Part/ Disease Definition Classificati Etiology Inciden Pathology Sympto Signs Clinical Complicatio Investigatio Differential Treatmen

Location on ce ms Course ns ns Diagnosis t

Eyelid Blephariti Inflammatio Inflammator Bacterial Commo Chronic Itching, Red, Chronic; Corneal Clinical Seborrheic Eyelid
s n of the y infection, n, inflammatio burning, swollen improves irritation, examination. dermatitis, hygiene,
eyelid seborrhea. especiall n of crusting eyelid with conjunctiviti dry eye. topical
margins. y in meibomian of margins, hygiene. s. antibiotics
older glands. eyelids. crusting. .
adults.
Eyelid Hordeolu Acute Infectious Staphylococc Commo Acute Painful Tender, Resolves Preseptal Clinical Chalazion, Warm
m (Stye) infection of us aureus. n in all inflammatio lump on localized spontaneous cellulitis examination. dacryocystitis compress,
an eyelid age n of eyelid, swelling. ly in (rare). . antibiotics
gland. groups. sebaceous redness. days/weeks. if severe.
glands.
Eyelid Chalazio Chronic Inflammator Blocked Commo Lipid Painless Firm, Resolves Rare; abscess Clinical Hordeolum, Warm
n granulomato y gland duct, n in buildup lump in round, with warm formation. examination, sebaceous compress,
us poor hygiene. adults, causes the non-tender compress; biopsy if cyst. steroid
inflammatio rare in chronic eyelid. nodule. may need persistent. injection,
n of a children. inflammatio excision. surgical
Meibomian n. excision.
gland.
Eyelid Entropion Inward Structural Aging, More Weakening Irritation, Eyelid Progressive; Corneal Clinical Trichiasis, Lubricatio
turning of scarring, common of eyelid tearing, turns requires abrasions, examination. eyelid n, surgery.
the eyelid congenital. in older muscles or foreign inward, surgery to scarring. retraction.
margin. adults. scarring. body lashes correct.
sensation. touch
cornea.
Eyelid Ectropion Outward Structural Aging, Commo Weakening Dry eye, Eyelid Chronic; Exposure Clinical Lagophthalm Lubricatio
turning of scarring, n in of eyelid tearing, turns requires keratopathy, examination. os, n, surgery.
the eyelid trauma, older support irritation. outward, surgical conjunctiviti conjunctival
margin. Bell’s palsy. adults. structures. exposed correction. s. laxity.
conjunctiv
a.
Eyelid Tumors

Part/ Disease Definition Classificati Etiology Incidenc Pathology Symptoms Signs Clinical Complicati Investigati Different Treatment
Location on e Course ons ons ial
Diagnosi
s
Eyelid Basal Malignant Malignant Chronic UV Most Locally Painless Pearly Progresses Local tissue Biopsy, Squamou Surgical
Tumors Cell tumor of exposure, fair common invasive, ulceration nodule without destruction, imaging if s cell excision,
Carcino basal skin. eyelid rarely or lump on with treatment; recurrence. invasive. carcinom Mohs
ma epithelial malignan metastasizes eyelid. telangiecta requires a, surgery.
cells. cy. . sia, central excision. sebaceous
ulcer. carcinom
a.
Eyelid Squamo Malignant Malignant UV exposure, Less Invades Non-healing Scaly Requires Metastasis Biopsy, Basal cell Excision
Tumors us Cell tumor of chronic common locally; risk ulcer, plaque, early to regional lymph node carcinom with wide
Carcino squamous inflammation. than basal of irritation. crusted intervention lymph evaluation. a, margins,
ma epithelium. cell metastasis. lesion, ; surgical nodes. melanom radiation.
carcinom nodular excision. a.
a. mass.
Eyelid Sebaceo Aggressive Malignant Chronic Rare; Spreads Painless Nodular or Slow- Metastasis, Biopsy, Chalazion Surgical
Tumors us Gland tumor of inflammation, more locally and lump, eyelid diffuse growing but recurrence. systemic , excision,
Carcino sebaceous immunosuppress common systemically thickening. thickening, invasive; imaging for meibomia chemothera
ma glands in ion. in older . loss of poor metastasis. n cyst. py,
eyelid. adults. lashes. prognosis if radiation.
untreated.
Eyelid Melano Malignant Malignant UV exposure, Rare in High Pigmented Irregular Rapid Metastasis Biopsy, Nevus, Wide
Tumors ma tumor of genetic eyelids, metastatic lesion, borders, progression; to distant sentinel pigmente excision,
melanocyte predisposition. high potential; asymmetry. color requires organs. lymph node d basal systemic
s. morbidity rapid variation, immediate evaluation. cell therapy.
. progression. bleeding. intervention carcinom
. a.
Eyelid Seborrhe Benign Benign Aging, genetic Common Hyperkerato Asymptoma Warty, Does not Rare; Clinical Papilloma Observation
Tumors ic growth of predisposition. in sis, tic, pigmented, resolve irritation or diagnosis, , actinic , excision if
Keratosi keratinocyt middle- proliferation pigmented or scaly spontaneous secondary biopsy if keratosis. symptomati
s es. aged to of lesion. plaque. ly; benign. infection. needed. c.
elderly. keratinocyte
s.
Eyelid Papillom Benign Benign Viral infection, Common Hyperplasia Small, Pedunculat Resolves Rare; Clinical Seborrhei Cryotherap
Tumors a epithelial trauma. in all age of epithelial painless ed or with irritation or examinatio c y, excision.
tumor groups. cells. lump. sessile excision or secondary n. keratosis,
caused by lesion. cryotherapy infection. nevus.
HPV or .
trauma.
Lacrimal System Diseases

Part/ Disease Definitio Classification Etiology Inciden Pathology Sympto Signs Clinical Complicati Investigati Differentia Treatment
Location n ce ms Course ons ons l Diagnosis
Lacrimal Dacryocyst Infection Infectious Obstruction of More Stasis of Pain, Swellin Resolves Orbital Clinical Preseptal Antibiotics,
System itis (Acute) of the the nasolacrimal commo tears leads redness, g, with cellulitis, exam, cellulitis, dacryocystorhino
lacrimal duct. n in to bacterial swelling tenderne antibiotics; abscess culture of conjunctivi stomy (DCR).
sac. adults growth. near the ss, surgery for formation. discharge. tis.
>40 medial purulent persistent
years. canthus. discharg cases.
e.
Lacrimal Dacryocyst Chronic Inflammatory/ Persistent Commo Chronic Tearing, Persiste Chronic; Fibrosis, Clinical Chronic DCR surgery.
System itis inflammat Infectious nasolacrimal n in infection discharg nt requires recurrent examinatio conjunctivi
(Chronic) ion of the duct obstruction. older and e. swelling surgical infections. n. tis,
lacrimal adults, fibrosis of , intervention lacrimal
sac. women. the epiphor . sac tumor.
lacrimal a.
sac.
Lacrimal Canaliculiti Infection Infectious Actinomyces Rare Bacterial Persiste
Pouting Resolves Persistent Culture of Dacryocyst Canaliculotomy,
System s of the species (most conditio or fungal nt punctu with infection. discharge. itis. irrigation,
canaliculi. common). n. colonizatio tearing,
m, antibiotics antibiotics.
n. discharg
discharg or
e. e on canaliculoto
pressure my.
.
Lacrimal Dacryoade Inflammat Infectious/ Bacterial or viral Rare, Infection Swellin S- Resolves Orbital Imaging Orbital Antibiotics,
System nitis ion of the Inflammatory infection (e.g., more or g, pain shaped with cellulitis. (CT/MRI cellulitis, supportive care.
(Acute) lacrimal mumps). commo immune- over the swelling antibiotics if needed). eyelid
gland. n in mediated lacrimal of the or abscess.
children inflammati gland. upper supportive
. on. eyelid. care.
Lacrimal Dacryoade Chronic Inflammatory/ Sarcoidosis, Rare, Chronic Dry eye, Firm, Chronic; Systemic Imaging, Lacrimal Treat underlying
System nitis inflammat Autoimmune tuberculosis, systemi granulomat swelling non- requires complicatio biopsy. gland condition.
(Chronic) ion of the Sjögren's c ous . tender systemic ns of tumors.
lacrimal syndrome. diseases inflammati gland managemen autoimmun
gland. associat on. swelling t. e disease.
ed. .
Lacrimal Congenital Blockage Developmenta Failure of duct Occurs Persistent Tearing, Epiphor Spontaneou Rare; Fluorescei Infantile Massage,
System Nasolacrim of the l membrane to in ~5% membrane discharg a, sly resolves persistent n dye conjunctivi probing, DCR (if
al Duct nasolacri open. of blockage e since crusting. by 12 obstruction. disappeara tis. persistent).
Obstructio mal duct newbor near the birth. months in nce test.
n in infants. ns. valve of most cases.
 Hasner.

Diseases of the Orbit

Part/ Disease Definition Classificati Etiology Inciden Pathology Sympto Signs Clinical Complicatio Investigatio Differential Treatment
Location on ce ms Course ns ns Diagnosis
Orbit Orbital Infection of Infectious Sinusitis (most More Bacterial Pain, Restricted Resolves Optic nerve Imaging Preseptal IV
Cellulit orbital common cause), common spread from proptosis, eye with damage, (CT/MRI), cellulitis, antibiotics,
is tissues trauma. in adjacent fever, movement prompt cavernous blood orbital surgical
posterior to children. sinus. reduced , swollen antibiotic sinus culture. tumor. drainage.
the septum. vision. eyelids, s; surgery thrombosis.
chemosis. if abscess
forms.
Orbit Thyroid Autoimmu Autoimmun Hyperthyroidism, Most Inflammati Proptosis, Lid Chronic; Optic Imaging Orbital Steroids,
Eye ne e Graves’ disease. common on of diplopia, retraction, depends neuropathy, (CT/MRI), tumor, orbital
Disease inflammati cause of orbital fat, dry eye. conjunctiv on corneal thyroid idiopathic decompressio
on of proptosi muscles. al redness, thyroid exposure. function inflammatio n.
orbital s in swelling. control. tests. n.
tissues. adults.
Orbit Orbital Space- Neoplastic Benign (e.g., Varies Compresse Proptosis, Mass Depends Vision loss, Imaging Thyroid eye Tumor-
Tumors occupying hemangioma) or by type s or vision effect, on tumor intracranial (CT/MRI), disease, specific
lesion malignant (e.g., of infiltrates loss (if restricted type; spread. biopsy. orbital management.
within the rhabdomyosarcom tumor. orbital severe). eye may pseudotumo
orbit. a). structures. movement require r.
. surgery,
radiation,
or
chemo.
Diseases of the Sclera

Part/ Disease Definition Classificati Etiology Incidenc Patholog Symptoms Signs Clinical Complicati Investigatio Differentia Treatment
Location on e y Course ons ns l Diagnosis
Sclera Scleritis Inflammat Inflammato Autoimmu Rare, Immune- Severe Diffuse or Chronic; Globe Clinical Episcleritis Steroids,
ion of the ry ne more mediated pain, nodular requires perforation, exam, , orbital immunosuppress
sclera. diseases common destructio redness, scleral immunosuppre vision loss. imaging cellulitis. ants.
(e.g., RA, in n of tearing. thickening ssive therapy. (ultrasound/
SLE). women. scleral , blue CT).
tissue. discolorati
on.
Sclera Episcleritis Inflammat Inflammato Idiopathic, Commo Localized Mild Sectoral Resolves Rare; Clinical Conjunctiv Topical
ion of the ry associated n, more inflammat discomfort, or diffuse spontaneously chronic examination. itis, NSAIDs,
superficial with frequent ion of redness. episcleral or with recurrence. scleritis. lubricants.
episcleral systemic in young episcleral redness, NSAIDs.
vessels. conditions. adults. vessels. no
discharge.
Sclera Scleral Benign Developme Congenital Commo Increased Asymptom Blue-grey Lifelong None. Clinical Nevus, Observation.
Melanocyt pigmentati ntal melanocyt n in number of atic. scleral pigmentation, diagnosis. ocular
osis on of the e darker- melanocyt discolorati benign. melanoma.
sclera. proliferatiskinned es in on.
on. individu sclera.
als.
Sclera Staphylom Protrusion Degenerati Trauma, Rare, Scleral Blurred Localized Progressive; Retinal Imaging (B- Scleromala Surgery, manage
a of uveal ve inflammati associate thinning vision, eye scleral requires detachment, scan cia, scleral underlying
tissue on, d with leads to deformity. thinning, surgical repair. globe ultrasound). ectasia. cause.
through a glaucoma. severe uveal protrusion rupture.
thinned ocular herniation .
sclera. conditio .
ns.
Diseases of the Crystalline Lens

Part/ Disease Definition Classification Etiology Incidenc Pathology Symptom Signs Clinical Complicati Investigati Differenti Treatment
Location e s Course ons ons al
Diagnosis
Crystalline Cataract Opacificati Degenerative Aging, UV Leading Protein Blurred Lens Progressiv Blindness Slit-lamp Refractive Cataract surgery
Lens on of the exposure, cause of aggregatio vision, opacity e; treated (if exam, error, (phacoemulsificat
lens diabetes, blindnes n disrupts glare, visible with untreated). visual macular ion).
causing steroids. s lens color on slit- surgery. acuity degenerati
vision worldwi transparen desaturati lamp testing. on.
impairmen de. cy. on. exam.
t.
Crystalline Lens Displacem Congenital/ Trauma, Rare, Weakness Blurred Decenter Progressiv Glaucoma, Slit-lamp Cataract, Spectacles,
Lens Dislocatio ent of the Acquired Marfan depends of zonules vision, ed lens e if not retinal exam, phacodone surgery if severe.
n (Ectopia lens from syndrome, on or trauma monocula on slit- stabilized; detachment. imaging sis.
Lentis) its normal homocystinu underlyi causes lens r diplopia. lamp may (UBM).
position. ria. ng displacem exam. require
conditio ent. surgery.
n.
Crystalline Posterior Secondary Acquired Residual Commo Proliferati Blurred Opacifie Resolves Rare; Slit-lamp Refractive YAG laser
Lens Capsular cataract lens n after on of lens vision d with laser recurrence exam. error, capsulotomy.
Opacificat after epithelial cataract cells on after posterior capsuloto of corneal
ion (PCO) cataract cells. surgery. posterior cataract capsule my. symptoms. opacity.
surgery. capsule. surgery. on slit-
lamp.

Diseases of the Conjunctiva

 Part/ Disease Definition Classificati Etiology Incidenc Pathology Symptoms Signs Clinical Complicati Investigati Differentia Treatment
Location on e Course ons ons l Diagnosis
Conjunctiv Allergic Allergic Allergic Exposure to Common IgE- Itching, Conjuncti Resolves Rare; Clinical Viral Antihistamin
a Conjunctivi inflammati allergens , mediated tearing, val with chronic diagnosis. conjunctivit es, mast cell
tis on of the (e.g., pollen).
especiall mast cell redness. hyperemia antihistami irritation. is, dry eye. stabilizers.
conjunctiv y in degranulati , nes or
a. young on. chemosis. avoiding
adults. allergens.
Conjunctiv Viral Inflammati Infectious Adenovirus, Highly Viral Red eye, Conjuncti Resolves in Rare; Clinical Bacterial Supportive
a Conjunctivi on caused herpes contagio replication watery val 2–3 weeks; keratitis or examination conjunctivit care,
tis by viral simplex. us, damages discharge, hyperemia self- secondary , PCR if is, allergic artificial
infection common epithelial photophobi , follicular limiting. bacterial severe. conjunctivit tears.
(e.g., in cells. a. reaction. infection. is.
adenovirus outbreaks
). .
Conjunctiv Bacterial Bacterial Infectious Staphylococc Common Bacteria Redness, Conjuncti Resolves Rare; Gram stain, Viral Topical
a Conjunctivi infection us, , more invade mucopurule val with corneal culture (if conjunctivit antibiotics.
tis of the Streptococcu frequent conjunctiva nt injection, antibiotics. involvement severe). is,
conjunctiv s, in l discharge. sticky . gonococcal
a. Haemophilus children. epithelium. eyelids. conjunctivit
. is.
Conjunctiv Pterygium Fibrovascu Degenerati Chronic UV Common Fibrovascul Foreign Wing- Progressive Rare; Clinical Pinguecula, UV
a lar growth ve exposure, in ar body shaped ; may recurrence examination conjunctiva protection,
of wind, dust. populatio proliferatio sensation, growth on require after . l nevus. surgical
conjunctiv ns near n. redness. nasal surgery if surgery. excision.
a the conjunctiv vision
extending equator. a. affected.
onto the
cornea.
Conjunctiv Pinguecula Yellowish, Degenerati UV Common Degenerati Usually Yellow, Does not Rare; Clinical Pterygium, Artificial
a benign ve exposure, in older on of asymptomat elevated resolve; chronic examination conjunctiva tears,
conjunctiv aging. adults. collagen ic. lesion benign irritation. . l cyst. observation.
al growth fibers. near nasal condition.
near the limbus.
limbus.
Diseases of the Cornea

Part/ Disease Definition Classificati Etiology Incidence Patholog Symptoms Signs Clinical Complicatio Investigatio Differentia Treatment
Location on y Course ns ns l Diagnosis
Cornea Keratitis Corneal Infectious Contact lens Common Bacterial Pain, Corneal Can resolve Corneal Corneal Viral Topical
(Bacterial) inflammati use, trauma. in contact invasion redness, ulcer, with scarring, scraping, keratitis, antibiotics,
on caused lens users. of blurred stromal treatment; perforation. culture. fungal cycloplegic
by bacteria. corneal vision. infiltrate. requires keratitis. s.
stroma. rapid
antibiotics.
Cornea Keratitis Corneal Infectious Reactivation Common Viral Pain, Dendritic Chronic, Scarring, PCR, Bacterial Antivirals
(Viral) inflammati of latent cause of replicatio photophobi ulcers recurrent. secondary clinical keratitis, (e.g.,
on caused virus. corneal n a, watery (fluorescei bacterial exam. fungal acyclovir).
by viruses blindness.damages discharge. n stain). infection. keratitis.
(e.g., corneal
herpes epitheliu
simplex). m.
Cornea Keratocon Progressive Degenerativ Genetic Rare; Corneal Blurred Irregular Progressive; Corneal Topography, Pellucid Glasses,
us thinning e predispositio onset in stromal vision, astigmatis requires scarring, pachymetry. marginal rigid
and cone- n, eye adolescenc thinning. glare, m, corneal perforation. degeneratio lenses,
like rubbing. e. photophobi steepened cross-linking n. cross-
protrusion a. K or linking.
of the readings. transplantatio
cornea. n.