Registered To : Dip Jyoti Chakraborty

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2011 AIR SCW 3647

SUPREME COURT
H. S. BEDI , J. and CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD , J.

Criminal Appeal No. 87 of 2007, D/- 6 - 10 - 2010

Santosh Kumar Singh v. State through CBI

(A)Penal Code (45 of 1860), S.300, S.376 - Evidence Act (1 of 1872), S.106 - Rape and murder
- Injury on person of accused - Plea that it was caused much before incident - Is within special
knowledge of accused - Burden of proof - Is on accused.
(Para 16)

(B)Evidence Act (1 of 1872), S.3 - Circumstantial evidence - False defence plea - Constitutes
link in chain of circumstances.
(Paras 15 , 16)

(C)Evidence Act (1 of 1872), S.45 - Expert evidence - On highly technical subject such as DNA
profiling - Not to be substituted by Court by referring to text books not put to expert.
(Para 24)

(D)Evidence Act (1 of 1872), S.8, S.3 - Motive - Per se cannot be made basis for conviction - But
in case based on circumstantial evidence - Motive goes very long way in forging links in chain.
(Para 28)

(E)Criminal P.C. (2 of 1974), S.378 - Appeal against acquittal - Interference - Accused acquitted
though all findings were against accused - Order is perverse - Liable to be interfered with.
(Paras 30 , 31)

(F)Criminal P.C. (2 of 1974), S.313 - Penal Code (45 of 1860), S.376, S.300 - Examination of
accused - Prejudice due to non-examination on certain points - Case of murder and rape -
Accused alleged to have beat deceased into submission by his helmet and thereafter strangulated
her by wire - Plea that question regarding strangulation were not put to accused - Record,
however, showing fact that death had been caused by asphyxiation as a result of strangulation by
ligature and that ligature was by soft material was put to accused - Doctor was also examined on
such injuries and on cause of death - Accused was thus fully alive to prosecution case - Defence
counsel had even raised comprehensive submission in this regard - No prejudice or miscarriage
of justice has, thus been occasioned - Conviction cannot be faulted.
(Paras 32 , 34)

(G)Criminal P.C. (2 of 1974), S.354 - Penology - Death sentence - Rarest of rare case - Court
feeling it difficult to choose between lifer and death sentence - Imposing of life imprisonment
would be appropriates in such cases.
(Para 38)

(H)Penal Code (45 of 1860), S.302, S.376 - Rape and murder - Sentence - Offence committed
after harassing victim continuously for 2 years - Accused son of high ranking police officers and
law graduate himself - Offence most ghastly - However, considering fact that case is based on
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circumstantial evidence - Accused was convicted by reversing acquittal - Offence was committed
in youth - Accused had married and had child - No evidence produced to show that reformation
is impossible - Death sentence imposed liable to be commuted to life imprisonment.
(Para 38)

Cases Referred Chronological Paras

AIR 2009 SC (Supp) 654 : 2008 AIR SCW 5608 : 2008 Cri 29, 32
LJ 4338 : 2009 (1) AIR Jhar R 117
AIR 2009 SC (Supp) 2887 : 2009 AIR SCW 6593 : 2010 Cri 29
LJ 433
Cases Referred Chronological Paras
2006 AIR SCW 5300 : 2007 Cri LJ 20 : 2007 (1) AIR Bom 15
R 357 : 2007 (1) AIR Jhar R 364
AIR 2005 SC 2132 : 2005 AIR SCW 1836 24
AIR 2002 SC 3206 : 2002 AIR SCW 3710 : 2002 Cri LJ 4676 36
AIR 2001 SC 2226 : 2001 AIR SCW 2100 25
AIR 1994 SC 2420 : 1994 AIR SCW 3420 : 1994 Cri LJ 3271 29, 33
AIR 1984 SC 1622 : 1984 Cri LJ 1738 29
AIR 1983 SC 957 : 1983 Cri LJ 1457 38
AIR 1982 SC 1157 : 1982 Cri LJ 1243 25
AIR 1980 SC 898 : 1980 Cri LJ 636 38
AIR 1976 SC 2423 : 1976 Cri LJ 1883 (Disting.) 29, 32
AIR 1976 SC 2140 : 1976 Cri LJ 913 32
AIR 1962 SC 1239 : 1962 (2) Cri LJ 296 33
AIR 1957 SC 589 : 1957 Cri LJ 889 24
AIR 1952 SC 105 : 1952 Cri LJ 644 33
AIR 1952 SC 159 : 1952 Cri LJ 839 35

Aniruddha P. Mayee, for Appellant; Arvind Kamar Sharma, for Respondent.

Judgement

1. HARJIT SINGH BEDI, J. :This appeal arises out of the following facts:

The deceased, Priyadarshini Mattoo, was residing with her parents at B-10/7098, Vasant Kunj, New
Delhi and was a student of the LL.B. course at the University of Delhi Campus Law Centre, and had
at the relevant time completed the 5th Semester and was in the final 6th Semester. The appellant,
Santosh Kumar Singh had also been a student in the same faculty and had completed his LL.B. in
December 1994. It appears that the appellant had been attracted to the deceased and even though he
had passed out from the Law Centre in 1994, he had continued to visit the campus even thereafter on
his Bullet Motorcycle bearing Registration Number DL-1S-E/1222.

2. As per the prosecution story, the appellant harassed and intimidated the deceased and despite her
requests and then her remonstrations, did not desist from doing so. The deceased thereupon made
several complaints against the appellant in different Police Stations during the year 1995 on which
he was summoned to the Police Station and was advised to behave properly and a Personal Security
Officer, Head Constable Rajinder Singh PW-32, was also deputed for the security of the deceased. It

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appears that as a consequence of the complaints against him, the appellant too retaliated and made a
report to the University on 30th October, 1995 alleging that the deceased was pursuing two courses
simultaneously which was in violation of the University Rules and when no action was taken he sent
two reminders dated 4th December, 1995 and 20th December, 1995 to the University as well. A show
cause notice was issued to the deceased and in response thereto she submitted her reply dated 1st
December, 1995 and during the pendency of these proceedings, the result of her LL.B. 5th Semester
examination was withheld. On 23rd January, 1996 PW Head Constable Rajinder Singh, the PSO, did
not turn up at the residence of the deceased at the stipulated time on which she left for the University
in her car along with her parents PW-1 Mr. C.L. Mattoo and PW-44 Mrs. Rageshwari Mattoo who
had to visit the Tis Hazari Courts to attend to some civil proceedings. The parents were dropped off
at Tis Hazari at 10.15 a.m. Head Constable Rajinder Singh, however, reached the Faculty of Law
directly and saw the appellant present there. The deceased attended the class from 11.15 a.m. to noon
and thereafter

accompanied by the Head Constable left the faculty for Tis Hazari but finding that her parents had
already left the court, she returned to her residence at about 1.45 p.m. and directed Head Constable
Rajinder Singh to report again at 5.30 p.m. The deceased then had her lunch whereafter Virender
Prasad, the domestic help, left the house at about 2.30 p.m. to meet his friend Vishnu Prasad @
Bishamber at the residence of PW-6 Lt. Col S. K. Dhar at Safdarjung Enclave and returned to Vasant
Kunj at 4.55 p.m. He then took the dog for a walk in the colony. The appellant came to the residence of
the deceased at about 4.50 p.m. carrying his helmet in his hand and was seen by PW-2 Kuppuswami.
PW-3 Jaideep Singh Ahluwalia, Security Supervisor in the colony also saw the appellant at 5.30
p.m. near the residence of the deceased, PW-43 and O.P. Singh, Advocate also noticed the appellant
riding out of the park area of B-10, Vasant Kunj at the same time. Head Constable Rajinder Singh
PW reached the residence of the deceased at about 5.30 p.m., as directed, along with Constable Dev
Kumar. The Head Constable pressed the call bell but eliciting no response from inside, he went to
another door which opened onto the courtyard and knocked but again to no effect. As the door was
slightly ajar the two entered the bedroom of the deceased and found her dead body lying under the
double bed. The Head Constable immediately informed Police Station, Vasant Kunj about the incident
on which SHO Inspector Surinder Sharma arrived at the site and a daily diary report (rojnamcha)
to the above facts Ex.PW-18/A was also recorded at 5.45 p.m. Inspector Lalit Mohan, Additional
SHO, Vasant Kunj was entrusted with the investigation on which he along with Sub-Inspector Sushil
Kumar, Sub-Inspector Padam Singh, Head Constable Satish Chand and several other police officers
too reached the residence of the deceased and found her dead body lying under the double bed with
the cord of the electric heat convector tied around her neck. He also noticed blood-stains around the
body. A case under section 302 of the IPC was thereafter registered at Police Station, Vasant Kunj,
on the complaint of the father of the deceased, in which the day's happenings were spelt out. It was
further noted that after completing their work in the Tis Hazari Courts he and his wife had visited
Safdarjung Enclave and from there he had gone on to attend an official meeting at Vikas Kuteer, ITO
whereas his wife had visited the All India Institute of Medical Sciences and it was on returning to his
residence at 7.30 p.m. that he found that his daughter had been murdered.

3. During the course of the inquest proceedings initiated by Inspector Lalit Mohan the crime scene
was photographed and some hair found on the dead body, broken pieces of glass and blood-stains
near the dead body were recovered. The electric cord of the heat convector which had been used
for the strangulation was also taken into possession. The statements of PW-6 Lt. Col. S.K. Dhar,
PW-1 Mr. C.L. Mattoo, the complainant, and PW-44 Mrs. Rageshwari Mattoo, the mother of the
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deceased, and several others were recorded by Inspector Lalit Mohan and the dead body was then
sent to the Safdarjung Hospital. In her statement, Mrs. Rageshwari Mattoo raised the suspicion that
the appellant was the culprit and he was joined in the investigation during the night intervening 23rd
and 24th January, 1996. He was also brought before Inspector Lalit Mohan and he noticed tenderness
on his right hand and an injury which was not bandaged or plastered. He was also sent for a medical
examination and PW-23 Dr. R.K. Wadhwa of the Safdarjung Hospital examined him at 3.45 a.m. and
found two injuries on his person - one, a swelling on the right hand dorsum lateral aspect, tenderness
with crepitus and the second, scar marks old and healed multiple both lower limbs and on the chest.
The Doctor also advised an

X-ray of the right hand. Nail scrapings and hair samples of the appellant were also taken and handed
over to Sub-Inspector Shamsher Singh and after the X-ray, a fracture of the 5th metacarpal bone of
the right hand was detected and as per Dr. Wadhwa's opinion the injury was grievous in nature and
caused by a blunt weapon. The appellant was thereafter allowed to go home and was directed to visit
the Police Station at 9 a.m. on the 25th January, 1996. The dead body was also subjected to a post-
mortem on 25th January, 1995 at the Safdarjung Hospital by a Board of Doctors consisting of Dr.
Chander Kant, Dr. Arvind Thergaonkar and PW33 Dr. A.K. Sharma who in their report Ex.PW33/
B found 19 injuries on the dead body and also observed that the private parts showed black, curly
non-matted pubic hair, the hymen intact with no tearing present and admitting only one finger. The
Doctors also took two vaginal swabs and slides were duly sealed, the swabs and slides in a glass bottle
as well as samples of the blood and hair. The clothes of the deceased were also taken into possession
and sealed. The Board also opined that the death was a result of strangulation by ligature and that the
injuries on the dead body were sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature.

4. On the 25th January, 1996 itself, after the completion of the post-mortem proceedings, Inspector
Lalit Mohan searched the house of the deceased and picked up a greeting card Ex.PW 29/B said to be
written by the appellant from her room. The Inspector also seized a helmet with the visor missing and
indicating that it had broken and the Bullet motorcycle belonging to the appellant. The specimens of
his handwriting Exs.PW48/E1, E2 and E3 were also taken by the Inspector.

5. It appears that as the murder had taken place in very sordid circumstances and the fact that the
appellant was the son of very senior police officer serving in the State of Jammu and Kashmir and was
on the verge of a posting as Additional Commissioner of Police, Delhi, led to a hue and cry which was
endorsed by the parents of the deceased as they apprehended that they would not get a fair deal from
the Delhi Police. Faced with this situation, the Delhi Government itself requested the Central Bureau
of Investigation vide letter dated January 24, 1996 that the investigation be taken over by that agency.
As per the prosecution, this decision was taken by the Government on the specific request of the
Commissioner of Delhi Police to the Lt. Governor who referred the same to the Delhi Government.

6. Inspector Lalit Mohan thereupon produced the appellant before PW-50 DSP Shri A. K. Ohri of
the CBI and the subsequent investigation was made by the DSP with the assistance of several other
officers from the CBI. The underwear of the appellant was also seized by the CBI as he represented
that he had been wearing the same underwear for the last couple of days. DSP Ohri also visited the
crime scene on the 26th January, 1996 but did not find Mr. C. L. Mattoo, the father of the deceased,
present. On the next day, he recorded the statement of Virender Parshad, the domestic servant and
also directed Shri D. P. Singh, DSP to conduct the house search of the appellant. On the 28th January,
1996, a request Ex.PW34/A was made by Mr. S. K. Bhatnagar Additional Director of the CBI to

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Dr. A. K. Gupta, Medical Superintendent, Dr. R. M. L. Hospital for procuring the blood samples of
the appellant. DSP Ohri along with the other staff took the appellant to the hospital and met PW-34
Dr. N. S. Kalra, Head of the Biochemistry Department and two blood samples of 10 ml. each were
taken by Ms. Godavari Mangai, Lab. Assistant and were handed over to Dr. Kalra. These samples as
well as the other case property collected by DSP Ohri or entrusted to him by Inspector Lalit Mohan
were deposited with the Moharrir Malkhana on the 29th January, 1996 and preparations were made
to refer the matter

for a DNA test. Specimen handwritings Ex.PW24/A1 to A21 of the appellant were also obtained
once again this time by the CBI. On 30th January, 1996 Shri M. L. Sharma, Joint Director, CBI
addressed a letter to the Director, CCMB, Hyderabad requesting for DNA profiling. Several articles
were accordingly entrusted to PW-39 Sub-Inspector R. S. Shekhawat on 31st January, 1996, they
being:

1. One sealed parcel containing clothes of the deceased such as T-shirt, brassiere, jeans and underwear,

2. One sealed packet containing underwear of the accused-Santosh Kumar Singh,

3. One sealed jar containing vaginal swabs/vaginal slides of the deceased, and

4. The blood samples of the appellant taken in the Dr. R. M. L. Hospital.

The Sub-Inspector thereafter flew to Hyderabad on 31st January, 1996 and deposited the
aforementioned articles in the Office of Dr. Lalji Singh, Officer on Special Duty at the CCMB,
Hyderabad on the next morning and an acknowledgment Ex.PW49/A relating to the following articles
was obtained:

1. One sealed parcel containing clothes supposed to be of the deceased, namely, T-Shirt, brassiere,
jeans and underwear.

2. Vaginal swabs/vaginal slides supposed to be of the deceased.

3. One thermocole box containing 4 vials marked as S-1, S-2, S-3 and S-4 supposed to be blood of
the accused.

The underwear of the appellant was, however, returned by Dr. Lalji Singh as it was not relevant
for the DNA finger printing test. On the 1st February, 1996 DSP Ohri re-visited the house of the
deceased and recorded the statement of Mrs. Rageshwari Mattoo and Hemant Mattoo, the brother of
the deceased who told the Investigating Officer that the appellant had been noticed by PW-2 Shri
Kuppuswami standing near their house shortly before the time of the murder. The DSP then went
to the house of Shri Kuppuswami but he was away. He, however, recorded his statement on the 4th
February, 1996. During the course of the investigation, the appellant disclosed that he had received
the injury on the metacarpal bone in an accident on the 14th January, 1996 and had been treated at
the Nirmay Diagnostic Centre and Hindu Rao Hospital. Inspector Terial was thereupon sent to the
Centre to collect his medical records. They were duly collected on the 9th February, 1996 and 16th
February 1996 and deposited in the malkhana of the CBI. On 20th February, 1996 a letter Ex.PW27/
A was addressed to the Medical Superintendent, Safdarjung Hospital seeking an opinion about the
injury suffered by the appellant on his hand. An opinion was rendered by PW-28 Dr. Mukul Sinha and

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PW-27 Dr. G. K. Choubey on the 22nd February, 1996 that the injury seemed to be fresh as there was
no evidence of any callus formation. On the completion of the investigation, the appellant was charged
for offences punishable under Sections 376/302 of the IPC. He pleaded not guilty and claimed trial.

7. As there was no eye-witness to the incident, the prosecution placed reliance only on circumstantial
and documentary evidence. After 51 witnesses had been examined by the prosecution and final
arguments were being heard, the trial court decided that it would be in the interest of justice to call
Dr. G. V. Rao of the CCMB as a court witness as he, in consultation with PW-48 Dr. Lalji Singh, had
conducted the DNA test. His statement was recorded as CW-1.

In the course of a rather verbose judgment, the trial court noted that there were 13 circumstances
against the appellant. We quote herein-below from the judgment:

"1.The accused had been continuously harassing the deceased right from the end of 1994 to January
1996, a few days before her death.

2. The accused had more than once given an undertaking that the accused would not harass the
deceased in future while admitting that the accused had been doing so earlier.

3. The motive of the accused was to have the deceased or to break her.

4. On the day of occurrence, the accused was seen in the premises of Faculty of Law, University of
Delhi in the forenoon, where the deceased had gone to attend LL.B. class. While the accused was no
more a student of Faculty of Law at that time.

5. At the crucial time before murder, i.e. about 5 p.m. on 23.1.96, the accused was seen outside the
door of the flat of the deceased, i.e. B-10/7098 with helmet in his hand which had a visor.

6. On the day of occurrence after murder, the accused had reached late to attend class at Indian Law
Institute, Bhagwan Dass Road, where the accused was a student too.

7. Immediately after the murder, the mother of the deceased had raised suspicion that the accused had
a hand in the murder of her daughter.

8. When the accused joined investigation on the night between 23/24.1.96, the accused had an injury
on his right hand. There was swelling and fracture on 5th metacarpal of right hand. There was no
plaster or bandage on his hand. That injury was fresh, having been caused 24 to 38 hours before. The
blood pressure of the accused at that time was high which showed anxiety.

9. DNA Finger Printing Test conclusively establishes the guilt of the accused.

10. On 25.1.96, the helmet Ex.P.3 of the accused which was taken into possession had broken visor.
On 23.1.96 before murder, it was found by PW2 Shri Kuppuswami, PW Personal Security Officer
Rajinder Singh that the helmet of the accused had a visor. Violence was detected on both sides of
visor. Helmet was besmeared with a spec of blood. At the spot pieces of visor were found near the
body of the deceased besmeared with her blood.

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11. The deceased had 19 injuries on her person besides three broken ribs. These injuries were
suggestive of force used for rape. A tear mark over the area of left breast region on the T-shirt of the
deceased suggested that the force was used for molestation.

12. The accused took a false defence that fracture on the hand of the accused was sustained by the
accused on 14.1.96 and it was not a fresh injury. The accused also gave false replies against proved
facts.

13. The influence of the father of the accused resulting in deliberate spoiling of the case."

The Trial Court rendered its opinion on the circumstances 1 to 3 as under:-

(i) "The accused in January, February, 1995 tortured the deceased by following her upto the residence
at Safdarjung Enclave at the place of Colonel SK Dhar and also by telephoning at All India Institute
of Medical Sciences and at her residence.

(ii) On 25.2.95 the accused followed the deceased and tried to stop the car of the deceased by shouting
at her which was the cause of lodging the report Exh. PW6/A. The accused submitted the apologies
Exh.PW6/B and Exh.PW6/DB.

(iii) The accused took the false plea that the accused was going to IIT on the said date. The accused also
took a false stand that there was no friendship between the accused and the deceased. The plea of the
accused that such report was result of refusal of accused to allow the deceased to sing in the Cultural
Festival of the University has not been substantiated. The plea is false to knowledge of the accused.

(iv) The subordinate staff of Delhi Police attempted to assist the accused during investigation and
during trial. Sh. Lalit Mohan Inspector was instrumental in creating false evidence and false defence
of the accused. The witness of police including Rajendra Kumar Sub-Inspector deposed falsely with
respect to role assigned as an agent of law in the matter of complaints in writing preferred by the
deceased. The subordinate staff of Delhi Police has not discharged the agency of law in accordance
with basic principles of fair play in action. Had Rajinder Kumar SI and the SHO of Police Station
RK Puram, SHO Vasant Kunj, ACP Satinder and Parbhati Lal acted in accordance with law vis-?
is accused, as they act towards an ordinary citizen whose father is not a senior officer in police
department perhaps the incident would not have occurred.

(v) The accused went to the house of the deceased at B-10, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi and banged the
door of the house of the deceased when the deceased was alone at home.

(vi) On 6.11.95, the accused tortured the deceased in the Campus Center of Law which resulted in
lodging of FIR at police station, Maurice Nagar, Delhi.

(vii) The accused even mentally tortured the deceased in December, 1995.

(viii) The accused preferred petition against the deceased to the University against her appearing in
both examinations of M.Com. and LL.B. in order to pressurize the deceased to succumb to the ulterior
design and motive of the accused.

(ix) The accused had the intention to have the deceased and to convert the said intention in reality and
if it is not possible on account of attitude of the deceased not allow the deceased to be of anybody
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else. The facts proved and the acts of the accused lead to inference that the accused had the motive
to have the deceased at all event and failing to not to allow her to be of anybody else. The state has
established the motive."

8. The court observed that the continuous stalking of the deceased by the appellant despite complaints
to the police showed his utter disregard of the rule of law and in conclusion held that "circumstance
Nos.1, 2 and 3 are thus held to have been proved beyond any shadow of doubt by the prosecution."
The court then examined circumstance Nos. 4, 5 and 10 cumulatively and held that the appellant
had indeed been seen in the University Campus Law Centre on the 23rd January 1996 riding his
motorcycle wearing a helmet with an intact visor and that on the same day in the afternoon he had
been seen by PW2 Sh. Kuppuswami at the gate of the house of the deceased carrying a helmet with
a visor. The court further opined that when the helmet had been seized on the 25th January, 1996 it
was seen to be in a badly damaged condition and that the broken pieces of the visor which had been
recovered from the site of the crime besmeared with the blood of deceased conclusively proved that
the visor had been broken during the commission of the murder as it had been used to bludgeon the
deceased into submission.

9. The court, accordingly, held that these circumstances showed that the appellant had been seen
around the house of the deceased at 4.50 p.m. The High Court also supplemented these findings by
pointing out that as the appellant was no longer

a student of the Law Faculty of the University of Delhi he had a duty to explain as to why he
had visited the University on the 23rd January, 1996. The trial court nevertheless did not find any
conclusive evidence against the appellant with respect to circumstance No. 6 observing that in view
of the uncertain traffic in the National Capital Territory of Delhi the timing factor could not be taken
as a conclusive one. The High Court, however, differed with trial court on this aspect as well and held
that the appellant had attended his classes in the Indian Law Institute on 23rd January, 1996 and had
been late for the class and this circumstance showed that this had happened as he had been involved in
committing the rape and murder. While dealing with circumstance No. 8, the trial court observed that
DSP Ohri had not taken into account the defence story that the appellant had suffered an injury on the
metacarpal about 10 days prior to the murder and had thereby not given an opportunity to the court to
review the evidence on this aspect and had, thus, not acted in a fair manner. The court then went on
to say that "the accused too has not assisted the court in discharging the onus which was upon him to
justify the defence taken by him in the matter of alleged injury.Consequently, on the face of an injury,
on 5th metacarpal on the date of crime of murder, with swelling and tenderness, the court is of the view
that the injury possibly is fresh but on account of lack of fair play on the part of the CBI, it cannot say
that the defence of the accused is not plausible." This finding too has been reversed by the High Court
in appeal on the plea that the onus to prove his defence lay on the appellant and he had admittedly not
led any evidence to support his plea. The High Court, accordingly, held that the finding of the trial
court was perverse on this aspect. The trial court then went on to circumstance No. 9 and evolved its
own theories and after a huge discussion, rejected the DNA report given by the CCMB, Hyderabad
as also the evidence of Dr. Lalji Singh and Dr. G.V. Rao. This finding has also been reversed by the
High Court by observing that though there appeared to be no physical evidence of rape on the body
but the DNA test conducted on the vaginal swabs and slides and the underwear of the deceased and
the blood sample of the appellant, it was clear that rape had been committed, and that too by him.
The High Court held that it would be a dangerous doctrine for the court to discard the evidence of
an expert witness by referring to certain texts and books without putting those texts to the expert and
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taking his opinion thereon. The High Court also reversed the finding of the trial court that the vaginal
swabs and slides and the blood samples of the appellant had been tampered with. The trial court and
the High Court both held circumstance No.11 in favour of the prosecution and it was observed that
the deceased was alone at the time of incident and that she had been brutally attacked with the helmet
which had been used with great force to cause as many as 19 injuries, including three broken ribs. On
circumstance No.12, the trial court gave a finding that there was no conclusive evidence to show that
the injury on the metacarpal had been suffered by the appellant in the incident on the 14th January,
1996 as the evidence of Dr. Ashok Charan, the Radiologist was not entirely credible. The High Court
has, however, reversed this finding. The Trial Court then examined circumstance No.13 and found
that though there was nothing on record to show the direct interference of the father of the appellant
in the investigation but as he was likely to be posted as a senior police officer in the Delhi Police, the
possibility that the lower investigating staff were influenced by his status was a factor which could
not be ruled out. The trial court also held that Inspector Lalit Mohan, the first Investigating Officer
and a member of the Delhi Police had done no credit to himself but lauded the Commissioner of
Police, Delhi for suggest

ing that the matter be handed over to the CBI, to obviate any suspicion of an unfair investigation.

10. A perusal of the above discussion would reveal that the trial court had itself held circumstances 1
to 5, 7 and 10 to 13 in favour of the prosecution, circumstance No. 8 has been held in a manner which
could fall both ways whereas circumstance No. 6 has been held to be of no consequence. The High
Court has, however, held all 13 circumstances as having been proved in favour of the prosecution.
The trial court, accordingly, on the basis of findings recorded particularly circumstance No. 9, held
that the case against the appellant could not be proved and acquitted him. The matter was taken in
appeal to the High Court and the High Court has reversed the judgment of the trial court, as already
indicated above and awarded a death sentence. It is in this background that this matter is before us.
We have dealt with the arguments in the sequence in which they have been projected by Mr. Sushil
Kumar, the learned senior counsel for the appellant.

11. Mr. Sushil Kumar has first and foremost submitted that circumstances 8 and 12 with regard to
the defence story projected by the accused were first required to be considered and in the light of the
fact that the trial court had, in a manner, rejected these circumstances as supporting the prosecution,
it could not be said that the injury suffered by the appellant on his right hand fixed his presence at
the spot. He has referred us to the document D-61 an opinion dated 24th January, 1996 of PW-23
Dr. Ranjan Wadhwa which revealed a swelling on the right hand on the dorsal and lateral aspect,
tenderness plus crepitus of the 5th metacarpal and had suggested an X-ray of the right hand. He has
also taken us to the evidence of the Doctor to argue that the X-ray had, indeed, been done and the film
had been examined by Dr. A. Charan, PW-28 Dr. Mukul Sinha and PW-27 Dr. G. K. Chobe. He has
referred to the statement of Dr. Mukul Sinha to point out that the X-ray performed on the 14th January,
1996 at Nirmay Diagnostic Center and the other one at the Safdarjung Hospital on 24th January, 1996
could not be said to be of the same person as the picture had been taken from different angles. Mr.
Sushil Kumar has, further, brought to our specific notice that as the callus formation had set in, the
injury could not be of the 24th January, 1996 and would have been sustained much earlier. He has
also referred us to the statement of Dr. Chobe who had examined the X-rays of the appellant taken
on 14th January, 1996 and 24th January, 1996 and pointed out that even this Doctor could not give
a categoric opinion as the instructions given by him to the investigating agency to probe the matter
further in a particular direction, had not been complied with. It has, accordingly, been submitted that
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in the face of no other evidence produced by the prosecution, there was nothing to suggest that the
fracture of the metacarpal had happened on the 24th January, 1996 and the evidence on the contrary
indicated that this fracture had been suffered during an accident on the 14th January, 1996.

12. Mr. P. P. Malhotra, the learned ASG has, however, controverted the plea raised on behalf of the
appellant. It has been pointed out that the evidence of Dr. Wadhwa, Dr. Mukul Sinha and Dr. G. K.
Chobe, when read cumulatively, proved that the injury had been suffered by the appellant on the 24th
January, 1996 and was, therefore, fresh at the time when the Doctors had examined him on that day.

13. We now examine the evidence on these two circumstances. As already mentioned above, the
medical report dated 24th January, 1996 recorded by Dr. Wadhwa refers to a swelling on the right
hand at the 5th metacarpal. In the very next line in

the same report there is a reference to a scar mark, old healed on multiple lower ribs. It is apparent,
therefore, that the Doctor himself noticed that the scar mark was an old and healed injury, whereas the
swelling on the right hand revealed tenderness and presence of the crepitus. When this Doctor came
into the witness box as PW23, an attempt was made to show that the condition of the injury indicated
that it was about 10 or 15 days' old. This plea was specifically denied by the Doctor. Dr. Mukul Sinha
was, however, more categoric when he stated that the presence of swelling on the right hand was
symptomatic of a recent injury and that after the inflammation slowly subsided the soft provisional
callus would start forming from the third to the fourteenth day and due to the absence of any callus
formation on the 24th January, 1996, it appeared that the injury could not have been sustained on the
14th January, 1996. Dr. G. K. Chobe was still more emphatic. After reviewing the medical report
dated 24th January, 1996 he put the maximum duration of the injury between 48 to 72 hours and
further deposed that a fracture of the 5th metacarpal was generally produced by direct violence, the
most common factor being the striking of the hand against an opponent during an altercation. He
further clarified that in the case of a fracture of the metacarpal the swelling would not remain for
more than 3 to 4 days and that the callus formation had not yet started as the clicking sound which
was known as crepitus was still noticeable and which always remained till the callus was formed.
Dr. Chobe also made another significant statement. He pointed out that had the incident happened
on 14th January, 1996 a plaster or bandage would have been applied to the fracture but there was no
indication as to whether this line of treatment had been adopted. A perusal of this evidence would
reveal two striking facts, one, it confirms the deposition of the other two doctors that because the
injury was recent the swelling on the fracture had not settled down, and two, the callus formation had
not yet started as the crepitus was still present.

14. We see that the positive stand of the appellant was that he had sustained the injuries on the 14th of
January, 1996 in the course of a road accident in which the visor of his helmet had also been broken.
Inspector Terial of the CBI accordingly collected certain documents from the Nirmay Diagnostic
Centre and the Bara Hindurao Hospital where the appellant had allegedly been treated for the injuries
suffered by him. Statements of several doctors were also recorded. These documents were deposited
in the CBI Malkhana on the 9th February, 1996 and 16th February, 1996. In the course of his evidence
PW DSP Ohri gave the above facts and further clarified that the appellant's father had produced an X-
ray film before him on the 20th February, 1996 and that he had also issued a notice to him to produce
the treatment record of the appellant within two days. We see that the documents seized by Inspector
Terial have been exhibited as defence documents. We further see that a reading of these documents
does indicate that an X-ray was taken on the 14th January, 1996. Significantly, however, no Doctor

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of the Nirmay Diagnostic Centre or Bara Hindurao Hospital had been summoned as a witness. The
trial court has held that the omission to produce the defence evidence in Court was unbecoming of
the investigating agency but that the appellant himself was also guilty of not producing any evidence
in his defence and by some curious reasoning has opined that :

"The accused too has not assisted the court in discharging the onus which was upon him to justify
the defence taken by him in the matter of alleged injury.Consequently, on the face of an injury, on
5th metacarpal on the date of crime of murder, with swelling and tenderness, the court is of the view
that the injury possibly is

fresh but on account of lack of fair play on the part of the CBI, it cannot say that the defence of the
accused is not plausible.Therefore this circumstance will have to be considered in both ways in the
cumulative effect of various circumstances to consider if the case is proved beyond reasonable doubt."

15. We are indeed astonished at these remarkably confusing and contradictory observations, as the
CBI was not called upon to prove the defence of the appellant. The CBI had fairly secured the
documents which could prove the appellant's case and they were put on record and it was for the
defence to use them to its advantage. No such effort was made. Moreover, we are unable to see as to
how these documents could have been exhibited as no one has come forward to prove them. It has to
be kept in mind that the appellant was a lawyer and his father a very senior Police Officer, and we are
unable to understand as to why no evidence in defence to prove the documents or to test their veracity,
had been produced. In this background, we find that the medical evidence clearly supports the version
that the injury had been sustained by the appellant on the 24th of January, 1996 during the course of
the rape and murder. This finding raises yet another issue. It has been held time and again that a false
plea taken by an accused in a case of circumstantial evidence is another link in the chain. In Trimukh
Maroti Kirkan v. State of Maharashtra, 2006 (10) SCC 681: (2006 AIR SCW 5300) it has been held :

"The normal principle in a case based on circumstantial evidence is that the circumstances from
which an inference of guilt is sought to be drawn must be cogently and firmly established; that those
circumstances should be of a definite tendency unerringly pointing towards the guilt of the accused;
that the circumstances taken cumulatively should form a chain so complete that there is no escape
from the conclusion that within all human probability the crime was committed by the accused and
they should be incapable of explanation on any hypothesis other than that of the guilt of the accused
and inconsistent with their innocence.

and again

"If an offence takes place inside the privacy of a house and in such circumstances, where the assailants
have all the opportunity to plan and commit the offence at the time and in circumstances of their
choice, it will be extremely difficult for the prosecution to lead evidence to establish the guilt of the
accused if the strict principle of circumstantial evidence, as noticed above, is insisted upon by the
courts. A Judge does not preside over a criminal trial merely to see that no innocent man is punished.
A Judge also presides to see that a guilty man does not escape. Both are public duties. The law does
not enjoin a duty on the prosecution to lead evidence of such character which is almost impossible to
be led or at any rate extremely difficult to be led. The duty on the prosecution is to lead such evidence
which it is capable of leading, having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case. Here it is
necessary to keep in mind Section 106 of the Evidence Act which says that when any fact is especially
within the knowledge of any person, the burden of proving that fact is upon him."
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16. We, accordingly, endorse the opinion of the High Court on circumstances 8 and 12. The onus to
prove his defence and the circumstances relating to his injury and treatment were within the special
knowledge of the appellant. He could, therefore, not keep silent and say that the obligation rested on
the prosecution to prove its case.

17. Mr. Sushil Kumar has then argued with emphasis, that the case rested

primarily on the factum of rape and if it was found that there was no evidence of rape, the case of
murder would also fall through. He has, accordingly, taken us to circumstance No. 9 which the trial
court noted as under:

"DNA finger printing test conclusively established the guilt of the accused."

He has first pointed out that the post-mortem did not reveal any evidence of rape. Reference has been
made to the statement of PW33 Dr. A. K. Sharma, who along with a Board of two other Doctors had
performed the post-mortem on the dead body on the 25th January, 1996 at the Safdarjung Hospital and
it was observed that the deceased was wearing a full sleeved high neck pinkish T-shirt with a small
tear on the breast, blue coloured jeans, one brassiere and underwear and woolen socks and though
there were a large number of injuries on the dead body and the local examination of the private parts
showed black, curly non matted pubic hair, and an intact hymen, with no tearing. The Doctor was
also questioned as to whether the hymen would always be torn and ruptured during the first sexual
encounter and he explained that though this would be the normal case but it was not always so and that
the hymen could remain unruptured even after repeated sexual intercourse for certain reasons which
he then spelt out. It has, accordingly, been submitted that there was absolutely no evidence of rape
detected during the course of the examination. He has also pointed out that as there were no semen
stains on the dead body of the deceased or her clothes and as the underwear of the appellant sent to
the CCMB, Hyderabad had been returned without examination and had been examined thereafter in
the Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Delhi and the semen's stains found were of group A which
was not the blood group of the appellant, there were no evidence suggesting rape.

18. It has, finally, been submitted that the observation of the High Court that the DNA test conclusively
proved the involvement of the appellant in the rape was not tenable as it appeared that the vaginal
swabs and slides which were allegedly taken from the dead body at the time of the post-mortem
examination and the blood samples of the appellant taken under the supervision of PW Dr. N. S. Kalra
had been tampered with. It has been argued that as per the findings of the trial court the record of
the Malkhana with respect to the vaginal swabs and slides had been fudged and though these items
had been handed over to the CBI officers on the 25th January, 1996 they had been deposited in the
Malkhana on the 29th January, 1996 and no explanation was forthcoming as to how and why this
delay had happened. It has also been submitted that as per the evidence of Dr. N. S. Kalra a request
had been made to him by the CBI to take 2 samples of blood of 10 ml. each from the appellant but
2 samples of 10 ml. had been taken and transferred to 4 vials and when the vials had been opened at
the CCMB, only 12 ml. of blood had been found, and this too cast a doubt on the prosecution case. It
has finally been submitted that the tests conducted by the CCMB, Hyderabad were faulty and could
not be relied upon.

19. The learned Additional Solicitor General has, however, controverted the above submissions and
has pleaded that they were based on the supposition of a bias against the appellant and that all
those involved including the officials of the CBI, the Doctors who had conducted the post-mortem
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examination, those who had taken the blood samples and the Scientists of the CCMB were in league
to implicate him in a false case. He has further argued that there was no evidence of tampering with
the vaginal swabs and slides which had been sealed by the Doctors and handed over to the police and
had been collected from the Malkhana by PW-39 Inspector Shekhawat

and taken to the CCMB, whereas the blood samples, on the contrary, had been retained in the office
of Dr. N. S. Kalra in the RML Hospital and that Inspector Shekhawat had taken them from there and
gone straight on to Hyderabad and delivered them to the CCMB with seals intact.

20. At the very outset, we must dispel Mr. Sushil Kumar's rather broad argument that the primary
allegations were of rape whereas murder was a secondary issue in the facts of the case and that
the proof of murder would depend on proof of rape. We see from the record that there is very
substantial evidence with regard to the allegations of murder simpliciter and have been dealt with
under circumstance No.11. We first see that right from the year 1994 to January, 1996, that is a few
days before the murder, the appellant had been continuously harassing the deceased and that this
allegation has been proved by ocular and documentary evidence. We also see that the appellant had
been seen in the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi on the morning of the incident and had no
business to be present at that place as he had passed out in the year 1994. He was also seen by PW2
Shri Kuppaswami outside the house of the deceased at about 5 p.m. and was carrying a helmet with
an intact fixed visor, and was seen moving out of the Vasant Kunj Colony by two witnesses soon after
5 p.m. (though these witnesses ultimately turned hostile). The only argument against PW-2 is that his
statement under Section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure had been recorded after three days.
We find nothing adverse in this matter as there was utter confusion in the investigation at the initial
stage. Moreover, PW-2 was a next neighbour and a perfectly respectable witness with no bias against
the appellant. In addition, the recovery of the helmet with a broken visor and the recovery of glass
pieces apparently of the visor from near the dead body and the fact that the appellant himself sustained
injuries while mercilessly beating the deceased with his helmet (as per the F.S.L. Report Ex.PW50/
H4) and causing 19 injuries including three fractured ribs, are other circumstances with regard to
the murder. Assuming, therefore, for a moment, that there was some uncertainty about the rape, the
culpability of the appellant for the murder is nevertheless writ large and we are indeed surprised at
the decision of the Trial Judge in ordering an outright acquittal.

With this background, we now examine the evidence leading to the charge of rape.

21. It is the primary submission of Mr. Sushil Kumar that the vaginal swabs and slides taken from the
dead body at the time of the post-mortem examination had been tampered with and as there was some
suspicion with regard to the blood samples taken by Dr. N. S. Kalra on the 25th January, the DNA
report too could not be relied upon. This is a rather far-fetched plea as it would mean that not only the
investigating agency, that is the senior officers of the CBI and DSP Ohri in particular, the doctors who
had taken the vaginal swabs and slides, the doctors and other staff who had drawn the blood samples,
and the Scientists in Hyderabad had all been in a conspiracy to harm the appellant. To our mind,
this premise is unacceptable. We see from the post-mortem report Ex.PW33/B dated 25th January,
1996 and the endorsement thereon that one bundle containing a full sleeved high neck pinkish violet
colour T-shirt having a cut mark over the area of the left breast region, one blue coloured jeans, one
pair of woolen socks, one white coloured brassiere and one blue coloured underwear had been sealed
and handed over to the Investigating Officer, Inspector Lalit Mohan. It also finds mention that these

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items along with two vaginal swabs and two slides had also been handed over to the I.O. It has been
submitted by Mr. Sushil Kumar that these items had been retained by Inspector Lalit Mohan till

the 25th of January, 1996 and then handed over to PW-38 Inspector Sunit Kumar of the CBI. Inspector
Sunit Kumar, however, deposed that on the 29th January, 1996, and on the direction of DSP Ohri,
he had gone to the department of Forensic Medicine, Safdarjung Hospital, and taken the bundle of
clothes and one jar containing vaginal swabs and slides duly sealed and several other items as well
and that a specimen of the seal had also been obtained by him. It is, therefore, obvious that till 29th of
January, 1996 the aforesaid articles remained in the custody of the Safdarjung Hospital and that they
were deposited in the Malkhana on the 29th January, 1996.

22. We notice from the cross-examination of Inspector Sunit Kumar that not a single question had
been put to him in the cross-examination doubting the receipt of the aforesaid items from the hospital
on the 29th January, 1996. DSP Ohri confirmed the evidence of Inspector Sunit Kumar Sharma that
he had received the case property from the hospital and it had been deposited in the Malkhana the
same day. We have also examined the photocopy of the Ex.PW47/A, which is the Malkhana register.
It first refers to the various items taken by Inspector Sunit Kumar from the hospital earlier that day
including the clothes and there is some overwriting with respect to the vaginal swabs and slides. Mr.
Sushil Kumar has thus raised a suspicion that the entry with regard to the vaginal swabs and slides
was an interpolation with no sanctity attached to the semen samples. We are unable to accept this
submission for the simple reason that the post-mortem clearly refers to the aforesaid samples along
with several other items which had been taken from the dead body on the 25th January, 1996 and
which had been retained at the Safdarjung Hospital till 29th January, 1996 when they had been handed
over to Inspector Sunit Kumar who had handed them over further to PW Ohri who had deposited them
in the Malkhana. Furthermore, a perusal of the post-mortem report Ex.P33/B bears an endorsement
that three items that is a copy of the report, the inquest proceedings and the dead body had been handed
over to the Constable at 6 p.m. on 25th January, 1996 but all the other items had been taken by the
CBI on the 29th January. Significantly we find an acknowledgment at the top right hand corner of
the post-mortem report which reads as under:

"issued against authority letter No. 399/3/1(S)/SIV V SIC-II, dated 29.1.96 from CBI - authorizing
Shri Sunit Sharma Insp. CBI."

Inspector Sunit Kumar had also acknowledged the receipt of the articles on the 29th at Point X. It
is thus clear that the three first mentioned items had been handed over to the Constable on the 25th
January at 6 p.m. but the other items had been handed over to the Inspector on the 29th. It bears notice
that the 26th to 28th January, 1996 were holidays which was perhaps the cause as to why some of the
items including the semen swabs and stains and the clothes of the deceased remained in the custody of
the hospital authorities till the 29th. We have also perused the evidence of PW 47 Constable Rajinder
Singh of the CBI who was the In-charge of the Malkhana on the day in question. He admitted that there
was no mention that the swabs and slides were contained in a glass jar, but the fact that the entries had
been interpolated has been emphatically denied. It is also significant that these items had been taken
by Inspector Shekhawat from the Malkhana on the 31st January, 1996 in a sealed condition and in a
glass jar and handed over to the CCMB, Hyderabad in an identical condition. In this connection, we
have gone through the evidence of PW49 Dr. Lalji Singh who deposed on oath that all the aforesaid
items along with several others, (which we will deal with later) had been received in a sealed condition
as his organization did not accept any item which was without a seal. He further stated that

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along with samples he had received the sample seals which had been affixed on the bundle of clothes
and the bottle carrying vaginal swabs and slides. It is also of significance that the vaginal swabs and
slides find mention on the third page of the post-mortem report whereas the other items taken from
the dead body are on internal page one. This raises the possibility that the Head Constable had, at the
initial stage, missed the articles on page 3 and thereafter rectified the mistake. No adverse inference
against the prosecution can, thus, be drawn with regard to the retention of the items in the Malkhana.
It is also pertinent that no suggestion was put either to the Doctors or to DSP Ohri or to Sub-Inspector
Shekhawat that the seals of the aforesaid articles had been tampered with.

23. We now come to the suspicion with regard to the taking and storage of the blood samples of the
appellant. PW Dr. N. S. Kalra who was the Head of the Bio-Chemistry Department of Ram Manohar
Lohia Hospital at the relevant time deposed that by letter Ex.34/A a request had been made to the
hospital to take blood samples of the appellant in two vials totalling 20 ml. Ms. Godawari, a Laboratory
Assistant, was accordingly directed to take the blood samples in two 10 ml. syringes whereafter the
blood was transferred to 4 vials each containing 5 ml. which were duly sealed and tape applied over
them which was signed by Dr. Kalra, Dr. S. K. Gupta and DSP Ohri and a memo Ex.PW34/B to that
effect was prepared. He further deposed that the said vials had been kept in a refrigerator under his
supervision and were taken by the CBI officers on January 31, 1996 from him and that while the vials
remained in his custody, they were not tampered with in any manner. He also testified that whenever
blood was kept in a refrigerator, as in the present case, there was little possibility of evaporation
if the rubber cork was air tight and in cross-examination he deposed that the watery constituent of
blood would not evaporate in the cool atmosphere of a refrigerator. Mr. Sushil Kumar has accordingly
argued that though the CBI had requested for two samples of 10 ml. each yet the 20 ml. blood had been
divided into four vials, and that when the samples had been opened in the Laboratory at Hyderabad,
only 12 ml. blood in all had been recovered from the four vials. We, however, find that no suspicion
can be raised with regard to the sanctity of the samples. It has come in the evidence of Dr. Lalji Singh
that 12 ml. of blood said to be that of the appellant Santosh Kumar Singh in four sterile vials containing
about 3 ml. each had been received through Inspector Ranbir Shekhawat along with other items. He
further explained that in cross-examination that if the blood samples were kept in a refrigerator and
handed over to the Inspector on the 31st January and received in the laboratory the next day, it was
not likely that 2 ml. out of each of the four vials would evaporate although some blood could have
evaporated. He further stated that there appeared to be some leakage in the vials as traces of blood
appeared to be in the material with which the vials had been sealed although this fact did not find
mention in his report. Here too, we must emphasize that the blood samples were in the custody of
the hospital till they were received by the Inspector Shekhawat for the first time on 31st January,
1996 and he had left for Hyderabad the same day and handed over the samples and other items to the
laboratory on 1st February, 1996. The trial court has had much to say on this aspect. It has held that
Dr. N. S. Kalra was a doctor who could be influenced in the matter. Reliance has also been placed on
the document PW34/A of Shri Bhatnagar addressed to the Medical Superintendent of RML Hospital
that two samples of blood of 10 ml. be taken from the accused and then goes on to say that 20 ml.
blood was taken but it had been divided into four vials of 5 ml. each which was against the requisition.
The trial court observed

that as per the deposition of CW1 Dr. G. V. Rao of the CCMB, Hyderabad the samples had been
received in the laboratory but only 12 ml. blood had been found in the vials which raised serious
questions and the prosecution was thus called upon to explain as to how 8 ml. of blood had disappeared
and in the absence of a proper explanation, the possibility that the said samples had been tampered
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with, could not be ruled out. The trial court has, accordingly, rejected the evidence of Dr. N. S. Kalra,
Dr. Lalji Singh and Dr. G. V. Rao as to why and how the quantity of the blood may have been
reduced. The court also examined the document PW-34/B, which is the memo relating to the taking
of the blood samples, and by some very curious reasoning concluded that some additions had been
made in the document as some words were not in their proper place and sequence and appeared to
have been squeezed in and that the handwriting was also not identical. We have minutely perused
the document ourselves and can find no such flaw. We also find absolutely no reason to accept the
very broad and defamatory statement of the trial court that Dr. N. S. Kalra was a convenient witness
for the prosecution as there is no basis for this finding. On the other hand, there is ample evidence
to suggest that the blood samples had been kept in the hospital in a proper way and handed over to
Inspector Shekhawat who had taken them to the CCMB, Hyderabad and that the explanation tendered
by Dr. Lalji Singh and Dr. G. V. Rao as to why the quantity of blood may have been reduced, merits
acceptance. The High Court was, therefore, fully justified in holding that the trial court's conclusions
on the question of the retention and dispatch of the swabs and slides and the clothes of the deceased
the blood samples was faulty, and based on a perverse assessment of the evidence.

24. We now come to the circumstance with regard to the comparison of the semen stains with the
blood taken from the appellant. The trial court had found against the prosecution on this aspect. In this
connection, we must emphasize that the Court cannot substitute its own opinion for that of an expert,
more particularly in a science such as DNA profiling which is a recent development. Dr. Lalji Singh in
his examination-in-chief deposed that he had been involved with the DNA technology ever since the
year 1974 and he had returned to India from the U.K. in 1987 and joined the CCMB, Hyderabad and
had developed indigenous methods and techniques for DNA finger printing which were now being
used in this country. We also see that the expertise and experience of Dr. Lalji Singh in his field
has been recognized by this Court in Kamalantha and Ors. v. State of Tamil Nadu, 2005 (5) SCC
194 : (AIR 2005 SC 2132 : 2005 AIR SCW 1836). We further notice that CW-1 Dr. G. V. Rao was
a Scientist of equal repute and he had in fact conducted the tests under the supervision of Dr. Lalji
Singh. It was not even disputed before us during the course of arguments that these two Scientists
were persons of eminence and that the laboratory in question was also held in the highest esteem in
India. The statements of Dr. Lalji Singh and Dr. G.V. Rao reveal that the samples had been tested as
per the procedure developed by the laboratory, that the samples were sufficient for the purposes of
comparison and that there was no possibility of the samples having been contaminated or tampered
with. The two Scientists gave very comprehensive statements supported by documents that the DNA
of the semen stains on the swabs and slides and the underwear of the deceased and the blood samples
of the appellant was from a single source and that source was the appellant. It is significant that not a
single question was put to PW Dr. Lalji Singh as to the accuracy of the methodology or the procedure
followed for the DNA profiling. The trial court has referred to a large number of text books and has
given adverse findings on the accuracy of the

tests carried out in the present case. We are unable to accept these conclusions as the court has
substituted its own opinion ignoring the complexity of the issue on a highly technical subject, more
particularly as the questions raised by the court had not been put to the expert witnesses.In Bhagwan
Das and Anr. v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1957 SC 589, it has been held that it would be a dangerous
doctrine to lay down that the report of an expert witness could be brushed aside by making reference
to some text on that subject without such text being put to the expert.

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25. The observations in Gambhir v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1982 SC 1157, are even more
meaningful insofar as we are concerned. In this case, the doctors who had conducted the post-mortem
examination could not give the time of death. The High Court, in its wisdom, thought it proper to
delve deep into the evidence and draw its own conclusions as to the time of death and at the same
time, made some very adverse and caustic comments with regard to the conduct of the Doctors, and
dismissed the appeal of the accused. This Court (after the grant of special leave) allowed the appeal
and reverting to the High Court's opinions of the doctors observed:

"The High Court came to its own opinion when the doctors failed to give opinion. The Court has to
draw its conclusion on the basis of the materials supplied by the expert opinion. The High Court has
tried to usurp the functions of an expert."

This is precisely the error in which the trial court has fallen. It is significant that at the initial stage only
Dr. Lalji Singh had been summoned to prove the DNA report and it was during the course of final
arguments that the court thought it fit to summon Dr. G. V. Rao as a court witness. This witness was
subjected to an extraordinarily detailed examination-in-chief and even more gruelling and rambling
cross-examination running into a hundred or more pages spread over a period of time. The trial court
finally, and in frustration, was constrained to make an order that the cross-examination could not go
on any further. We are of the opinion that the defence counsel had attempted to create confusion in
the mind of CW-1 and the trial court has been swayed by irrelevant considerations as it could hardly
claim the status of an expert on a very complex subject. We feel that the trial court was not justified
in rejecting the DNA Report, as nothing adverse could be pointed out against the two experts who
had submitted it. We must, therefore, accept the DNA report as being scientifically accurate and an
exact science as held by this Court in Smt. Kamti Devi v. Poshi Ram, AIR 2001 SC 2226 : (2001 AIR
SCW 2100). In arriving at its conclusions the trial court was also influenced by the fact that the semen
swabs and slides and the blood samples of the appellant had not been kept in proper custody and had
been tampered with, as already indicated above. We are of the opinion that the trial court was in error
on this score. We, accordingly, endorse the conclusions of the High Court on circumstance No. 9.

26. Mr. Sushil Kumar, has almost at the fag end of his arguments, dealt with the question of motive.
He has pointed out that it was by now well settled that motive alone could not form the basis for
conviction as in a case of circumstantial evidence the chain envisaged was to be complete from the
beginning to the end and to result in the only hypothesis that the accused and the accused alone was
guilty of the crime. In this connection, he has pointed out that the oral and documentary evidence relied
upon by the prosecution raised some misgivings and confusion in the relationship of the appellant and
the deceased inter se, but they could not have been the cause for the rape and murder. The learned
ASG has, however, taken us to the

evidence to argue that there was absolutely no doubt that the appellant felt frustrated as the deceased
was not giving in to his overtures despite having been pursued relentlessly over two years, and had
in anger and frustration, committed the rape and murder. It has been reiterated that the finding of the
trial court and the High Court on the motive (which were circumstances Nos.1, 2 and 3) has been
concurrent inasmuch that the appellant had the motive to commit the murder.

27. We have gone through the evidence on this score. As already observed, this comprises ocular and
documentary evidence. The relevant documents in this connection are Ex.PW6/C, a complaint dated
25th of February, 1995 in which the deceased referred to an earlier incident in which the appellant had

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been harassing her either at her residence B-1/4 Safdarjung Enclave or in the Faculty of Law and then
pointed out that on that day as well when she had left her house at 10.30 a.m. to go to a friends place
she had found the appellant following her and trying to stop her at every traffic light and harassing
and shouting at her on which she had made a complaint at the R. K. Puram Police Station and as a
consequence thereof the appellant had tendered two apologies Ex.PW6/DB, and an undertaking not
to harass her any more either himself or through his friends or to spoil her reputation. These apologies
also dated 25th of February, 1995 were witnessed by PW Lt. Col. S. K. Dhar and Sub-Inspector
Rajinder Kumar. This was followed by another complaint Ex.PW 11/A regarding some incident at
the Khyber Petrol Pump and another undertaking was given by the appellant that he would not harass
her on which she withdrew her complaint. The trial court further noticed that yet another incident had
happened at about 3 p.m. on 16th August, 1995 when the appellant had followed her home all the way
from the University. A message was accordingly flashed from a PCR and received at Police Station,
Vasant Kunj, and was recorded in the Daily Entry Register as Ex. PW12/A. An enquiry was entrusted
to PW-12 Head Constable Vijay Kumar who went to the house of the deceased and took a report
Ex.PW1/A dictated by her to her father and the appellant was thereafter arrested and taken to the
police station along with his motorcycle. In this report the deceased wrote about the earlier incidents
of harassment and also the apologies that had been tendered by the appellant from time to time. It
appears, however, that the police was under some influence and instead of pursuing the complaint to
its logical end, several police officers, including the SHO, ACP Parbhati Lal and ACP Satender Nath
persuaded the deceased to compromise the matter on which the deceased was compelled to state that
the complaint be kept pending for the time being. We also find that an incident had happened on 16th
February, 1995 which led the deceased to file an FIR against the appellant under Section 354 of the
IPC at Police Station, Maurice Nagar in which she wrote that despite the fact that a PSO had been
attached with her because of the appellant's misconduct, he had still continued to chase and harass
her and that as she was entering her class room he had caught hold of her arm and threatened her
and tried to forcibly talk to her and that she had immediately called her PSO who made a call to the
Maurice Nagar Police Station and the police had come and taken him away. In addition to this, we
find that the appellant had made a complaint against the deceased to the University Authorities and
followed it up with a reminder that she was pursuing two courses in the University at the same time
which was against the rules with the result the University had issued a show cause notice to her and
that the matter was still under enquiry with the University when the present incident happened. There
is ocular evidence as well. PW1 Shri C. L. Mattoo, deposed that when he visited Delhi in December
1995 he noticed that the appellant and two or

three boys were passing lewd remarks at his daughter. Likewise, it has come in the evidence of PW44
Smt. Rageshwari Mattoo, who testified that while she was admitted in the AIIMS, the appellant had
repeatedly called the deceased on telephone despite the fact that she was not taking his calls. The
courts below have also placed reliance on the evidence of three witnesses in support of the telephone
calls i.e. PW10 Tanwir Ahmed Mir, PW13 Satender Kumar Sharma, Advocate and PW16 Ms. Manju
Bharti, Advocate who came into witness box to state that the deceased had told them that the appellant
was harassing her on the telephone as well. We also notice other evidence with regard to the sexual
harassment. PW44 deposed that when she had visited Lt. Col. S. K. Dhar's home, Delhi in January
1995 (with whom the deceased was then residing), the appellant had tried to forcibly enter the house
while she was present on which she had told him that as the deceased was already engaged, he should
not harass her. She also referred to the fact that in February 1995 when she had visited Delhi again,
Bishamber, the domestic servant of Lt. Col. S. K. Dhar had brought a bouquet from the outside with a
chit reading "Valentines Day -with love from Santosh". These incidents of harassment were confirmed
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by Lt. Col. S. K. Dhar as well who deposed that the appellant had been harassing the deceased from
November 1994 onwards and would repeatedly come to his house on his black Bullet motorcycle.
In the light of the above evidence, the motive stands proved beyond any doubt. It appears that as the
appellant's overtures had been rebuffed by the deceased, he had resorted to harassing her in a manner
which became more and more aggressive and crude as time went by. It is evident that the appellant was
well aware of her family background and despite several complaints against him and the provision of
a PSO, he had fearlessly and shamelessly pursued her right to the doorsteps of her residence ignoring
the fact that she had first lived in the house of Lt. Col. S. K. Dhar, an Army Officer from the end of
1994 onwards and after January 1996 with her parents, her father too being a very senior officer in
a Semi-Government Organization. It has come in the evidence of PW Smt. Rageshwari Mattoo that
the police officers before whom the appellant had been brought on the complaints had desisted from
taking any action against him and had, on the contrary harassed her, her husband and the deceased
by summoning and detaining them in the Police Station at odd hours and for long periods of time. It
was this behaviour that led the trial court to comment very adversely on the conduct of some of the
police officers involved. We endorse the findings of the trial court that the conduct of these officers
deserves to be condemned as reprehensible.

28. We are, therefore, of the opinion that circumstances 1 to 3 which have been found by two courts
against the appellant and in favour of the prosecution constitute a very strong chain in the prosecution's
case. We agree with Mr. Sushil Kumar's broad statement that motive alone cannot form the basis of
conviction but in the light of the other circumstances, the motive goes a very long way in forging
the links in the chain.

29. A few additional submissions made by Mr. Sushil Kumar while arguing the matter in reply must
now be dealt with. He has first pointed out that the trial court had acquitted the appellant and the High
Court had reversed the judgment and the matter before us was, therefore, in the nature of a first appeal
and the guiding principles relating to interference in such an appeal by the High Court postulated in
Arulvelu and Anr. v. State and Anr. (2009) 10 SCC 206 : (AIR 2009 SC (Supp) 2887 : 2009 AIR SCW
6593) had to be adhered to. He has also submitted that it was now well settled that all circumstances
which were to be used against an accused in a

criminal case were to be put to him in his statement under Section 313 of the Cr.P.C. failing which the
said circumstance could not be taken into account. Reliance for this plea has been placed on Ishwar
Singh v. State of U.P. (1976) 4 SCC 355 : (AIR 1976 SC 2423) and Ashraf Ali v. State of Assam
(2008) 16 SCC 328 : (AIR 2009 SC (Supp) 654 : 2008 AIR SCW 5608). Elaborating on this aspect, it
has been pointed out that the allegation that the appellant had strangulated the deceased with the use
of a wire of the heat convector and the fact that the helmet had been used for causing the injuries to
the deceased had not been put to him. The learned ASG too has placed reliance on a large number of
judgments to the effect that the omission to put a question to an accused would not ipso facto result
in the rejection of that evidence as the onus lay on the accused to show prejudice. These judgments
are Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra (1984) 4 SCC 116 : (AIR 1984 SC 1622) and
Suresh Chandra Bahri v. State of Bihar, 1995 Supp (1) SCC 80 : (AIR 1994 SC 2420 : 1994 AIR
SCW 3420).

30. We first examine the argument with regard to the propriety of the High Court's interference in an
acquittal appeal assuming the present matter to be a first appeal. Undoubtedly, a judgment of acquittal
rendered by a trial court must be given the greatest consideration and the appellate court would be slow

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in setting aside that judgment, and where two views are possible, the one taken by the trial court would
not be disturbed. On the contrary if the trial court's judgment was perverse, meaning thereby that it
was not only against the weight of evidence but was all together against the evidence, interference
was called for.The High Court was alive to its limitation in such a matter and while dealing with this
argument first expressed its shock and observed that though virtually all the findings were in favour of
the prosecution, yet curiously, the decision had been rendered in favour of the accused. The judgment
of the trial court was accordingly held to be perverse and against the evidence. The High Court (in
paragraph 28) observed thus:

"We have carefully and extensively gone through the material on record with the aid of counsel for
the parties. Since this is an appeal from judgment of acquittal we can interfere only if we are satisfied
that the findings of the trial court are perverse and have resulted in grave miscarriage of justice. High
Court while hearing an appeal against acquittal has the power to reconsider the whole evidence and
to come to its own conclusion in place of the findings of the trial court but only if the decision of the
trial court is such which could not have been arrived at all by reasoning."

31. We too believe from a perusal of the evidence that the High Court's observations were justified on
the facts. In other words, even assuming that the matter before us was to be treated as a first appeal, we
too would have interfered in the matter and set aside the judgment of the trial court, as it was against
the evidence and to desist from doing so would cause great injustice not only to the prosecution but
even to the deceased victim and her family.

32. We now come to the argument with regard to the omission in putting certain questions to the
appellant.It does appear from the circumstance that it was the appellant who had strangulated the
deceased and that too with the convector wire had not been put to the appellant but it is clear from
question No. 86 that the fact that death had been caused by asphyxiation as a result of strangulation
by ligature and that the ligature material was one with a soft surface, had been put to him. We also
see that when the injuries at serial Nos.1 to 11 in the post-mortem report Ex.PW33/B had been put to
the appellant, he had merely made a statement that he did not know

anything.We further notice from the evidence of PW-33 Dr. A. K. Sharma that the cause of death
was strangulation and that the nature of injury Nos. 4 and 5, which referred to the ligature marks
on the neck, had been pointedly asked of the Doctor in cross-examination.Likewise, the fact that the
helmet had been used as weapon of offence, had not been specifically put to the appellant but here
again we find absolutely no prejudice to the appellant on this score as the death had been caused
not by the use of the helmet but by strangulation and that the appellant and his counsel were fully
alive to the prosecution story that the helmet had been used as a weapon to beat the deceased into
submission.Ishwar Singh's case (AIR 1976 SC 2423) (supra) cited by Mr. Sushil Kumar was not
dealing with a statement under Section 313 of the Cr.P.C.The facts show that the ballam or bhala
which were alleged to be the murder weapons had not been shown to the doctor and this Court held
that in this situation, it was not possible to convict the accused (who had been charged under Section
302/149) under Section 302, IPC simpliciter. This present case does not fall within this category.Mr.
Sushil Kumar has, however, placed greater reliance on Ashraf Ali's case (AIR 2009 SC (Supp) 654 :
2008 AIR SCW 5608) (supra) whereby this Court relying on a large number of judgments observed
as under (Para 13 of AIR (Supp) and AIR SCW):

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"The object of Section 313 of the Code is to establish a direct dialogue between the court and the
accused. If a point in the evidence is important against the accused, and the conviction is intended to
be based upon it, it is right and proper that the accused should be questioned about the matter and be
given an opportunity of explaining it.Where no specific question has been put by the trial court on
an inculpatory material in the prosecution evidence, it would vitiate the trial. Of course, all these are
subject to rider whether they have caused miscarriage of justice or prejudice.This Court also expressed
a similar view in S. Harnam Singh v. State (Delhi Admn.) (AIR 1976 SC 2140) while dealing with
Section 342 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 (corresponding to Section 313 of the Code). Non-
indication of inculpatory material in its relevant facts by the trial court to the accused adds to the
vulnerability of the prosecution case. Recording of a statement of the accused under Section 313 is
not a purposeless exercise."

33. Undoubtedly, the observations are extremely relevant for the purpose of this case but each case
has to be seen on its own facts, more particularly that the omission had caused prejudice to the accused
as would be clear from the rider put by the court in this very case (and highlighted by us). On the
contrary, we find that prejudice must ensue has been reiterated by this Court in Suresh Chandra Bahri's
case (AIR 1994 SC 2420 : 1994 AIR SCW 3420) (supra) and a very large number of other cases. This
is what the Court has to say in Bahri's case (Paras 26 and 27 of AIR, AIR SCW) :

"Learned Senior Counsel Shri Sushil Kumar appearing for the appellant Raj Pal Sharma submitted
that in view of the fact that no question relating to motive having been put to the appellants on the
point of motive under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, no motive for the commission
of the crime can be attributed to the appellants nor the same can be reckoned as circumstance against
the appellants.It is no doubt true that the underlying object behind Section 313, Cr.P.C. is to enable
the accused to explain any circumstance appearing against him in the evidence and this object is based
on the maxim audi alteram partem which is one of the principles of natural justice. It has always
been regarded unfair to rely upon any incriminating circumstance without affording the accused an
opportunity of explaining the said

incriminating circumstance.The provisions in Section 313, therefore, make it obligatory on the court
to question the accused on the evidence and circumstance appearing against him so as to apprise him
the exact case which he is required to meet. But it would not be enough for the accused to show that
he has not been questioned or examined on a particular circumstance but he must also show that such
non-examination has actually and materially prejudiced him and has resulted in failure of justice. In
other words in the event of any inadvertent omission on the part of the court to question the accused
on any incriminating circumstance appearing against him the same cannot ipso facto vitiate the trial
unless it is shown that some prejudice was caused to him.In Bejoy Chand Patra v. State of W.B.,
(AIR 1952 SC 105) this Court took the view that it is not sufficient for the accused merely to show
that he has not been fully examined as required by Section 342 of the Criminal Procedure Code (now
Section 313 in the new Code) but he must also show that such examination has materially prejudiced
him. The same view was again reiterated by this Court in Rama Shankar Singh v. State of W.B. (AIR
1952 SC 1239). In the present case before us it may be noted that no such point was raised and no
such objection seems to have been advanced either before the trial court or the High Court and it is
being raised for the first time before this Court which appears to us to be an afterthought.Secondly,
learned counsel appearing for the appellants was unable to place before us as to what in fact was the
real prejudice caused to the appellants by omission to question the accused/appellant Suresh Bahri on

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the point of his motive for the crime. No material was also placed before us to show as to what and
in what manner the prejudice, if any, was caused to the appellants or any of them.

Apart from what has been stated above, it may be pointed out that it cannot be said that the appellants
were totally unaware of the substance of the accusation against them with regard to the motive part.In
this regard a reference may be made to Question Nos. 5, 6 and 7 which were put to the appellant Suresh
Bahri in the course of his statement recorded under Section 313, Cr. P.C. The sum and substance of
these questions is that from the prosecution evidence it turns out that the acquitted accused Y. D. Arya
the maternal uncle of the appellant Suresh Bahri was living in a portion of the upper storey of his
house at Delhi. He with the consent of Santosh Bahri the mother of Suresh Bahri, was interfering in
the family affairs as well as in business matters by reason of which the maternal uncle had to leave
the house and that having regard to the future of her children Urshia Bahri not only wanted to manage
the property but also to dispose of the same which was not liked by Suresh Bahri and with a view to
remove Urshia Bahri from his way the appellant Suresh Bahri wanted to commit her murder. In view
of these questions and examination of Suresh Bahri, it cannot be said that he was totally unaware of
the substance of the accusation and charge against him or that he was not examined on the question
of motive at all. In the facts and circumstances discussed above it cannot be said that any prejudice
was caused to the appellant. The contention of the learned counsel for the appellants in this behalf,
therefore, has no merit."

34. We see that the facts of each case have to be examined but the broad principle is that all
incriminating material circumstances must be put to an accused while recording his statement under
Section 313 of the Code, but if any material circumstance has been left out that would not ipso facto
result in the exclusion of that evidence from consideration unless it could further be shown by the
accused that prejudice and miscarriage of justice had been sustained by him.We see from the case in
hand that not only were the questions pertaining to the helmet and the

ligature marks on the neck put to the Doctor and even in a way to the appellant but the defence
counsel had raised comprehensive arguments on these core issues not only before the trial court and
the High Court but before us as well. The defence was, therefore, alive to the circumstances against
the appellant. No prejudice or miscarriage of justice has, thus, been occasioned.

35. We have also kept in mind the broad principle that a particularly nasty and revolting crime imposes
a yet greater caution on the Court which must resist the tendency to look beyond the file and not
be swayed by the horror of the crime or the character of the accused. In Kashmira Singh v. State of
Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1952 SC 159, it has been observed thus:

"The murder was a particularly cruel and revolting one and for that reason it will be necessary to
examine the evidence with more than ordinary care lest the shocking nature of the crime induce an
instinctive reaction against a dispassionate judicial scrutiny of the facts and law."

36. Likewise the observations in Ashish Batham v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2002) 7 SCC 317 : (AIR
2002 SC 3206 : 2002 AIR SCW 3710) too are relevant:

"Realities or truth apart, the fundamental and basic presumption in the administration of criminal
law and justice delivery system is the innocence of the alleged accused and till the charges are
proved beyond reasonable doubt on the basis of clear, cogent, credible or unimpeachable evidence,
the question of indicting or punishing an accused does not arise, merely, carried away by the heinous
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nature of the crime or the gruesome manner in which it was found to have been committed. Mere
suspicion, however, strong or probable it may be is no effective substitute for the legal proof required
to substantiate the charge of commission of a crime and graver the charge is, greater should be the
standard of proof required. Courts dealing with criminal cases at least should constantly remember
that there is a long mental distance between "may be true" and "must be true" and this basic and
golden rule only helps to maintain the vital distinction between "conjectures" and "sure conclusions"
to be arrived at on the touchstone of a dispassionate judicial scrutiny based upon a complete and
comprehensive appreciation of all features of the case as well as quality and credibility of the evidence
brought on record."

The aforesaid principles have been scrupulously adhered to by us while hearing this matter over
almost 5 days.

37. We now come to the question of sentence. It has been submitted by Mr. Sushil Kumar that the
present case was not one which fell in the category of the 'rarest of rare cases' as several mitigating
circumstances with respect to the sentence were discernable. He has first pointed out that the High
Court had reversed an acquittal judgment based exclusively on circumstantial evidence. He has further
argued that the appellant was a young man about 24/25 of age on the date of incident and had been
led astray by the vagaries of youth and that after his acquittal in December 1999, he had got married
(in the year 2003) and a baby girl had been born to him and his wife before the judgment of the
High Court had been delivered in October 2006. These submissions have been stoutly opposed by the
learned ASG who has submitted that even the trial court had given a positive finding that the motive
and murder were truly barbaric and revolting and had been preceded by continuous harassment of the
deceased over a period of two years and the appellant was an advocate with an over indulgent police
officer father who had repeatedly come to the rescue of his son.

38. We have considered the arguments of the learned counsel and have also gone through the
judgments relied upon by them in support of their respective cases.

We think that the answer on the question of the sentence can be found in the judgment of the High
Court itself. We quote from paragraph 3 of the sentencing part of the judgment delivered on 30th
October, 2006:

"We have heard learned counsel for the parties and have given our consideration to what has been
placed before us. We need hardly say that sentencing is the most difficult part of a judgment and
this indeed has been a case here.There is absolutely no doubt in our mind that what was required of
Santosh Singh was exemplary behaviour being a son of a police officer and also a lawyer himself yet
with a premeditated approach he continued to harass the victim for nearly two years and ultimately
in spite of repeated warnings by the police and his undertakings to them went about committing a
most ghastly act. The act itself sent ripples in the society and showed how insecure a citizen can get
against this kind of a person. In the various judgments which have been referred to by counsel from
both sides we find the principles laid down to be considered while deciding the question of sentence
are best reported in 'Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab', AIR 1980 SC 898 and 'Machhi Singh v. State
of Punjab, 1983 SC 211. These cases sum up the law on the subject of death penalty which we have
kept in mind. Evaluating the circumstances in favour and against the convict which have already been
enumerated above, we find that the aggravating circumstances referred to by the Additional Solicitor
General for outweigh the circumstances which according to the counsel to the convict are mitigating

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circumstances, although we do not consider them to be so. We are thus of the opinion that for a crime
of this sort which has been committed with premeditation and in a brutal manner the convict deserves
no other sentence but death."

The underlined words themselves give a hint as to the sentence that should be awarded in this
case.Undoubtedly the sentencing part is a difficult one and often exercises the mind of the Court but
where the option is between a life sentence and a death sentence, the options are indeed extremely
limited and if the court itself feels some difficulty in awarding one or the other, it is only appropriate
that the lesser sentence should be awarded. This is the underlying philosophy behind 'the rarest of the
rare' principle. Furthermore, we see that the mitigating circumstances need to be taken into account,
more particularly that the High Court has reversed a judgment of acquittal based on circumstantial
evidence, the appellant was a young man of 24 at the time of the incident and, after acquittal, had got
married and was the father of a girl child. Undoubtedly, also the appellant would have had time for
reflection over the events of the last fifteen years, and to ponder over the predicament that he now
faces, the reality that his father died a year after his conviction and the prospect of a dismal future
for his young family. On the contrary, there is nothing to suggest that he would not be capable of
reform. There are extremely aggravating circumstances as well. In particular we notice the tendency
of parents to be over indulgent to their progeny often resulting in the most horrendous of situations.
These situations are exacerbated when an accused belongs to a category with unlimited power or pelf
or even more dangerously, a volatile and heady cocktail of the two. The reality that such a class does
exist is for all to see and is evidenced by regular and alarming incidents such as the present one.
Nevertheless, to our mind, the balance sheet tilts marginally in favour of the appellant, and the ends
of justice would be met if the sentence awarded to him is commuted from death to life imprisonment
under

Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code; the other part of the sentence being retained as it is. With this
modification in the sentence, the appeal is dismissed.

Order Accordingly

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