ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude towards Ms.Anjali for

giving me the opportunity to learn and explore this wonderful
project, which gave us the freedom to choose our interested
topics and to showcase our knowledge.

I would also like to thank Mr.Kirpak Dini, my father for

providing me with the requirements to make this project
successful .
 CONTENTS
*OVERVIEW OF A FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

1. Ovary
:structure and functions

2. Uterine tube
:structure and functions

3. Vagina
:structure and functions

4. Vagina
:structure and functions

5. Conclusion
OVERVIEW :

 The female reproductive system includes parts of the female body that are involved in
fertility, reproduction and sex.
 It includes organs such as the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina.
 The menstrual cycle prepares the body for a possible pregnancy.
 Menopause is the stage of life when a female no longer has a menstrual period.
 Premenstrual syndrome, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, fibroids and cancer
are conditions of the female reproductive system.
 Ovary

FUNCTIONS:
The ovaries have two main reproductive functions in the body. They produce oocytes
(eggs) for fertilisation and they produce the reproductive hormones, oestrogen,
progesterone and androgens. The function of the ovaries is controlled
by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) released from the hypothalamus which in
turn stimulates the pituitary gland to produce luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH). These hormones are carried in the bloodstream to the
ovary to regulate the menstrual cycle.
The ovaries release an egg (oocyte) at the midway point of each menstrual cycle.
Usually, only a single oocyte from one ovary is released during each menstrual cycle,
known as ovulation. A female baby is born with all the eggs that she will ever have. This
is estimated to be around two million, but by the time a girl reaches puberty, this number
has decreased to about 400,000. From puberty to the menopause, only about 300 - 400
eggs will be released through ovulation.

Uterine Tube
FUNCTIONS:
Fallopian tubes, otherwise called oviducts or uterine tubes, are hollow seromuscular
organs that originate at the uterine horns, extend laterally within the superior edge
of the mesosalpinx of the broad ligament, and terminate near the ipsilateral
ovary. They are 11 to 12 cm in length and have a lumen diameter of less than 1
mm.[1] The fallopian tube comprises four anatomical regions: uterine, isthmus,
ampulla, and infundibulum. Most medially, the uterine part includes the uterine
ostium and a short segment nearest to the uterine horn. The isthmus is adjacent to
the uterine part. Lateral to the isthmus is the ampulla, the most common site of
fertilization. Most distal from the uterus, the infundibulum ends at an abdominal
ostium opening up into the peritoneal cavity and fimbriae, which catch the released
oocyte during each menstrual cycle. One fimbria, named the fimbria ovarica, serves
to connect the infundibulum to the ovary nearby. In addition to providing a space
for fertilization to occur, the fallopian tubes function as a passageway for the ovum
or gamete from the ovary to the uterus

Uterus
FUNCTIONS:
uterus, an inverted pear-shaped muscular organ of the female reproductive
system, located between the bladder and the rectum. It functions to nourish
and house a fertilized egg until the fetus, or offspring, is ready to be
delivered.

The uterus has four major regions: the fundus is the broad curved upper
area in which the fallopian tubes connect to the uterus; the body, the main
part of the uterus, starts directly below the level of the fallopian tubes and
continues downward until the uterine walls and cavity begin to narrow; the
isthmus is the lower, narrow neck region; and the lowest section, the cervix,
extends downward from the isthmus until it opens into the vagina. The
uterus is 6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.1 inches) long; its wall thickness is
approximately 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 inches). The width of the organ varies; it
is generally about 6 cm wide at the fundus and only half this distance at the
isthmus. The uterine cavity opens into the vaginal cavity, and the two make
up what is commonly known as the birth canal.
 VAGINA
When people talk about the vagina, they’re usually referring to the vulva, which is the outer
part of the female genitalia. The vulva includes the:

 labia
 vaginal opening
 clitoris
 urethra

The vagina is a muscular canal lined with nerves and mucus membranes. It connects
the uterus and cervix to the outside of the body, allowing for menstruation, intercourse, and
childbirth.

Anatomy and function

Vaginal opening

The vaginal opening, also called the vaginal vestibule or introitus, is the opening into the
vagina. It’s located between the urethra and the anus. The opening is where menstrual blood
leaves the body. It’s also used to birth a baby and for sexual intercourse.

Vaginal wall

The vaginal wall is made of muscle covered in a mucus membrane, similar to the tissue in
your mouth. The wall contains layers of tissue with many elastic fibers. The surface of the
wall also contains rugae, which are pleats of extra tissue that allow the vagina to expand
during sex or childbirth.

The tissues of the vaginal wall undergo hormone-related changes during the menstrual cycle.
The cells in the outer layer of the tissue stores glycogen. During ovulation, this layer is shed.
The glycogen is broken down by bacteria and helps maintain a pH level to protect the vagina
against potentially harmful bacteria and fungi.

Hymen

The hymen is a thin membrane that surrounds the opening to the vagina. Though hymens can
range in shape and size, most are shaped like a half-moon. This shape allows menstrual
blood to leave the vagina.

When someone first has intercourse or inserts something into the vagina, the hymen may
tear. This can also happen during vigorous exercise.

Certain hymen shapes and types can interfere with menstrual flow, wearing tampons, or
having intercourse. These include:

 Imperforate hymen. An imperforate hymen completely covers the

opening to the vagina, blocking menstrual flow. It needs to be
repaired with minor surgery.
 Microperforate hymen. A microperforate hymen is a very thin
membrane that almost completely covers the vaginal opening.
Minor surgery is used to create a larger opening.
 Septate hymen. The membrane of a septate hymen includes an
extra band of tissue that creates two openings. It’s treated with
minor surgery.

When people talk about the vagina, they’re usually referring to the vulva, which is the outer
part of the female genitalia. The vulva includes the:

 labia
 vaginal opening
 clitoris
 urethra
The vagina is a muscular canal lined with nerves and mucus membranes. It connects
the uterus and cervix to the outside of the body, allowing for menstruation, intercourse, and
childbirth.

Anatomy and function

Vaginal opening

The vaginal opening, also called the vaginal vestibule or introitus, is the opening into the
vagina. It’s located between the urethra and the anus. The opening is where menstrual blood
leaves the body. It’s also used to birth a baby and for sexual intercourse.

Vaginal wall

The vaginal wall is made of muscle covered in a mucus membrane, similar to the tissue in
your mouth. The wall contains layers of tissue with many elastic fibers. The surface of the
wall also contains rugae, which are pleats of extra tissue that allow the vagina to expand
during sex or childbirth.

The tissues of the vaginal wall undergo hormone-related changes during the menstrual cycle.
The cells in the outer layer of the tissue stores glycogen. During ovulation, this layer is shed.
The glycogen is broken down by bacteria and helps maintain a pH level to protect the vagina
against potentially harmful bacteria and fungi.

Hymen

The hymen is a thin membrane that surrounds the opening to the vagina. Though hymens can
range in shape and size, most are shaped like a half-moon. This shape allows menstrual
blood to leave the vagina.

When someone first has intercourse or inserts something into the vagina, the hymen may
tear. This can also happen during vigorous exercise.
Certain hymen shapes and types can interfere with menstrual flow, wearing tampons, or
having intercourse. These include:

 Imperforate hymen. An imperforate hymen completely covers the

opening to the vagina, blocking menstrual flow. It needs to be
repaired with minor surgery.
 Microperforate hymen. A microperforate hymen is a very thin
membrane that almost completely covers the vaginal opening.
Minor surgery is used to create a larger opening.
 Septate hymen. The membrane of a septate hymen includes an
extra band of tissue that creates two openings. It’s treated with
minor surgery.
Vaginal conditions
Many conditions can affect the vagina. Here’s a look at some of the
main ones.

Vaginitis

Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina resulting from an infection. It

can cause uncomfortable symptoms, such as:

 discharge
  itching
 burning sensation

There are different types of vaginitis, depending on the cause. The

most common types include:

 Bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV is a bacterial infection that stems

from an overgrowth of healthy vaginal bacteria. This can happen
when something changes the vagina’s pH level, such as
douching. BV isn’t a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but sex
with a new partner or multiple partners can increase someone’s
risk for developing it. BV may cause white or gray discharge, but
it doesn’t always cause symptoms.
 Yeast infection. A vaginal yeast infection happens when there’s
an overgrowth of a type of yeast called Candida albicans in the
vagina. Vaginal yeast infections are very common. Symptoms
may include itching, inflammation, and a thick, white discharge
that has the appearance of cottage cheese. Yeast infections can
usually be treated using over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal
medication.
 Trichomoniasis. Often referred to as “trich,” trichomoniasis is an
STI caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. It often
causes a green or yellow discharge with a fishy odor, as well as
burning and redness. It’s treated with antibiotics. To avoid
reinfection, both partners should be treated.
Vaginismus

Vaginismus causes involuntary contractions of the vaginal muscles.

The muscle contractions make penetration painful, if not impossible. It
often begins when someone first attempts to have intercourse.

There’s no single cause, but it’s often linked to past sexual trauma or
emotional factors. For some, the fear of painful sex due to vaginismus
can make the muscles contract even more, leading to more pain.

STIs

STIs are transmitted through sexual contact and can affect the vagina
and cause symptoms ranging from discharge to genital warts or sores.
Some STIs don’t cause any symptoms and are only found during
routine screening. Common STIs include:

 chlamydia
 genital herpes
 gonorrhea
 genital warts

 CONCLUSION
The women’s reproductive system is something very complex
and fascinating. In order to create new life through pregnancy
and childbirth a reproductive system is essential. The process
is done through a male and female sex cells