PROYECTO

INTERDISCIPLINARIO
Art and Chemistry: Creating the Future
REVISTA DIJITAL

QUIMICA Y BIOLOGIA

año lectivo 2024-2025

3° C BGU
DOCENTE ANGIE DANIELA
 1
quimica
 INDICE

4-5 ethers,
6-7 esters,
8-10 nitrogenous
11-13 halogenated compounds
14- experimento
15-16Autoevaluación
:
 ETHERS
CONCEPT AND
FEATURES

Ethers are organic compounds

characterized by an oxygen
atom bonded to two alkyl or
aryl groups (R-O-R'). They are
relatively stable molecules and
are widely used as solvents and
in the chemical industry.

MAIN PROPERTIES

Physics
They are generally volatile liquids with
characteristic odors. They have lower boiling
points than alcohols due to the absence of hydrogen
bonds.

Chemicals:
They are not very reactive, but can undergo combustion and
oxidation in the presence of oxygen.

4
 NOMENCLATURE OF
THE ETHERS

1. Common Nomenclature: They

are named by mentioning the 2. IUPAC nomenclature: The simplest alkyl
alkyl or aryl groups attached group is taken as a principal chain and the
to the oxygen in alphabetical other as a substituent with the prefix "oxy".
Example: CH₃-O-C₂H₅ → Methoxyethane.
order, followed by the word
"ether".
Example: CH₃-O-CH₃ → Dimethyl
ether.

EXAMPLES OF
ETHERS

1. Diethyl ether (CH₃CH₂-O-CH₂CH₃): Used as an anesthetic and

solvent.

2. Methoxyethane (CH₃-O-C₂H₅): A simple and basic ether.

3. Anisole (C₆H₅-O-CH₃): Used in the manufacture of fragrances.

5
 ÉSTERES
GENERAL
INFORMATION

Esters are organic compounds

formed by a reaction between a
carboxylic acid and an alcohol,
releasing a water molecule in
the process (esterification
reaction). Their general
structure is R–COO–R', where R
and R' can be aliphatic or
aromatic chains.

PROPERTIES AND
USES
Physical Properties:
They have characteristic aromas, often pleasant and
fruity.
They are insoluble in water when the R or R' chains
are long, but soluble in organic solvents.
Moderate boiling points compared to acids and
alcohols.
Uses:
Food industry: As flavourings and aromatizing agents (e.g.
isoamyl acetate, banana-like).
Perfumery and cosmetics: For their pleasant smells.
Chemical industry: In the synthesis of plastics, resins and
lubricants.
Pharmaceutical: Drug components and excipients.

6
 ESTER
NOMENCLATURE

It is based on the IUPAC system and considers the following

steps:
Identify the original carboxylic acid:
Replace the "–oic" acid suffix with "–oate".
1. Identify the original alcohol:
Name the alkyl group (R') of the alcohol.
2. Combine both names:
The name of the alkyl group is placed first, followed by the
name of the acid ending in "–oate".

Example
Acid: ethanoic acid
(CH3COOH).
Alcohol: methanol (CH3OH).
Ester name: methyl
methanoate (HCOOCH3).

Trade name

-Amyl acetate
-Isoamyl acetate
-Ethyl acetate
-Nitroglycerin
-Ethyl lactate
-Ethyl propionate

THE GENERAL FORMULA FOR ESTERS IS R–COO–R'

7
 NITROGEN
COMPOUNDS
GENERAL
INFORMATION

Nitrogen compounds are

chemical substances that
contain nitrogen atoms in their
molecular structure. These
compounds can be organic or
inorganic and encompass a
wide variety of chemical
families, including amines,
amides, nitriles, nitro
compounds, azoles, and
nitrogen heterocyclics.

WHAT ARE THEY

USED FOR?

Nitrogen compounds are critically important in

everyday life and industry. Some of their main
uses include:

Pharmaceutical industry: Manufacturing of medicines such as

anesthetics, analgesics and antidepressants.
Agrochemical: Production of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides. ##
Chemical industry: Synthesis of plastics, dyes, explosives and resins.
Molecular biology: Formation of biomolecules such as amino acids,
proteins and nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA.

8
 FORMULATION OF
NITROGEN
COMPOUNDS

Nitrogen compounds have

different molecular structures
depending on the functional
group they contain. Some
examples of representative
functional groups are:

Amines: R–NH2 (primary), R2–NH (secondary), R3–

N (tertiary).
Amides: R–CONH2, R–CONHR, R–CONR2
Nitriles: R–CN
Nitro compounds: R–NO2.
Nitrogenous heterocyclics: Example: pyridine
(C5H5N).

Nomenclature of nitrogen compounds

The nomenclature is regulated by IUPAC rules and
varies according to the functional group present.
9
Steps for nomenclature:
Identify the main functional group: Determine the category
(amine, amide, nitrile, etc.).
Select the principal chain: Choose the longest carbon chain that
includes the functional group.
Numbering the chain: The main functional group should have
the lowest possible number.
Naming the substituents: Place the additional groups in
alphabetical order.
Add the corresponding suffix: Depending on the functional
group:

Amines: –amine.
Amides: –amide.
Nitriles: –nitrile.
Nitro compounds: prefix "nitro–"
Nomenclature example:
Primary amine: CH3NH2 → methylamine.
Amide: CH3CONH2 → ethanamide.
Nitrile: CH3CN → ethanenitrile.

Componente Aplicaciones
Nombre Comercial Químico Principal

Urea CO(NH2)2 Fertilizantes, producción de resina

Acrilonitrilo CH2CHCN Síntesis de plásticos y fibras
Anilina C6H5NH2 Producción de colorantes y caucho
Nitroglicerina Explosivos y vasodilatador
C3H5N3O9

10
 HALOGENATED
COMPOUNDS
GENERAL
INFORMATION
Halogenated compounds are
chemical substances containing one
or more halogens (fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine or astatine atoms)
attached to a carbon chain or ring.
These compounds can be organic
(with carbon) or inorganic and have
a wide range of chemical and
physical properties.

WHAT ARE THEY USED FOR?

Halogenated compounds are essential in

various industrial and domestic applications,
such as:

Pharmaceutical industry: Production of drugs

such as anesthetics and antibacterial agents.

Agrochemical: Manufacture of pesticides,

herbicides and fungicides.
N
Refrigeration: Use of chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
Chemical industry: Synthesis of plastics,
N
solvents and cleaning agents.

Advanced materials: Production of Teflon,

synthetic rubbers and special polymers.

11
 FORMULATION OF HALOGENATED
COMPOUNDS
The formulation of these compounds
depends on the amount and location of the
halogens in the molecule. Some common
examples are:

1. Haloalkanes: Compounds saturated

with halogens (R–X, where X = F,
Cl, Br, I).
Example: CH3Cl
(chloromethane)
2. Haloarenes: Aromatic derivatives
with one or more halogens.
Example: C6H5Cl
(chlorobenzene).
3. Polyhalogen compounds: Molecules
with several halogen atoms.

Example: CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride).

STEPS FOR
NOMENCLATURE:

1. Identify the principal chain: Select the longest chain that

contains the greatest number of important functional
groups.
2. Number the chain: Number the carbons so that the
halogen substituents have the lowest possible numbering.
3. Naming the substituents: Indicate the halogen as a prefix
(fluoro–, chloro–, bromo–, iodo–), along with its position.
4. Name the base compound: Indicate the name of the main
hydrocarbon
5. Order the substituents: List the halogens in alphabetical
order if there is more than one.

Nomenclature of halogenated compounds 12

The nomenclature of halogenated compounds
follows the IUPAC rules:
EXAMPLE OF NOMENCLATURE:

1. Chloroform: CHCl3 → trichloromethane.

2. Carbon tetrachloride: CCl4 →
tetrachloromethane.
3. 2-bromopropane: CH3–CHBr–CH3.

COMPOUNDS KNOWN IN
GENERAL

1. Chloroform (CHCl3): Used as a solvent and anesthetic.

2. Freon (CCl2F2): Used in refrigeration systems (now
restricted due to its environmental impact).
3. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4): Industrial cleaning agent
(currently restricted).
4. Chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl): Intermediate in the
manufacture of pesticides.
5. Ethyl bromide (C2H5Br): Used in chemical synthesis.

13
 CHEMICAL PRODUCT

LAVA LAMP

MATERIALS

water
oil
Highlighter or ink
alcohol
glass jar
candle
can or lamp

procedure

1) Extract the dye from

the highlighter. To do
this, remove the core of
the highlighter and soak it
in some water until the
color releases. Use this
colored water to tint the
water in the jar.

14
 2)Add oil:

Fill the rest of the jar with oil, leaving

a little space at the top
Watch the water and oil separate (the
oil will float on top of the water).

3) Place the candle and observe the effect:

Place the candle and watch the effect:

Place a lit candle under the jar (on a heat-
resistant base) to warm the bottom. As the
oil and water heat up, bubbles will begin to
form and move up and down, creating the
effect of a lava lamp.

15
 Answer the following questions to reflect on your
performance in developing the project:

Self-assessment

Instruction Excellent Good I can

improve

I understood the concepts of esters,

nitrogen compounds, halogenated
compounds and ethers

I thoroughly and clearly researched the

information on each topic

I followed the instructions and organized

my work as requested.

I presented my work in a timely and well-

structured manner.

I related the information to practical

examples and applications.

16
 RÚBRICA DE EVALUACIÓN
CRITERIO
BUENO REGULAR
EXCELENTE

Entrega el proyecto en la fecha Entrega el proyecto con retraso No entrega el proyecto o lo hace
Puntualidad acordada. menor a un día. fuera de tiempo.

Incluye todos los elementos La información es adecuada pero

solicitados (conceptos, puede estar incompleta o menos El lenguaje es técnico y correcto. |
nomenclatura, ejemplos, tabla y clara.
aplicaciones).

La información es precisa, clara y Algunos ejemplos carecen de La investigación se integra con

ejemplos prácticos. |
bien organizada. conexión con la teoría.

Incluye menos de la mitad de los El proyecto es desorganizado y

Relaciona ejemplos prácticos.
Contenido elementos solicitados. poco atractivo.

La investigación es insuficiente
Incluye la mayoría de los elementos No incluye ejemplos o son
o carece de referencias claras.
solicitados. irrelevantes

17
ECa
indice
MINIMALISMO 1-2
POP ART 3-4
FUTURISTA 5-6
ARTICULO FUTURISMO 7
 MINIMALISTA

¿Qué es?

Movimiento artístico y arquitectónico

que prioriza la simplicidad, reduciendo
elementos al mínimo esencial. Se enfoca
en líneas limpias, colores neutros y un
diseño funcional.

QR

PRINCIPALES
EXPONENTES:

Donald Judd: Escultor reconocido por obras tridimensionales

en materiales industriales.
Dan Flavin: Uso de luces fluorescentes para crear ambientes
minimalistas.
Tadao Ando: Arquitecto japonés conocido por el uso del
concreto y espacios limpios.
 MAYORES OBRAS:

Untitled (Donald Judd, 1973)

Instalaciones de luz (Dan
Flavin)
Iglesia de la Luz (Tadao
Ando, 1989)

TIPOS DE ESTILO
DENTRO DEL
MINIMALISMO:

Minimalismo en diseño gráfico: Uso de espacios vacíos y

tipografías simples.
Minimalismo arquitectónico: Uso de materiales industriales y
formas geométricas puras.
Minimalismo en arte contemporáneo: Obras abstractas y
monocromáticas.
 POP ART

¿Qué es?

Movimiento artístico de mediados del

siglo XX que celebra la cultura popular,
utilizando imágenes y técnicas de los
medios de comunicación, el cine y la
publicidad.

PRINCIPALES
EXPONENTES:

Andy Warhol: Ícono del movimiento, conocido por su serie de

sopas Campbell.
Roy Lichtenstein: Obras inspiradas en cómics y cultura popular.
Claes Oldenburg: Esculturas monumentales de objetos
cotidianos.
 MAYORES OBRAS:

Marilyn Diptych (Andy

Warhol, 1962)
Whaam! (Roy Lichtenstein,
1963)
Giant Hamburger (Claes
Oldenburg, 1962)

###################Eje
QR mplo: CH₃-O-C₂H₅ → Metoxietano.

TIPOS DE ESTILO
DENTRO DEL POP
ART:
Cómic-art: Inspirado en historietas y diseño gráfico.
Arte publicitario: Uso de logos y productos comerciales como
tema.
Arte objetual: Representación de objetos cotidianos a gran
escala.
 FUTURISTA

¿Qué es?

Movimiento vanguardista nacido en Italia

QR a inicios del siglo XX que glorifica la
velocidad, la tecnología y el dinamismo
del mundo moderno.

PRINCIPALES
EXPONENTES:

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti: Fundador del movimiento y autor

del Manifiesto Futurista.
Umberto Boccioni: Pintor y escultor destacado por sus
representaciones del movimiento.
Giacomo Balla: Conocido por sus obras sobre la luz y el
dinamismo.
 MAYORES OBRAS:

Formas únicas de
continuidad en el espacio
(Umberto Boccioni, 1913)
Dinamismo de un perro con
correa (Giacomo Balla,
1912)
Zang Tumb Tumb (Marinetti,
1914)

QR

TIPOS DE ESTILO
DENTRO DEL
FUTURISMO:

Pintura futurista: Representación del movimiento y la

velocidad.
Escultura futurista: Figuras abstractas que sugieren dinamismo.
Literatura futurista: Poesía experimental y textos tipográficos.
EL FUTURISMO: El futurismo, fundado en 1909
por Filippo Tommaso Marinetti,
CELEBRANDO LA fue un movimiento vanguardista
VELOCIDAD Y EL que exaltó la tecnología, la
máquina y el dinamismo de la
DINAMISMO
vida moderna. En su Manifiesto
Futurista, Marinetti llamó a
romper con las tradiciones y
abrazar el progreso.

LOS PRINCIPALES EXPONENTES Y OBRAS

FILIPPO TOMMASO MARINETTI: AUTOR DEL MANIFIESTO FUTURISTA.
UMBERTO BOCCIONI: FORMAS ÚNICAS DE CONTINUIDAD EN EL ESPACIO
(1913), UNA ESCULTURA QUE REFLEJA MOVIMIENTO Y ENERGÍA.
GIACOMO BALLA: DINAMISMO DE UN PERRO CON CORREA (1912), UNA
PINTURA QUE CAPTURA EL MOVIMIENTO REPETITIVO Y VELOZ.

TIPOS DE
ESTILO
Pintura futurista: Líneas
diagonales y colores vibrantes.
Escultura futurista: Figuras
abstractas que sugieren
dinamismo.
Literatura futurista: Lenguaje
experimental y tipografía
audaz.

EL FUTURISMO, AUNQUE BREVE, INSPIRÓ QR

MOVIMIENTOS COMO EL CONSTRUCTIVISMO Y SIGUE
SIENDO UNA REFERENCIA PARA QUIENES CELEBRAN LA
MODERNIDAD Y LA ENERGÍA DEL FUTURO.
CONTRA PORTADA

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