Types of Cybersec--Network Security $# impacting growth and

@# Challenges of Cybersec-- Focuses on securing computer competitiveness. 5. Employee and

Constantly Evolving Threat Landscape: networks from unauthorized access, Customer Trust Weak cybersecurity
Cyber threats are constantly evolving, data breaches, and other network- can lead to data misuse, harming trust
and attackers are becoming based threats. It involves technologies with employees and customers.
increasingly sophisticated. This makes such as Firewalls, Intrusion detection Regular training and robust systems
it challenging for cybersecurity systems (IDS), Virtual private networks help mitigate these risks.
professionals to keep up with the latest (VPNs), and Network 6.Productivity Loss Cyberattacks like
threats and implement effective segmentation.Application Security phishing or malware disrupt daily
measures to protect against them. Lack Concerned with securing software operations, leading to delays and
of Skilled Professionals: There is a applications and preventing decreased productivity across teams.
shortage of skilled cybersecurity vulnerabilities that could be exploited
professionals, which makes it difficult by attackers. It involves secure coding &@Hacker Types-- Whitehat hackers
for organizations to find and hire practices, regular software updates are the one who is authorized or
qualified staff to manage their and patches, and application-level certified hackers who work for the
cybersecurity programs. Limited firewalls.Information or Data Security government and organizations by
Budgets: Cybersecurity can be Focuses on protecting sensitive performing penetration testing and
expensive, and many organizations information from unauthorized access, identifying loopholes in their
have limited budgets to allocate toward disclosure, alteration, or destruction. It cybersecurity. They also ensure the
cybersecurity initiatives. This can includes Encryption, Access controls, protection from the malicious cyber
result in a lack of resources and Data classification, and Data loss crimes. They work under the rules and
infrastructure to effectively protect prevention (DLP) measures.Cloud regulations provided by the
against cyber threats.Insider Threats: Security It involves securing data, government, that’s why they are called
Insider threats can be just as damaging applications, and infrastructure hosted Ethical hackers or Cybersecurity
as external threats. Employees or on cloud platforms, and ensuring experts. Black Hat Hackers They are
contractors who have access to appropriate access controls, data often called Crackers. Black Hat
sensitive information can intentionally protection, and compliance. It uses Hackers can gain unauthorized access
or unintentionally compromise data various cloud service providers such to your system and destroy your vital
security. as AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, etc., to data. The method of attack they use
ensure security against multiple common hacking practices they have
@# cybersecurity Important-- learned earlier. They are considered to
threats.
Cybersecurity is essential for be criminals and can be easily
protecting our digital assets, including #@# Critical Infrastructure-- The entire identified because of their malicious
sensitive personal and financial infrastructural operations of the actions.Grayhat hackers fall
information, intellectual property, and economy and society are dependent on somewhere in the category between
critical infrastructure. Cyberattacks can the safety of their vital systems white hat and black hat hackers. They
have serious consequences, including networks and resources, and that is are not legally authorized hackers.
financial loss, reputational damage, called cybersecurity in critical They work with both good and bad
and even physical harm. Cyber security infrastructure. Operating these critical intentions, they can use their skills for
is vital in any organization, no matter infrastructures against cyber-attacks is personal gain. It all depends upon the
how big or small the organization is. a must, and that is possible through hacker. If a gray hat hacker uses his
Due to increasing technology and putting in place high-quality and strict skill for his personal gains, he/she is
increasing software across various policies. Critical infrastructure of considered as black hat hackers.
sectors like government, education, cybersecurity simply put ways of a
hospitals, etc., information is becoming general security strategy aimed at &@Script Kiddies: They are the most
digital through wireless maintaining the confidentiality, dangerous people in terms of hackers.
communication networks. The integrity, and availability of its related A Script kiddie is an unskilled person
importance of cyber security is to informational resources which are to who uses scripts or downloads tools
secure the data of various be protected. It's used to deny available for hacking provided by other
organizations like email, yahoo, etc., malicious users the opportunity to take hackers. They attempt to attack
which have extremely sensitive advantage of vulnerabilities for their computer systems and networks and
information that can cause damage to power objective goals. This calls for deface websites. Their main purpose is
both us and our reputation. Attackers the protection of national governments to impress their friends and society.
target small and large companies and from the risk of instigating Generally, Script Kiddies are juveniles
obtain their essential documents and cyberwarfare, resisting non-state who are unskilled about hacking.
information. individuals' coordinating efforts for Green Hat Hackers: They are also
cyberterrorism, taking care of criminal amateurs in the world of hacking but
#@# Cyber Warfare: Cyber threats they are bit different from script
syndicates on cybercrime
could be launched by states and actors kiddies. They care about hacking and
granted state support to implement undertakings, and separating malicious
insiders or careless employees as strive to become full-blown hackers.
espionage, launching cyberattacks that They are inspired by the hackers and
insider threats.
collapse critical services or destroy ask them few questions about. While
advisory systems. Cyber Terrorism: $# Organizational implications--- hackers are answering their question
Cyber terrorist groups and other non- Operational Risks Cyberattacks like they will listen to its novelty.
state actors can engage in such ransomware can disrupt business
attacks to create a sense of chaos, operations and cause financial losses. @+Cyber forensics important---# Cyber
terror, and fear. Cyber Crime: Third-party vendors can introduce forensics helps in collecting important
Bypassing security systems poses an vulnerabilities, increasing the digital evidence to trace the
appealing opportunity, as organized organization’s risk exposure. 2. Legal criminal.#Electronic equipment stores
crime groups exploit vulnerabilities in and Regulatory Compliance massive amounts of data that a normal
critical infrastructures to steal or Organizations must comply with laws person fails to see. For example: in a
demand money, or to produce service like GDPR and HIPAA to protect data smart house, for every word we speak,
interruptions. Insider Threats: Insiders and avoid fines. Breach notification actions performed by smart devices,
who are evil-minded or employees who requirements add pressure to respond collect huge data which is crucial in
are negligent with care are very close quickly to incidents. 3. Financial cyber forensics.#It is also helpful for
to serious risks. They can access vital Implications Cyberattacks can lead to innocent people to prove their
systems by either exploiting some direct costs like ransom payments and innocence via the evidence collected
vulnerabilities or unintentionally indirect costs such as reputational online.# It is not only used to solve
leading to security lapses. damage. Prolonged downtime further digital crimes but also used to solve
impacts revenue and customer trust. 4. real-world crimes like theft cases,
Reputational Damage Data breaches murder, etc.
erode customer confidence and
damage brand image. Recovery from
such incidents often takes years,
@= Types of cyber attack--Distributed !! Types of Malware--Worms – Worms %$ Social engineering is a
Denial of Service (DDoS) In a DDoS replicate themselves on the system, manipulation technique used by
attack, hackers flood a network, server, attaching themselves to different files cybercriminals to exploit human
or website with excessive traffic, and looking for pathways between behavior and trust to gain unauthorized
causing it to crash or become computers, such as computer network access to systems, networks, or
unavailable. These attacks aim to that shares common file storage areas. sensitive information. Pretexting,
disrupt operations and are often used Worms usually slow down Baiting,Spear phishing is a more
as a distraction for other malicious networks.Logic Bombs – A logic bomb targeted form of phishing. In this
activities.Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) is a malicious program that uses a attack, cybercriminals focus on
Attackers intercept and manipulate trigger to activate the malicious code. specific individuals, often high-profile
communication between two parties, The logic bomb remains non- targets, such as executives or
such as during online transactions. functioning until that trigger event employees with access to sensitive
This allows them to steal sensitive data happens. Once triggered, a logic bomb information. The attacker gathers
like login credentials or credit card implements a malicious code that personal details from social media,
details. Zero-Day Exploits Zero-day causes harm to a computer.Rootkits – company websites, or other public
exploits target vulnerabilities in A rootkit modifies the OS to make a sources to make the phishing attempt
software or hardware that are unknown backdoor. Attackers then use the appear more credible and
to the vendor or developer. Since no backdoor to access the computer personalized.Tailgating, also known as
patch or fix exists for these distantly. Most rootkits take advantage piggybacking, is a physical social
vulnerabilities, attackers can exploit of software vulnerabilities to modify engineering attack where an
them to gain unauthorized access or system files. unauthorized person gains access to a
control over systems. These attacks restricted area by following closely
are particularly dangerous because @! Privilege escalation is when a threat behind an authorized person. This is
they leave organizations with no actor gains elevated access and often done by exploiting politeness or
immediate defense. Cybercriminals administrative rights to a system by trust, such as someone holding the
often sell zero-day exploits on the dark exploiting security vulnerabilities. By door open for a "stranger" without
web, making them accessible to other modifying identity permissions to grant verifying their identity. Quid Pro Quo In
malicious actors. themselves increased rights and admin a quid pro quo attack, the attacker
capabilities, attackers can conduct offers something in exchange for
@=Security Vulnerabilities--Lack of malicious activities, potentially information or access. The attacker
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) resulting in significant damages. may offer a service, such as technical
Relying solely on passwords for Systems have different levels of support, or make a promise, like
authentication increases vulnerability, privileges, which range from basic providing free software or upgrades, in
especially in the case of phishing or users with limited permissions to return for sensitive details or login
stolen credentials. Without MFA, administrators with complete control. A credentials.
attackers can easily access systems successful privilege escalation incident
using compromised login means that an attacker has managed to %$ An insider attack occurs when a
details.Insider Threats Employees, escalate their own privilege level, trusted individual within an
contractors, or other insiders can thereby gaining increased control. organization—such as an employee,
unintentionally or intentionally cause contractor, or business partner—
security breaches. Malicious insiders @! Information Assurance concerns misuses their access to compromise
might steal data or sabotage systems, implementation of methods that the organization’s systems, data, or
while negligent insiders might expose focused on protecting and resources. Unlike external
sensitive information through safeguarding critical information and cyberattacks, insider threats often
carelessness.Insecure APIs APIs relevant information systems by exploit legitimate access and
(Application Programming Interfaces) assuring confidentiality, integrity, knowledge of the organization, making
enable communication between availability, and non-repudiation. It is them harder to detect.Prevention--#
software systems but can introduce strategic approach focused which Regular training programs should
vulnerabilities if not properly secured. focuses more on deployment of educate employees about the risks and
Insecure APIs can be exploited to policies rather than building signs of insider threats, phishing
bypass authentication, expose infrastructures. Confidentiality – It attempts, and the importance of data
sensitive data, or manipulate backend assures that information of system is protection.# Implement the principle of
systems. not disclosed to unauthorized access least privilege, ensuring that
and is read and interpreted only by employees only have access to the
!! A sniffing attack in system hacking is persons authorized to do so. data and systems necessary for their
a form of denial-of-service attack which Protection of confidentiality prevents role. #Continuous monitoring of user
is carried out by sniffing or capturing malicious access and accidental activities helps detect unusual
packets on the network, and then either disclosure of information.Integrity – It behavior that could indicate an insider
sending them repeatedly to a victim ensures that sensitive data is accurate threat.#DLP tools prevent employees
machine or replaying them back to the and trustworthy and can not be from transferring, sharing, or
sender with modifications. Sniffers are created, changed, or deleted without accessing sensitive data without
often used in system hacking as a tool proper authorization. Maintaining proper authorization. These tools can
for analyzing traffic patterns in a integrity involves modification or detect and block the transmission of
scenario.Passive Sniffing In passive destruction of information by confidential information through email,
sniffing, the traffic is locked but it is unauthorized access. Availability – It USB devices, or cloud storage.
not altered in any way. Passive sniffing guarantees reliable and constant
allows listening only. It works with Hub access to sensitive data only by $# The Controller of Certifying
devices. On a hub device, the traffic is authorized users. It involves measures Authorities (CCA) is a regulatory
sent to all the ports. In a network that to sustain access to data in spite of authority responsible for overseeing
uses hubs to connect systems, all system failures and sources of and certifying entities involved in
hosts on the network can see the interference.Authentication – It is digital certificate management within
traffic. Therefore, an attacker can easily security service that is designed to the field of cybersecurity. The CCA
capture traffic going through.Active establish validity of transmission of plays a crucial role in ensuring the
Sniffing In active sniffing, the traffic is message by verification of individual’s trustworthiness of digital certificates,
not only locked and monitored, but it identity to receive specific category of which are central to secure online
may also be altered in some way as information.Non-Repudiation – It is communications, authentication, and
determined by the attack. Active mechanism to ensure sender or transactions.
sniffing is used to sniff a switch-based receiver cannot deny fact that they are
network. It involves injecting address part of data transmission. When sender
resolution packets (ARP) into a target sends data to receiver, it receives
network to flood on the switch content delivery confirmation. When receiver
addressable memory (CAM) table. CAM receives message it has all information
keeps track of which host is connected attached within message regarding
to which port. sender.
$# #The CCA is responsible for #= Features-- #IPSec provides $# Stack-based Buffer The most
certifying and licensing organizations authentication of IP packets using common type of buffer overflow, a
that wish to issue digital certificates.# digital signatures or shared stack buffer overflow occurs when data
The CCA establishes standards and secrets.#IPSec provides confidentiality overflows into the stack, a region of
guidelines for the operation of CAs. by encrypting IP packets, preventing memory used to store function call
This includes protocols for issuing and eavesdropping on the network traffic. information (such as return addresses
revoking digital certificates, # IPSec provides integrity by ensuring and local variables). Heap-based Buffer
procedures for key management.# The that IP packets have not been modified Overflow--A heap buffer overflow
CCA conducts regular audits and or corrupted during transmission.IPSec occurs in the heap memory, which is
monitoring of the operations of can be configured to provide security used for dynamic memory allocation.
Certifying Authorities. This helps for a wide range of network topologies, Unlike the stack, which stores
ensure that CAs are adhering to the including point-to-point, site-to-site. temporary function data, the heap
prescribed security standards and stores data that persists during
practices. =# A DDoS attack uses multiple servers program execution.
and Internet connections to flood the
@+Forensics Experts Role-- targeted resource. A DDoS attack is &# Feistel Cipher model is a structure
Identification: The first step of cyber one of the most powerful weapons on or a design used to develop many
forensics experts are to identify what the cyber platform. When you come to block ciphers such as DES. Feistel
evidence is present, where it is stored, know about a website being brought cipher may have invertible, non-
and in which format it is stored. down, it generally means it has become invertible and self invertible
Preservation: After identifying the data a victim of a DDoS attack. This means components in its design. Same
the next step is to safely preserve the that the hackers have attacked your encryption as well as decryption
data and not allow other people to use website or PC by imposing heavy algorithm is used. A separate key is
that device so that no one can tamper traffic.DoS stands for Denial of Service. used for each round. However same
data.Analysis: After getting the data, It is a type of attack on a service that round keys are used for encryption as
the next step is to analyze the data or disrupts its normal function and well as decryption.#Create a list of all
system. Here the expert recovers the prevents other users from accessing it. the Plain Text characters.# Convert the
deleted files and verifies the recovered The most common target for a DoS Plain Text to Ascii and then 8-bit binary
data and finds the evidence that the attack is an online service such as a format.# Divide the binary Plain Text
criminal tried to erase by deleting website, though attacks can also be string into two halves: left half (L1)and
secret files.Documentation: Now after launched against networks, machines, right half (R1).# Generate a random
analyzing data a record is created. This or even a single program. binary keys (K1 and K2) of length equal
record contains all the recovered and to the half the length of the Plain Text
available(not deleted) data which helps =# Types of DDoS Attacks--Volumetric for the two rounds.
in recreating the crime scene and Attacks: Volumetric Attacks are the
reviewing it. Presentation: This is the most prevalent form of DDoS attacks. @* Security architecture is a strategy
final step in which the analyzed data is They use a botnet to overload the for designing and building a
presented in front of the court to solve network or server with heavy traffic but company's security infrastructure.
cases. exceed the network’s capabilities of Troubleshoots data protection issues
processing the traffic.Protocol by analyzing processes, controls and
#= ISO/IEC 27001:2013 is an Attacks:In this attack, the handshake is systems. This multifaceted strategy
international standard for information never accomplished. This leaves the has many elements such as security
security management systems (ISMS), connected port as busy and policy, risk management, and
providing a systematic approach to unavailable to process any further determination of controls and
managing sensitive company requests. Meanwhile, the cybercriminal procedures. Elements--# Policies and
information, ensuring its continues to send multiple requests procedures that establish security
confidentiality, integrity, and overwhelming all the working ports and standards, procedures, and policies in
availability. It is one of the most widely shutting down the server. an organization.# Security measures
recognized frameworks for taken to detect, prevent or reduce the
establishing, implementing, operating, &# A cipher is a technique that is used impact of security threats and
monitoring, reviewing, and improving in transforming the readable data vulnerabilities.# The process of
information security within the context (plaintext) into coded data (ciphertext) identifying, analyzing and monitoring
of an organization's overall risk and the other way round.Substitution risks to the institution's information
management. # An ISMS is a set of ciphers involve replacing each member assets.# Ensuring that only authorized
policies, procedures, guidelines, and of the plaintext with another member personnel can access sensitive
associated resources designed to which can be of the same information, preventing unauthorized
manage and protect sensitive set.Transposition ciphers are those access or information leakage.
information within an organization.# A forms of ciphers that work on the
core principle of ISO 27001 is risk principle of shifting the positions of the @*A Security Policy Database (SPD) is
management. The standard requires characters of the plaintext to create the a central repository that stores and
organizations to identify security risks ciphertext.Modern ciphers are far more manages the rules, guidelines,
to information and implement controls sophisticated and are intended to offer procedures, and protocols that govern
to mitigate them.# ISO 27001 helps better security as compared to the an organization’s information security
organizations identify, assess, and traditional ciphers. practices. It ensures that the security
manage risks systematically, ensuring policies are consistently applied
$# Buffer overflow-- When a lot of data across the organization’s network,
the protection of sensitive information
is written to a buffer than it can hold, a systems, and applications to protect
and reducing the chances of data
breaches and cyberattacks. buffer overflow occurs. The extra data against cyber threats and maintain
is written to the adjacent memory, compliance with industry regulations.
#= IP Security (IPSec) refers to a overwriting the contents of that # The SPD stores all security policies
collection of communication rules or location and resulting in unpredictable in one place, ensuring they are
protocols used to establish secure program results. Buffer overflows organized and easily accessible for
network connections. Internet Protocol occur when the data is written without management and enforcement.# It
(IP) is the common standard that sufficient validation (no boundaries). ensures that security policies are
controls how data is transmitted It's seen as a flaw or defect in the uniformly applied across the
across the internet. IPSec enhances software. organization, reducing inconsistencies
the protocol security by introducing in security practices.# Administrators
encryption and authentication. IPSec can easily add, update, or delete
encrypts data at the source and then policies, with change tracking for
decrypts it at the destination. transparency and control.# Allows
organizations to create and customize
security policies based on their
specific needs and requirements.
@%# A packet filtering firewall is a =#= Cryptanalysis is the process of $% Preventive Measures VoIP--# Use
network security device that inspects attempting to break or decipher end-to-end encryption (e.g., Secure
and filters traffic based on predefined cryptographic algorithms and systems RTP, TLS) to protect VoIP calls and
security rules. It operates at the without access to the secret key. It is data from eavesdropping.# Implement
network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI used to evaluate the strength of strong passwords and multi-factor
model, examining packets of data as cryptographic methods and can be authentication (MFA) to secure VoIP
they pass through the firewall and employed by both security accounts and prevent unauthorized
deciding whether to allow or block professionals to test systems and by access.# Continuously monitor VoIP
them based on the rules configured by attackers to exploit weaknesses in traffic for unusual patterns that may
the network administrator.# When a encryption schemes.# Analyze the indicate hacking attempts or fraud.#
data packet attempts to pass through cryptographic algorithm to identify Regularly update VoIP software and
the firewall, it inspects the packet’s weaknesses or patterns that could be hardware to fix known vulnerabilities
headers, which include information exploited.# Collect known plaintext and and ensure the system remains
such as the source and destination IP ciphertext pairs to help identify secure.# Set up firewalls and IDS to
addresses. # It works in the network relationships and vulnerabilities in the filter out malicious traffic and protect
layer of the OSI Model. It applies a set system.# Use mathematical and VoIP networks from unauthorized
of ruleson each packet and based on statistical methods, such as frequency access.
the outcome, decides to either forward analysis, to detect patterns or
or discard the packet. weaknesses in the encryption ++ Response codes are issued by a
process.# The goal is to recover the server in response to a client’s request.
@%# Working of a Firewall-# The encryption key or decrypt the message These codes help inform the
firewall monitors the traffic that passes without having the original key by clientabout the result of the request,
through it, checking each packet or exploiting any weaknesses identified in whether it was successful,
session against security rules.# The the previous steps.# Decide on the encountered an error, or requires
firewall uses a set of rules to decide attack approach, such as brute-force, further action.1xx: Informational
whether to permit or block the traffic dictionary, or chosen-plaintext attacks, response 2xx: Successful response
based on the packet's attributes.# It based on the type of encryption and 3xx: Redirection message 4xx: Client
logs network traffic data and events, available information. error response 5xx: Server error
generating reports for security audits response. 200 OK: The request was
and incident response.# The firewall =#= Session Hijacking---TCP session successful 400 Bad Request: The
can block harmful traffic, such as hijacking is a security attack on a user request payload is invalid 403
malicious software, unauthorized session over a protected network. The Forbidden: Permission is denied. 503
access attempts, and attacks like most common method of session Service Unavailable: The server is
DDoS. Why Backup--# Backups ensure hijacking is called IP spoofing, when an temporarily unable to handle the
that in case of hardware failure, attacker uses source-routed IP packets request, usually due to overload or
software issues, or data corruption, to insert commands into an active maintenance.404 Not Found: The
critical data can be restored, communication between two nodes on requested resource could not be found
minimizing downtime and data loss.# In a network and disguise itself as one of on the server.
the event of a natural disaster, the authenticated users. This type of
cyberattack, or accidental deletion, attack is possible because #$! Penetration testing is a simulated
having up-to-date backups allows the authentication typically is only done at cyberattack on a computer system,
organization to recover and resume the start of a TCP session. Prevent network, or web application to identify
operations quickly.# Backups help session hijacking: # Avoid public Wi-Fi. vulnerabilities that could be exploited
protect against ransomware attacks. If Cybercriminals can use packet sniffing by hackers. The goal is to find
data is encrypted by malware, a clean, to steal session cookies and other weaknesses in a system’s defenses
recent backup can restore uninfected information.# Use a Virtual Private before malicious actors can exploit
files.# Backups also allow an Network (VPN). A VPN encrypts your them, allowing organizations to
organization to restore specific traffic and creates a private tunnel for strengthen their security
versions of data or files, which can be your online activity.# Use reputable posture.Types--Network Penetration
useful if an incorrect update or change antivirus software. Antivirus software Testing-Focuses on identifying
is made. can detect viruses and malware.# Keep vulnerabilities in a company’s network
your systems up to date. Set up infrastructure, such as firewalls,
++ Email Protocols--#SMTP (Simple automatic updates on all your devices. routers, and switches.Web Application
Mail Transfer Protocol)is used to send Penetration Testing-Aims to identify
and relay outgoing email messages $% VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) security vulnerabilities in web
between mail servers.#POP3 (Post allows voice communication over the applications, such as SQL injection,
Office Protocol version 3)is used by internet rather than traditional phone cross-site scripting (XSS).Wireless
email clients to retrieve email from a lines, making it cost-effective and Network Penetration Testing-Identify
mail server. It downloads emails and scalable. However, it is also a target for weak encryption methods,
stores them locally, removing them cybercriminals due to its reliance on unauthorized access points, and other
from the server.# IMAP (Internet the internet, which makes it vulnerable wireless network vulnerabilities.
Message Access Protocol) is used to to various types of attacks. VoIP
access and manage emails on a remote hacking refers to unauthorized access
server, allowing users to organize or malicious activities aimed at
messages into folders and leave them exploiting VoIP systems, leading to
on the server. potential disruptions, financial
loss.Types--Caller ID Spoofing:
#$! Benefits--#Helps identify system Attackers manipulate the caller ID
weaknesses that could be exploited by information to impersonate a legitimate
attackers, allowing organizations to number, often used in phishing
take proactive measures to secure their attacks.Eavesdropping: VoIP traffic is
systems.#By uncovering vulnerabilities transmitted over the internet and can
before malicious actors can exploit be intercepted by hackers if not
them, penetration testing helps encrypted.Man-in-the-Middle (MitM)
mitigate risks and reduces the chances Attacks:Hackers intercept and modify
of a successful attack.# Regular VoIP traffic between two parties.Ddos,
penetration testing ensures Phishing also.
compliance with industry standards
and legal regulations.# Penetration
testing can help boost employee
awareness of security protocols.