Name: Omar Osama Mohamed

Subject: Electrical installations

About: Difference of lighting and power

circuits in commercial and domestic
 Lighting circuits:
Types Domestic Commercial
1. Light Bulb Lingo 1.Light-emitting diode
(LED)
2. fluorescent bulbs
2.Compact fluorescent
3. LED (CFL)
Bulbs
4. Halogen and Xenon 3.Incandescent

5. Wi-Fi Capable 4.Halogen

6. Incandescent Bulbs 5. High-Intensity
Discharge (HID) Lamps:
7.Filament LED Bulbs
1. Single-Pole Switch 1.Proximity Switches

2. Double-Pole Switch 2.Dimmer Switches

3. Two-Way Switch 3.Selector Switches:

switches
4. Intermediate Switch 4.Push-Button Switches

5. Toggle Switch 5.Rocker Switches

6. Smart Switch 6.Toggle or Flip

Switches
Method of connection in domestic:
1) Loop-in Method.
The loop-in method is completed using 1.5mm2 PVC / PVC single core cables
plus a Protective Conductor ( PE ). Switch feeds and switch wires are wired
with brown cable. Neutrals are wired with blue cable. A protective conductor
must be provided at all lighting points and at all switch positions. These must
be insulated with Green / Yellow sleeving. Switches are installed at a
standard height of 1.1 metres above the finished floor level ( FFL ).

Lamps are placed in the centre of room ceilings except when more than one
lamp is to be fitted. There should be no more than ten lighting points per
circuit. There should be at least two lighting circuits per dwelling. This is to
ensure that the entire house is not plunged into darkness if one lighting
circuit fails. In this Figure shows how three lamps, individually controlled by
one- way switches are connected to the supply.

All connections are made at the switches and

light fittings and are therefore easily accessible. The lamps are connected in
parallel but separately switched. When all switches are in the “up” position,
all lamps will be “off”
 2) Joint Box Method.
The joint box method may be completed using 1.5mm2 PVC / PVC single
core cables plus a protective conductor, or 1.5mm2 Twin and Earth PVC /
PVC cable.

The phase and neutral conductors are looped into the joint boxes using
brown and blue cores respectively.

Neutrals and switch wires are run between joint boxes and batten
lampholders / ceiling roses. Protective conductors are connected at all
accessories.
Switch feeds and switch wires are run between joint boxes and switches. A
twin brown cable is available for this purpose.
The running in of cables is completed simply and efficiently, but connecting
up of accessories takes considerably longer than for the loop-in method.
In this Figure shows how two lamps, individually controlled by one-way
switches, are connected to the supply. Protective conductors are omitted for
clarity.
IMPORTANT: All neutral conductors
must have blue insulation.

All live conductors, switch feeds and

switch wires must have brown
insulation. All protective conductors
must have Green / Yellow insulation
or sleeving.

This method of wiring lights is no longer used in domestic installations.

It will of course be encountered in older installations for many years yet.

Note: Joint box must be fixed in position.

3) Three Plate Ceiling Rose Method
The three plate ceiling rose method may be completed in a similar manner to
the joint box method. The three plate ceiling rose actually replaces the joint
box and the batten lampholder or two plate ceiling rose. As a result there are
fewer cables to be run. This involves less time at the first fixing stage.
There are more terminations to be made off and most of these are at the
ceiling roses. This results in more time at the second fixing stage. All
terminations will be accessible within the room.
In this Figure shows how two lamps individually controlled by one-way
switches are connected to the supply. Protective conductors are omitted for
clarity.
All neutral conductors must have blue insulation.
All live conductors, switch feeds and switch wires must have brown insulation.
All protective conductors must have Green / Yellow sleeving.
Method of connection in commercial:
a) Raceway and Conductor Method
Definition:

The raceway and conductor method involves using conduits or tubing

(raceways) to enclose and protect electrical conductors in commercial
installations. The raceway and conductor method consists of metallic or
nonmetallic conduit or tubing with multiple insulated phase, neutral and
possibly an equipment ground conductor depending on the applicable
method and NEC requirements. Each raceway and conductor installation is
field fabricated based on the design plans and specifications. Most
consultants typically specify conductors of the type THHN/THWN
(thermoplastic high heat-resistant nylon jacket/thermoplastic heat and
water-resistant nylon jacket) or XHHW (XLPE high heat-resistant and water-
resistant) in copper or aluminum for these applications. Copper typically is
specified for branch circuits and either copper or aluminum is specified for
feeders.

Types of Raceways:

Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC)

Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC)

Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC)
Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit (LFMC)

Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit (PVC)

Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT)

Conductors:
Types specified for commercial applications include THHN/THWN and
XHHW, in copper or aluminum.Copper is often specified for branch circuits,
and either copper or aluminum for feeders.
Advantages:

Protection from physical damage and environmental factors.

Organization and ease of maintenance.

Flexibility for changes and additions.

Suitable for various applications and locations.

Disadvantages:

Higher installed costs due to labor for raceway installation.

Limited number of bends before requiring junction boxes.
Some types of conduit not suitable for locations prone to physical damage.
Considerations for temperature, sunlight exposure, and combustibility with
PVC conduit

b) Manufactured cable assembly methods

As mentioned above, NEC Articles 300 and 310 also apply to manufactured
cable assemblies. Manufactured cable assemblies consist of multiple insulated
phase and neutral conductors with an insulated and/or bare equipment
grounding conductor(s) wrapped and enclosed within either a metallic or
nonmetallic sheath. Manufactured cable assemblies are available as standard
product offerings from the manufacturer or as custom assemblies with
specified conductor configurations, which may come with extended lead
times and minimum order lengths. Consultants will find that these cable
assemblies generally come standard with THHN/THWN or XHHW-2 (copper
or aluminum) conductors in most cases.
Common Types of Manufactured Cable Assemblies:

1. Armored Cable (Type AC):

 Metallic sheath (steel or aluminum armor) used as a ground path.
 Typically used for branch circuit connections between luminaires
and power receptacles.

2. Metal-Clad Cable (Type MC):

 Metallic sheath (steel or aluminum interlocking armor) not used

as a ground path.

 Commonly used for branch circuit connections and distribution

feeders in commercial construction.

3. Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed Cable (Type MI):

 Seamless copper sheath containing copper conductors within
magnesium oxide insulation.

 Used for specialized applications, such as compliance with NEC

700 emergency systems.
4. Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable (Types NM, NMC, NMS):

 Nonmetallic sheath with PVC insulation and a nylon jacket.

 Commonly used for lighting, switches, and receptacle branch

circuits in light commercial and residential construction.

5. Service-Entrance Cable (Types SE, USE):

 Nonmetallic sheath with cable reinforcement and an outer PVC

jacket.

 Used for service drops to a meter pedestal or as a distribution

feeder to a branch circuit panelboard.
 6. Underground Feeder and Branch-Circuit Cable (Type UF):

 Nonmetallic sheath with PVC insulation and a nylon jacket

contained within a gray PVC outer jacket.

 Used for outdoor direct burial feeders and branch circuits to

detached garages and lighting fixtures.

Advantages of Cable Assemblies:

1. Lower Installed Cost:

 Reduced labor costs as conduit installation is not needed.

2. Faster Installation:

 Quick installation due to less labor and increased flexibility in

cable routing.
3. Flexibility:

 Type AC and MC can be used in applications where flexibility is

necessary for equipment connections.
4. Factory-Tested Assembly:gh

 Cable assemblies are tested at the factory, ensuring reliability.

5. Fire Resistance (Type MI):
 Mineral-insulated (MI) cable is fire-resistant, suitable for
specialized applications.

6. Higher Ampacity (Type MI):

 MI cable, when installed in free air, allows higher ampacity

ratings with equally sized conductors.
Disadvantages of Cable Assemblies:

1. Securing and Supporting:

 Requires securing and supporting at shorter spacing.

2. No Changes in Circuit Configuration:

 Once installed, changes in circuit configuration are not possible.

3. Physical Damage Limitations:

 Cannot be installed where subject to physical damage.

4. Dry Location Limitation (Types AC, MC):
 Types AC or MC cable must be installed in dry locations.
5. Visual Appeal (Exposed Installations):

 Exposed installations may not be aesthetically appealing.

6. Combustibility (Types NM, SE, UF):

 Types NM, SE, and UF cables are combustible and may not be
accepted in some jurisdictions.
7. Planning Requirements:

 More planning is required during cabling procurement.

c) Busway methods
Another type of wiring method includes a busway, which is sometimes called
bus duct. By definition, a busway is a metal enclosed raceway with factory-
mounted busbars. All types of busways fall under the scope of NEC Article
368, which includes service-entrance, feeder and branch-circuit busways.
Generally, busway comes in either feeder style or plug-in style configurations
with either insulated or bare conductors.
Advantages to busways:

 More compact in physical size than multiple conduits for the same
ampacity feeder.

 Available in many ampere ratings from 60 to 4,000 amps.

 Plug-in style busway offers flexibility to add and change load takeoffs.

 Total voltage drop with bus duct application is less impactful. Be aware
of extremely long runs of feeder bus duct where one is looking to
maintain 2% voltage drop.

Disadvantages of busways:
 Installed cost potentially higher, especially if many elbows and offsets
are needed.
 Susceptible to failure due to water leaks within the building (note some
jurisdictions require sprinkler-proof plug-in busway, which has an
ingress protection rating of IP54).

 Cannot be installed where subject to severe physical damage.

 The available short-circuit current on the bus duct could be very high.
Be aware of the short-circuit current rating when using plug-in circuit
breaker modules.
 100% rated circuit breaker plug-in modules may be not available.

 Limited space for bus plugs in vertical applications depending on

equipment room layout and position of bus duct.
 Power circuits:
Domestic Commercial
1. 15A, 120 Volt Outlets 1. CEE plug and socket 16A –
single-phase
2. Tamper-Resistant
Receptacles 2. CEE plug and socket 16A -
three-phase
3. GFCI Outlets
3. CEE plug and socket 32A -
4. AFCI Outlets three-phase

5. USB Outlets 4. CEE plug and socket 63A -

three-phase
6. Smart Outlets
Method of connection in domestic:
• Electrical connections are all around your home. Electrical wiring connects
to switches, outlets, appliances, disconnects, meters, and circuit breakers.
There are a number of ways to make these connections, but what we are
looking for is the safe and secure ways to make these connections that will
last a lifetime!
• Loose connections can cause electrical wiring and devices to heat up and
are a potential electrical fire in the making. That's why safe and secure
electrical connections are so important. In order to make these connections,
you will need a little advice and a guide to making proper connections on
devices, appliances, and the very important electrical panel connections.
• Properly sized electrical wire and the properly sized circuit breakers
connected to the wires are very important. A loose connection can lead to a
fire--electrical safety is serious business. Please check these connections
before turning on power to anything. Take a look now at the many different
electrical connections around the home and how to do the projects yourself
Here are common methods of connection for power circuits in domestic
settings:
1. Ring Circuit:
Description: A ring circuit involves connecting outlets and appliances in a
loop, allowing electricity to flow in both directions.
2. Radial Circuit:
Description: A radial circuit involves connecting outlets and appliances in a
linear manner, with power flowing from the distribution board to the last
point.
3. Spur Circuit:
Description: A spur circuit is a branch from the main circuit, connecting to a
single or limited number of outlets or appliances.

Used for extending power to specific areas.

4. Surface Wiring:
Description: Surface wiring involves running cables along the surface of
walls or ceilings.
Provides a visible and accessible wiring solution.
5. Concealed Wiring:
Description: Concealed wiring hides cables within the structure of the
building, such as behind walls and ceilings.
Offers a clean and unobtrusive appearance.
6. Busbar Systems:
Description: A busbar system involves using a set of conductive bars for
power distribution.
7. Plug-and-Play Systems:
Description:

Pre-manufactured systems with modular components for quick and easy

installation.

Common in modern homes for flexibility and convenience.

Method of connection in commercial:

In commercial power circuits, various methods of connection are used to
distribute electrical power efficiently and safely. The specific method chosen
depends on the requirements of the commercial space, the type of equipment
being powered, and local electrical codes
 Some methods of connection for power circuits in commercial:
1. Conduit Wiring:
Description: Electrical wires are enclosed in metal or plastic conduits for
protection and to meet safety standards.

 Advantages:
Protects wires from physical damage.
Enhances safety.

Meets code requirements.

2. Busway Systems:
 Description: Busway is a metal-enclosed system with factory-mounted
busbars for electrical power distribution.

 Advantages:

Compact size compared to multiple conduits.

Flexible for adding and changing load takeoffs.
  Applications: Used for service-entrance, feeder, and branch-circuit
applications in commercial buildings.
3. Cable Trays:
 Description: Open support system consisting of a network of
connected trays to route and support cables.

 Advantages:

Easy installation and maintenance.

Good ventilation for cables.

4. Concealed Wiring:
 Description: Wires are concealed within the structure of the building,
such as behind walls and ceilings.
 Advantages:

Aesthetically pleasing as wiring is not visible.

 Applications: Used in offices, retail spaces, and other commercial

environments where a clean appearance is desired.
5. Raceways:
Description: Enclosed channels that house and protect electrical wiring.

 Advantages:

Neat and organized appearance.

Allows for easy installation and maintenance.

 Applications:Used in various commercial settings, including offices,

retail spaces, and educational institutions.
6. Power Poles:
Description: Vertical columns or poles that house electrical outlets and
wiring, providing a flexible and accessible power distribution solution.
  Advantages:

Easily adaptable to changing layouts.

Allows for the distribution of power at different heights.

 Applications: Common in open office spaces and areas with movable
partitions.
7. Modular Wiring Systems:
 Description: Pre-manufactured systems with plug-and-play
components for quick and easy installation.

 Advantages:
Time-efficient installation.
Allows for flexibility in reconfiguring spaces.
 Applications: Suitable for commercial environments with dynamic
layouts, such as offices and retail spaces.

 Reference:
https://www.thespruce.com/top-electrical-connections-in-the-home-1152767
https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2015/09/types-of-wiring-systems-
electrical-wiring-methods.html
https://www.bobvila.com/articles/types-of-electrical-outlets/
https://www.bobvila.com/articles/types-of-light-bulbs/
https://www.starbeamlighting.com/five-common-types-of-industrial-lighting-
fixtures/ http://www.electricalpowerenergy.com/2016/10/electrical-switches/
https://conquerallelectrical.ca/different-types-of-home-light-switches/
https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/lighting-circuits-connections-interior-
electrical-installations
https://www.bing.com/search?q=methods+of+connection+of+lighting+circuits+in
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