A

Technical Seminar Report

ON
GREEN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Submitted to
SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TIRUPATI
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

By

BOYA MUKTHESH (21BF1A0106)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. M. CHITTARANJAN,
Professor & Head

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuram)
KARAKAMBADI ROAD, TIRUPATI – 517507 (A.P) INDIA

2023 – 2024
 SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuram)
KARAKAMBADI ROAD, TIRUPATI – 517507 (A.P) INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Technical Seminar-II report entitled,
“GREEN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION” is a bonafide work done by
B. MUKTHESH bearing roll number of 21BF1A0106 in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in CIVIL
ENGINEERING to Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Karakambadi Road,
Tirupati, during the year 2023 – 2024.

GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. M. CHITTARANJAN, Dr. M. CHITTARANJAN,

Professor & Head, Professor & Head,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
SVCE, Tirupati. SVCE, Tirupati.

Submitted for B. Tech III Year II Semester Technical Seminar-II held on .......................... at
Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Karakambadi, Tirupati.

EXAMINER 1: EXAMINER 2:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to my guide, Dr. M. CHITTARANJAN, Professor & Head,

Department of Civil Engineering, for his valuable guidance and encouragement. His helping
attitude and suggestions have helped in the successful completion of this Technical Seminar-
II Report.

I have great pleasure in expressing my hearty thanks to Dr. M. CHITTARANJAN,

Head of the Department, Civil Engineering and to our beloved Principal Dr.
N.SUDHAKAR REDDY, for his continuous support.

Successful completion of any work cannot be done without proper support and
encouragement. I sincerely thank the Management of SVCE for providing all the necessary
facilities during the course of study.

I would like to thank my parents, faculty and Technical staff, who have the greatest
contributions in all my achievements, for the great care and blessings in making a successful
in all my endeavors.

I thank my friends and my well-wishers who helped me directly or indirectly in the

completion of my Technical Seminar-I Report.

B. MUKTHESH (21BF1A0106)

i
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Technical Seminar-I Report “GREEN BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION” has been done only by me. It is prepared through hard work and research.
The text embodied in this report has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for
the award of my degree or diploma.

Submitted By
Signature:
Name: B. MUKTHESH

Roll No:21BF1A0106
Year & Semester: III YEAR II

ii
 ABSTRACT

Over the past few decades, researchers are focusing on a long-term living solution comprehending the
planning, design, construction, and operation of buildings considering several important, fundamental
elements such as energy consumption, water consumption, interior environmental quality, material
sections, and the structure's influence on the environment. The notion of eco-structure improves the
long-term viability of a building but eventually underscores the concept of "Green Building" in the
construction industry. The prime purpose of this study is to augment the factors that accord
significantly to the sustainability and environmental friendliness of green building construction

It is discernible that a poorly maintained building has an influence on the users' quality of life and
productivity along with the environment. Maintenance also contributes to long-term sustainability by
reducing noxious emissions and conserving energy and resources, which is becoming more widely
recognized in the built environment and structures. Again, considering from the viewpoint of a life
cycle, buckling materials should originate from a sustainable source to decrease the environmental
impact of construction. As a result, purchasing products from a local source is recommended since it
benefits local businesses and reduces transportation- related greenhouse gas emissions. Extensive
research on green building technology and implementation, smart building management, and user
interffice design should be taken into account while navigating a sustainable way of life while
protecting the environment.

Keywords: Green building, Sustainability: Indoor Air Quality, Environmental conservation

 CONTENTS
Description Page no
Acknowledgement i
Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Contents iv
List of figures v
Chapter 1: Introduction 1-8
Chapter 2: Literature Review 9-11
Chapter 3: Methodology 12-17
Chapter 4: Case Study 18-22
Chapter 5: Conclusion 23
Chapter 6: References 24

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO

1 Green building 1
2 Environmental Sustainability 2
3 Health and Well being 3

4 Long term cost savings 3

5 Market value 4
6 Bamboo 6
7 Earth bags 7
8 Non- Voc paints 7
9. Stone 8
10 Composite roof panels 8
11 Itc green centre 12
12 Gokaraju gangaraju institute 13
13 Olympia tech park 14
14 Patni knowledge centre 14
15 Ingenhoven architects 15
16 Kengo kuma architects 16
17 Mario cucinella architects 16
18 Koichi Takada architects 17
19 Power house snohetta 17
20 Rain water harvesting 18
21 Harnessing solar energy 18
22 Retrofitting 19
23 Positioning of windows 20
24 Water management 21
25 Thermal insulation 22
26 Building material 2

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Green building also known as green construction or sustainable building. It is a way of enhancing the
environment. It benefits humans, the community, and the environment in order to reduce resource consumption
while enhancing quality of life. This ultimately results in reduction of greenhouse gases which will help to
reduce greenhouse effect. this paper presents an overview of application of modern green infrastructure
construction technology which makes a significant impact on conservation/proper utilization of resources like
land, water, energy, air, material thereby reducing the overall cost of construction as well as adverse impacts
of climate change.

Fig.1,1.1: Green Building

What is a green building ?

Green buildings are designed, constructed and operated to boost environmental, economic,
health and productivity performance over that of conventional buildings. As reflected in the USGBC's
voluntary LEED rating system, widely accepted as the national standard for green buildings, an
integrated design approach addresses the potential of the site itself, water conservation, energy-
efficiency and renewable energy, selection of materials and indoor environmental quality. Projects that
meet higher levels of LEED certification can include a wide array of features such as storm water
retention through landscaping, innovative wastewater technologies, reflective roofs, energy generating
sources and personal comfort controls. And, of course, energy-saving technologies such as Water
Furnace geothermal and water source heating and cooling.

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1.2 IMPORTANCE OF GREEN BUILDING

➢ ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

➢ HEALTH AND WELLBEING

➢ LONG- TERM COST SAVINGS

➢ MARKET VALUE

❖ ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

1. Green building also refers to saving resources to the maximum extent, including energy saving, land saving,
water saving, material saving, etc., during the whole life cycle of the building, protecting the environment and
reducing pollution, providing people with healthy, comfortable and efficient use of space,

2. They reduce resource consumption, minimize waste, and lower greenhouse gas emissions, contributingto
a healthier planet.

Fig.2,1.2: Environmental Sustainability

❖ HEALTH AND WELLBEING:

1. Improved indoor air quality and natural lighting enhance occupant health and productivity. Green
buildings offer a plethora of health benefits to their occupants, making them a wise choice for both
physical and mental well-being.
2. Green buildings are equipped with advanced ventilation systems and use low-VOC (volatile organic
compounds)

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Fig.3,1.2: Health And Wellbeing

❖ LONG-TERM COST SAVINGS :

According to a report by the S mart CRE, green buildings can save between 25%-50% energy, 10%-
40% in water consumption, and reduce maintenance costs by about 12%. These savings canlead
to a return on investment of up to 40% over a building's lifetime.

Fig.4,1.2: Long-Term Cost Savings

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❖ MARKET VALUE

1. The market value of a green building is influenced by various factors that encompass its sustainability,
energy efficiency, and environmental considerations. Green buildings tend to have higher resale and rental
values, attracting eco-conscious tenants

2. Green buildings are designed and constructed with a focus on reducing their environmental impact, which
can lead to increased market value.

Fig.5,1.2: Market Value

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1.3 BENEFITS OF GREEN BUILDING

The following are the benefits of green building construction

1. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

2. ECONOMIC BENIFITS

3. SOCIAL BENEFITS

1. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

➢ Protect biodiversity and ecosystems

➢ Improve air and water quality
➢ Reduce waste streams
➢ Conserve natural resources

2. ECONOMIC BENEFITS

➢ Reduce operating costs

➢ Create, expand, and shape markets for green product and services
➢ Improve occupant productivity
➢ Optimize life-cycle economic performance

3. SOCIAL BENEFITS

➢ Enhance occupant comfort and health.

➢ Heighten aesthetic qualities.
➢ Minimize strain on local infrastructure.
➢ Improve overall quality of life.

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1.4 MATERIALS USED IN GREEN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

The Following Are The Materials Used For Green Building

1. Recycled Materials 7. Green Panels
2. Sustainable Wood 8.Composite roof panels
3. Non-VOC paints 9.Stone
4.Energy-efficient Insulation 10.Bamboo
5.High-performance Windows 11.Steel
6.Solar Panels 12.Earth bags

1. BAMBOO
❑ Bamboo is one of the most used multipurpose and durable materials used in construction.

❑ They can be used to construct frames or supports, walls, floors etc.

❑ They provide a good appearance to the structures.

Fig.6,1.4: Bamboo

2. EARTH BAGS
❑ Earth bags or sand bags are also used to construct walls of a structure.

❑ These types of structures can be seen in military bases, near banks of water resources

❑ Generally, bags made of burlap are recommended but they may rot very easily and

hence polypropylene bags are used nowadays.

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Fig.7,1.4: Earth Bags

3. NON-VOC PAINTS

❑ Non- VOC paint or green paint is recommended over VOC containing paints.
❑ Presence of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in paint reacts with sunlight and nitrogen oxide
resulting in the formation of ozone which can cause severe health problems for the occupants.
Fig.8,1.4: Non-Voc Paints

4. STONE

❑ Stone is a naturally occurring and a long- lasting building material. Some Stone structures built
hundreds of years ago are still in existence without much abrasion.
❑ Stones are good against weathering hence they can be used to construct exterior walls, steps,
exterior flooring etc.

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Fig.9,1.4: Stone

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

K. Varma, M. Chaurasia, Prasenjit Shukla, T. Ahmed less

A Literature Review on Designing Techniques
Published in 2014
Buildings are found to be both, one of the biggest consumer of energy and producer of
greenhouse gases. It has become a global issue. According to the National Institute of Building
Sciences(USA), buildings generate 35 percent of the carbon dioxide (the primary greenhouse gas
associated with climate change), 49 percent of the sulphur dioxide, and 25 percent of the nitrogen oxide
found in the air. Since buildings are accountable for this scenario, it has imposed an immediate
requirement to not only think of, but implement sustainability in every new construction instantly. This
will render us a sustained environment and a healthy ecosystem. Green Buildings are buildings that
subscribe to the principle of conscientious handling of natural resources, which means causing as little
environmental interference as possible, using environment friendly materials, requires low operational
energy, utilizes renewable sources of energy to fulfil its requirements, follows high-quality and longevity
as a guideline for construction and last but not least, must be economically viable. Albeit the problem
is common in developing nations. The paper focuses on green design as a vital transformation of
contemporary architecture practiced in developing nations. It endeavours to present some environmental
and physical design approaches for green buildings in promptly developingcountries chiefly India. In
this regard, the study presents hands on analysis of basics and principles of green architecture, theories
and viewpoints outlined in the field and also the analysis of efficacious cases of environment friendly
buildings in India

M. KamalM. Gani
A Literature Review on Importance of Eco-structure Building
Published in 2016
Climate change, caused by the release of greenhouse gases (mainly CO2) into the atmosphere has
been recognized as one of the greatest threats of the world. The earth is condition is deteriorating rapidly
and it will turn sever unless people adopt eco- friendly policies. Eco-structure building has longbeen a
concept and widely practiced for better living. Bangladesh, having 159.1 million people due to sharp
urbanization, population explosion facing severe problem. Up to 40% of the entire energy level is
utilized by the buildings and constructions. It’s possible to reduce the amount only by converting

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the buildings into eco-structure or greening concept. This can provide 50% saving opportunity to the
nation. Importance of building structures in eco- friendly way is now becoming the major concern.
Moreover, it has a lot of benefits for the society, economy and human being. Some specific pre-
requirements are must be followed before construction. Developer, land owner, consumer as well as the
society will be benefitted equally.

Rajul SinghK. SinghRahul Vyas

A Literature Review on Step towards Environmental and Economic Construction
Published in 2019
The purpose of this article is to provide planners with an introduction to the concept of green buildings
and building assessment systems and to identify and explore the major themes in theliterature as they
relate to planning. Green building is one of the measures that has been put forward toalleviate the
remarkable impacts of the building stock on the environment, society and economy.GRIHA (Green
Rating for Integrated Habitat Assesment) is a rating instrument that helps individualsevaluate their
building's efficiency against certain benchmarks that are acceptable nationwide, itevaluates a building's
environmental efficiency over its entire life cycle holistically.
This paper reports a critical review of the GRIHA rating system and incentives provided by GRIHA
in India, techniques, and methods for construction of the green building, financial aspects of the green
building. The efficiency of different environment-friendly models is broadly discussed inthis study.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the benefits of green building in order to proceed towards
sustainable construction

Anand S. Patel
A Literature Review on Application of Green Building Concept Published in 2019
Nowadays we are facing various environmental impacts due to which we need to build with more
sustainable materials which will lead to reduction of impacts on environment. Use of tradition
construction method and materials into environment degradation a comprehensive approach of adopting
green building concept in the process of design to demolition good heal to achieve. A better environment
standard an approach of sustainability good provide a benchmark for further generationin relation to
reducing cart footprint on the environment, Further, analysis focuses on identifying methods and
indicators that can be adopted for the assessment of green potential.

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As there are many green building assessment bodies are there for green building point system such as
IGBC, LEED, and GRIHA etc. for evaluation of green building. The operating energy consumption,
life cycle EL, life cycle cost (LCC) and GPT of different envelope schemes have been compared. The
results indicate GPT is obviously shorter than the general payback time when EL cost is considered

Dingat A. AkhaniJ. Pitroda

A Literature Review on To Identify and Analyse Market Opportunities and Challenges for Green
Building or sustainable building Published in 2018
Sustainability has become a necessity in the building industry. In recent years, as the general public is
more informed and aware of sustainability related issues, they are becoming major players in the
decision making process regarding their built environment. However, there are still challenges with how
sustainability is communicated to occupants and owners of buildings. As the global economic crisis is
continuing, the marketing of green buildings needs to be refined to communicate the lifetime benefits
of sustainability. One of the ways to develop effective marketing strategies, is to understand what the
occupants value the most among many aspects of green buildings thus develop focused marketing
solutions. Green building concept is an opportunity to use the resources efficiently while creating
healthier buildings that improve human health, build a better environment, and provide cost savings.

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CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDY

3.1 The following are the few case studies in India
❑ Itc Green Centre, Gurgaon
❑ Patni (I-Gate) Knowledge Center, Noida
❑ Olympia Tech Park, Chennai
❑ Gokaraju Gangaraju Institute, Hyderabad
❑ Olympia Tech Park, Chennai
❑ Patni (I-Gate) Knowledge Center, Noida
❑ Ingenhoven Architects, Kö Bogen Ii, Düsseldorf, Germany, 2020
❑ Kengo Kuma Architects, Welcome – Feeling At Work, Milan, Italy, Under Construction
❑ Mario Cucinella Architects, Tecla, Massa Lombarda, Italia, 2021
❑ Koichi Takada Architects, Sunflower House
❑ Snøhetta, Powerhouse Brattørkaia, Trondheim, Norway, 2019

❑ Itc Green Centre, Gurgaon

Spread over a Tambling 1,80,000 sq ft, the ITC Green Center has set a benchmark for green
structures in India. Situated in Sector-32, Gurgaon, the structure has been granted the Platinum Green
Building rating by USGBC-LEED (Green Building Council- Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design), making it the first corporate house in the country. The structure is planned remembering the
most elevated ecological guidelines. It is comprised of blocks and cement containing fly-ash and is
outfitted with high-productivity gear that diminishes

Fig.11,3.1: Itc Green Centre

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❑ Gokaraju Gangaraju Institute, Hyderabad

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology (GRIET) is established in1997 by
Dr.Gokaraju Gangaraju as a self financed institute under the aegis of GokarajuRangaraju Educational
Society. GRIET is approved by AICTE, New Delhi permanently affiliatedto and autonomous under
JNTUH, Hyderabad. GRIET is committed to quality education and isknown for its innovative teaching
practices
Features of GRIET
1. Large area for landscape to enhance micro climate and for visual delight
2. One of the top Engineering colleges in the state providing quality education to the students.
3. GRIET quality policy is to provide an integrated learning environment to enable students to
grow towards their full potential and meet the high expectations of the industry and the society.
Surroundings
1. The building was designed to have minimum disturbance to the surrounding ecological
environment.
2. This has preserved the majority of the existing flora and fauna and natural micro biological
organism around the building.

Fig.12,3.1: Gokaraju Gangaraju Institute

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❑ Olympia Tech Park, Chennai

Situated in the core of Chennai (Gundy), the Clympia Tech Park has gotten one of the greatest and
generally looked for after IT parks in Chennai.. The tech park houses MNCs that works day and night
which is the reason energy saving highlights and the eco- friendly condition turninto a need. Evaluated
as one of the biggest gold LEED rating structures o n the planet, the structure utilizes energy and water
saving strategies (water gathering)

Fig.13,3.1: Olympia Tech Park

❑ Patni (I-Gate) Knowledge Center, Noida
Granted with the lofty LEED Platinum rating, Patni Knowledge Center is one of the green
structures in India. Situated in rural Noida and spread over more than 4,60,000 sq ft, the Structure's
intelligence is planned so that it provides 75% of daylight to its interior. Around 50 percent of the zone
is saved for open green space. What's more, the grounds follows the productive water management like
water gathering, sunlight based water heating and dripwater system. 100 percent sewage is dealt with
and the reused water is utilized to cool the tower makeup, cultivating and flushing.

Fig.14,3.1: Patni (I-Gate) Knowledge Center

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❑ Ingenhoven Architects, Kö Bogen II, Düsseldorf, Germany, 2020

Eight kilometers of hornbeam hedges and over 30,000 plants. Kö Bogen II in Düsseldorf boasts
Europe’s biggest green façade. German architecture firm Ingenhoven Architects has been looking for
practical solutions to the climate change issue for many years now and, as part of such commitment,
developed their super green concept. The commercial and office complex in Düsseldorf is halfway
between an urban project and a park, a building and land art. Kö Bogen II is the city’s new landmark
and represents a paradigm shift: from an urban perspective, it marks a departure from the automotive
era and a turn towards people- oriented planning. This green “second skin” offers many benefits, apart
from being aesthetically appealing: it improves the structure’s microclimate, protects from the sun,
stores moisture and reduces city noise, while absorbing CO2.

Fig.15,3.1: Ingenhoven Architects, Kö Bogen II, Düsseldorf

❑ Kengo Kuma Architects, Welcome – feeling at work, Milan, Italy

The office and service complex designed by Japanese architect Kengo Kuma will be an accessible,
permeable and transparent structure in the eastern area of Milan. It is conceived as a huge hanging
garden that changes as the seasons change. Sustainability here goes beyond the environmental sphere
and considers the quality of life of the users of these spaces: natural light, noise mitigation, large indoor
and outdoor meeting areas, and a human scale approach favor the physical and mental well-being of
workers. Kengo Kuma has developed a unique concept, that of “biophilic” architecture, which uses
organic and natural elements that appeal to our senses and our tendency to find comfort and inspiration
from natural settings.

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Fig.16,3.1: Kengo Kuma Architects

❑ Mario Cucinella Architects, TECLA, Massa Lombarda, Italia, 2021

TECLA – Technology and Clay è il primo modello di abitazione stampata in 3D in terra cruda
locale, una costruzione a quasi zero emission di carbonio. Si trova a Massa Lombarda, Ravenna, e nasce
dall’incontro tra lo studio MCA – Mario Cucinella Architects e WASP – World’s Advanced Saving
Project. Caratteristica principale del progetto è il suo involucro “imperfetto”, prodotto con materiali
reperibili sul luogo, per ridurre emissioni e scarti. La casa rappresenta l’unione tra una tecnologia
d’avanguardia, come la stampa 3D, e un materiale antico, la terra cruda, usato in varie parti del mondo
per realizzare abitazioni.

Fig.17,3.1: Mario Cucinella Architects

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❑ Koichi Takada Architects, Sunflower House

Sunflower House is an experimental project commissioned by Bloomberg Green and designed
by Japanese architect Koichi Takada, who imagines the house of the future with a view to sustainability.
His vision is set against the backdrop of the Umbria Region, which is known for its farmland and
sunflower fields. The design’s standout elements are its circular roof, which

Fig.18,3.1: Koichi Takada Architects

❑ Snøhetta, Powerhouse Brattørkaia, Trondheim, Norway, 2019

“Energy-positive buildings are the buildings of the future. The mantra of the design industry should
not be ‘form follows function’ but ‘form follows environment’”, said Snøhetta founder Kjetil Tradal
Thorsen. The Norwegian firm is committed to designing carbon- negative buildings, meaning that they
generate enough renewable energy to compensate for carbon emissions. One of their latest works is
Powerhouse

Fig.19,3.1: Snøhetta, Powerhouse Brattørkaia

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CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY

4.1 Rain water harvesting

It involves collecting and saving rain water from roof run offs and storing it in a tank. The water
collected can either be used directly or it can be injected into the ground water to increase the ground
water table. The rain water is collected from roof tops, which are preferably provided with a slant and
sent to the storage tanks through pipes. This water can then be used for drinking after filtration. It can
also be used in irrigation, laundry, dish washing, etc

Fig.20,4.1: Rain water harvesting

➢ Harnessing solar energySolar water heaters :

This practice is slowly gaining popularity. An array of 24 solar water heaters form a part of the
parapet of the living quarters. The system can deliver up to 2000 liters of hot water (at 65 °C) every day.
In winter, when the days are short and the sun less intense, a 9 kW electrical heating coil serves as a
back -up source of heat.

Fig.21,4.1: Harnessing solar energy

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➢ Photovoltaic:
Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiation into usable energy form and store it. This energy can
be used for providing electricity, generally in lighting the street lights.
➢ Solar panels on walls, roof and windows :
This technique will be more useful when adopted in tall buildings, skyscrapers. Solar panel
installation on roofs is quite common these days satisfying low energy demands. Panels on the outside
walls can also fulfill energy demands, especially in tall buildings. Although this causes an increase in
the complexity, the rise in efficiency makes up for it.

➢ Building smaller size homes:

Smart design can make a smaller house feel bigger and bad design can make a big house seem
cramped. The size of the house should be according to the requirement. Smaller the house, easier will
be the day-to-day tasks. Maintenance will be low and energy usage will be minimal. Thus, quality can
be increased by keeping quantity in check.
➢ Retrofitting:
The transformation of an existing building into a green one is known as retrofitting. An energy
audit helps in knowing the building deeply and finding out the problems. Then making the changes
becomes a lot easier. It can be done in many ways:
1. The windows can be changed in a way that it traps heat inside during winter and does not let
heat flow in during summer. For warmer climates, a long rectangle shape with the short ends facing east
and west will suffer the least from the hot sun, while a southern exposure will provide lots of light
without much heat gain.This shape also works best for cross ventilation.

Fig.22,4.1: Retrofitting

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2. Installing photovoltaic panels: These are modules or arrays of solar cells. A solar cell is made up of
silicon and has two sides: positive and negative. When sunrays fall on the positive side, the negative
electrons are ejected and as a result electricity is produced. Solar cells are made up of two types of
silicon: amorphous andcrystalline. Though the output of crystalline silicon cell is better than
amorphous they have the limitation that if a shadow comes in any part, the whole circuit breaks
down. Efficiency of a photovoltaic panel is around 15%, which is low but efforts are being made in the
industry to take it to higher levels.
2. Electrical appliances with low energy consumption should be considered. The star rating
system is commonly used to decide the efficiency of appliances. Five star rated appliances are the most
efficient ones. Replacing lighting lamps by LED lamps and Installing photovoltaic panels: These are
modules or arrays of solar cells. A solar cell is made up of silicon and has two sides: positive and
negative. When sunrays fall on the positive side, the negative electrons are ejected and as a result
electricity is produced. Solar cells are made up of two types of silicon: amorphous and crystalline.
Though the output of crystalline silicon cell is better than amorphous they have the limitation that if a
shadow comes in any part, the whole circuit breaks down. Efficiency of a photovoltaic panel is around
15%, which is low but efforts are being made in the industry to take it to higher levels.
➢ Positioning of windows
Day lightning: If the windows are placed in the part from where the maximum daylight enters then it
will save a large amount of electricity. Day light keeps the air fresh, kills microorganisms, keeps the
building warm and installs positive energy. Skylights can be used on the roofs to allow more sunlight
during the day.

Fig.23,4.1: Positioning of windows

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➢ Cross ventilation:
This is a common practice for an architect. Continuous air supply throughout the day helps keep
the temperature low for regions near equator. It helps to keep the air inside, clean and fresh. It helps in
natural air movement to control humidity and radiant or passive solar heat.
LED lighting: To reduce the energy bills and lengthen the life of electrical appliances, LED lighting
can be used. The installation is easy and it looks attractive. In addition to LED, compact fluorescent
lamps (CFL) can be used.
➢ Water management
Grey water : Grey-water systems recycle water from sinks and showers for use in gardens. It saves a
large amount of water going into sewer.

Fig.24,4.1: Water management

➢ Lowering the quantity of water used in flushes and shower head:

Installing low-flow toilets conserves water and reduces waste, for example, dual flush cistern can be
installed which use only 1.6 gallons per flush compared to 3.6 gallons per flush in normal cistern.
Compost toilets go a step further by not using water at all.
➢ Thermal insulation:
Materials like blown- in fiberglass, cellulose, glass wool, rock wool, polystyrene, vermiculite, perlite,
wood fiber, plant straw, cement, and earth or soil provide thermal insulation to a building. They decrease
the amount of flow of heat through walls. The insulation techniques are different for hot and cold places.
For hot places, light colored roof will help and in cold places, using thick insulation layers will be
advantageous. A “blower door” can be used to test doors and windows, how leaky the doors and windows

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Fig.25,4.1: Thermal insulation

➢ Building material:
Use materials with low VOC emission, like cement paints, fiberglass insulation as they do not release
toxins. Materials that reuse waste, which would otherwise have resulted in landfill can be used, for
example - Fly ash, Bricks. Also materials which last a lifetime like PVC pipes can be considered.
Biodegradable material like earthen material should be used. Painting the outside walls with light
colored paint helps in reflecting the heat during summers.

Fig.26,4.1: Building material

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

This research identified the exciting developments taking place on the technology front and analyzes
their implications for intelligent and green buildings, highlighting examples of “best in class” buildings
employing green and intelligent technologies. These buildings are dynamic environments that respond
to their occupants‟ changing needs and lifestyles. This research provided documented evidence to
educate and influence end-users, building owners, architects, and contractors that a “greener building”
can be achieved using intelligent technology and that this “greening” will provide a tangible and
significant return oninvestment.
Green buildings have greater payoffs than the cost to construct them making them a
Good investment over using standard building sites and materials. Many components play into the
construction and design of a green building including location and building materials. Green buildings,
whether they are homes, offices, or schools, are built to reduce pollution, conserve energy used, and to
moreefficiently use renewable resources. Several practices that are now used by those “going green”
were used long ago. Ancient Greeks built homes structured to attract solar heat during the winter months.
Green buildings (aka sustainable buildings) ideas became much more popular during the 1990s. In 1992
the first green building program began in Austin, Texas, the following year the U.S. Green Building
Council (USGBC) was founded and in 1998 they launched the Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED)which is a green building rating system and certification program that is nationally

This research identified the exciting developments taking place on the technology front and
analyzes their implications for intelligent and green buildings, highlighting examples of “best in class”
buildings employing green and intelligent technologies. These buildings are dynamic environments that
respond to their occupants? Changing needs and lifestyles. This research provided documented evidence
to educate andinfluence end-users, building owners, architects, and contractors that a “greener building”
can be achieved using intelligent technology and that this “greening” will provide a tangible and
significant return oninvestment .to all of the above going ‘GREEN’ IS THE ONLY.

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CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES
➢ Cost of Green Revisited : Davis Langdon, Reexamining the Feasibility and Cost Impact of Sustainable
Design in the Light of Increased Market Adoption, (July 2007)
➢ The Economics of Green Building: Piet Eichholtz, Nils Kok, John M. Quigley, USGBC LEED Journal,
(August 2010)
➢ What Does Green Really Cost: Peter Morris, Davis Langdon, The Green issue Feature, PREA
Quarterly,(Summer 2007)
➢ Managing Costs of Green Buildings: Geof Syphers, Mara Baum, Darren Bouton, Wesley Sullens, State
of California’s Sustainable Building Task Force, the California State and Consumer Services Agency
and the Alameda County Waste Management Authority, (October 2003)
➢ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard
189.1-2011 for the Design of High-Performance, Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential.
➢ ASHRAE Energy Standard 90.1-2010 for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential.
➢ .Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver, Gold, and Platinum certification for
green buildings, as well as the LEED Volume certification.
➢ Other American National Standards Institute (ANSI) accredited standards. National Academies of
Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Energy-Efficiency Standards and Green Building
Certification Systems Used by the Department of Defence for Military Construction and Major
Renovations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
➢ Zhang Shichen, Application Analysis of Green Building Design Concept in Housing
Design, Embroidery, No. 11,(2021)
➢ Wang Jie, research on key points of green building design in architectural design, science and wealth,
No. 36, (2020)
➢ .China Construction Association Architects Branch Architectural Technology Committee, Editor- in-
Chief, School of Architecture, Southeast University, China Construction Industry Press, June （2006）

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