s response to each dosage level. If the patient does not respond
adequately, and no additional benefit is observed with higher doses, the lowest dose that
achieved maximal response should be used and other therapeutic approaches considered.
Patients receiving long term treatment with DOSTINEX should undergo periodic
assessment of their cardiac status and echocardiography should be considered.

After a normal serum prolactin level has been maintained for 6 months, DOSTINEX may
be discontinued, with periodic monitoring of the serum prolactin level to determine
whether or when treatment with DOSTINEX should be reinstituted. The durability of
efficacy beyond 24 months of therapy with DOSTINEX has not been established.

HOW SUPPLIED
DOSTINEX Tablets are white, scored, capsule­shaped tablets containing 0.5 mg
cabergoline. Each tablet is scored on one side and has the letter P and the letter U on
either side of the breakline. The other side of the tablet is engraved with the number 700.

DOSTINEX is available as follows:

Bottles of 8 tablets NDC 0013­7001­12

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STORAGE
Store at controlled room temperature 20°to 25°C (68°to 77°F) [see USP].

Rx only

LAB­0030­9.1
Revised July 2011

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