LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO - Rituals

HERITAGE TOURISM - Languages

LOCAL HERITAGE AND CULTURE
CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM NATURAL HERITAGE
- Natural sites and cultural aspects
- According to National Trust for like cultural landscapes and physical
Historic Preservation, travelling to biology or geological formations
experience the places, artifacts and
activities that authentically represent the HERITAGE IN THE EVENT OF ARMED
stories and people of the past and CONFLICT
present. - Protection of cultural property
- American for the Arts states that during the time of war and by the thee
based on the mosaic of places, traditions, 1954 Hague Convention where damage to
art forms, the cultural property of any people
celebrations and experiences that define means “damage to the cultural heritage”
the nations and its people, reflecting the (intramuros)
diversity and character.
- According to UNWTO, Cultural HERITAGE
Heritage Tourism is a type of tourism - A features belonging to the
activity which visitors essential culture of a particular society, such as
motivation is to learn, discover, traditions, languages, or buildings,
experience and consume the tangible that were created in the past and still
and intangible cultural have historical importance.
attractions/products in a tourism - It is our legacy from the past,
destination. These attractions/products what we live with today, and what we
relate to a set of distinctive material pass on the future generations.
intellectual, spiritual and emotional
features of society. WORLD HERITAGE
- Is a designation for places on
CATEGORIES OF CULTURAL earth that are of outstanding universal
HERITAGE TOURISM value to humanity and as such, have
been inscribed on the World Heritage
Tangible Cultural Heritage List to be protected for future
- Movable (paintings, sculptures) generations to appreciate and enjoy.
- Immovable (monuments) Places as diverse and unique as the
- Underwater (titanic ship) Pyramids of Egypt, the Great Barrier Reef
Intangible Cultural Heritage in Australia, Galapagos Islands in
- Oral traditions Ecuador, the Taj Mahal in India, the
- Performing arts Grand Canyon in USA, or Acropolis in
Greece are examples of the 1007 natural - Encourage international
and cultural places inscribed on the cooperation in the conservation of
World Heritage List to date. world’s cultural and natural heritagE

UNESCO HERITAGE VS. CULTURE

- Is the United Nations
Educational, Scientific, Cultural HERITAGE TOURISM
Organization, founded on November 16, - Traveling to experience the places
1945. and activities that authentically
- Seeks to encourage the represent the stories and people of the
identification, protection and past
preservation of cultural and natural
heritage around the world considered to CULTURE
be of outstanding value to humanity. - A linkage to the past, representing
This embodied in an international treaty some sort of inheritance to be passed
called the Convention concerning the down to current and future generations
Protection of the World Cultural and both in terms of cultural traditions and
Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO physical artifacts.
in 1972.
CLASSIFICATION OF HERITAGE
MISSION OF UNESCO WORLD ATTRACTIONS
HERITAGE
- Encourage countries to sign the Built heritage attractions – historic
world heritage convention for the townscapes, architecture, archaeological
protection of natural and cultural sites, monuments, historic buildings.
heritage
- Encourage state parties to Natural heritage attractions – national
establish management plans and setup parks, cultural landscapes, caves,
reporting systems geological features.
- Provide emergency assistance for
world heritage sites in immediate danger Cultural heritage attractions – arts,
- Encourage participation of local crafts, festivals, traditional events.
population in the preservation of cultural
and natural heritage Industrial heritage attractions –
- Encourage states parties to the mines, factories.
convention to nominate site within
territory Religious sites attractions –
- Help states parties public cathedrals, abbeys, mosques, shrines,
awareness-building activities pilgrimage routes.
Military heritage attractions – castles, - An interesting and vital part of
battlefields, military museums. living culture is culinary heritage,
cuisine, and floodways.
Literary or artistic heritage
attractions – houses, gardens or HISTORIC CITIED AND BUILT
landscapes, associated with artists and HERITAGE
writers. - Build heritage in non-
industrialized states can be classified in
RELIGIOUS TOURISM general terms into two forms:
- Is one of the most prevalent indigenous/native or colonial.
forms of heritage tourism in the - Many great and ancient cities
developing world today and is among the have become world-class destinations in
earliest precursors of modern-day Asia, Latin America, Africa, the Middle
tourism. East, and Eastern Europe.
- Pilgrimage takes many forms, - They are significant international
but central among these is the desire of gateways and centers of tourism
religious for blessings, become closer to commerce. In most cases, they are they
God. are composed of indigenous architecture
and organic morphology with a
DIASPORA TOURISM substantial mix of colonial influence.
- Diaspora tourism is a form of
ethic and personal heritage tourism, ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES AND
wherein people from various ANCIENT MONUMENTS
backgrounds travel to their homelands - Archeological sites and ancient
each year in fulfillment of predictions monuments are important elements of
that heritage tourism is as much related cultural heritage.
to the individual and social identities of - They are the primary draw, as
the tourists themselves as it is about the noted earlier, for international tourists,
historic places they visit. and their resources, can become
international icons.
LIVING CULTURE - Ruins and ancient sites are
- Living culture is an important important components of indigenous
part of heritage tourism. Agricultural culture in locations where material
landscapes, agrarian lifestyles, arts and culture was a part of a tangible past.
handcrafts, villages, languages, musical
traditions, spiritual and religious INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE
practices, and other elements of the - Other types of heritage resources
cultural landscape provide much of the are important on a worldwide scale but
appeal for tourism. are less prominent in LDCs (Less
Development Countries) building of peace, the eradication of
- Example, industrial heritage has poverty, sustainable development and
become common place in Western intercultural dialogue through
Europe, North America, and Australia, education, sciences, culture,
owing in part to those regions transition communication and information
from fundamentally manufacturing and (UNESCO,2016)
primary, extractive economies to post- - UNESCO extended its
industrial service economies. responsibilities for WHSs to contain
both preservation and stimulation of
LESSON 2: ORGANIZATIONS culture.
RELATED TO WORLD HERITAGE
SITES ORGANIZATIONS RELATED TO KEY FACTS: A SELECTION OF
WORLD HERITAGE SITES UNESCO’S SUCCESS STORIES
• preserves 1073 world heritage sites
- In the north of the Philippines, in 167 countries
the Ifugao rice terraces decorate the • coordinates Tsunami early
sides of the Cordilleras mountains. These warning systems all over the globe
magnificent terraces were created by the • leads global efforts to reach
Ifugao ethnic group, a minority quality education for all
community that has lived in these • Led the reconstruction of the
mountains for thousands of years. Mausoleums in TIkbuktu
- Here, the villagers plant an • Launched the SESAME world-
heirloom rice variety called “tinawon” class research laboratory in the
meaning once per year. According to the Middle East
International Rice Research Institute • Stands up for freedom of
(IRRI), this variety of aromatic rice can expression and condemns the
only be found in three places around the killing of journalists
world. These rice terraces are one of • Angkor Temple was removed
them. Although the tinawon rice is from the List of World Heritage in
organically produced and can be sold for danger
high value, it can be planted and
• Published general histories of
harvested there only once annually
Humanity, Africa, Asia, Islamic
(hence its name).
Culture, the Caribbean
• 193 member states, 11 Associate
UNESCO (United Nations
members, 11,000 associated
Educational, Scientific and Cultural
schools
Organization)
• 177 state parties to networks
- It was founded in 1945.
across 9 Mediterranean countries
- Its mission is to contribute to the
• Designated sites represent to 10
 million km2, equivalent to the dedicated to the safeguarding of Europe’s
size of China diverse and unique religious heritage. It
is the only independent, non-faith, and
THE WORLD HERITAGE non-profit network of charities and
COMMITTEE conservation departments of
- The World Heritage Committee governmental, religious and university
meets once a year, and consists of institutions, and other professionals
representatives from 21 of the states working to protect religious heritage
parties to the convention elected by their buildings across Europe, with over 170
General Assembly. At ita first sesion, the members in over 35
Committee adopted its Rules of countries.
Procedure of the World Heritage - Religious sites
Committee.
- There was a 21 states parties of the ICA- International des Archives
World Heritage Committee - Believes that effective records and
archives management is an essential
ICOMOS – International Council of precondition for good governance, the
Monuments and Sites rule of law, administrative transparency,
- Is a unique non-governmental, the preservation of mankind’s collective
democratic not-for-profit international memory, and access to information by
organization citizens.
committed to furthering the - is dedicate to the effective
conservation, protection, use and management records and the
enhancement of the world’s cultural preservation, care and use of the world’s
heritage. archival heritage through its
- ICOMOS is dedicated to the representation of records and archive
conservation and protection of professionals across the globe.
monuments, groups and sites of cultural - Archives are the documented
heritage. It is the only international non- memory of the nation. Archives inform
governmental organization of its kind the future by helping us to learn form
dedicated to promoting the theory, the past.
methodology and technology applied to
the ICOM- International Council of
conservation, protection and Museums
presentation of monuments and sites. - Is an international organization of
museums and museum professionals
FRH – Future for Religious Heritage which is
- Future for Religious Heritage was committed to the research, conservation,
founded in 2011 as an organization continuation and communication to
society of the world’s natural and TICCIH- The International
cultural heritage, present and future, Committed for the Conservation of
tangible and intangible. the Industrial Heritage
- ICOM is a membership - The International Committee for
association and a non-governmental the Conservation of the Industrial
organization which establishes Heritage, better known by the more
professional and ethical standards for manageable TICCIH (pronounced
museum activities. As forum of experts, “ticky”), is Its goals are to promote
it makes recommendations on issues international cooperation in preserving,
related to cultural heritage, promotes conserving, investigating, documenting,
capacity building and advances researching, interpreting, and advancing
knowledge. ICOM is the voice of education of the industrial heritage.
museum professionals on international
stage and raises public cultural World Monuments Fund
awareness through global networks and (safeguarding the irreplaceable)
cooperation programs. - Is a leading independent
organization devoted to safeguarding the
ORGANIZATION OF WORLD world’s most treasured places to enrich
HERITAGE CITIES people’s lives and build mutual
- Created in 1991 following the First understanding across cultures and
International Symposium of World communities. The organization is
Heritage Cities which took place in July headquartered in New York City with
of that year in Québec (Canada), the offices and affiliates in Cambodia, India,
Organization of World Heritage Cities Peru, Portugal, Spain and UK. Since 1965,
(OWHC) was officially founded on 8 our global team of experts has preserved
September 1GG3 in Fez (Morocco). The the world’s diverse cultural heritage
Organization using the highest international standards
connects with more than 300 cities at more than 700 sites in 112 countries.
having on their territory a site inscribed Partnering with local communities,
on the UNESCO World Heritage List, funders, and governments, WMF draws
with a total population of over 164 on heritage to address some of today’s
million people. They are represented in most pressing challenges: climate
the Organization by their mayor, with change, underrepresentation,
the active participation of elected imbalanced tourism, and post-crisis
municipal recovery. With a commitment to the
officials and heritage managers. people who bring places to life, WMF
- The OWHC’s headquarters are embraces the potential of the past to
located in Québec City (Canada). create a more resilient and inclusive
society.
ICCROM – International Centre for to the Philippines government on
the Study of the Preservation and international and national cultural
Restoration of Cultural Property heritage matters, through the UNESCO
- Is an intergovernmental National Commission of the Philippines
organization working in service to its and the National Commission of the
Member States to promote the Philippines and the National
conservation of all forms of cultural Commission on Culture and the Arts
heritage, in every region of the world. It (NCCA). As such, it holds a permanent
operates in the spirit of the 2001 representative seat at the NCCA’s
UNESCO Universal Declaration in National Committee on Monuments and
Cultural Diversity, which states that Sites.
“Respect for the diversity of cultures,
tolerance, dialogue and cooperation, in a TICCIH PILIPINAS
climate of mutual trust and - is the national committee of the
understanding are among the best Philippines for the International
guarantees of international peace and Committee for the Conservation of the
security”. Industrial Heritage (TICCIH), the world
- Those working on the front lines organization for industrial heritage. Its
of heritage preservation, ICCROM for its goals are to promote international
world-class initiatives in conservation cooperation in preserving, conserving,
training, information, research, investigating, documenting, researching,
cooperation and advocacy. interpreting, and advancing education of
the industrial heritage. TICCIH
ICOMOS Philippines – international Philippines is part of the Asian Network
Council on Monuments and Sites of Industrial Heritage (ANIH).
- Is the duly recognized National
Committee of ICOMOS international in NCCA – National Commission for
the country. As part of the ICOMOS Culture and the Arts Philippines
global network of cultural heritage - is the overall policy making body
experts, members of ICOMOS coordinating, and grants giving agency
Philippines have been working with for the preservation, development and
various local and international promotion of Philippine arts and culture:
institutions and organizations, both an executing agency for the policies it
government and non-government, by formulates, and task to administering the
providing technical assistance in various National Endowment Fund for Culture
fields of heritage conservation. and the Arts (NEFCA) -fund exclusively
- Since its establishment in the late for the implementation of culture and
1980s, ICOMOS Philippines has been arts programs and projects.
active in providing guidance and advice
Heritage Conservation Society
- The Heritage Conservation
Society (HCS) is a non-stock, non-profit
organization advocating the protection
and preservation of our built heritage,
cultural and historical sites and settings,
upholding the Philippine Constitution
that heritage and culture should be
developed and preserved for national
identity.
- HCS is the prime mover and
advocate for the preservation of
Philippine built heritage, through
advocacy and volunteerism, project
Implementation, education and
information, to contribute toward the
establishment of a Society that preserves
and values its cultural heritage.
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

LESSON 1: AUTHENTIC AND INAUTHENTIC PLACES

WHAT IS AUTHENTICITY?

In Etymologically, a root word in ancient Greek “authentikos” means “original, genuine,

pricipal”, which on its turn can be traced back to “authentes” means “one acting on one’s own
authority”.

FAKE TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

➢ The Tianducheng development in Chinese city of Hangzhou a replica of the Eiffel

Tower in Paris
➢ Foamhenge in US state of Virginia a life size replica of Stonehenge from England, made
from giant blocks of Styrofoam by sculptor Mark Cline.
➢ Full-scale replica of the Parthenon is in Nasville, Tennesse. The inspiration for it came in
part form Nashville’s nickname “the Athens of the South” Originally Parthenon is from
Athens, Greece.
➢ Thames Town located 30km outside of Shanghai, China is a replica English town
features mock-Tudor architecture and quintessentially British shops, such as Costa
Coffee and Claire’s Accessories.
➢ The Statue of Liberty from New York, USA has a replica in Odaiba, Tokyo and was
erected in 2000 after a temporary version came to the site in 1998.
➢ The Venetian is a luxury hotel and casino resort in Las Vegas, inspired in Ponte di Rialto
in Venice Italy.
➢ Took 21 years to build the inspiring Taj Mahal. The Bangladesh version, which opened in
2008 was completed in just five, the replica is in outside Dhaka. Originally from Agra,
India.

The degree to which the places that tourists visit are perceived as authentic or inauthentic and
the extent to which places are modified, artificially constructed and organized or marked as
“real” are essential ingredients.

Theorization of authenticity and its relevance has also been addressed as a marketing
concept.

Authenticity has been linked to philosophy, sociology, psychology, anthropology and

cultural studies.

TYPOLOGY – Bruner defines 4 types of Authenticity based on study of New Salem

“authentic reproduction”

1. Authenticity of verisimilitude – the object resembles the original to an extent that will
make the nowadays visitor think it looks like the original.
2. Genuineness – the village would appear true in substance, real.
3. Being original which excludes reproduction – the strictest one, manifested by
individual original objects.
4. Authority – site is authentic because an authority has declared it authentic.
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

AUTHENTICITY BY COHEN

1. As customary practice or long usage.

2. As genuineness in the sense of an unaltered product.
3. As sincerity when applied to relationships.
4. As creativity with special relevance to cultural performances including dance and
music.
5. As the flow of life in the sense that there is no interference with the setting by the
tourism industry or other managers.

There are three main approaches since the issue appeared in scientific literature in 1960 have
been the ones based on objectivism, constructivism, and postmodernism.

➢ Objectivist theory states that reality is mind-independent, authenticity is inherent to the

toured object. The object and the tourist are detached, and authenticity is seen as an
absolute objective quality

BOORSTIN V.S MACCANNELL

➢ MacCannell claims that what tourists actually receive is not authentic

➢ Borrowing the terms from Goffman’s dramaturgic sociology, concept of “frontstage” and
“backstage”
➢ Backstage where authenticity actually resides
➢ Frontstage areas are considered totally inauthentic

Most tourists are content with what the Frontstage offers which is because of the safety
they feel. Backstage has its important role in tourism, it provides the mystery, sense of
intimacy, which creates the feeling of “real”.

ENVIRONMENTAL BUBBLE

Is essentially a social or cultural safety blanket that surrounds the tourist with the known or
familiar, enabling the person to sample the unfamiliar, while not being overwhelmed by it.
Different tourists have different abilities to cope with strangeness.

➢ Major problem with the objectivist approach to authenticity sis that toured sites and
cultures are viewed as static, while this is not true.
➢ Constructivism, main representative in the sociology of tourism is Erik Cohen,
overcomes this. It is founded on the idea that there is no absolute, objective truth.

In essence, Cohen (1972) argued that tourists seeks strangeness only to the extent that it
remains non-threatening.

➢ Tourist choose different destinations if threat levels exceeded their comfort zones,
and would have to use environmental bubbly to reduce strangeness to an acceptable
level.
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

Strangeness reduction broadens the market base, making it more accessible to a large
number of consumers.

➢ minimal strangeness reduction may involve nothing more than signage or directional
arrows.
➢ Provision of multilingual guides who can place the assets in context represents a
stronger form of strangeness reduction.
➢ Creation of purpose-built spaces, such as museums.
➢ Purpose-built cultural theme parks, represent an extreme example of environmental
bubble formation to reassure the more timid.

In closed tourist bubbles such as resort enclaves and cruise ships. Open tourist bubbles,
such as ports of the cruise ships sector, theme parks and urban tourist precincts, facilities and
activities are shared by tourists and local residents.

Culinary environmental bubble provides tourists with protection from the difficulties
associated with the consumption of “foreign” foods and drinks.
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

LESSON 2: IMPACTS OF HERITAGE TOURISM

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of
people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or
business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (tourists or excursionists;
residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which involve
tourism expenditure.

➢ Cultural tourism accounts for about 40% of all tourism worldwide. Cultural tourism
defined by the UNWTO as tourism centered on cultural attractions and products is one
of the fastest growing segments of the tourism industry, accounting for an estimated
40% of all tourism word wide.
➢ tourist look for cultural tourism, historical, or link activity in experiential learning like
participating or involving ourselves.

Bringing cultural tourism back in the game

➢ In 2020 international arrivals plunged by 74% worldwide when in COVID-19 pandemic

has stopped cultural tourism.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACTS – POSITIVE

➢ Revival of lost or declining elements of culture - socially speaking, it has enhancement in

culture ex. Pinoy folk dances they given a cultural dance in hotel to tourist
➢ Social esteem - mismong community it has confident and proud to see that tourist are
happy visiting them.
➢ Social empowerment - give social empowerement
➢ Nurturing of traditional art forms - if there is tourism maraming tao ang gumagawa ng
mga bagong art forms, before food craft but now it has a art forms like tattoo in high
quality
➢ Creation of new art forms that are high in quality.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACTS – NEGATIVE

➢ Conflicting use of socially speaking – Conflicts in the use of social space are manifest in
various forms and situations. When thousands of tourists at a time descend upon small
towns and villages, or hundreds of visitors at individual historic sites, overcrowding
becomes a serious problem. (over population in destination nagagalit na yung mga
locals dahil sa over crowded).
➢ Cultural change - While many forces exist today that have a bearing on how cultures
change (e.g. media, the internet, modernization), tourism is often blamed as one of the
biggest culprits. (pagbabago or pagupgrade ng culture).
➢ Cultural commodification – This occurs when tourist demand for tangible and intangible
culture (i.e. heritage tourism) drives the production and ‘packaging’ of heritage for tourist
consumption. The problem with this is that in the process of commoditization, the
traditional values and meanings associated with music, dance, ceremonies, handicrafts
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

and other artworks are lost as they are performed or assembled as merchandise for
mass consumption.
(binibili or nabibili yung part ng culture like yung bahag sa baguio, hindi nabibigyan ng
respeto at natatapatan ng pera)
➢ Cultural theft – This can be seen from two perspectives: the literal stealing of historic
artifacts and the misappropriation of culture from indigenous people by outsiders.
(example pagnanakaw ng design or patterns in weaving from ph)
➢ Forced displacement – occurs when villages and neighborhoods are moved to make
way for tourism development. Almost always, residents have little choice in the matter
and the compensation offered them is miniscule and hardly compensatory for the trauma
of being uprooted from ancestral lands and having to build a new home in an unfamiliar
region or area (local residents are forced umalis sa lugar kasi maraming tao na ang
nagpupunta or nasisira na yung culture nila at hindi na peaceful)
➢ Disharmonious resident-tourist or destination-tourism relations – All of these negative
conditions – crowdedness, cultural change, cultural commodification, cultural theft,
forced migration and others (e.g. prostitution, crime, poverty) – combine to create
disharmonious resident-tourist and community-tourism relations (pagkawala ng respeto
ng mga tourist sa mga local)

‘The economic measurement of tourism has a long history on many countries’. This history
can be tracked back to the 1930s, and possible economic benefits have been a key
justification for tourism development.

Travel & Tourism GDP accounted for 10.4% of global economy GDP (USD 9,170 billion in
2019) to 5.5% of global GDP (USD 4,671 billion in 2020)

The economic impacts of world heritage status and tourism at world heritage sites

World heritage Status – has an established value in terms of the authenticity and integrity of
heritage and is a strong brand of tourism marketing. However, many WHSs suffer from a lack of
funding, resources and expertise, although part of the aim of the WHSs Convention is to
encourage international cooperation and exchange of knowledge, expertise and funds.

➢ World Heritage status does not secure automatic funding from any public or private
organizations at an international, national, regional or local level
➢ One of the main benefits for World Heritage Sites and their States Parties is access to
the World Heritage Fund (WHF). This scheme for heritage conservation is one of the
positive economic impacts of World Heritage status.

Financial support from government and private organizations

➢ WHSs may be able to gain funding for conservation from their national, regional and/or
local government.
➢ Diversity and strength of local economy.

POSITIVE IMPACT

➢ good contribution to an increase in visitor numbers

HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

➢ visitor numbers to WHSs increase after WHS inscription

➢ increase in the amount of investment
➢ It is vital for tourist destinations, including WHSs, to diversify and strengthen local
industries and businesses to maintain or enhance their economic sustainability. It
is particularly crucial for the destinations where their traditional industries have
been declining. Such destinations are often situated in rural areas or remote islands,
and their long-established industries would be in the primary or secondary sectors.

WORLD HERITAGE SITES AND THE ECONOMY

➢ Diversify and strengthen local industries and businesses to maintain or enhance their
economic sustainability. Particularly crucial for the destinations where their traditional
industries have been declining.
➢ Alternative industries that can make them financially sustainable.
➢ However, if tourist destinations fail to diversify and strengthen local industries, or
develop the local economy only through tourism, negative issues may arise.
➢ Typical example of such problems is the economic overdependence on tourism.
➢ Tourism is seen as an unstable industry since it can be easily affected by external
factors (ex. exchange rates)
➢ Over-reliance on tourism. Increase in visitor
➢ Numbers might be temporary.

POSITIVE IMPACT

➢ Create employment opportunities

➢ Working with tourism
➢ Shift in the main industries
➢ Encourage women’s participation in society
➢ Flexibility
➢ Large difference in visitor numbers between high and low seasons

NEGATIVE IMPACT

➢ Lead to higher cost of living for local people living in or around WHSs.
➢ Anti-tourism movements have become conspicuous at tourist destinations
➢ Local economy may rely greatly on tourism
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

LESSON 3: HERITAGE TOURISM: NATION AND IDENTITY

➢ Omnipresent… but invisible
➢ Distinctly human… no other species has it
➢ Produces cooperation… and a lot of conflict

WHAT IS CULTURE?

➢ It represents the practices of a society: its customary beliefs, social roles, and material
objects that are passed down from generation to generation. It is about how people interact
as observed through social interaction, social relations and material artifacts.
➢ It consists of behavioral patterns, knowledge and values which have been acquired and
transmitted through generations.
➢ Is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, moral law, custom and any
other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

SYMBOLS AND MEANINGS

➢ The system is made up of patterned symbols such as verbal messages, nonverbal cues,
emblems, and icons, as well as their interpretations or their assigned meaning.
➢ Culture is not only speaking a language and using symbols but interpreting those
symbols consistently.
- Traffic lights in South Africa are called “robots”
- In England elevators are called “lifts”
- In urban areas, gang members change the items of clothing that denote gang
membership periodically so that only in-group members know who is “in” and
who is “out”

BASIC ETIQUETTE

➢ Filipino tend to dress modestly especially when in public.

➢ Elderly and those of a higher social status are treated with respect.
➢ In large family size and typically small living quarters, Filipinos are generally not
demanding of privacy.
➢ Many Filipinos avoid blasphemy and cursing as it may cause themselves to lose face.
➢ Filipinos typically have a relaxed approach towards timekeeping and punctuality or
called “Filipino time”.

VISITING

➢ Do not refer to the woman of the house as ‘hostess’ as this has an alternative meaning
in the Philippines that is offensive.
➢ Common practice to remove one’s shoes before entering someone’s home.
➢ Try to accept refreshments offered.
➢ If someone is eating and someone walks fast, many Filipinos will offer the person
passing by to stop and eat. It is how to show respect.
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

EATING

➢ All meals are served with rice. If not serve with rice it is just a snack.
➢ Filipinos use their hands to eat or spoon and fork.
➢ Considered as rule to lean on one’s arms when present at the dinner table.

GIFT GIVING

➢ Presentation is important, it will take considerable efforts to make sure their gifts are well
presented and wrapped.
➢ Gifts are generally not opened when received. Often one will thank the giver and set the
gift aside.

NORMS

To make a good impression on other members of your community there are social norms
that are commonly accepted, such as:

➢ Shake hands when you meet someone

➢ Make direct eye contact with person you are speaking with
➢ Unless the movie theater is crowded, do not sit right next to someone.
➢ Do not stand close enough to a stranger to touch arms or hips. Don’t invade someone’s
personal space.
➢ Do not curse on polite conversation and always avoid racist or discriminatory comments
➢ Do not pick your nose in public and if you must burp or fart say “excuse me”.
➢ Be kind to the elderly, like opening a door or giving up your seat.
➢ If you hit or bump someone by accident, say “I’m sorry”
➢ If someone sneezes near you, say “bless you”
➢ Say “please” when asking for something ans say “thank you” when someone does
something for you
➢ Being on phone, especially a smartphone, is something we all do now throughout the
day.
➢ Put you phone on silent if you are in a meeting, at church, theater, public setting.
➢ Social norms are unwritten rules of behavior shared by members of a given group or
society, norms are patterns of appropriate ways of communicating.

WHY DO PEOPLE COMPLY WITH SOCIAL NORMS?

➢ Social sanctions – people are concerned about being punished if they don’t comply with
some norms or about getting rewarded if they do comply with others,
➢ Group membership – people want to be identified as a member of the group (be large or
small, real or imagined) that follows these rules.
➢ Some norms begin being transmitted as part of children’s early education. These norms
are then so deep-seated, that people follow them without even realizing they are doing
so.
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

WHY IS CULTURE IMPORTANT

➢ Definite starting point when beginning to search for our roots.

➢ Culture is extremely Important if a tribe or ethnic group intends to continue living in the
same fashion as their ancestors.

HOW TO MAINTAIN CULTURE?

➢ one of the most important ways to continue to speak their language. By speaking their
native tongue in their home, they maintain a sense of pride.
➢ this also gives the advantage of being bilingual, which has many cognitive benefits
throughout life.
➢ Hold fast to religious ceremonies and belief patterns is another way to maintain
cultural identity.
➢ Passing religious traditions down to children will help to ensure they do no die out or
become lost over time.

TYPES OF CULTURE

➢ Shared history or geography provides common denominator of a group’s worldview or

lifestyle, and this helps create and reinforce a cultural system of communication,.
➢ This definition may be made on the basis of nationality, ethnicity, gender, profession,
geography, organization, physical ability or disability, community, or type of
relationship etc.

NATIONAL AND ETHINIC CULTURES

➢ These kind of group base on heritage and history that has been handed down among
several generations. Their history is based on traditions, rituals, codes of language,
and norms.
➢ Such socialization promotes and reinforces particular values, beliefs and norms.
➢ Because many people contribute to the creation of a national cultures symbols,
meanings and norms, “national culture” is fairly abstract, so predictions about language
use and what symbols mean can only be generalized.

WHAT IS ETHNICITY?

➢ It is a bit different – ethnic groups share a sense of heritage and history, and origin
form an area outside of or preceding the creation of their present nation-state of
residence.
➢ Ethnic groups, in most but not all cases, share racial characteristics and many have a
specific history of having experienced discrimination.
➢ Culture is based on what people say and do and think and feel as a result of their
common history and origins.
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

CULTURE IDENTITY?

➢ Culture is the values, beliefs thinking patterns and behavior that are learned and shared
and that is characteristic of a group of people. It serves to give an identity to a group,
ensures survival and enhances the feeling of belonging.
➢ Identity is the definition of oneself. It is a person’s frame of reference by which he
perceives himself. Identities are constructed by an integral connection of language,
social structures, gender orientation and cultural patterns.
➢ Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to
monoculture, the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural
decay.
➢ Cultural identity is the identity or feeling of belonging to a group. It is part of person’s
self conception and self perception and is related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social
class, generation, locality or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture.
➢ One’s identity helps determine how a person views the world and behaves in that
world.

PROPERTIES OF CULTURAL IDENTITY

1. Avowal and Ascription: deals with what constructs or produces the cultural
identity and the ways in which these identities are communicated.
- Avowal – Is how one articulates or expresses his/her views about group identity.
It is how one presents oneself to another.
- Ascription – is how others perceive an individual. It is how one refers to others.
This may include stereotypes. Ex how Asians are viewed by Europeans.

Our identity is constructed as a result of how others view us and how we view
ourselves.

- Avowal and ascription are important. Ex insiders describe their culture different
from how it is perceived by others.
- Avowed qualities versus ascribed leads to conflict but resolutions depends on the
status positive of group members.
2. Modes of expression: the use of core symbols (expressions of the group’s
cultural beliefs and that a cultural community share and follow in order to show
that they belong to a particular group, demonstrates shared identity.
- Collier found out that there were some similarities in cultural norms for members
of each ethnic group and there are within group differences with regard to
gender and nature of relationship.
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

3. Individual, relational and communal identity: there are three components to

cultural identity.
a. Individual refers to how an individual interprets his cultural identity
based on his experiences.
b. Relational refers to how individuals interact with one and another (what
is the appropriate behavior).
c. Communal identity is the use of communication in the creation,
affirmation and negotiation of shared identity.
- Researchers can identify or study cultural identity in group by observing
everyday situations, communal activities, rituals, holiday celebrations.
4. enduring and changing aspects of identity: the cultural identity changes due
to several factors which are social, political, economic and contextual.
5. Affective, cognitive and behavioral aspects of identity: this refers to
emotions fully attached to cultural identity in particular situations.
6. Content and relationship levels: refers to the interaction between two or more
individuals.
- The participant of the conversation interpret the choice and meanings of the
words based on their experiences.
7. Salience or prominence: this is the degree to which an identity is demonstrated
in a situation and refers to how much a person’s cultural identity stands out and
attracts attention.
- Influenced by the extent of similarity of difference between two individuals.
- Intensity differs depending on context, situation topic and relationship.
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

LESSON 4: UNESCO HERITAGE SITES IN PHILIPPINES

BAROQUE CHURCHES OF THE PHILIPPINES

➢ Is a serial inscription consisting of four Roman Catholic churches constructed between

the 16th and the 18th centuries in the Spanish period of the Philippines. They are located
in separate areas of the Philippine Archipelago, two at the northern islands of Luzon, one
at the heart of Intramuros, Manila, and the other in the central Visayas Island of Iloilo.

Church of Santo Tomas de Villanueva in Miag-ao, Iloilo

Church of San Agustin in Paoay, Ilocos Norte

San Agustin Church in Intramuros, Manila

HISTORIC CITY OF VIGAN

➢ Vigan is the most intact example in Asia of a planned Spanish colonial town, established
in the 16th century. Vigan is well known for its cobblestone streets, and a unique
architecture that fuses Philippines and Oriental building designs and construction, with
colonial European architecture.
➢ It is located at the river delta of Abra River, along Northwestern coastline of the main
island of Luzon, in the Province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines, Archipelago.
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

RICE TERRACES OF THE PHILIPPINES CORDILLERAS

located in Cordillera Administrative Region

➢ Is an outstanding example of an evolved, living cultural landscape that can be traced as

far back as two millennia ago in the pre-colonial Philippines. The terraces are located in
the remote areas of the Philippines archipelago.
➢ The Ifugao Rice Terraces epitomize the absolute blending of the physical, socio-cultural,
economic, religious and political environment. It is a living cultural landscape of
unparalleled beauty.
➢ The Ifugao Rice Terraces are the priceless contribution of Philippine ancestors to
humanity.

MOUNT HAMIQUITAN RANGE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

➢ A mountain ridge running north-south along the Pujada Peninsula in the south-eastern
part of the Eastern Mindanao Biodiversity Corridor, the Mount Hamiguinan Range
Wildlife Sanctuary has an elevation range of 75-1,637m about sea-level and provides
critical habitat for a range of plant and animal species. The property showcases
terrestrial and aquatic habitats at different elevations, and includes threatened and
endemic flora and fauna species, eight of which are found only at Mount Hamiguitan.
These include critically endangered trees, plants and the iconic Philippine eagle and
Philippine cockatoo.

PUERTO-PRINCESA SUBTERRANEAN RIVER NATIONAL PARK

➢ Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park encompasses one of the world’s

most impressive cave systems, featuring spectacular limestone karst landscapes,
pristine natural beauty, and intact old-growth forests and distinctive wildlife. It is located
in the south-western part of the Philippine Archipelago on the mid western coast of
Palawan, approximately 76 km northwest of Puerto Princesa and 360 km southwest of
Manila.
➢ One of the river's distinguishing features is that it emerges directly into the sea, and its
lower portion is subject to tidal influences. The area also represents a significant habitat
HERITAGE TOURISM REVIEWER-MIDTERMS

for biodiversity conservation. The site contains a full 'mountain-to-sea' ecosystem and
has some of the most important forests in Asia

TUBBATAHA REEFS NATURAL PARK

➢ Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park lies in a unique position in the centre of the Sulu Sea, and
includes the Tubbataha and Jessie Beazley Reefs. It protects an area of almost 100,000
hectares of high quality marine habitats containing three atolls and a large area of deep
sea. The property is home to a great diversity of marine life. Whales, dolphins, sharks,
turtles and Napoleon wrasse are amongst the key species found here. The reef
ecosystems support over 360 species of coral and almost 700 species of fish. The
reserve also protects one of the few remaining colonies of breeding seabirds in the
region.
 Heritage Tourism ( finals) • "To manage tourism effectively, destinations
need to understand the supply side of the
Sustainability and Heritage Tourism process - which involves undertaking an
inventory of tourism assets and infrastructure,
while assessing the scope for growth and the
The suggested steps to developing your tourism
changes over time."
plan are:

1. Analyze the situation • "Understanding tourism is the first step to

2. Formulate goals and objectives managing your site more effectively.
3. Develop strategies Surprisingly, few World Heritage sites collect
4. Identify and prioritize actions (can be accurate data on key tourism indicators. Good
programs, projects and activities) data is the key to both being able to monitor
5. Develop a monitoring and evaluation strategy threats to the site or the host community, and
ensuring interventions are effectively targeted.

Pillar 1: Sustainable economic growth

• Be clear on where and what your
Pillar 2: Social inclusiveness, employment and
'destination' is. A destination is the physical
poverty reduc
space in which a tourist spends their holiday or
Pillar 3: Resource efficiency, environmental
vacation. It includes a full range of services,
protection and climate change
products and experiences:
Pillar 4: Cultural values, diversity and heritage
Pillar 5: Mutual understanding, peace and security
1. The attractions people visit
2. The accommodation in which they stay
Not all tourism is good tourism.
3. The transport arrival hubs
4. The food and drink establishments
GUIDE 1: UNDERSTANDING
utilised
• Every business school in the world teaches. If 5. The retail outlets in which they shop
you can't measure it, you can't manage it. 6. The museums and galleries they visit
You cannot manage tourism or help shape it in 7. Even the city, town, village, or homes
progressive ways without having a basic where the local community resides.
understanding of what it is, how it affects
people and places, and what it can potentially • "To manage tourism effectively, destinations
become with some Inspired and progressive need to understand the supply side of the
interventions. To ensure the scarce resources process - which involves undertaking an
available for tourism development and heritage inventory of tourism assets and infrastructure,
protection are utilised to their full effect, it is while assessing the scope for growth and the
crucial a unified understanding exists across changes over time."
each destination regarding what is successful,
what does not work, and what sustainable
Historic Town of Vigan (Philippines)
opportunities exist for growth or development.
Guide 1: Understanding
Not all tourism is good tourism: some forms
of tourism are much more sustainable, while
What lessons can others take from this?
others may have a negative effect on the
surrounding environment if not managed • Vigan has been transformed through a process
properly. of understanding its heritage tourism potential,
developing an action plan, and by the delivery
• 'If you can't measure it, you can't manage it'. of that action plan through good governance
Why? that has delivered on people's everyday needs
and aspirations, while also taking seriously the
 need for robust conservation of the historic and responsibilities. It should consider
fabric. environmental, economic, social, cultural,
quality, health and safety, aesthetic, and
tourism issues.."
GUIDE 2: STRATEGY
Guide 2-Developing a strategy for progressive
change Ichkeul National Park (Tunisia)
Guide 2: Strategy
• Destinations are more than just the sum of
their parts, and changing the strategy of a
What lessons can others take from this?
destination requires the active support and
commitment from a range of stakeholders. • The OUV of many World Heritage sites,
There must be an appreciation and anticipation particularly natural sites, is derived from their
of the domino effect, as certain changes may unique habitat and the wildlife it attracts.
have unforeseen consequences. With that in However, these conditions are fragile and
mind, there must also be contingency measures require a specific balance of conditions that
in place, as well as a degree of flexibility in the depend on minimal human impact. This
plan chosen. renders their attractiveness as tourist
destinations problematic, and in order to
• To secure stakeholder "buy-in' and maintain the conditions that are valued, the
understanding, it is crucial that there is a inevitable impact of any human visitation must
destination management strategy for be kept to the minimum.
making tourism more sustainable. This
realisation is critical to both the success of the • The Ichkeul National Park was on the Danger
plan and the on-going viability of the World List for ten years before being removed in 2006.
Heritage site, itself. Positive change does not happen over
night! But Ichkeul National Park shows that
• Active support and commitment of with hard work, a clear vision, and the indusion
stakeholders. of the local community, positive change can be
implemented with even the most delicate of
• "Destinations are more than just the sum of sites visited sustainably by tens of thousands of
their parts, and changing the strategy of a tourists
destination requires the active support and
commitment from a range of stakeholders.
Guide 3: Developing effective governance
There must be an appreciation and anticipation
of the domino effect, as certain changes may • Without good management it is virtually
have unforeseen consequences. impossible to bring about the transformation of
tourism that is often necessary to make it
• "The strategy development should also include sustainable and economically effective. Tourism
some careful thinking about future can and must be shaped and managed so that it
scenarios and look at the costs and benefits of is both commercially effective and sustainable
pursuing different objectives - for instance, in World Heritage sites and their environments.
whether an objective is likely to have economic, • "Destination management usually requires
ecological, or cultural impacts that are partnership working across the tourism,
undesirable, or whether the infrastructure transport, infrastructure, and conservation
required for an objective is genuinely feasible sectors. This can be a challenge, as effective
and sustainable.." partnership requires consensus of shared goals,
aspirations, and mutual obligations.
• "A good strategy is quite direct in setting out Professionals from different sectors may be
the issues, risks, challenges, objectives, roles, reluctant to engage with each other or dedicate
 time to gain new skills." people to establish their own businesses and
enter the marketplace."

Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the

Straits of Malacca (Malaysia) Avebury World Heritage site, Wiltshire (United
Guide 3- Governance Kingdom)
Guide 4- Engagement
What lessons can others take from this?
What lessons can others take from this?
• The key lesson from the examples of George
Town and Melaka is to create a diverse body of • The most important message to be taken
stakeholders who are given a platform-whether from Avebury is how important it is to
this is through the creation of a specific facilitate communication between different
organisation responsible for the management stakeholders. When interests in a site are as
of the heritage, or the integration of diverse as those at Avebury, it is vital to create a
stakeholder consultation as standard into the level of understanding between different
management plan. This allows people to share interest groups to avoid feelings of allenation or
their vision of the World Heritage site and disregard in favour others. Through this type of
identify what opportunities they want to communication, it is far more urly people will
exploit, as well as share their own experiences work together in order to uphold these values
of how managerment decisions are affecting
people in the longer term. • It is also necessary recognize the criteria of
a site that leads Inscription may not be felt
widely amongst the local community. For
GUIDE 4: ENGAGEMENT
this reason, it is even more important to
engage with people, find out what they value
Guide 4- Engaging local communities and
most about the and what they find to be the
businesses
positives and negatives of inscription
• Dialogue with local businesses and the Management must be guided by the needs and
community is imperative, even when it is values of the local community: otherwise, no
difficult, or their aspirations clash with management strategy will be sustainable or
protecting the OUV of the site. Remember that lead to a sense of guardianship amongst its
dialogue educates all parties. People start to stakeholders.
learn each other's languages and terminologies,
and over time, understanding grows.
Old and New Towns of Edinburgh (United
Stakeholders will have a greater sense of
Kingdom)
the limits of growth, the responsibilities that
Guide 4- Engagement
fall upon everyone in the destination to protect
its natural or cultural heritage, and also how to
What lessons can others take from this?
deliver benefits sustainably to local people.
Successful, sustainable initiatives have been • The case study offers a great example of a multi-
developed with active, local buy-in and stakeholder effort to create World Heritage
support-local people are the heart of awareness among their local business sector.
sustainable tourism. Moreover, it is proof of the great results that
can be achieved when culture and heritage,
• "It is not beneficial for the local people or tourism and business innovation
visitor experience if the products, services, and schemes/organisations work together towards a
experiences offered are provided entirely by common objective. Finally, it is an excellent
external or foreign businesses. Destinations example of a capacity building-business
should create opportunities for local supporting tool, which has the possibility to be
 adapted to suit other World Heritage stories work in the different spaces within the
destinations. destination - from airports and railways
stations to hotel rooms or the public realm."

Great Barrier Reef (Australia)

• "Be careful not to trap communities
Guide 4- Engagement
through idealised marketing. This can lead
to surprise and disappointment when visitors
What lessons can others take from this?
experience the day-to-day realities of local
• The Eye on the Reef Tourism Weekly lives."
Monitoring Programme is an example of
tourism businesses acting as conse • Make it clear to potential visitors that the
conservational champions of t the Outstanding world's most important historic places offer
Universal Value at World Heritage sites. It amazing experiences, but tourism in these
shows that appropriate, adapted, and flexible places is not a 'free-for-all. There are limits
training programmes, combined with the and certain behaviours that are simply not
development of innovative, participative appropriate for heritage or the host
monitoring tools and reporting platforms, can community."
lead to a successful Inclusion of tourism
operators into monitoring and conservation • "Every World Heritage site should have, at
strategies in World Heritage sites. This the very least, a basic website. However,
illustrates a huge potential in those World surprisingly few World Heritage sites have a
Heritage sites such as the Great Barrier Reef, website available in language visitors can easily
whose large extensiom mean they can only be find via a simple web search."
monitored by relevant authorities or scientists
resources. Finally, it showcases how • "The goal of communication should be to
commitment and long term-cooperation move a potential visitor from knowing very
between the tourism sector, scientists, and little to a deeper understanding of people
World Heritage management authorities can and place, actively behaving in a more
benefit the overall management performance of sustainable manner while visiting, and
a World Heritage site. ultimately becoming a champion of the
destination, as well as a potential donor."

GUIDE 5: COMMUNICATION
Røros Mining Town and the Circumference
Guide 5- Communicating with visitors (Norway)
Guide 5- Communication
• Making tourism more sustainable means
changing the way that tourism happens at a
What lessons can others take from this?
destination. Some of this will be about
infrastructure, but a great deal of it is about • The case of Røros is an example of how
influencing the choices that businesses, encouraging an understanding and
communities, and visitors make. We believe appreciation of a World Heritage site and its
that to make tourism more sustainable, you OUV within tourism stakeholders, as well as
need to become effective at communicating engaging them in its diffusion, can be a strong
with visitors, and that, in turn, means you need tool to promote heritage conservation, as
to enlist the help of tourism businesses and the well as more responsible tourism
host community. operations and visitor behaviour. Moreover,
visitors who are well informed of the OUV, get
• "Clarity in communication is crucial. The to know the tourism offer of a destination in a
best destinations analyse how to make their coherent way and are more likely to have a
 satisfying experience, become heritage
champions", and potential destination What lessons can others take from this?
marketers.
• When developing an infrastructure for a World
GUIDE 6: INFRASTRUCTURE Heritage sta consider what relationships will
be necessary to make this process a smooth
Guide 6- Managing the development of transition. is not only securing Investment for
tourism infrastructure improvement that is important in optimizing
the visitor experience Comwall and West Devon
• According to the World Tourism Council
recognized thes fundamental aspect. Funds
infrastructure is the single most important key
would pay for changes, but the pace would be
to tourism growth and performance. Tourists
much slower without buy-in and support from
use a tiny fraction of their overall visitor
local businesses and authorities.
spending at the actual heritage site in most
destinations; main tourism spending goes
• With community and business cooperation
towards transport and travel, accommodation,
across all sectors, Comwall and West Devon
food and drink and retail and leisure.
able to implement and execute a clear and
Understanding the tourism market is not
achievable integratech marketing strategy
normally the job of heritage managers, but to
throughout an economic recession not only
gain the most economic benefit from visitors
surviving, but theiving. This theme of
they need to develop products, services, or
community buy-ins discussed thoroughly
partnerships that return more financial value.
throughout this Toolkit for a reason. It Inads to
This extra revenue would, in tum, support site
success. Remember it a necessity for your own
management and sustainability.
site and destination when you formulate your
Tourism Strategy and Implementation Plan
• You should undertake destination development
with an awareness of the commercial realities
of your destination: how can you sustainably GUIDE 7: VALUE
encourage increased spending from tourists to
benefit your site and/or local community? You Guide 7- Adding value through products,
also need to be aware that tourism often results experiences and services
in massive increases in the population of some
• Making tourism more sustainable often means
communities, especially during the peak
changing the products, experiences, and
seasons, and this raises many issues about the
services the destination offers visitors. We
sustainability of the destination as a whole
believe that it is essential to offer the visitor a
progressive alternative' to the less sustainable
• "It is essential that stakeholders believe the
options offered previously.
future of the destination can be shaped,
influenced, and ultimately designed to be
• It is also important to offer the host community
fit-for-purpose - this is how great
and local businesses an enterprising and
destinations secure the outcomes they
sustainable commercial vision of the future,
desire. It is about developing a progressive
possibly replacing a current downward spiral
vision for tourism that protects, conserves, and
towards bad choices and negative impacts.
respects important heritage and delivers
outcomes that are desired by the host
• "People visiting some of the world's most
communities."
special cultural and natural sites have a
reasonable desire for products, services,
Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape and experiences they cannot get anywhere
(United Kingdom) else. The perception of the quality of a
Guide 6- Infrastructure destination is a serious matter, and one that can
 be helped in part by the products, services, or simply a force of nature, but this is not the case.
experiences it offers.." Great destinations manage where visitors go,
when they go there, and what they do there.
This is not about controlling or spoiling the
visitors experiences. In fact, it is exactly the
Røros Mining Town and the Circumference opposite. Visitor management ensures that
(Norway) guests of the destination-now and in the future
Guide 7- Value can experience unspoiled and well- thought
through attractions at well-preserved heritage
What lessons can others take from this? sites.

• The case of Røros example of key

• "The crudest way to protect heritage from
stakeholders understanding the fragile link
visitor impacts is to block access or severely
between traditional economic systems and
limit it. Visitors do not have a 'right' to see a site
their historical landscape. It shows how
if it simply cannot sustain the impacts of the
effective it can be when the local community
visitation. If only a set number of people can
Lakes advantage of established networks to
access the site each hour or day, then make this
achieve renewed objectives, as well as the
clear through your interpretation and
importance of appropriate policies.
presentation of the site."
frameworks, and funding support

• It is also proof of how, by mixing a region's Wadi Al-Hitan (Egypt)

unique traditional raw materials and identity Guide 8- Behaviour
with innovation, it is possible create new high-
quality products, economic opportunities, and What lessons can others take from this?
tourism experie that support traditional local
• Fragile heritage requires special measures to
economic systems, identity, and welfare
conserve it, reduce any negative impact, and
preserve the OUV. For the majority of World
• Firmly, it shows the potential of developing
Heritage sites, this will require putting nto
outstanding and inclusive tourism products
place measures that restrict visitor access, such
ining the local assets and unique features that
as set tour routes or visitors pre-booking
already exst
excursions

GUIDE 8: BEHAVIOUR • Wadi Al-Hitan has extensive archaeological

remains, some of which are still undiscovered
Guide 8- Managing visitor behaviour and undocumented, so special measures lave
been taken to ensure that these unexcavated
• Managing visitor movements and influencing
remains are protected and subject to minimal
visitor behaviour are critical aspects of
tourist Impact or unauthorised Intrusion
developing sustainable tourism. Not only is it
(zoning tourist routes and Inac ccessible zones)
often crucial to protecting the values and
Such courses s of action action require require
attributes of the World Heritage site, but it is
man power wer and and the commitment of
also a contributing factor to a high quality
local residents and tour guides Important to
visitor experience. By managing visitor flows,
ensure that the strategy to limit tourist impact
you can minimise the negative effects on the
does not also negatively affect local
host community and maximise the
communities, and that an incentive Ideally
opportunities for them to benefit
financial) exits to ensure the buy-in of
stakeholders.
• There is a common misconception that visitor
movements are beyond control, that they are
 GUIDE 10: MONITORING

Guide 10- Monitoring success with sustainable

GUIDE 9: INVESTMENT tourism

• There are a number of reasons why monitoring

Guide 9- Securing funding and investment
is important for World Heritage sites:
• Sustainability is always to an extent about
financial sustainability. Having enough income • To ensure that the OUV (Outstanding
to sustain the heritage values of the site for Universal Value) of a site is being maintained
future generations is a critical issue. Money
ultimately determines whether all of the • To assess the condition and/or state of
possibilities presented in the previous Guides conservation
are actually feasible.
• To allow outstanding issues to be recognised
• Resources are always finite. Very few sites have and dealt with To allow good practice,
adequate investment to do everything they knowledge, and experiences to be shared
need/want to do, so all sites, to a greater or between states, site managers, and other
lesser extent, need to think about attracting heritage professionals.
additional/new funding and investment to
make the progressive changes necessary for a • "Credibility and buy-in for sustainability
more sustainable destination. depends to an extent on the outcomes being
transparent, accountable, and evidence-based.
• "Sustainability is always to an extent about If you want the wider destination to
financial sustainability. Having enough support sustainability, then you need to
income to sustain the heritage values of the site build the evidence base for it, and encourage
for future generations is a critical issue. Money people to question and challenge your
ultimately determines whether all of the approaches.."
possibilities are actually feasible."
• "The whole point of a strategy and benchmarks
is to provide a measure of what is and what is
Land of Frankincense (Oman)
not working. It is crucial that you commit to
Guide 9- Investment
reviewing progress and analysing the
evidence at appropriate intervals. Ask
What lessons can others take from this?
yourself truthfully whether or not the actions/
• Self-sustainability is the ultimate goal for activities implemented are having the desired
World Heritage sites, although it may be impact on the issues."
more difficult for some -particularly those that
are not equipped for, or are without, the
capacity for accommodating tourists. However,
any site with a consistent number of paying
tourists can design a strategy for self-
sustainability, dependent on factors such as
costs of upkeep, staff, security, etc. The Land of
Frankincense World Heritage site also
illustrates that-no matter how secure a funding
stream may appear-it is always wise to have
contingency measures in place.