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 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY • 255

THE RIGHT AGAINST

RIGHTS IN LATIN AMERICA
Edited by
LEIGH A. PAYNE, JULIA ZULVER,
AND SIMÓN ESCOFFIER

Published for THE BRITISH ACADEMY

by OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

9780197267394_pi-280.indd 3 12-Dec-22 15:09:02

 Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP

© The British Academy 2023

Database right The British Academy (maker)

First edition published in 2023

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
permission in writing of the British Academy, or as expressly permitted by law, by
licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation.
Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to
the Publications Department, The British Academy, 10–11 Carlton House Terrace,
London SW1Y 5AH

You must not circulate this book in any other form and you must impose this same
condition on any acquirer

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data available

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Data available

Typeset by Newgen Publishing UK

Printed in Great Britain by TJ Books Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall

ISBN 978-0-19-726739-4
ISSN 0068-1202

9780197267394_pi-280.indd 4 12-Dec-22 15:09:02

 Under conditions of tyranny it is far easier to act than to think.
Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition

Freedom is not – and never is – the freedom to do harm. If a free action

injures another person or deprives them of freedom, then the first act cannot
be regarded as free; it becomes an injurious action.
When violence and hatred become the instruments of religious morality and
politics, then democracy is threatened by those who would tear apart the
social fabric, punish difference, and undermine the social bonds required to
support our co-existence here on earth.
Judith Butler, The Phantom of Gender: Reflections
on Freedom and Violence

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 Contents

List of Figures and Tables ix

Notes on Contributors x
Acknowledgements xiv

1 Introduction: The Right against Rights in Latin America 1

SIMÓN ESCOFFIER, LEIGH A. PAYNE, AND JULIA ZULVER

2 The Right against Rights in Latin America: An Analytical Framework 29

LEIGH A. PAYNE

3 Families of Perpetrators Mobilising against Human Rights Trials

in Argentina 59
VALENTINA SALVI

4 The Religious Right and Anti-Genderism in Colombia 78

ELIZABETH S. CORREDOR

5 The Transnational Force of Anti-LGBT+ Politics in Latin America 98

SAMUEL RITHOLTZ AND MIGUEL MESQUITA

6 ‘In the Name of the Family’: The Evangelical Caucus and Rights
Rollbacks in Brazil 112
ANDREZA ARUSKA DE SOUZA SANTOS

7 Framejacking Rights Discourse to Undermine Latin American

Multilateral Human Rights Institutions 129
GILLIAN KANE, MIRTA MORAGAS, AND KIRAN STALLONE

8 Why Anti-Abortion Movements Fail: The Case of Chile 141

SIMÓN ESCOFFIER AND LIETA VIVALDI

9 The Violent Rollback of Indigenous and Environmental Rights:

The Emblematic Case of Lenca Leader Berta Cáceres in Honduras 162
NANCY R. TAPIAS TORRADO

9780197267394_pi-280.indd 7 12-Dec-22 15:09:02

 viii Contents

10 Opposing Affirmative Action: Covert and Coded Challenges

to Racial Equality in Uruguay 181
DEBBIE SHARNAK

11 Resisting Redistribution with Recognition: A Radical Neoliberal

Countermovement in Santa Cruz, Bolivia 205
ANNA KRAUSOVA

12 Righting Rights, Righting Wrongs: Final Reflections 229

JULIA ZULVER AND LEIGH A. PAYNE

Bibliography 248
Index 281

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 List of Figures and Tables

Figures

6.1 Draft laws on family in Brazil’s Congress. 122

8.1 Protests over abortion by type of demand (2009–19). Authors’
calculation using data from the Observatory of Conflicts
Cumulative Dataset. 149
8.2 Catholics’ trust in the Catholic Church (2006–18). Authors’
calculation using data from the Encuesta Nacional
Bicentenario 150
10.1 Implementation of Ley 19.122: percentage of state vacancies
that went to Afro-Uruguayans. Author’s calculation based
on secondary data. 194
11.1 CPSC attention to indigeneity. Corpus from the CPSC website,
elaborated by the author. 218
11.2 CPSC and media attention to indigeneity and the TIPNIS conflict.
Corpora from EFE Newswires and the CPSC website,
elaborated by the author. 219
11.3 Collocations of indígena. Corpus from the CPSC website,
elaborated by the author. 220

Table

2.1 Right-against-rights mobilisations: An analytical framework. 30

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 Notes on Contributors

Elizabeth Corredor is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Department of

Politics and Public Administration at Toronto Metropolitan University. She holds
a Ph.D. in political science, a certificate in women’s, gender, and sexuality studies
from Rutgers University, and an M.A. from the University of Chicago in Latin
American studies. Her research centres on gender politics in Latin America, with a
specific focus on social movements, gender mainstreaming in policy, and conserva-
tive resistance to feminist and LGBT+ agendas. Her book project Gender Justice,
Resistance, and the Politics of Peace in Colombia investigates how and under what
conditions gender and sexual rights are incorporated into the 2010–16 peace pro-
cess between the Colombian Government and the Revolutionary Armed Fores of
Colombia (FARC). Her work has appeared in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture
and Society, Latin American Politics and Society, and International Negotiations:
A Journal of Theory and Practice.

Andreza Aruska de Souza Santos is a lecturer at the Latin American Centre and
the Director of the Brazilian Studies Programme at the University of Oxford. She is
the author of The Politics of Memory: Urban Cultural Heritage in Brazil, published
in 2019. Andreza’s research agenda focuses on grassroots politics and inequality
in Brazil. She received her Ph.D. in social anthropology from the University of
St Andrews, and her M.A. in social sciences was jointly awarded by the University
of Freiburg (Germany), the University of KwaZulu Natal (South Africa), and
Jawaharal Nehru University (India). In addition to research and teaching she also
has policy experience, and worked as a political adviser for the United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime in Vienna, the Indian Embassy in Brazil, the Brazilian
Confederation of Municipalities, and the Brazilian Ministry of Social Development.

Simón Escoffier is an assistant professor at School of Social Work at Pontificia

Universidad Católica de Chile. He is the author of the book Mobilising at the
Urban Margins: Citizenship and Patronage Politics in Post-Dictatorial Chile
(forthcoming, 2023). He holds a doctorate from the Sociology Department and St
Antony’s College at the University of Oxford. His research sits at the intersection
of social movements, citizenship, urban marginality, local governance, democracy,
and Latin American studies. He teaches on sociological theory, politics, and social
movements.

Gillian Kane is a recognised researcher and writer on global movements against

sexual and reproductive rights, and LGBT+ rights. She is Senior Technical Lead for
Policy and Advocacy at Ipas, an international organisation focused on expanding

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 Notes on Contributors xi

access to safe abortion and contraception. Gillian has a B.A. from the University
of Wisconsin-Madison, and a master’s degree in Latin American and Caribbean
studies from New York University. She has spent the last two decades advo-
cating for women’s human rights, and has authored numerous articles and reports
highlighting risks and harms to women’s access to their health and human rights.

Anna Krausova is an ESRC postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Sociology

at the University of Oxford. Her research focuses on the consequences of social
movements in general, and protest in particular. She connects sociological the-
ories of protest and framing to political theories of recognition and authenticity,
and analyses empirical cases ranging from Indigenous protest in Chile to refugee
rights activism in the UK. She holds a doctorate in sociology from the University
of Oxford. She is passionate about mixed-methods and interdisciplinary research,
and about building a North–South dialogue between Latin American and northern
scholarship.

Miguel Mesquita is a human rights specialist at the Inter-American Commission

on Human Rights, part of the Organization of American States. He oversees themes
related to LGBTI, women, afro-descendants, and Indigenous people’s rights.
For over 11 years, he has worked on human rights issues in different positions
and organisations in civil society, academia. and governance. Miguel holds an
LL.B. and an M.Phil. from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, and
is a Chevening Alumnus with an LL.M. in human rights from Birkbeck, University
of London.

Mirta Moraga is a Paraguayan lawyer, feminist activist, and human rights advo-
cate. She has an LL.M. in international legal studies from American University
Washington College of Law with a specialisation in human rights and gender. She
has investigated hate crimes against trans people in Paraguay, the impact of crimin-
alisation of abortion in the human rights of women in Paraguay, and the offensive
of anti-rights groups within the Organization of American States.

Leigh A. Payne is Professor of Sociology and Latin America at St Antony’s

College, Oxford. She works broadly on responses to past atrocity. Together with
Gabriel Pereira and Laura Bernal Bermúdez she has published Transitional Justice
and Corporate Accountability: Deploying Archimedes’ Lever (2020) and a follow-
up edited volume on Economic Actors and the Limits of Transitional Justice (2022).
With Karina Ansolabehere and Barbara Frey she has also edited Disappearances in
the Post-Transition Era in Latin America (2021), and with Juan Espindola she edited
Collaboration in Authoritarian and Armed Conflict Settings (2022). In addition to
the Newton Fund–British Academy, she gratefully acknowledges the support for
these projects from the University of Minnesota Human Rights Program (where she
is a senior researcher), National Science Foundation, ESRC, AHRC, Leverhulme,
and the Open Society Foundation.

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 xii Notes on Contributors

Samuel Ritholtz is a Max Weber Fellow in the Department of Political and

Social Sciences at the European University Institute and a D.Phil. candidate in
the Department of International Development at the University of Oxford. Their
research interests include LGBT+ experiences of conflict, crisis, and displace-
ment, as well as political theories of brutality, cruelty, and violence. They are the
co-author of Toward a Queer Theory of Refuge (forthcoming, 2023) and co-editor
of Queer Conflict Research (forthcoming, 2023). Samuel has an M.Sc. in refugee
and forced migration studies from the University of Oxford and a B.Sc. in inter-
national agriculture and rural development from Cornell University.

Valentina Salvi is a sociologist who obtained her Ph.D. in social sciences at

Universidad Estadual de Campinas, Brazil. She is a researcher at the National
Council of Scientific Research (CONICET) and a member of the editorial board
of Clepsidra: Revista interdisciplinario de estudios sobre memoria social. Until
2021, she was the director of Núcleo de Estudios sobre Memoria (Memory Studies
Programme) at the Centro de Investigaciones Sociales/Institute of Economic and
Social Development (CIS-IDES). Her research deals with memory, responsibility,
perpetrators, and the armed forces in post-dictatorship Argentina. She has published
various articles, and the monographs De vencedores a víctimas: Memorias
militares sobre el pasado reciente en la Argentina (2012) and Las voces de la
represión: Las declaraciones de los perpetradores de la dictadura argentina (2019)
with Claudia Feld.

Debbie Sharnak is an assistant professor of history and international relations

at Rowan University. Her research examines the history of human rights, trans-
national advocacy networks, Latin America, and foreign policy. In Of Light and
Struggle: Social Justice, Human Rights, and Accountability in Uruguay (2023) she
explores the evolution of human rights discourse in and about Uruguay, particu-
larly during the country’s transition back to democratic rule. Her work has been
published in the Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, Diplomacy &
Statecraft, Taller, the Washington Post, and several edited volumes. She received
her M.A. and Ph.D. in history from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Kiran Stallone is a Ph.D. candidate in sociology at the University of California,

Berkeley. She writes about civilian agency and gender-based violence in war, with
a focus on the Colombian armed conflict. She has published on these topics for aca-
demic journals and news outlets such as the Washington Post, the Guardian, and the
BBC. Kiran has a master’s degree in Latin American studies from the University
of Oxford, and a bachelor’s in political science from Barnard College, Columbia
University. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia.

Nancy R. Tapias Torrado is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Faculté de Science

Politique et de Droit at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM). She holds
a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Oxford, an LLM in international

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 Notes on Contributors xiii

human rights law from the University of Essex, and an M.Phil. and an LLB from
the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Colombia. Her postdoctoral investigation
explores the impact of Indigenous women-led mobilisations on the practice of
corporations involved in human rights abuses in connection to mega-projects in
Canada. Her research comes out of over a decade of experience working with and
for neglected communities and human rights defenders in the Americas and several
previous years working in Colombia on gender, human rights, and armed conflict.
She is a former regional researcher with Amnesty International and has consulted
for the United Nations, Oxfam, and the Centre for Justice and International Law
(CEJIL), among others.

Lieta Vivaldi is a faculty member in the Law Department at Universidad Alberto

Hurtado, Chile. She is also a research fellow in the Centre for Applied Ethics
(CEDEA) at Universidad de Chile and an associate researcher in the Faculty of Law
at Universidad Diego Portales. Lieta has a Ph.D. in sociology from Goldsmiths,
University of London and a master’s in sociology from the London School of
Economics and Political Science; she is a lawyer, with a diploma in gender and vio-
lence from Universidad de Chile. She has published journal articles and book chapters
on human rights, reproductive rights, feminist movements, and Latin America.

Julia Zulver is a Marie Skłodowska-Curie research fellow at the Oxford School of

Global and Area Studies. She is currently based at the Instituto de Investigaciones
Jurídicas at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Her project ‘High-
Risk Leadership in Latin America’ focuses on women’s leadership in the pursuit
of social justice in various violent contexts. She earned her D.Phil. in Sociology
at the University of Oxford in 2018, where she studied how and why women’s
organisations mobilise in high-risk contexts – actions that expose them to further
danger. Her book High-Risk Feminism in Colombia: Women’s Mobilization in
Violent Contexts was published in 2022.

9780197267394_pi-280.indd 13 12-Dec-22 15:09:02

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