UNIT -3
HOW DO ORGANISMs
REPRODUCE
nen
ReproduetHon may be oleiend
cleie nd as the produc ion
9eneration eh ndividuals oh the Same Species
physically independent h heir parent
Why do Ogsms repro duce -
Aetually Reproduetion provides gAouy mmorta
by replacing the dead indviduals with new nes
4he
Survivd oh the Species On +his
hwhy do the orgamisms belongina to Some Specles
laok sSimilar ;
Reprodueon inyolve mechanism, Called DNA
Copumg
Produeing
DNA Rei caton whch is Capakle o
Similar mutipal ot blue ind: gn he
body Nucleus Contaùn chromobomes wich Ca
injormaiom t in heritanee o teatre om paren
t next deneration in the horm ot DNA [Deoxyri bo
Nuclec Acid ] molecules.
The mole cwes o DNA m the Cel nucleus
possers eA intomati on in he torm ot genes to
Su sthesize Speci_ic kind o proteins. 3% this
rgormatBon is changed, Consequentlg the produeion
6 proteins ww also be changed hen DNA Seqyence
tüid change md at dast product wil notot beCome
identical
TYPES 0F REPRODUCTION
Bt Cateorised into 2 pats !
ASexya Reproducion
il) Sexual Reproduction
et: 80030241
h opate tuo tham
ting
t spi the debinea
s bemay tission
etc. Zoa proto
yeasts bacteia Such
unic methoel
in
Fission: i)
gation Vegetative Fragmentation
Spore
neration
Budding Fissin
uction Asexual Types
of
belloing the in
dutioy sexua nimas
A Multicelular
n plan Some etcJ) z0as proto
barteria,
Uieellular
mostly St
between
between
geAmetes meteris 3enedic
8enetic ot tranater
o
Pormation obis meitwithout
panent 2ngle production
deiend on
be maH Reproducti Aseu
oduction Asexual
Now t Can be divided into 2. pant
(A) Bin any issi on (Binany means tuwo )
when panent cel divide4 into 4so smal,
neany equel Si2ed identical daugte ceu
Caled binany
Ex - Amoeba
Fision:
Paramecium , Kala- azar ( Leshmania)
(e) MuHple Hssion -
This A he division ot parent
ent Cell jnto Seve rol
Smal i neany equal Bized daughter individuals.
Ex - plamodUum
1
Parent amoeba Elongation of Division of Two daughter
nucleus nucleus and cells
cytoplasm
New contractile vacuole
Macronucleus
dividing
amitotically
Micronucleus
dividing
mitotically
New oral groove forming
jona
Parent cell Gyst
nucleus
(2)Eragmentaion :
many nuclei
contained
in cyst
’
( cyst brcaks
and daughter
cels are released
Some muthicllan orgonúsms
have simple
body oganisaton heae organisms ne (ompred
h o Rem dom collecti on ok cels wthout disterent
-laiom ok speciallsed issues an Organs Suct
brganisms reproduee by breaking oh their bodies
into smal pieces. each ot these pieces
Colled a bragment. these beegmerds geou indo
new individuals amd
amd the
the meude
mede a reproduetion
us Caled raamentatien:
Ex i- Spir ogyra, algae, mycelial fungi and
4hallotd byophytes.
(3) Regeneration i
Regeneration mag be debi ned s the abil
ot an orgarism to regenerate i s Jost
the body which have been remoueo as by in]uge
outotormH ( ses amputation oj body pand )
Exi- algae, Fung',
Hydra, planoig
-
IRcgerneration in Planaria
(4) Budding -
Budding may be degiend 4he. production ot
individual zom
individual.
a
utgoth Ahe pnet
Jt
ocurs in yeast Some. protozoany and Certain
lower animals (Hydra, Seypha, Syllib ,
Salpa te)
tiny parent bud bud breaks
bump hydra grows off to
appears develops
on parent become
bud independent
hydra
hydra
(5) Spore formatiomn i
A Spore es Single or Severa cole
Reproductive structwe hat eta ches om the
Panent and
ives i e disectly or indisect
to a new ndiviouol
Spore ws uolly produeed in sporangla.
’ The non- HaA elated anl non - nmotile
spores
Called planoSpores.
’ The Hagelated nd Motile Spores re
Coled Zoospores.
The Spores. mctre iside the
e br ated b ruptuwing o Sporangium theg
ow on newsporangal
Wals
od
lspersed to Bubstratim
Ex- Ahizopus mucoY Aspergillws a Penicillium ete.
Spores
Sporangium
Spores
Columella
blow
away
Apophysis
Sporangiophore
Stolon
Mycelium -Hyphae
Substrate Rhizoids
(6) Vegetotive propag attom in plants
melhod ot poopagation in those
Plant oich have lost their Capacity to roduce
Seeds OY produce non - Viahe Seeds Banana
Seedles Cnrap Rose, pineapple etc) Among
louwerina plant, every part ot the bocy uch
as rOot, stem
Aeay or bud takes pant in Vegetov
Propagati on
Sorne Cutting
Mehod Layering and
vea taive
Ghrasling these re
propago on.
Scion
Roo1stock
Flush with
rootstock
Inserted scion Tied graft Gradually cut back
rootstock
PipraliRoad, SIkar
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual Repyoductiom may be debiend s he productio
ot tspings ( new ndivida) by the buwsion ot two
gametes ( Wsualyy one tyom male panent and
othen zom temale panent ) to torm a diploid Zygote
ohich develop nto motwne orgarçsm
he act ot tusi on o7 gametes Called
Ferttlisat om Okich may be detiend busion t
two gom etes to torm singe cell ( zygote)
most ok the Cases t Sexuol reprodueti on,
formati¡n
cti n O% gametes involve meiosis So s that
chromosomes humben becoTme hol m garnetes
Unisexual -
Theg have only Sex YGan
One
Ex- pepaya,, Cucubit, human, anim als ete
Biáexual or hermaphrooli
hermaphroolite
te i- Each individual has bot
male, a female sex organ
Meiosis - Daughter
Nuclei Il
Daughter
Nuclei
Interphase Meiosis|
Homologous Meiosis I
Chromosomes
Jmesh Rajoria
Sexun ReproduectHon in plants :
Sn Howering plants
Oh SeXVe eproducHon ccuA ithin
Yeproductive oTg an Specialsed
Called the Howers, 4u ed
bower may be dejiend Spec ialize Condense,
reprodueive shost ok HouJeing plont on uhich
1nserted he essential reproducive pats.
The put oh a Hower -
(() Calyx - outermost pant, also alled Sepals, ener
geen in colo
Coour
üi) Corolla Petas, Petas e generaH Aage, shoa
nd baighty oloured to atract the
insect pollinoators Both ae non- essenh
Pat.
CollectHon ok
Stomen, the male
Reproductve rgan Usualy Anthers as
bìlobed cn Contains tour pollen Sacs
in whih pollen gains re made
W) Gynoedum Collection ob Casples , the temale
Reprodutive oran
Stigmo
Mole Gametophyte -Style
Petol Anther
Pollen
Tube
Ovule
Female
-Sepal
Gametophyte Thalamus
PollinaHon: pollen g n s ttom
The tramaher ot receptive
the opene d mther ot he stamen to 4he
stigma ot the Carpel Colled pollination
Types pollinaions -
) Selt pollinotion
) (roSS pollination Pollengrain (Germinating)
Stigma
-Pollen tube
Style
Ovary
-Antipodalcells
-Secondary nucleus
Egg
Synergid
Male gametes
Pollen nis
Pollen tube
Generative nucleus
LPollen tube
nucleus
Sperm nuclei
Antipodals
Polar nuclei
N2n)
Egg ccl)
Endosxmt
ell(3n)
Double fertilization
'Synergids
Micropylar opening
t ndospnn
Sced
decloyCN
Embr
Frut Ovan de'ing
Reprodueion in human bengs
Primauy amd secondang Sex organd i
The pimasy sex organs Gex hormones.
Produceh garngteh and Secrete.
ln mae Test es Sperms testosterone
In Female OVaries EStrogen a progesten
Jonads gametes Harmoes
The Secondany sex ogas include the gerit
ducts anmd glamds wkich help in transportation
fametes
Pubert :
Pubenty is the aye o human moles (13-14n
and temale (lo-12 yr.) at sieh the reproduc ive
OrAans become bunctiona gonades starts producin
gameses md sex hormones amd the bo amed t
become Serualy Matwse
Male Reproduetive Sysero
t Conssta of the bollouings organa i
(i) Testes Scrotum
vas Delerens (iv) Urethrg
(V) Pe i s
possesses two testes, ying
Male
he abdominol Cavity these produces Sperm
nd testo ster one
2. S crotumi
Thi þouch ot skin that hangs between
¢bdivided into Scrota Sac in which
4este ie SCrotum acts thermoregulotor.
3. Vas de7erenb ;
A0 Cm: lona tube which Carrie thee Sper
Jo the Semin
vesicles. Sn Seminal Vesicle Sperms
Storedd tempor arily kructobe,mix with he
Sperm:
4. Urehra -
20 Cm tube which Caries urine tzom
the bladder
sperms eom th Ves
deBerens, through the penis
5. Pençs ,
a thi ck and dong msclar
made up of mosty erecile Hsue dwring excitemens,
he erecHle isUe aet iled with bl ood
the pens o become erect The tip t panis Causing
Consists bo7t amd
penis wich s Covereo b highda Sensiive glans
doobe, reractable
Hod oh Skin Called Foreskir
Seminal vesicle
Ureter
-Bladder
-Prostate gland
Penis
-Urethra
Vas
deferens
Testis
Scrotun
Headof epididymis
Septa Rete testis
Seminiferous tubules
Vas deferens
Tunica albuginea
Tail ofepididymis
Female Reproducive system
Female YeproducHve System Corsist of he
follouwing orgns.
(1) ovaries
(2) Falopiam tube (oviduct)
(3) UterUS
(+) Vagina
(U) ovaries :- Each human kemale Contain two almo
Shaped ovaries which produce ova 3 Sex harmo
( (estrogen
$ progestrone) Each ovary d Compose
o7 ovarian bollieles
(2) Falopion tube t lo - 12 Cn dong musclar tube
to terws amd
Lslich Carries ega fzom ovd
aso provides the appropiate nironment tar
Fertization
fundus of uterus
fallopian tube uterus
ovary myometrium
cervical canal cervix
vagina
(3) Uterus - 9t s ao lange, inverted pean - shapeo
MUscuar structune 4hat ie bebind the bladder.
S; Fertization take place., he embryo 8t
cttachedl to the wo ot t e s amd 9ows their
Until bith
() Vaana i- 7-10 dong ohose Walls Contans
elastic sUe also laleal Birth
Birth Canal
Fertllization
Inteanal sentilization achieved by (opuwation ( mating).
By jac Waton process millon t Sperm deposite
at he top ok Vogina close to the Ceruix ot t e s
nd mobile do they
The spesms ahe highdy active amd
ravel through teus do top o talt opian tube wi45in
Hve min ute there. they spends Sevenad howns md
Undenge mang chemical charges. finallg, onlg one
SpermS jeztilseal the oVUm the bedi opiam hebe.
of SpeYms nucleus wh the hycleus
The busjon
diploid zYgote s Caed Fentizatiom.
Rajoria
(onception ( zygote ), the
Abter
devlopement beins in the tal opiqns tube.M.
Z4gote moves touwards the uterws. Noc ernbryon
tertiization
-fllopitn habe,
pcth of ag
uterus
path of perm
Petlzation Cervix
Vaain
* Some Impyctan Poird& *
Diyerence bekoeen Binasy ission dnd mutipal Asior
binara issionE multiple ission
1. It res wlt in he producHon t resut in he production
ot two indiviluas. Severa individuals
2.Lt occurs unmder FavouYohleIt ocurs both unde favoura
Coroli ho and untavowrable (oriitios
3. Neclews ob the parent cel Nucleus oh the parent cel
divides only once Jo Form two Undergoe repeates division to fro
nucles a number ot daghter nuclei,
tasm ivide ajier nuclear ytoplasm doea not divide as*
divisin each nuclear divibion
No pst o pare nt body ((ovenlrg and
leht unused body s Apant o the
Yebidua cytoplasn ) iA le! tunwbed
Diference between manavche nd menopaube
Menarche MenopqLae
1. It is he stage ot
Oh menstruation inintiation
It b 4he stoage at which
he ife menstruati om stops
at Female (gir) Ube o a women
2 Tt jeneraly occwrs at an aae, It occUrs in wo men t an
11- 13 yeehs.
aae between 4S -So yearS.
3. It rekers to the begining
the repro dueive beginning
phase in
okIt
% t reters
recers toto hhe end ob the
reproduetive phase in the
girls Women
Dikkerence behween Scion nd Stock
Scten Stock
It is the upper pant ob the It is a basa pat
(omposite ated plant. alting s done.
2 It s a Shoot System with It has an extensive and $trong
desired trats root Syste m
3 It generlly s taken b2on It generay s teken keom local
righ yielding otic Varie Vay of plarnt which 8 Suitahle
bor gowth nder local Conditiona
4.Scior provides higt and batten Scion provides good
mchorage
quality yieldl oy biouwers and and odequate Waden nd inerls
fruts to (omposite plant
City iigbt Sibar
Dibjerence between Set pollinaion cnd cro pollinaha
Sel pollnaion CroSS polin odion
1 It ia Ihe tronaber ot pollen asains It in the tranagen of pellen
bom anthen to the sigma ot 2uns beom the mthen ot or
the some blouer. Hower to the sigma o anoth
2 It does not re ùre on extenl It requires an external ger
Agencg tor the. tromslyer ot pollen kor the transhe t pollen tu
beom me Houer to anothen
3. Such bisexual How erS prsduce STnal Such bowers produce Jage
humben os pollen g2us humber ot pollen 8ans
4. H dees not bring Vqri ati ons It bring about Jange nunmbe
o Vaiation
PoplatHon control i
The regutati on ob Conception by preventive
MeasTes OY device to ontrol he number ot obpring
is Caled birth (ontrol.
The method or devi ee oh bir th control whi
deliberately prevert tertibzation are reherred do
Contracepon these methods ane bro adig categorised
as tollow>
1. Barrier methods:
Condonms
Femidom
Cervical Cap
2. chemice Metthods:
Ora pil
tiç vegina pills
2. IUCD Intrauteine Contrac epHe Dwice)
Thee plasti c or stanles
ae made o Copper
Stee)
4. Natura Method -
These methods incude gbstinence C avoiol
Copweton), rhythm mehod ( Avoid Copuletom
Abund the time oh ovw at on) md coits
intemupts ( with alrawal oh penis bel,o re jaeulaton)
5. Swsgi cal nethos
D Vasectomy Small Sirgicel opereti on in male
iis Tubectom :- Small surgica operaion in emale -
Reproduc hue health and STD (Sexualy Traamitted
D0seases) -
The injeettows (communitable) diseases, shich
jeom an inhected peson to a healthy
Spread ttom
person by Se Xua (ontact ane Caled Sexyally trammitte
dibeases
Human bemgs Sutters Over
over Bo iterent Kinds
STO They usualy Caused by bactexia. protozoa
and Viruses.
(13 G0norrheA - Bacterium - Nisseria gonoroho eae: The
victim ee! burring sensation and paun dwing
UrInadi en.
(ûiy
) sy ph lis- Treponema palidum
(üih) Hiv| AIDS ( Human Immunodeeiency Virus )
Acquire Irmunodelieieney Synorome) - The sease
AIDS i8 Cawsed by a Virws Caled
