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TEST BOOKLET

CSAT APTITUDE TEST– (4737) – 2025

C
Time Allowed: Two Hours Maximum Marks: 200

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1
Directions for the following 3 (three) items: Passage-2
Read the following three passages and answer the items It is hard to find a village in India even in the remotest
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items
parts of the country where there is no school. These
should be based on the passages only.
Passage-1 schools have basic infrastructure; however small or
Abundant supplies of marketable energy such as coal, rudimentary, there will usually be a few classrooms and
oil, and natural gas afford resource-rich countries with
an open space for a playground. India’s success in
geopolitical opportunities and advantages that resource-
poor countries lack. Nuclear energy is arguably the expanding access and extending the reach of education
most complex energy resource because of its dual is creating new challenges, as standards struggle to
utility for civilian power and military weaponry, both of
keep up with rising expectations. Running through the
which have distinct strategic roles. The twentieth
century and the bipolar Cold War that threatened it many layers of Indian society is the deep faith that
have given way to a globalized, multipolar twenty-first education will lead this generation out of poverty,
century with nations turning to nuclear power to meet
providing better livelihoods and opportunities. But this
economic development needs. When international
faith is prompting new questions about the education
control of nuclear energy is combined, these challenges
of twenty-first-century US nuclear power policy appear system. Now that schooling targets have been achieved,
more complex than those of the twentieth century. We and most children are enrolled in school, the question
contend that the legacy principles of US nuclear power
arises: are children learning?
policy established in the twentieth century remain
sound and valid. 2. Which one of the following statements best
1. Which one of the following statements best sums up the passage given above?
reflects the message of the author of the
(a) Ensuring quality learning to match
passage?
(a) Nuclear energy presents complex increased enrolment is a challenge to
challenges in a globalized world, but the India’s education system.
established principles of control can still be
(b) The Indian government prioritizes making
applied.
(b) Controlling access to nuclear energy might basic education available throughout the

be a strategic geopolitical advantage for country, even in remote areas.

some countries. (c) Building schools with basic infrastructure
(c) The 21st century's shift towards a
is the most important factor in improving
multipolar world with a growing need for
nuclear power creates new challenges for the quality of education.
managing this complex resource. (d) Indian society has a strong belief in
(d) Access to marketable energy resources
education as the key to escaping poverty
directly translates to a country having
strong overall economic development. and improving lives.

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 Passage-3 4. There are three members in a family - Ram,
The environment we inhabit is built through our Sita and their son Kush. When Kush will be as
practices: this crucial idea immediately complicates old as Sita is at present, the ratio of the ages of
standard models of the relation between knower and Ram and Sita will be 9 : 8. When Kush will be
world that take subjectivity and objectivity to be
as old as Ram is at present, then sum of Sita’s
ontologically distinct. Philosophy professors are always
age at that time and 9 times of her present age
using things like chairs as examples when explaining
will be 450 years. What is Ram’s present age?
various epistemological views, asking students how
(a) 60 years
they come to know the chair and what that knowledge
(b) 50 years
consists in, but always implicitly treating it as
(c) 70 years
something purely external to the knowing subjects
(d) 40 years
quizzically examining it. The philosophy of practice
insists that human practices are typically social
practices. We build things together—first of all, in that 5. There are 10 trees in a park, and the average

we do so in direct collaboration with others, but second height of these trees is 3 meters. A landscaper

in that our practices are structured by social comes and plants a new, much taller tree that

understandings and norms, and third because the increases the average height of all 11 trees to
environment we inhabit is always already one that 3.5 meters. How tall is the new tree?
humans have built. (a) 7.5 meters
3. Which one of the following statements most (b) 8.5 meters
likely reflects what the author of the passage
(c) 9.5 meters
intends to say?
(d) Data inadequate
(a) Focusing solely on objects, like chairs, in
epistemology might be misleading.
6. There is a bag filled with 17 blue marbles and
(b) The philosophy of practice prioritizes
an unknown number of red marbles. The
building physical structures over other
average colour of all the marbles in the bag is
forms of human practices.
blue. The number of red marbles
(c) The way we interact with the world (our
practices) shapes the world itself. (a) is more than the number of blue marbles.

(d) The philosophy of practice emphasizes the (b) is 16

importance of continuous learning, (c) is 17

improvement, and practical application. (d) cannot be determined.

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7. Three glasses, P, Q, and R, have capacities in 9. Hareesh goes on a college trip to museum by
the ratio of 1:2:3. All three glasses are filled bus. The bus travels 63 km at a certain speed
completely with mixtures of milk and water.
and then travels 72 km at a speed of 6 km/hr
The ratio of milk to water in P is 1:2, in Q it is
more than its original speed. If the bus reached
2:3, and in R it is 3:1. If the contents of all three
glasses are poured into a larger container, what the museum in 3 hours, then what is the

will be the ratio of milk to water in the original speed of the bus?
container? (a) 36 km/hr
(a) 157:203
(b) 72 km/hr
(b) 203:157
(c) 48 km/hr
(c) 213:147
(d) 147:213 (d) 42 km/hr

8. Rahul has four vessels, A, B, C, and D, of equal 10. Arunendra is a staunch devotee of Lord
size, each fully filled with the same type of
Hanuman and fasts every Tuesday. If he walks
mixture. The vessels contain a mixture of spirit
to the temple at an average speed of 6 km/hr, he
and freely available water, with the
concentration of spirit being 50%, 60%, 70%, arrives 80 minutes early. If he walks at an

and 80%, respectively. The contents are mixed average speed of 4 km/hr, he arrives 40 minutes
in a larger vessel. Now, consider the following late. What is the distance between his home and
statements:
the temple, and how much time is required to
1. The ratio of water to spirit in the resultant
reach the temple from his home?
mixture is 7:12.
2. If the mixture is sold at the rate of ₹120 per (a) 12 km and 5 hours 20 minutes

liter and the spirit was purchased at a price (b) 24 km and 5 hours 20 minutes
50% higher than the price of the mixture (c) 24 km and 3 hours 40 minutes
per liter, the profit percentage will be more
(d) 12 km and 3 hours 40 minutes
than 2.5%.
Which of the statements given above is/are
Directions for the following 4 (four) items:
correct?
(a) 1 only Read the following three passages and answer the items
(b) 2 only that follow each passage. Your answers to these items
(c) Both 1 and 2
should be based on the passages only.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
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 Passage – 1 11. What is the most logical and appropriate
Weber theorizes that the cultural values embroiled in conclusion that we can infer from this passage?
the American Protestant ethic, as embodied by seventh- (a) Both Marx and Weber agree that modern
capitalism has historical antecedents.
century Puritans, accelerated the development of
(b) While Weber understands the historical
modern capitalism. He traces this ethic into the 18th origin of modern capitalism, Marx
century, when, exemplified by figures like Ben digresses from any such analysis.
Franklin, the ethic became stripped of its connection to (c) Weber places modern capitalism as one
salvation and the striving for money became manifesting itself in a socially-rooted
system that could be opted out from.
"understood completely as an end in itself." Finally, in
(d) There is no difference in the historical
Weber's contemporary times, capitalism manifested
analyses of modern capitalism put forth by
itself in a compulsory, socially-rooted system from Marx and Weber.
which no one could escape. The 17th century ascetic
protestant, Weber argues, wanted to be a person with a 12. On the basis of the above passage, following
vocational calling; today we are forced to be. Marx's assumptions have been made:
1. Using history as an empirical tool to
project is similar to Weber's in that, while he does not
understand a modern phenomenon
devote himself to the historical circumstances which
eliminates the differences between the
have led to capitalism, he does, like Weber, attempt to approaches and understanding of various
understand how modern capitalism has arisen from the scholars.
capitalism which preceded it. Marx's analysis of 2. The same tool can be used differently by
capitalism is not extremely historical in nature. He different scholars to understand a present
day phenomenon.
discusses the alienated state of modern man via a
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
historical materialistic analysis, theorizing that, (a) 1 only
throughout history, "The mode of production of (b) 2 only
material life conditions the social, political and (c) Both 1 and 2
intellectual process in general." The history of class (d) Neither 1 nor 2
struggle, further, becomes central to his theory. Marx Passage-2
Every country has a set of legal rules that apply to all
describes, for instance, the polarization of proletariat,
citizens or a distinct set of people. The fundamental
bourgeoisie, and petty bourgeoisie into two distinct principle of a democratic nation is that no one is above
groups of workers and capitalists. Under a capitalistic the law, which is also known as the Rule of Law. The
system, "the distinction between capitalist and land- officers of the Government are as equal before the law
rentier, like that between the tiller of the soil and the as any ordinary citizen. It denotes equality before the
law and the absence of arbitrary powers within
factory-worker, disappears and the whole of society
government. Rule of Law subjects every governmental
must fall into two classes – the property-owners and the
action to the test of legality. That is, all official action
property less workers." Thus, Marx, like Weber, should be legal. Therefore, the Rule of Law is a key
contextualizes the origins of modern capitalism, index that determines the quality of good governance in
delineating the historical process by which capitalism a country. Rule of Law is amply imbibed in the
has manifested itself in its contemporary form. Constitution of India. It runs as a golden thread through
the fabric of the Indian Constitution.

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29. a, b, c, d, e, and f are six numbers, such that 18a 31. Which one of the following statements best
= 12b = 9c = 6d = 3e = 2f. What is the value of reflects the central idea of the passage given
(c+d+e+f)/(a+b)?
above?
(a) 5:3
(b) 5:1 (a) Social inclusion is independent of the
(c) 7:3 concept of inclusive development.
(d) 8:1
(b) The uneven development of society can be

30. Saurav can complete a certain project at half attributed to the past models of economic
the speed of Sachin, who can complete the development.
same project at two-thirds the speed of Rahul. (c) Inclusive development is based on the
All of them together complete the project in 12
premise of equity.
days and receive a payment of ₹1,44,000
(which is distributed based on their efficiency), (d) Social structure plays a very pivotal role in
along with a bonus of ₹7,200. The bonus is creating exclusion and inclusion in
divided equally among them. What is the ratio developed countries.
of the earnings of Saurav, Sachin, and Rahul?
Passage-2
(a) 66:36:71
(b) 36:66:71 An ecosystem is a group of animals and plants living in
(c) 71:66:36 a specific region and interacting with one another and
(d) 11:21:31
with their physical environment. Ecosystems include

Directions for the following 3 (three) items: physical and chemical components, such as soils, water,
Read the following three passages and answer the items and nutrients that support the organisms living there.
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items These organisms may range from large animals to
should be based on the passages only.
microscopic bacteria. Ecosystems can also be thought
Passage-1
There has been also a better and wider understanding of of as the interactions among all organisms in a given
inclusive development. The philosophical habitat, and may result in adaptations for mutual
understanding of development has undergone massive
benefit; for instance, the relationship of flowering
change in the last few decades. It is now widely
understood that real and sustained social and economic plants and associated pollinators. People are part of the
progress cannot truly occur if a large segment of society ecosystems where they live and work. Human activities
is marginalized. The Economic and Social Council of can harm or destroy local ecosystems unless actions
the United Nations focused on integrating women and
such as land development for housing or businesses are
the disabled. Development is possible only by mass
participation, which can be possible through the process carefully planned to conserve and sustain the ecology of
of inclusion in the development process by addressing the area. An important part of ecosystem management
the causes of discrimination. Today, we live in a world
involves finding ways to protect and enhance economic
of unprecedented opulence which is monopolized by a
and social well-being while protecting local
microscopic few. We also have a large section of
people living in deprivation and without human dignity. ecosystems.

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32. On the basis of the above passage, the 33. Which one of the following statements best

following assumptions have been made: reflects the most critical inference that can be
made from the passage given above?
1. An ecosystem is a community within which
(a) Free and fair electoral process is essential
members are interrelated.
for a functioning democracy.
2. The process of coevolution occurs within
(b) Maintaining basic features of an electoral
an ecosystem. democracy does not necessarily equate to a
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? perfect, healthy or well-functioning

(a) 1 only democratic system.

(c) Since many democracies are in decline,
(b) 2 only
multiparty systems will be rendered
(c) Both 1 and 2
irrelevant.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) Third-wave democracies are inherently
Passage-3 stable, and won't face the same challenges
Elections are free when diverse parties and candidates as earlier democracies.

can contest and campaign when people and groups can

Direction for the following 2 (two) items:
organize to support their candidates and can criticize
Read the information given below and answer the items
incumbents, and when there is a secret ballot as well as
that follow.
low political violence. Judgments about whether a Consider the following bar diagrams with respect to
country is an electoral democracy can be difficult to students of five classes who appeared in an yearly
make and may be contested. Many democracies have examination.

been in serious decline, but if they avoid complete

constitutional rupture and keep holding multiparty

elections, it can be hard to say whether they still meet

the minimum conditions for electoral democracy.

Among the liberal democracies, partisan and

ideological polarization is often worrisomely high,

34. If the average marks of all the students (of the
while political tolerance and trust have eroded. But five classes combined) is 70, the average marks
many third-wave democracies still seem robust; many of the students of class fourth must be
reversals or degradations of democracy have been (a) more than 10 but less than 20
(b) more than 20 but less than 50
temporary; and emerging autocracies face their
(c) more than 50 but less than 60
formidable obstacles to consolidation.
(d) more than 60 but less than 70

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35. Total marks of the students of class-2 is more 39. In a cricket test match each batsman can get
than that of the students of class-1 by how zero, one or two batting innings to play,
much percentage? depending on whether he gets a chance to bat in
(a) 40% the first or second innings of his team. An
(b) 60% international test cricketer has 3900 runs in 65
(c) 50% innings he has played. His first innings average
(d) 33% is 80 and his second innings average is 30.
What is the number of times the cricketer
batted in first innings and second innings
36. Parveen, Qadri, Rahim and Saleem are cousins.
respectively?
Qadri is 3 kg heavier than Parveen, Rahim is
(a) 50, 15
two times heavier than Parveen, and Qadri is
(b) 39, 26
two times heavier than Saleem. Further, Rahim (c) 45, 20
is 42 kg heavier than Saleem. What is the ratio (d) None of the above.
of the combined weight of Parveen and Rahim
to that of Qadri and Salim? 40. The graph given below shows data for number
(a) 29:16 of constitutional amendments in India per
(b) 16:29 decade. Study the graph carefully and answer
(c) 25:29 the item that follows.
(d) 15:28

37. Sudheer is a pilot for Jet Airways. He has to

cover a distance of 5400 km, but due to bad
weather, he reduces the average speed of the
airplane by 140 km/hr. As a result, it will take
him 3.5 hours longer to cover the same
distance. What is the original speed and the
new time?
(a) 540 km/hr and 13.5 hours
(b) 360km/hr and 18.5 hours What is/are the most logical statement(s) that
(c) 360 km/hr and 15 hours can be made after observing the graph.
(d) 480 km and 18.5 hours 1. The Constitution of India provides for a
distinctive amendment process when
compared to the Constitutions of other
38. In a race, Rahul touches the finish line in 30
nations.
seconds and beats Kunal by 10 seconds. If
2. Indian Constitution is organic in nature; it
Rahul gives a start of 5 seconds to Kunal, then
evolves.
in how much time will he again beat Kunal in
Select the correct answer using the codes given
the race?
below.
(a) 15 seconds (a) 1 only
(b) 30 seconds (b) 2 only
(c) 25 seconds (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) 5 seconds (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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Directions for the following 5 (five) items: Passage-2
Read the following five passages and answer the items Market triumphalism, however, obscured deeper truths
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items
about the structure of modern societies that can only
should be based on the passages only.
misleadingly be imagined in terms of the centuries-old
Passage-1
dualities. In most countries, the state takes more direct
In the 1960s, the growth of financial secrecy
accelerated as Western corporations sought to navigate responsibility for social welfare. Even in such
the new postcolonial order emerging across Africa and countries, however, the state requires access to debt
Asia, and Western elites started chafing at the markets to make good on its promises, as the European
stringencies of postwar social democracy. Financial
debt crisis made clear. Countries around the world
secrecy came onshore as well and in a big way. In
responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in structurally
2019, the Hudson Institute ranked the United States as
the world’s second-worst financial secrecy haven similar ways. Governments worked to get businesses

between Switzerland and the Cayman Islands. That the and individuals sufficient funds to meet their
problem posed by the financial secrecy system has gone obligations. States worldwide have worked to preserve
largely unnoticed should not be surprising. The system markets through the provision of capital and the
is designed to be opaque to both law enforcement and
forgiveness or at least delay of debt obligations,
the public. This gigantic stack of funds, unaccounted
precisely because markets provide the overwhelming
for in economic statistics, has been piling up steadily in
secretive jurisdictions beyond the grasp or even the majority of social welfare.

knowledge of tax officials. Such a diversion of wealth 42. Which one of the following statements best
to unreachable places shifts the tax burden onto the reflects the central idea of the passage given
middle class and poor. above?
41. Which of the following statements can be
(a) Market triumphalism is the result of
inferred from the above passage?
misconceptions about historical economic
1. The lack of public awareness about the
financial secrecy system is likely a result of models.
its intentional design to be opaque. (b) Market triumphalism overlooks the crucial
2. The growth of financial secrecy is solely role governments play in modern societies.
driven by corporations and elites wanting
(c) The European debt crisis proves that
to avoid taxes.
relying on debt markets is a bad strategy
Which of the statements given above is/are
for governments.
correct?
(a) 1 only (d) Since markets provide social welfare,
(b) 2 only governments should prioritize them over
(c) Both 1 and 2 everything else.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
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 Passage-3 44. Which one of the following is the most
Not that he was a quiet and merely studious lad; he important implication of the passage?
burnt the midnight oil of others. He took to staying out (a) All countries need to adopt protectionism
late, frolicking with the wits and roisterers of the town,
so as to ensure that there is no sole winner.
and experimenting with the commandments; until his
(b) Countries need to co-operate on their
exasperated father sent him off to a relative at Caen,
respective trade policies to ensure a
with instructions to keep the youth practically in
mutually beneficial trading regime.
confinement. In 1715, proud of his twenty-one years, he
went to Paris, just in time to be in at the death of Louis (c) De-globalization needs to be pursued as the
XIV. He soon achieved a reputation as a brilliant and inter-connectedness has created trade-
reckless lad. While in the Bastille he adopted, for some related problems for all.
unknown reason, the pen-name of Voltaire, and became (d) World Trade Organization needs to be
a poet in earnest and at length. He passed now almost replaced as it has failed to curb
with a bound from the prison to the stage.
protectionist policies adopted by its
43. What is the most logical assumption that can be
members.
made from the passage given above?
Passage—5
(a) Voltaire's early life was marked by
Ethical questions are central to the study of
rebelliousness and intellectual pursuits.
(b) Voltaire's rebellious behaviour stemmed international relations, as it is a field of study concerned
from a negative relationship with his father. with war and peace, trade and production, and law and
(c) Voltaire only began writing poetry rights. Yet, a persistent conventional wisdom suggests
seriously after adopting his pen name in the ethics is marginal to international relations. This
Bastille. conventional wisdom has two sources. After World
(d) Voltaire's reason for experimenting with
War II, as the discipline of international relations was
the commandments was his religious
taking a new shape in the United Kingdom and the
rebellion.
United States, a number of prominent scholars holding
Passage—4
a realist view on questions of ethics came to dominate
If there are trade wars, and we protect our own turf in
an inter-connected world, the situation is going to be the field. These figures criticized what they saw as the
bad for everybody. There will be no winners. Solace misplaced moralism of earlier scholars who put their
lies in ensuring that it is always a win-win situation: if faith in the power of law and institutions to reform
one wins, it is possible for the other also to do so. But if international relations. Not long after this move, the
only one person wants to win, the so-called losers will discipline of International Relations also began to focus
get together and ensure that this winner also goes down.
on developing a value-free social scientific approach
So we need to be ensuring that all our policies are such
that rejected ethical questions as part of the study of
that we can protect ourselves from the protectionism
international relations.
that seems to be raising its head.

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45. Which of the following is/are the most logical 47. In a hotel two types of rooms are available –
and rational inference(s) that can be made from
the above passage? Deluxe and Luxury. There are some guests
1. Realist paradigm as well as scientific staying in hotel and the average daily earning
approach are skeptical of ethics in
international relations. of the hotel is Rs. 8000. Two new guests came
2. The field of international relations emerged
after World War II. and were charged Rs. 5000 and Rs.20000 for
Select the correct answer using the code given Deluxe and Luxury room respectively. If the
below.
(a) 1 only new average daily earning of hotel is Rs. 4000
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 more than the charge of deluxe room, find out
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 how many guests were staying in the hotel
46. A car moves with a certain speed (S) and initially.
covers a certain distance in (T) hours. Which of
the following shows the relation between S and (a) 8
T?
(1) (b) 9
(c) 5
(d) 7

48. Kamla went to market to buy some vegetables.

(2)
While leaving her house she checked her wallet
and got to know that she has some hundred
rupee notes and some twenty rupee notes. After

(3) shopping she had the same number of hundred

rupee notes as she originally had twenty rupee
notes and the same number of twenty rupee
notes as she originally had hundred rupee notes.
If the remaining money was one third of what
(4) she initially had while stepping out of her
house, find the initial ratio of the number of
hundred rupee notes and twenty rupee notes?
(a) 7 : 1
(a) (1) and (2) only (b) 1 : 7
(b) (2) only
(c) (2) and (3) only (c) 1 : 8
(d) (4) only (d) 8 : 1
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49. Praveen and Pramod are childhood friends who Passage-1
live d km away from each other along a linear Taiwan’s earthquake preparedness is among the most
road. They decide to meet on a Sunday. advanced in the world. The island nation has the most
Praveen leaves his home at 9 am, traveling at a advanced earthquake-monitoring network and early
speed of p km/hr, while Pramod leaves his warning systems. The government constantly updates
home at the same time, traveling at q km/hr. the earthquake safety requirements of the new and
Consider the following statements: existing building stock and incentivises residents by
1. Praveen has walked [(qd)/(p+q)] km before offering subsidies to improve the quake resistance of
meeting Pramod.
buildings. As India is going through a major phase of
2. If they were travelling in the same direction
infrastructural expansion in many tectonically unstable
(instead of walking towards each other),
regions including the Himalayas, sometimes flagrantly
Pramod would have walked [(pd)/(p-d)] km
violating the norms that should be followed in
before meeting Praveen.
ecologically sensitive areas, earthquake safety should
Which statements given above is/are correct?
be of particular concern. All infrastructural projects
(a) Statement 1
must comply with seismic safety regulations. In some
(b) Statement 2
parts of India, traditional architectural styles possessing
(c) Both
earthquake resistivity can be rediscovered and
(d) None
encouraged.
51. Which one of the following statements most
50. Speed of Vande-Bharat express is double of
likely reflects as to what the author of the
Humsafar express and Humsafar express is
three times as fast as passenger train. If passage intends to say?

passenger train covers a certain distance in one (a) Taiwan's frequent exposure to earthquakes

hour and 24 minutes, then Vande-Bharat has driven the development of its advanced

express can cover the same distance in - earthquake preparedness measures.

(a) 21 minutes (b) Stricter seismic safety regulations will

(b) 14 minutes guarantee complete protection from

(c) 28 minutes earthquakes.
(d) 7 minutes (c) India should learn from Taiwan's advanced
earthquake preparedness measures to
Directions for the following 3 (three) items: ensure the safety of its citizens.
Read the following three passages and answer the items (d) Owing to their geography, Island countries
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items are most vulnerable to natural disasters like
should be based on the passages only. earthquakes.
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 Passage-2 Passage-3

An issue that merits attention is that earlier epochs were Political economy is about how politics affects the

less driven by mental faculties than is the case today. economy and how the economy affects politics.

The Industrial Revolution reduced the need for human Governments try to pump up the economy before
elections so that so-called political business cycles
muscle power, and we saw tremendous expansion of
create ebbs and flows of economic activity around
universalised elementary education around the world.
elections. Economic conditions have a powerful impact
Humans increasingly moved from using brawn to brain.
on elections. Political economists have uncovered the
Today, we have the age of Artificial Intelligence
simple (perhaps disturbing) fact that the rates of
dawning upon us. If AI succeeds in fulfilling even a
economic growth and inflation are all the information
fraction of its promise today, most of the lower-level
we need to predict quite accurately the results of the
thinking would move to AI entities. Therefore, humans
past 100 years of US presidential elections. So why
can find employment and maintain their sense of self- don’t elections work to push politicians to choose the
worth only if they can engage in higher-order thinking, best policies? More generally, why do governments
and to do so, humans will have to develop the faculties have so much trouble getting economic policies right?
for higher-order thinking. In other words, the time is Why does the advice of independent observers,
now ripe for the universalisation of higher-level analysts, and scholars go so often unheeded?

cognitive training. 53. Based on the above passage, the following

52. Which one of the following statements best assumptions have been made:

reflects the crux of the passage? 1. The economic situation of any country is
the most crucial factor responsible for
(a) “Human cognition” as a compulsory
determining the political outcome of
subject must be universally introduced
elections.
from class VI onwards.
2. The core philosophy of political economy
(b) Cognitive weakness may have serious
is that diffused interests usually win over
repercussions for the people who want to
concentrated interests.
gainfully participate in the modern socio-
Which of the assumptions given above is/are
economic system.
correct?
(c) The cognitive development of an individual (a) 1 only
does not correlate with socio-economic (b) 2 only
developments. (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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54. 20 litre mixture of milk and water contains milk 56. What is the ratio of the total number of pink
and water in the ratio 3 : 2. 10 litres of the and blue flowers combined to the total number
mixture is removed and replaced with pure of yellow and red flowers combined?
milk and the operation is repeated once more. (a) 1:1
At the end of the two removal and replacement (b) 1:2
operations, what is the ratio of milk and water (c) 2:1
in the resultant mixture? (d) 1:3
(a) 17 : 3
(b) 9 : 1 57. If white flowers were also present in the
(c) 3 : 17 garden, with the average number of flowers
(d) 5 : 3 being 63, white flowers would have been X%
of the number of pink flowers. Find X.
55. Two runners, Maya and Omar, are running on a (a) 104
circular track with a radius of 400 meters. (b) 378
Maya runs at a constant speed of 12 meters per (c) 245
second (m/s), while Omar runs at a constant
(d) 98
speed of 8 meters per second (m/s) in the
opposite direction. Both runners start from the
58. The average age of two teachers and three
same point at the same time. How long will it
students is 25 years. Both the teachers are of
take for Maya and Omar to meet for the second
same age and the ages of three students are in
time after they start running?
arithmetic mean (A.M.) series with the
(a) 20π seconds
common difference 1. If difference between
(b) 40π seconds
age of a teacher and arithmetic mean of
(c) 60π seconds
students is 20 years, then find the age of
(d) 80π seconds
youngest student.
(a) 13 years
Direction for the following 2 (two) items:
(b) 14 years
Read the information given below and answer the items
(c) 16 years
that follow.
(d) 19 years
Consider the following bar diagram that showcases the
number of flowers of different colours in the Mughal
Garden. 59. A container contains 80 litres of pure milk. 8
litres of milk is taken out of it and replaced by
same quantity of water. Again 8 litres of the
resultant mixture is taken out and replaced by
same quantity of water. This step was repeated
one more time. What is the percentage of water
in the final mixture?
(a) 28%
(b) 30%
(c) 27.1%
(d) 26.9%

18 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

60. There are four people working in a farmhouse, 61. Which of the following statements is incorrect
and they are paid according to their weights. about the inference that can be drawn from the
The ratio of Kareena's weight to Karishma's passage?
weight is 3:5, the ratio of Urmila's weight to (a) Climate change is the only factor that leads
Rani's weight is 3:2, and the ratio of Rani's to a spurt in both communicable and non-
weight to Kareena's weight is 1:1. Their communicable diseases.
average income is ₹31,000 per month, and their (b) As urbanisation increases, cities will grow
average weight is 62 kg. Which of the
at the expense of forests to become
following statements is/are correct?
cauldrons of heat and humidity.
(a) Two of them have less than 50 kg of
(c) Climate change has both direct and indirect
weight.
impacts on human life.
(b) Two of them have more than 70 kg of
(d) Both (a) and (b)
weight.
Passage-2
(c) Two of them earn more than ₹35000 per
Exposure to microplastics negatively impacts human
month.
health and has been linked to neurological conditions,
(d) All of the statements mentioned in the
above options are correct. poor cardiometabolic health, and fertility issues. We’re
all continuously exposed to a toxic stew of
Directions for the following 5 (five) items: microplastics, which float through the air, permeate our
Read the following five passages and answer the items water, and settle on our food. That’s because single-use
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items plastic is everywhere — and only nine per cent of it
should be based on the passages only. gets recycled. The rest makes its way into landfills,
Passage-1 oceans, and incinerators, where it gradually breaks
The consequences of climate change, mostly mediated down into tiny particles small enough to enter our lungs
through global warming, adversely affect human, and bloodstreams.
animal, and plant health in several ways: Direct effects 62. Based on the above passage, the following
of heat exposure on the body; extreme weather events; assumptions have been made:
water scarcity; vector-borne and water-borne infections; 1. Plastics are massively used only because of
non-communicable diseases (strokes; heart attacks;
their cost-effectiveness.
diabetes; respiratory disease; cancers); mental health
2. The best way to curb plastic usage is to
disorders; food and nutrition insecurity due to reduced
increase their price manifold.
yield and nutrient quality of crops. Health systems, too,
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
will face increased demand due to these and the
(a) 1 only
movement of displaced climate refugees. They will also
(b) 2 only
be affected by the adverse impact of extreme weather
(c) Both 1 and 2
events on healthcare infrastructure, supply chains and
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
personnel.

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 Passage-3 Passage-4

The nature of war has changed. Combat zones are The media, it would appear, is failing in its duties.

increasingly widespread, weapons are destroyed on a Witness the widespread outrage against journalism in
recent times and the compelling belief that journalism is
larger scale, conflicts are more protracted and the
now more of a public health hazard than a noble public
availability and use of small arms facilitates the use of
service. As an integral part of the political architecture
children as combatants. Even short-lived armed
of security, the media’s function in monitoring security
conflicts affect a child’s health and well-being across
institutions and helping the security practitioner make
the life course and through adulthood. Schools, which
informed decisions regarding the security sector is
have been traditionally safe places, are targeted, and critical. Yet, credible and authoritative media voices
children are often attacked while on their way to or face a greater threat to their ability to function
from school. These attacks violate the Geneva effectively by the very institutions that they are meant

Conventions and result in the death of patients and to hold accountable. The experience of media power

health workers, the destruction of health infrastructure, during the Vietnam War convinced political and
military leaders worldwide that it was imperative to
and increasing barriers to care because of people’s fear
keep journalists under control. Truth, as the undying
of being injured or killed while seeking treatment.
cliche goes, is the first casualty of war. Cliches,
63. What is the most logical assumption that can be
however musty, resurface across generations only
made from the passage given above?
because they contain eternal truths.
(a) Because of the changing nature of war,
64. With reference to the above passage, which of
traditional warfare strategies and tactics are the following inferences can be drawn?
no longer effective. 1. The decline in public trust towards the
(b) Armed conflicts inflict physical harm on media weakens its ability to hold security

children by affecting their health and well- institutions accountable.

being. 2. Wartime censorship by security institutions

(c) The changing nature of war has a hinders media's ability to report truthfully.
Choose the correct answer using the codes
significant perilous impact on children.
given below.
(d) The Geneva Convention establishes the
(a) 1 only
standards of humanitarian law for the
(b) 2 only
treatment of individuals during armed
(c) Both 1 and 2
conflicts. (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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 Passage—5 Direction for the following 4 (four) items:

Two Articles of the Indian Constitution are Read the information given below and answer the items
that follow.
fundamental to the healthy growth of a society: Article
A, B, C, D, E, F, and G are seven friends. D is three
21 which guarantees every Indian citizen the “right to times as old as A. Additionally, C is as many years
life” and Article 47 which explicitly states that “The younger than B as G is to E, and E is to D. The average

State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition age of D and G is 16 years; the average age of A and E
is 11 years; and the average age of B and C is also 11
and the standard of living of its people and the
years. B and C have equal weights. A's weight is 10 kg
improvement of public health as among its primary less than B's; D is 4 kg heavier than E; E is 4 kg heavier
duties…” Till the end of the 4th Five Year Plan (1969- than F; and F is 4 kg heavier than G. H is 16 kg heavier
than A and 14 years older than A.
74), India’s main emphasis was on the aggregate
F’s age is one-fourth of his weight. Additionally, D has
growth of the economy and reliance was placed on the
an age-weight ratio of 9:20 (age in years and weight in
percolation effects of its growth. An alternative strategy kg), and A has an age-weight ratio of 2:5. Furthermore,
of development, comprising an anterior attack on none of them weigh more than 40 kg or are younger
than 6 years. All of their ages and weights are natural
poverty, unemployment and malnutrition in the face of
numbers.
continuing poverty and undernourishment became a
66. By how much is B older than C?
national priority from the 5th Five Year Plan (1974-78) (a) 10%
onwards. (b) 20%
(c) 50%
65. Which of the following is the most logical and
(d) 30%
rational inference that can be made from the

above passage? 67. What is the average age (in years) of A, B, C,

(a) Healthy society does not require quality D, E, F, and G?
(a) 12
education and human values for its
(b) 14
wellbeing.
(c) 15
(b) 4th Five Year Plan depended on the (d) 16
concept of downward filtration to improve
68. What is the average weight (in kg) of A, B, C,
general quality of life.
D, E, F, and G?
(c) Direct interventions have reduced poverty (a) 27
significantly. (b) 29
(d) Nutrition was not given any importance (c) 26
(d) 24
before 5th Five Year Plan.

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69. Consider the following statements: 70. Which of the following is the main idea of the
1. Age of C is equal to the average age of B passage?
and F.
(a) Fourth industrial revolution is leading to
2. Average weight of D and G is equal to that
less disruptions than previous revolutions.
of B and F.
Which of the statements given above is/are (b) Fourth Industrial Revolution is radically
correct? different from its predecessors.
(a) 1 only
(c) Children of every generation have the
(b) 2 only
innate ability to operate the technological
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 equipment in vogue.

(d) Role of different revolutions in liberation

Directions for the following 3 (three) items: of mankind.
Read the following three passages and answer the items
Passage-2

)
om
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items

l.c
Innovation in criminal justice has mainly been in

ai
should be based on the passages only.

gm
@
Passage—1 response to frustrations that many practitioners have

07
15
The first, second and third industrial revolutions 02
felt with the limitations, as they perceived them, of
14

liberated humankind from animal power, made mass

am

traditional approaches. In the course of their normal

el
ne

production possible and brought digital capabilities to

th

work, these practitioners started to experiment with new

an

billions of people. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is

em

ways of dealing with crime problems. Practice

(h

characterized by a range of new technologies that are

th
an

fusing the physical, digital and biological worlds, developed through the experience of what worked in
em
H

impacting all disciplines, economies and industries, and

m

terms of impact on offenders, satisfaction of victims,

la
ee

even challenging ideas about what it means to be

rN

and public acceptability. In particular, it was realised

fo

human.
ed

that the needs of victims, offenders and the community

is

Under previous industrial revolutions, the technology

al
on

generally were not independent and that justice

rs

was changing, but over full lifetimes or a couple of

pe
s

generations. Now we have revolutions that take less agencies had to engage actively with all three to make
ti
en
m

than a generation. You have people who know how to

an impact. There are concerns that the due-process
cu
do

fix a cassette, but their children do not even know what

is

safeguards for rights, equality and proportionality could

Th

it was used for. When my six-year-old son is watching

a movie on a TV screen, he goes to the TV screen and all be lost. Some have argued for completely separate

tries to swipe it. and parallel systems, neither interfering with the other.

22 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

71. Based on the above passage, the following 72. Which one of the following options best
reflects the crux of the passage?
assumptions have been made:
(a) Government officials are not held
1. A holistic approach to criminal justice that accountable for their actions.
considers the needs of offenders and the (b) Government departments function
independently without considering the
community is probably more effective than
bigger picture.
traditional approaches. (c) Government officials prioritise completing
2. There is a potential tension between tasks but avoid collaboration as much as
possible.
achieving a holistic approach to criminal
(d) None of the above
justice and upholding due-process

safeguards. 73. The school management has decided that there

should be two separate sections for class 12
Which of the assumptions given above is/are
biology due to the large number of students
correct? enrolled. Section A will be for girls, and
Section B will be for boys. The average marks
(a) 1 only
for the entire class 12 biology is 78, while the
(b) 2 only average marks for Section A is 90, and for
(c) Both 1 and 2 Section B is 70.
Consider the following statements:
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
1. Boys make up 40% of the biology students.
Passage-3 2. 50% of the number of students in Section B
The fires in Uttarakhand’s Binsar forest have brought is equal to one-third of the number of
students in Section A.
into focus the avoidable, indeed tragic, costs of a siloed
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
governance structure. This is a structure in which (a) 1 only
government officials know what is required of them (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
and, in the main, do their job properly. However, they
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
have limited oversight of the interlinkages between 74. A student had to calculate arithmetic mean of
their responsibility and those of others also involved, 20 positive integers, each of which had 2 digits.
By mistake, during calculation he interchanged
albeit via a different department, and therefore only a 2 digits, say p and q (the original number=pq),
blurred line of sight to the full picture of the problem. in one of these 20 integers. As a result, his
answer for the arithmetic mean was 2.7 more
In this structure, they have little incentive or inclination
than what it should have been. Then p-q equals:
to ask the question, “Can this problem be fully (a) 2
addressed by crafting solutions only through a narrow (b) 3
(c) 6
departmental lens?”
(d) None of these
23 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
75. Saurav visited the Kanha Abhyaranya National 78. Prabhu distributes mangoes, papayas, grapes
Park with his family. The park is home to and oranges every day in the ratio of their
various kinds of animals and birds, including weights 3:2:5:4. The rate of mangoes is 3 times

elephants, rabbits, lions, pigeons, and parrots. the rate of papayas (₹/kg) and the rate of grapes

The ratio of rabbits, elephants, and lions is is 2 times the rate of oranges (₹/kg). Rate of

5:6:8, and the ratio of pigeons to parrots is 2:3. grapes is 70/kg and that of papayas is ₹30/ kg.

If there are 340 heads and 1060 legs in total for Consider the following statements:

these animals and birds, what is the ratio of the 1. Prabhu’s daily average expenditure is more

number of lions to pigeons? than ₹50/kg.

2. Combined expenditure on mangoes and
(a) 3:2
oranges is equal to that on papayas and
(b) 2:3
grapes.
(c) 3:5
3. The ratio of the expenditure on mangoes to
(d) 4:3
that on grapes is 27:35.
Which of the above statements are correct?
76. How many kg of wheat costing Rs 36.60 per kg
(a) 1 and 2 only
must be mixed with 189 kg of wheat costing Rs
(b) 1 and 3 only
17.10 per kg so that 10% may be gained by
(c) 2 and 3 only
selling the mixture at Rs 26.40 per kg?
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(a) 96.5 kg
(b) 100 kg
79. Fruit juice and water are in the ratio of 5:1 in
(c) 103.5 kg
mocktail sample A and in the ratio of 1:3 in the
(d) None of these
mocktail sample B. In what ratio should the
contents of the two mocktail samples be mixed
77. Sea water contains 5% salt by weight. How
so as to obtain a new mocktail sample which
many kg of fresh water must be added to 80 kg contains fruit juice and water in the ratio of 1:2
of sea water for the content of salt in the (assume that the mocktail samples are made up
solution to be reduced to 4% (assume that fresh of the given ingredients only i.e. fruit juice and
water contains nil quantity of salt)? water )?
(a) 15 kg (a) 1:5
(b) 25 kg (b) 1:6
(c) 30 kg (c) 1:4
(d) None of these (d) None of these

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80. Consider the following bar diagram that shows
the weather in Jammu in the month of February
2024.

Consider the following statements:

1. Total number of sunny days and clear days
together was equal to the total number of
rainy days and snowy days.
2. Had there been 5 less sunny days, 3 less
clear days and 8 more windy days, the ratio
of the percentage increase in windy days to
the percentage decrease in sunny days
would be 16:3.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Copyright © by Vision IAS

All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without prior permission of Vision IAS.

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 VISIONIAS
www.visionias.in

ANSWERS & EXPLANATION

APTITUDE TEST–Test (4737) – 2025

Q 1 (a)
Option (a) is correct: The passage acknowledges the change from a bipolar Cold War to a multipolar 21st
century with the growing globalized use of nuclear power. The passage says, “When international control
of nuclear energy is combined, these challenges of twenty-first-century US nuclear power policy appear
more complex than those of the twentieth century”. However, despite these complexities, the passage argues
that the core principles established in the 20th century for US nuclear power policy remain sound and can
be applied in the current global context. This message is logical because it acknowledges the new
challenges, but maintains faith in existing control mechanisms. Hence, option (a) is correct.
Option (b) is not correct: The passage connects resource wealth with geopolitical advantages, and then
highlights the unique strategic role of nuclear energy due to its civilian and military applications. This
suggests a link between controlling nuclear resources and having a strategic edge on the international stage.
However, it does not best reflect the message of the author of the passage. The passage focuses on the global
challenges of nuclear energy and how control can be applied. The given statement focuses on controlling
nuclear energy for the geopolitical advantage of some countries. This does not align with the central theme
of the passage. Hence, option (b) is not correct.
Option (c) is not correct: This message is logical because it connects the key points about the changing
global context and the growing need for nuclear power. However, it does not best reflects the message of
the author. The passage covers a broader theme of nuclear energy challenges and established principles to
control it. The given statement only covers a narrow aspect of the passage of managing nuclear energy in
the 21st-century multipolar world. Hence, option (c) is not correct.
Option (d) is not correct: The passage focuses on the geopolitical advantage of having resources, not their
direct impact on a country's overall economic well-being. Hence, option (d) is not correct.

Q 2 (a)
Option (a) is correct: The passage acknowledges India's success in making schools widely available, even
in remote areas. It says, “It is hard to find a village in India even in the remotest parts of the country where
there is no school”. The passage emphasizes how the focus is now shifting from access to quality. The
passage says, “India’s success in expanding access and extending the reach of education is creating new
challenges, as standards struggle to keep up with rising expectations”. The passage argues that while India
has achieved a significant goal in expanding access to education, the new challenge is to ensure the quality
of that education and make sure children are learning. This shift in focus is both logical and crucial because
simply attending school isn't enough to improve lives. Hence, option (a) is correct.
Option (b) is not correct: The passage says, “It is hard to find a village in India...where there is no school”.
This suggests a strong focus on making schools geographically accessible. Even in remote areas, schools
have "a few classrooms and an open space for a playground." This highlights that the government
prioritizes providing at least a minimal physical space for education, even if the resources might be limited.
However, it cannot be considered as the statement that sums up the passage. The passage revolves around
the central theme of the challenge of maintaining the quality of education while the enrollments are
increasing. This aspect is not addressed in the given statement. Hence, option (b) is not correct.
Option (c) is not correct: While the passage talks about India's success in expanding access to schools, the
focus isn't on this as the sole solution to educational challenges. The key point of the passage is that

1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 widespread access has been achieved, but quality needs more attention. Building basic infrastructure is a
step towards realizing this goal, but not the only or the most important solution emphasized by the passage.
Hence, option (c) is not correct.
Option (d) is not correct: This answer option, though correct, does not sum up the passage. The focus of the
passage is on the challenges of maintaining the quality of education with increased enrollments. The given
statement only talks about the common belief in Indian society about education being a tool to escape
poverty. Hence, option (d) is not correct.

Q 3 (c)
Option (a) is not correct: The passage criticizes the use of chairs as examples in epistemology. It highlights
that these examples implicitly treat the chair as purely objective, something "external to the knowing
subjects". However, it cannot be considered as the main intent of the author of the passage. The passage
argues about our practices which create and influence the environment, making it difficult to claim a purely
objective understanding of it. The given statement mentions only the epistemological aspect of the passage;
it misses the central theme. Hence, option (a) is not correct.
Option (b) is not correct: While the passage uses the building as an example, it is most likely used as a
metaphor for a broader concept. The passage uses the building as an illustration, but the core message
applies to various social practices where collaboration, shared understanding, and a socially constructed
environment play a role. It does not prioritize physical construction over other forms of human practices.
Hence, option (b) is not correct.
Option (c) is correct: The author intends to say that the way we interact with the world (our practices) shapes
the world itself, challenging the traditional notion of separation of subjectivity (knower) and objectivity
(world). The line, "The environment we inhabit is built through our practices” establishes this core idea.
The passage mentions, "philosophy of practice" which emphasizes the social and constructed nature of our
environment. We build things together, and these constructions shape our understanding of the world. In
essence, the passage argues that the separation of knower and world is an illusion. Our practices actively
create and influence the environment, making it difficult to claim a purely objective understanding of it.
Hence, option (c) is correct.
Option (d) is not correct: The given statement is correct in an absolute sense. However, in the context of the
passage, it cannot be considered a correct statement. The passage mentions the philosophy of practice in the
context of social practice for humans. The given statement is beyond the scope of the passage. Hence, option
(d) is not correct.

Q 4 (b)
Let the present ages of Ram, Sita and their son Kush be x, y and z years respectively.
After (y-z) years, Kush will be as old as Sita is at present.
After (y-z) years,
Ram’s age = (x + y - z) years
Sita’s age = (y + y - z) years
According to the question,
(x + y - z) / (y + y - z) = 9/8
or 8 (x +y – z) = 9 (y + y – z)
or 8x + 8y – 8z = 9y +9y – 9z
or 8x + 8y – 9y – 9y – 8z + 9z = 0
or 8x – 10y + z = 0
or 8x = 10y - z ………..(i)
After (x-z) years, Kush will be as old as Ram is at present
After (x-z) years, Sita’s age will be y + (x- z) years.
According to the question,
y + (x- z) + 9y = 450
or x + 10y - z = 450 ….…..(ii)
On putting the value of 10y - z from equation (i), we get:
x + 8x = 450
or x = 50 years
Therefore, Ram’s present age = x = 50 years
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
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Q 5 (b)
We know the average height of 10 trees is 3 meters.
So, the total height of those trees = 10 × 3 = 30 meters.
After planting the new tree, the total height of 11 trees = 11 × 3.5 = 38.5 meters.
Therefore, the height of the newly planted tree = 38.5 - 30 = 8.5 meters
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q 6 (d)
Since the average colour is blue, there must be more blue marbles than red marbles. So, the number of red
marbles < 17.
However, we cannot determine the exact number of red marbles based solely on the given information.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 7 (b)
Suppose capacities of three glasses P, Q and R be 60 litres, 120 litres and 180 litres respectively.
Hence, quantity of milk in glass P = (1/3)×60 = 20 litres
and quantity of water in glass P = (2/3)×60 = 40 litres
Similarly, quantity of milk in glass Q = (2/5)×120 = 48 litres
and quantity of water in glass Q = (3/5)×120 = 72 litres
Quantity of milk in glass R = (3/4)×180 = 135 litres
and quantity of water in glass R = (1/4)×180 = 45 litres
So, quantity of milk in bigger container = (20+48+135) = 203 litres
and, quantity of water in bigger container = (40+72+45) = 157 litres
Required ratio = 203 : 157
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q 8 (b)
Suppose capacity of each vessel is 100 litres.
Total capacity of all four vessels = 4×100 = 400 litres
Vessel A has 50% of spirit, i.e. 50 litres of spirit and 50 litres of water.
Similarly, B has 60 of litres spirit and 40 litres of water.
C has 70 litres of spirit and 30 litres of water.
And, D has 80 litres of spirit and 20 litres of water.
Total amount of water in the resultant mixture = 50+40+30+20 = 140 litres
Total amount of spirit in the resultant mixture = 400-140 = 260 litres
Statement-1:
Required ratio of water to spirit in the resultant mixture = 140:260 = 7:13
Hence, statement-1 is incorrect.
Statement-2:
Total amount of mixture = 400 litres
Price of spirit per litre = Price of mixture per litre + 50% of the price of mixture per litre = ₹120 + 50% of
₹120 = ₹120+₹60 = ₹180 per litre
Total cost price of spirit = 180×260 = ₹46,800
Total selling price of mixture = 120×400 = ₹48,000
Total profit = ₹48,000-₹46800 = ₹1200
Profit% = (₹1200/₹46800) × 100 = (1/39)×100 = 2.56%
Hence, statement-2 is correct.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q 9 (d)
Let the original speed of the bus be X km/hr.
Now according to question,
(63/X) + {72/ (X+6)} = 3
or 9 [(7/X) + {8/(X+6)} = 3
or {(7X+ 42 + 8X)/ X (X+6)} = 1/3
or 45X + 126 = X2 + 6X
or X2 - 39X – 126 = 0

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 or X2 - 42X + 3X – 126 = 0
or (X – 42) (X + 3) = 0
∴ X = 42 km/hr. (neglecting -3, because speed can’t be negative.)
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 10 (b)
Let the distance between Arunendra’s home and temple be ‘d’ km and time to reach from home to temple
be ‘t’ hours.
According to the question,
(d/6) = t-(80/60) [speed = distance/ time]
Or, (d/6) = t-(4/3) ……(1)
Also, (d/4) = t+(40/60)
Or, (d/4) = t+(2/3) …….(2)
On subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we get:
(d/4) - (d/6) = (2/3) + (4/3)
Or, (3d-2d)/12 = 6/3
Or, d/12 = 2
Or, d = 24
Using equation (1),
24/6 = t-(4/3)
Or, 4 = t-4/3
Or, t = 4+(4/3)
Or, t = 16/3 = 5(1/3) hours = 5 hrs. 20 minutes
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q 11 (a)
Option (b) is incorrect since both Marx and Weber touch upon the historical aspects of modern capitalism.
It is clear from this sentence: “Marx's project is similar to Weber's in that, while he does not devote himself
to the historical circumstances which have led to capitalism, he does, like Weber, attempt to understand
how modern capitalism has arisen from the capitalism which preceded it.”
Option (c) is incorrect. It is clearly mentioned, “...capitalism manifested itself in a compulsory, socially-
rooted system from which NO ONE could escape.” Hence, the socially rooted system, as suggested by
Weber, was mandatory and not optional in nature.
Option (d) is incorrect. The passage says, “Marx's project is SIMILAR to Weber's in that, while he does not
devote himself to the historical circumstances which have led to capitalism, he does, like Weber, attempt to
understand how modern capitalism has arisen from the capitalism which preceded it.” Hence, there are
elements of similarity between their work. It does not mean there is no difference.
Option (a) is correct. It is clear from the above explanations. Also, the last line of the passage says, “Thus,
Marx, like Weber, contextualizes the origins of modern capitalism, delineating the historical process by
which capitalism has manifested itself in its contemporary form.” Thus, it can be safely concluded that both
Mars and Weber concur on the historical antecedents of modern capitalism.

Q 12 (b)
Both the statements are mutually contradictory, hence only one of them can be correct. This eliminates
option (c).
Statement 1 is an invalid assumption since the passage implies that despite making use of history, there is
a difference between the works of Marx and Weber. Difference between their works: Marx does not devote
himself to the historical circumstances which have led to capitalism, unlike weber. Similarity between their
works: Both attempt to understand how modern capitalism has arisen from the capitalism which preceded
it.
Statement 2 is a valid assumption. The analyses of both Marx and Weber are similar in that both
acknowledge the role of historical contexts in the emergence of modern capitalism. Hence, they use the
same tool (historical contextualisation) to study a present day phenomenon (modern capitalism).

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Q 13 (d)
Option (a) is not correct: Refer to the line: “The fundamental principle of a democratic nation is that no
one is above the law, which is also known as the Rule of Law.” In the context of the passage, Rule of Law
forms the very backbone of democracy. Therefore, it would be incorrect to say that democracies can exist
even without Rule of Law. Hence, option (a) is not correct.
Option (b) is not correct. While the passage mentions subjecting government actions to the "test of legality,"
it doesn't specify PILs as the most effective method. The passage focuses on the concept of Rule of Law,
not on the specific ways of its enforcement. Hence, option (b) is not correct.
Option (c) is not correct. This statement might otherwise be true. However, in the context of the passage,
we cannot deduce the role of judiciary vis-à-vis the Rule of Law or supremacy of law. Hence, option (c) is
not correct.

Q 14 (a)
Inference 1 is correct. The passage states, “Good Governance, hence, relates to the quality of governance
through attributes such as participation, empowerment, accountability, equity, and justice.” Empowerment,
participation, accountability, justice etc. are intricately related to human rights. Therefore, we can safely
infer that good governance and human rights are mutually reinforcing. Hence, inference 1 is correct.
Inference 2 is not correct. Refer to the line: “Development is no longer determined by economic growth but
by progress in all spheres-political, social, environmental, and cultural.” Development is multifaceted and
not solely based on economic growth. It is possible to have economic growth even without economic
development. However, it is nowhere suggested that the significance of economic growth has diminished
in the overall economic development of a country. Hence, Inference 2 is not correct.

Q 15 (a)
Let the length of the auto be ‘L’ m and the speed be y km/ hr.
Their relative speed, when they move in the same direction = (y-2) km/hr
Their relative speed, when they move in opposite directions = (y+4) km/hr
According to the question,
L/(y-2) = 9
Or, L = 9(y-2) ……(1)
L/(y+4) = 3
Or, L = 3(y+4) …..(2)
Note: We need not convert km/hr into m/sec as they will cancel each other out later on anyways.
From equations (1) and (2), we get:
9y-18 = 3y+12
Or, 9y-3y = 18+12
Or, y = 30/6 = 5 km/hr
Length of the auto, L = 9 × (5-2) × (5/18) = 9 × 3 × (5/18) = 7.5 m
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

Q 16 (c)
Mohan is in Vande Bharat and Rajdhani Express crosses Mohan, i.e. Rajdhani Express travels its own length
to cross Mohan.
Suppose speed of Rajdhani Express is R km/hr and that of Vande Bharat is V km/hr.
Their relative speed in the same direction = (R-V) km/hr
Their relative speed in the opposite direction = (R+V) km/hr
According to the question,
200/(R-V) = 10
Or, 200 = 10(R-V)
Or, 20 = R-V …….(1)
200/(R+V) = 5
Or, 200 = 5(R+V)
Or, 40 = R+V …..(2)
On solving equations (1) and (2):
R = 30 km/hr and V = 10 km/hr
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 Now, their new speeds will be (30+15) = 45 km/hr (for R)
And (10+5) = 15 km/hr (for V).
Required time = [200/(45-15)] [1/(5/18)] = [200/30] (18/5) = 24 seconds
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

Q 17 (d)
Let’s denote Ashok, Balu and Cheenu by A, B and C respectively.
LCM of 10, 12 and 15 is 60.
Now, suppose total work = 60 units
Since, A and B can complete a piece of work in 10 days
Hence, efficiency of (A+B) = 60/10 = 6 units/day …….(A)
Similarly, efficiency of (B+C) = 60/12 = 5 units/day ……(B)
And, efficiency of (A+C) = 60/15 = 4 units/day ……(C)
So, Efficiency of 2(A+B+C) = 15 units/day
Or Efficiency of A+B+C = 15/2 units/day …..(D)
From (D) and (B),
Efficiency of A = [15/2]-5 = 5/2 units/day
From (D) and (C),
Efficiency of B = [15/2]-4 = 7/2 units/day
From (D) and (A),
Efficiency of C = [15/2]-6 = 3/2 units/ day
So, the ratio of the efficiencies of A, B and C = (5/2):(7/2):(3/2) = 5:7:3 ……(1)
Efficiency and time are inversely proportional.
Hence, ratio of time taken by A, B and C to complete a piece of work = (1/5):(1/7):(1/3) = 21:15:35 …….(2)
Time taken to complete the given piece of work by A+B+C = 60 / (15/2) = 8 days [Time = Total work /
Efficiency] …..(3)
From equations (1), (2) and (3), we conclude that option (d) is correct.

Q 18 (c)
Let the number of students in Mathematics and Biology be X and Y respectively.
Now according to question,
X – 10 = Y + 10
⇒ X = Y + 20 ...... (i)
And, X + 20 = 2 (Y – 20)
Putting the value of X, from equation (i), in this equation, we get:
⇒ Y + 20 + 20 = 2Y – 40
⇒ Y + 40 = 2Y – 40
⇒ 2Y – Y = 40 + 40
⇒ Y = 80
Now, X = Y + 20 = 80 + 20 = 100
The number of students in Mathematics and Biology are 100 and 80 respectively.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
Alternate Method:
Solving by options,
On taking option (c),
The number of students in Mathematics = 100
The number of students in Biology = 80
If 10 students left Mathematics and join Biology, then the number of students in both streams is 90 and 90
respectively. Hence, number of students in both streams is same.
If 20 students left Biology and join Mathematics, then the number of students in these streams is 120 and
60 respectively. Hence, number of students in Mathematics becomes twice the number of students in
Biology.
Therefore, our assumption is true. Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
6 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
Q 19 (d)
Let the number of rooms be x and the number of units consumed be y.
B = ax+by (a and b are proportionality constants)
Now, according to the question:
1200 = 24a+720b
Or, 50 = a+30b …..(2)
And, 960 = 18a+600b
Or, 160 = 3a+100b …..(3)
Using (3) - 3x(2):
160-150 = 100b-90b
Or, b = 1
On putting the value of b = 1 in equation (2), we get:
50 = a+30
Or, a = 20
If x = M and y = N, from equation (1) we get:
B = 20M+N
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 20 (c)
Let X be the number of liters of solution A used. (12 - X) will be the number of liters of solution B used
(since the total is 12 liters).
The total amount of bleach in the final solution is the sum of the bleach from solution A and solution B. We
know the desired final concentration is 12%.
So, X × 0.2 + (12 - X) × 0.08 = 12 × 0.12
Or 0.2X + 0.96 - 0.08X = 1.44
Or 0.12X = 0.48
Or X = 4
Therefore, we should use 4 liters of solution A.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

Q 21 (b)
Option (a) is not correct: The passage mentions the wars as potential geopolitical risks that could affect
aggregate supply and lead to higher prices. It doesn't definitively say that these specific wars are the sole or
even primary cause of inflation. They are not the only cause. Also, IMF mentions probability and not
guarantee. Hence, option (a) is not correct.
Option (b) is correct: The passage says, “Although central banks are yet to lower interest rates, investors
may take falling inflation as a cue that central banks will soon push the markets with more money to lower
interest rates”. This implies that Central banks haven't lowered interest rates yet and Investors expect them
to lower rates due to falling inflation. The passage further mentions, “…geopolitical risks such as the
ongoing war in West Asia and Ukraine could affect aggregate supply and lead to higher prices which might
stop central banks from lowering rates anytime soon”. Hence, option (b) is correct.
Option (c) is not correct: The passage mentions, “…investors who have been bidding up asset prices
expecting fresh money from central banks to push up asset prices in the near future may change their mind”.
It implies that investors who expect lower interest rates and more money in the market might change their
minds if that doesn't happen. However, the passage doesn't say that this will lead to their loss. Hence, option
(c) is not correct.
Option (d) is not correct: The passage talks about investors potentially changing their minds if central banks
don't lower interest rates as expected. The given statement is correct in the context of the passage. However,
it cannot be considered as the crux of the passage. This is because the passage mentions the associated
geopolitical risks which are preventing central banks from lowering interest rates as covered in option (b).
Hence, option (d) is not correct.

Q 22 (b)
Inference 1 is not correct. The passage mentions "low economic returns" as a hurdle to reforestation efforts.
There is also a scarcity of government budgetary support. Private sector investment is not likely to be
available for the reforestation of these lands because private rights over public lands cannot be legally
acquired. The author covers mostly the domestic hurdles in reforestation and restoration efforts. There is no
7 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 mention of international support mechanism. Therefore, this answer option is beyond the scope of this
passage. Hence, inference 1 is not correct.
Inference 2 is correct. The passage mentions – “….lack of entrepreneurial and managerial capacity at the
level of the local communities and public service entities.” We have discussed the different institutional
challenges in reforestation efforts. Local communities can be involved with appropriate training and
support. Hence, inference 2 is correct.

Q 23 (d)
Total runs scored by Rohit Sharma in 20 matches = 2 × 100 + 3 × 0 + 4 × 50 + 11 × 40 = 840 runs
Average runs scored by Rohit Sharma in 20 matches = 840/20 = 42 runs
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 24 (b)
Let the least number be X.
Now, according to the question,
18 × 15 = X + 17 × (15 + 0.5)
⇒ 270 = X + 263.5
⇒ X = 270 – 263.5 = 6.5
Hence, the least number was 6.5.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q 25 (b)
Let speed of current = C km/hr, Speed of boat (B) = 20 km/hr
Downstream speed (D) = B+C = 48
Upstream speed (U) = B-C = 32
So, C = (D-U)/2
Or, C = (48-32)/2 = 8 km/hr
Statement-1:
Required ratio = 20:8 = 5:2
Hence, this statement is incorrect.
Statement-2:
Downstream time = 120/48 = 5/2
Upstream time = 112/32 = 7/2
Total time = (5/2)+(7/2) = 6 km/hr
Hence, statement-2 is correct.
Thus option (b) is the correct answer.

Q 26 (a)
Let the speed of Mohua be x km/hr and the speed of Priyanka be y km/hr.
If Mohua takes t hours to complete the journey, Priyanka will complete it in (t + 5) hours.
According to the question,
(70/y)-(70/x) = 5
Or, 70x-70y = 5xy …..(1)
(70/x)-(70/2y) = 3
Or, 140y-70x = 6xy ….(2)
From equations (1) and (2), we get:
70y = 11xy
Or, 11xy - 70y = 0
Or, (11x-70)y = 0
Or, x = (70/11) [y cannot be zero.]
From equation (1):
70×(70/11) - 70y = 5 × (70/11)y
Or, (70/11) = y+(5/11)y
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 Or, 70 = 16y
Or, y = (35/8)
Required ratio = [(70/11)+(35/8)] : [(70/11)-(35/8)] = (560+385):(560-385) = 945:175 = 27:5
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

Q 27 (d)
Total number of guests = 240
Guests having tea = (1/2)(240) = 120
Guests having coffee = (2/5)(240) = 96
Guests having milk = (1/3)(240) = 80
Guests having both tea and coffee = (1/10)(240) = 24
Guests having milk don’t take tea. So, guests having either only coffee or milk and coffee both = 96-24 =
72
There are only 120 guests left who don’t take tea. Hence, guests having both coffee and milk = (72+80)-
120 = 32
Thus, guests having only coffee and only milk are 72-32 = 40 and 80-32 = 48 respectively.
According to the above pieces of information, following is the Venn diagram:

Required ratio = 96 : 40 : 48 = 12 : 5 : 6
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 28 (a)
Relative speed = 90 + 70 = 160 km/hr
Now, Distance = Relative speed × time = 160 × 5 = 800 km
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

Q 29 (d)
Suppose 18a = 12b = 9c = 6d = 3e = 2f = K
So, a=K/18, b=K/12, c=K/9, d=K/6, e=K/3, f=K/2
LCM of 18, 12, 9, 6, 3 and 2 is 36.
a:b:c:d:e:f = 36 [K/18 : K/12 : K/9 : K/6 : K/3 : K/2]
= 2K:3K:4K:6K:12K:18K

So, a+b = 2K+3K = 5K

c+d+e+f = 4K+6K+12K+18K = 40K
Hence, (c+d+e+f)/(a+b) = 40K/5K = 8:1
Thus, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 30 (d)
Let’s denote Saurav, Sachin and Rahul by Sa, Sn and R respectively.
According to the question,
Sa = (1/2)Sn
Or, Sn = 2Sa ……(1)
Sn = (2/3)R
Or, 3Sn = 2R ……(2)
From equations (1) and (2),
2R = 3Sn = 6Sa
Suppose, 2R = 3Sn = 6Sa = k
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 Or, R = k/2; Sn = k/3; Sa = k/6
Or, R = 3k, Sn = 2k, Sa = k (LCM of 2,3 and 6 = 6)
Or, Sa:Sn:R = k:2k:3k
This is the ratio of their speeds of completing the project, I.e. ratio of their efficiencies. Wages are to be
divided among them according to their efficiencies, i.e. one who does more work will receive more share
of the wages.
Hence, ratio of their share in the wages = k:2k:3k
Total wages = 6k
Or, 144000 = 6k
Or, k = 24000
So, Sa = k = 24000; Sn = 2k = 48000; R = 3k = 72000
Bonus (7200) is divided equally among them, i.e. everyone gets (7200/3) = 2400
Thus, Sa’s earning = 24000+2400 = Rs. 26400
Sn’s earning = 48000+2400 = Rs. 50400
R’s earning = 72000+2400 = Rs. 74400
Hence, ratio of their earnings = 26400: 50400:74400 = 11:21:31
Thus, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 31 (c)
Option (a) is not correct: Refer to the line: “The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations focused
on integrating women and the disabled.” The mention of women and the disabled clearly imply social
inclusion. Furthermore, the author talks about mass participation which is impossible without social
inclusion. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that social inclusion is independent of the concept of inclusive
development. Hence, option (a) is not correct.
Option (b) is not correct: The passage criticizes models that exclude large segments of society, but it doesn't
necessarily say that these models are the sole cause of the current inequality. The passage focuses on
development philosophies, not the cause of global inequality. Therefore, this answer option is beyond the
scope of this passage. Hence, option (b) is not correct.
Option (c) is correct: The passage says, “Today, we live in a world of unprecedented opulence which is
monopolized by a microscopic few. We also have a large section of people living in deprivation and without
human dignity.” The author is against the concentration of wealth. The concern for those who are living
without human dignity clearly indicates author’s inclination towards an equitable distribution of wealth.
These arguments are adequately captured in this answer option. Hence, option (c) is correct.
Option (d) is not correct: The author talks about the concept of inclusive development, the philosophical
understanding of development, and the different components of inclusive development. It does not dwell
upon the structural factors behind inclusion and exclusion. Also, there is no specific mention of developed
and developing countries. Hence, option (d) is not quite correct.

Q 32 (c)
Assumption is an unstated or hidden fact which supports the conclusion or arguments made in the passage.
Statement 1 is a valid assumption. First line of the passage says, “An ecosystem is a group of animals and
plants living in a specific region and interacting with one another and with their physical environment.”
Thus, this statement inherently means that an ecosystem is a community within which biotic and abiotic
components interact among themselves.
Statement 2 is also valid. Coevolution is defined as the process of reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs
between pairs of species or among groups of species as they interact with one another. And, the passage
says “Ecosystems also can be thought of as the interactions among all organisms in a given habitat and may
result in ADAPTATIONS for mutual benefit; for instance, relationship of flowering plants and associated
pollinators.” Thus, it can be safely assumed that coevolution occurs in a mutually dependent manner as is
evident from the example cited in the above sentence.

Q 33 (b)
Option (a) is not correct: The passage highlights key elements that contribute to the notion of free elections.
It emphasizes the importance of diverse parties, and candidates being able to contest and campaign, which
ensures a range of choices for voters. Additionally, it mentions the significance of people and groups being
able to organize and support their preferred candidates, as well as criticize incumbents. This indicates the
importance of freedom of expression and the ability to engage in the prevailing political discourse.

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 Statement-2:
If they travel in the same direction, their relative speed will be either (p-q) km/hr {if p>q} or (q-p) km/hr
{if p<q}. However, relation between p and q is not mentioned, so we cannot conclude anything.
If p>q, Pramod will not be able to overtake/meet Praveen. Hence, statement-2 is incorrect.
Thus, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 50 (b)
Ratio of speeds of Vande-Bharat and Humsafar = 2 : 1
Ratio of speeds of Humsafar and passenger train = 3 : 1
Ratio of speeds of Vande-Bharat, Humsafar and passenger train = 6 : 3 : 1
Since time is inversely proportional to speed,
Ratio of time taken by Vande-Bharat, Humsafar and passenger train = 1 : 2 : 6
Let us assume that time taken by Vande-Bharat, Humsafar and passenger train are x, 2x and 6x respectively.
Given that:
Time taken by passenger train = 1 hour 24 minutes = 60 + 24 = 84 minutes
Now, according to the question,
6x = 84 minutes
∴ x = 14 minutes
Hence, time taken by Vande–Bharat express = 14 minutes
Thus, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q 51 (c)
Option (a) is not correct. The given statement is correct in the context of the passage. However, it cannot
be considered as the main intent of the author. The overall message that the author wants to convey is that
India should learn its earthquake-preparedness from Taiwan (and its own traditional architectural styles).
This aspect is not mentioned in the given statement. Hence, option (a) is not correct.
Option (b) is not correct. The passage emphasizes the importance of these regulations, but doesn't claim
they will eliminate earthquake damage. The passage focuses on mitigating risks through safety regulations,
not ensuring absolute protection from earthquakes. Hence, option (b) is not correct.
Option (c) is correct. The passage highlights Taiwan's success in earthquake preparedness, including
“advanced monitoring, building code enforcement, and citizen incentives”. The passage further says “As
India is going through a major phase of infrastructural expansion in many tectonically unstable regions
including the Himalayas, sometimes flagrantly violating the norms that should be followed in ecologically
sensitive areas, earthquake safety should be of particular concern”. This suggests that India's infrastructural
expansion in seismically active areas, sometimes neglecting safety regulations, creates a critical situation.
Overall, the author urges India to prioritize safety measures during infrastructure development to protect its
citizens from earthquakes. Hence, option (c) is correct.
Option (d) is not correct. The given statement can be considered as correct technically. However, it cannot
be considered as the main intent of the passage. The given passage specifically focuses on the Island country
of Taiwan and its preparedness for earthquakes and what India can learn from it. Hence, option (d) is not
correct.

Q 52 (b)
Option (a) is incorrect. The author emphasizes the need to develop higher-order thinking because most of
lower-order thinking would move to AI entities. This might require training the human minds from a young
age. However, there’s no discussion on introducing “Human cognition” as a compulsory subject. Hence
option (a) is incorrect.
Option (b) is correct. The passage mentions, “Humans can find employment and maintain their sense of
self-worth only if they can engage in higher-order thinking, and to do so, humans will have to develop the
faculties for higher-order thinking.” This implies that cognitive weakness could be a big hindrance for
people in modern society and hence there is a need to develop higher-order thinking skills. Hence option
(b) is correct.
Option (c) is incorrect. The passage mentions, “The Industrial Revolution reduced the need for human
muscle power, and we saw the tremendous expansion of universalised elementary education around the
world. Humans increasingly moved from using brawn to brain.” This clearly implies that socio-economic
developments and human cognitive development are interrelated. It would be incorrect to say that they are
not correlated. Hence option (c) is incorrect.
Option (d) is incorrect because option (a) is incorrect.
15 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
Q 53 (d)
Assumption 1 is incorrect. The passage mentions, “Political economists have uncovered the simple (perhaps
disturbing) fact that the rates of economic growth and inflation are all the information we need to predict
quite accurately the results of the past 100 years of US presidential elections.” This implies that economists
in the US can correlate the political outcome through analysis of the economic situation. This causal analysis
is for US only. It is possible that it does not hold good for other countries. Therefore, we cannot say this
rule applies to ‘any’ country. Hence assumption 1 is incorrect.
Assumption 2 is incorrect. The passage mostly talks about the concept of political economy vis-à-vis
elections. There is no mention about the core philosophy of political economy. So, this argument is beyond
the scope of the passage. Even otherwise, this statement is not correct. In political economy, concentrated
interests win over the diffused interests, not the other way round. Hence assumption 2 is incorrect.

Q 54 (b)
The 20 litre mixture contains milk and water in the ratio of 3 : 2. Therefore, the mixture contains 12 litres
of milk and 8 litres of water.
Step 1: When 10 litres of the mixture is removed, 6 litres of milk is removed and 4 litres of water is removed.
Therefore, there will be 6 litres of milk and 4 litres of water left in the container.
It is then replaced with pure milk of 10 litres. Now the container will have 16 litres of milk and 4 litres of
water.
Step 2: When 10 litres of the new mixture is removed, 8 litres of milk and 2 litres of water is removed. The
container will have 8 litres of milk and 2 litres of water in it.
Now 10 litres of pure milk is added. Therefore, the container will have 18 litres of milk and 2 litres of water
in it at the end of the second step.
Therefore, the required ratio of milk and water = 18 : 2 = 9 : 1.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q 55 (d)
To determine how long it will take for Maya and Omar to meet for the second time after they start running,
we need to calculate the time it takes for them to meet once and then double that time.
Circumference of a circular field = 2πr = 800π m
Their relative speed = 12 + 8 = 20 m/s
Time taken for first meet = Distance/Speed = 800π / 20 = 40π seconds
So, Time taken for second meet = 80π seconds
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 56 (a)
Required ratio = (40+70):(30+80) = 110:110 = 1:1
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

Q 57 (c)
Total no. of flowers = Average no. of flowers × Number of the types of flowers
Or, (40 + 60 + 70 + 30 + 80 + X% of 40) = 6×63
Or, 280 + (40X/100) = 378
Or, (2X/5) = 378-280 = 98
Or, X = 49×5 = 245
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

Q 58 (c)
Let the age of each teacher be a years and the arithmetic mean (A.M.) of age of the student be b years.
According to the question,
2a + 3b = 25 × 5
Or 2a + 3b = 125 …… (1)
Also, a – b = 20 .….. (2)
On solving equations (1) and (2), we get:
5b = 85
Or b = 17 years
Sum of the ages of 3 students = 3b = 17 × 3 = 51

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 We know that, ages of three students are in arithmetic mean (A.M.) series with the common difference 1.
So, (x - 1) + (x) + (x + 1) = 51
Or 3x = 51
Or x = 51/3 = 17
So, age of youngest student = x - 1 = 17 – 1 = 16 years
Hence, option (c) is correct.

Q 59 (c)
Let us just focus on milk.
Out of initial 80 liters, 8 liters is taken out. i.e. a decrease of 10%.
This process is repeated again, i.e. again a decrease of 10%. So, this is a case of successive percentage
change.
Net percentage change after second replacement = x + y + (xy/100) = -10 – 10 + 1 = –19%
Net percentage change after third replacement = x + y + (xy/100) = -19 – 10 + 1.9 = –27.1%
So, 27.1% reduction in milk.
Thus, 27.1% of removed milk is replaced by 27.1% of water.
Percentage of water in the final mixture is 27.1%.
Hence option (c) is the correct answer.

Q 60 (d)
Let’s denote Kareena, Karishma, Urmila and Rani by Kn, Km, U and R.
According to the question,

Their average weight = (9y+6y+6y+10y)/4 = 31y/4 = 62

Or, y = 8
So, weights of U, R, Kn and Km are 72 kg, 48 kg, 48kg and 80 kg respectively.
Hence, options (a) and (b) are correct. [We can mark (d) as our answer just by knowing this. No need to
solve further.]
Now, ₹31,000 = 62 kg
Or, ₹1,000 = 2 kg
Thus, income of U = 36×1000 = ₹36,000
Income of R = 24×1000 = ₹24,000
Income of Kn = 24×1000 = ₹24,000
Income of Km = 40×1000 = ₹40,000
Thus, all the options are correct.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 61 (d)
Inference (a) is incorrect. The passage mentions, “Direct effects of heat exposure on the body; extreme
weather events; water scarcity; vector-borne and water-borne infections; non-communicable diseases;
mental health disorders; food and nutrition insecurity due to reduced yield and nutrient quality of crops”.
This implies that climate change can lead to a rise in both communicable and non-communicable diseases.
However, we cannot say that climate change is the only factor leading to increase in communicable and
non-communicable diseases. There could be other factors also. Hence inference (a) is incorrect.
Inference (b) is incorrect. The passage focuses on the physical and psychological impacts of climate change.
The author also mentions how crop quality may be adversely affected; and how existing health infrastructure
would be overburdened. However, there is no indication towards urbanization and its associated
consequences. Therefore, this answer option is beyond the scope of this passage. Hence inference (b) is
incorrect.
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 Inference (c) is correct. The passage mentions the direct effects of heat exposure on human body because
of climate change. Other direct impacts include strokes; heart attacks; diabetes; respiratory disease; cancers
etc. The indirect effects include issues like reduced crop productivity and nutrient quality of crops.
Therefore, it is correct to say that climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on human beings.
Hence inference (c) is correct.
Inference (d) is the correct answer as both options (a) and (b) are incorrect.

Q 62 (d)
Assumptions 1 and 2 are invalid. The passage states the dangers associated with exposure to microplastics
and the extensive presence of single-use plastic. It is also stated that exposure to these microplastics
negatively impacts human health and has been linked to “neurological conditions, poor cardiometabolic
health, and fertility issues.” However, there is no mention of the costs of these plastic materials as stated in
assumption 1. Therefore, we cannot comment on the plausibility of curbing plastic usage by increasing their
price manifold. Hence, both assumptions 1 and 2 are invalid.

Q 63 (c)
Option (a) is not correct: While the passage highlights the transformation of war, it does not suggest that
older strategies are useless altogether. The passage discusses the changing nature of war, but it does not
make any claims about the absolute obsolescence of past military strategies. Hence, option (a) is not correct.
Option (b) is not correct: While the passage mentions schools being targeted and children being attacked, it
does not limit the impact of armed conflicts to physical injuries alone. The passage uses the term "wellbeing"
which suggests a broader impact beyond just physical health – mental, emotional, psychological etc. Hence,
option (b) is not correct.
Option (c) is correct: The passage specifically mentions the increased dangers children face in modern
warfare. It details how conflicts are more widespread; weapons are more destructive; and children are
directly targeted or caught in the crossfire. Examples are provided of how schools and healthcare facilities,
traditionally seen as safe havens, are now under attack. The entire passage focuses on the negative
consequences of modern warfare on children, making this assumption the most logical conclusion based on
the information presented. Hence, option (c) is correct.
Option (d) is not correct: The given statement is factually correct in general sense. However, in the context
of the passage, it cannot be considered as the most logical assumption. The passage only mentions violation
of the Geneva Convention, but does not provide any relevant details on which this assumption can be
validated. Hence, option (d) is not correct.

Q 64 (b)
Inference 1 is incorrect: Media's failing duty is suggested by the mentions of "widespread outrage" and the
belief that journalism is seen as a hazard, not a service. The decline in public trust towards the media is the
effect of the inability of the media to hold security institutions accountable, not its cause. Hence, inference
1 is incorrect.
Inference 2 is correct: The passage says, “…credible and authoritative media voices face a greater threat
to their ability to function effectively by the very institutions that they are meant to hold accountable”. The
passage further mentions, “Truth, as the undying cliche goes, is the first casualty of war”. By linking the
two statements, the passage suggests that wartime censorship by security institutions impedes truthful
reporting by the media, potentially causing the truth to be hidden - a casualty of war. Hence, inference 2 is
correct.

Q 65 (b)
Option (a) is incorrect as the passage mentions health as being important for wellbeing of a society, but
nothing has been mentioned about education or human values. This does not mean they are not important.
Option (b) is correct as the passage specifically mentions “percolation effects of its growth”. The meaning
of words “downward filtration” is exactly the same as “percolation effects of its growth”.
Option (c) is incorrect as nothing has been mentioned about significant reduction in poverty. Though the
passage do mention that direct efforts have been taken to reduce poverty, e.g. when the author mentions
about “anterior attack on poverty”.
Option (d) is incorrect as passage only states that “malnutrition became national priority from the 5 th Five
Year Plan, but it is silent about the importance given to nutrition before 5th Five Year Plan. So, no inference
can be drawn about this period.
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 Explanation of Question 66-69:
According to the given information, we can deduce the following relations:
Age Weight
D = 3A B=C
B–C=E–G=D–E A = B – 10
D + G = 32 D=E+4
A + E = 22 E=F+4
B + C = 22 F=G+4
H = A + 14 H = A + 16
Now, age–weight ratio of D and A are 9 : 20 and 2 : 5 respectively, i.e. if D's age is 9x years, his weight
will be 20x kg. Similarly, if A's age is 2y years his weight will be 5y kg.

If D = 9 years, A would be 3 years old (as D = 3A). This is not possible, as none of them are younger than
6 years. So, D must be 18 years of age. (He cannot be 27 years or more as then his weight will exceed 40
kg.)
So, D is 18 years old and has a weight of 40 kg.
Now, A = D/3 = 18/3 = 6 years old. His weight = 15 kg.
H = A + 14 = 20 years old. His weight = A + 16 = 31 kg
E = 22 – A = 16 years old. His weight = D – 4 = 36 kg
G = 32 – D = 14 years old. His weight = F – 4 = E – 8 = 28 kg
Now, B – C = E – G = 16 – 14 = 2
Also, B + C = 22
So, B = 12 years and C = 10 years
And, as far as weight is concerned, B = C = A + 10 = 25 kg
F = E – 4 = 32 kg
Further, we know that F’s age is one-fourth of his weight, i.e. 32/4 = 8 years.
So, we can conclude that:
Person Age (in years) Weight (in kg)
A 6 15
B 12 25
C 10 25
D 18 40
E 16 36
F 8 32
G 14 28

Q 66 (b)
Required answer = {(12-10)/10} x 100 = 20%

Q 67 (a)
The average age (in years) of A, B, C, D, E, F, and G = (6+12+10+18+16+8+14)/7 = 12

Q 68 (b)
The average weight (in kg) of A, B, C, D, E, F, and G = (15+25+25+40+36+32+28)/7 = 28.71

Q 69 (a)
Statement-1:
The average age of B and F = (12+8)/2 = 10, which is equal to the age of C.
Hence, statement-1 is correct.
Statement-2:
Average weight of D and G = (40+28)/2 = 34
Average weight of B and F = (25+32)/2 = 28.5
Thus, starement-2 is incorrect.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
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Q 70 (b)
Option (a) is incorrect. According to the passage, Fourth Industrial Revolution is even challenging ideas
about what it means to be human. It would be incorrect to say that it is leading to LESS disruptions than
previous revolutions.
Option (b) denotes the central theme of the passage. The passage is written in comparative form where
author compares fourth industrial revolution with other industrial revolutions in the past. Through this
comparison, author discusses how 4th industrial revolution is different: fusion of technologies, fast changing
technology etc. It is even challenging ideas about what it means to be human, which is a radical difference.
Option (c) is incorrect. Author says that her six-year old son tries to swipe TV screen. This does not mean
that Children of EVERY generation have innate ability to operate the technological equipment in vogue.
Option (d) is also incorrect. Author says that the first three revolutions have liberated humankind from
animal power, made mass production possible and brought digital capabilities to billions of people. It cannot
be conclusively established that 4th industrial revolution will also lead to liberation of humankind. Also,
liberation of mankind is one of the aspects covered in the passage. It is not the central idea. Rather than the
role of various revolutions on human liberation, the focus of the passage seems more on the rapidness of 4th
industrial revolution itself.

Q 71 (c)
Assumption 1 is correct: The passage builds this assumption in the following ways:
Frustration with traditional approaches: This suggests the limitations of methods that might not consider all
parties involved.
Focus on what worked: This highlights the development of practices based on their impact on offenders,
victims, and public acceptance, implying a consideration of these different needs.
Realization of interconnected needs: The passage explicitly states that the needs of these groups are not
independent, suggesting the necessity of a more comprehensive approach.
Engagement with all three: This emphasizes the importance of actively involving all stakeholders in the
process.
By outlining these points, the passage suggests that a holistic approach, that considers the needs of various
parties, is a successful outcome of innovation in criminal justice. It may be seen as an improvement over
potentially limited traditional methods. Hence, assumption 1 is correct.
Assumption 2 is correct: The passage highlights two key ideas:
Importance of a holistic approach: This emphasizes the need to consider the needs of victims, offenders,
and the community for effective criminal justice.
Concerns about losing due process safeguards: This highlights a concern that focusing on a broader range
of needs might come at the cost of protection of individual rights.
By presenting these contrasting ideas, the passage suggests a potential tension. On one hand, a holistic
approach might require considering various perspectives, and on the other hand, there's a concern that this
could compromise the established legal safeguards. Hence, assumption 2 is correct.

Q 72 (b)
Option (a) is incorrect: This statement does not reflect the crux of the passage. The passage states that the
officials generally do their jobs, but it is the lack of focus on the bigger picture that creates problems. There
is no mention of the accountability of the officials concerned. Hence option (a) is incorrect.
Option (b) is correct: The passage mentions, “But, they have limited oversight of the interlinkages between
their responsibility and those of others also involved, albeit via a different department, and therefore only
a blurred line of sight to the full picture of the problem.” This implies that there exists a "siloed" structure
where departments focus on their tasks without considering how their work connects to other departments
or the overall goal. Hence option (b) is correct.
Option (c) is incorrect: The passage doesn't say that officials avoid collaboration, just that they lack the
incentive to see how or whether their work fits with that of others. Also, the passage does not compare the
completion of tasks with collaboration. Hence option (c) is incorrect.

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Q 73 (d)
By using alligation method,

Here, ratio of the number of girls to those of boys is 2:3.

If there are 100 students, there would be 40 girls and 60 boys. Hence, the first statement is wrong.
50% of the number of students in Section B = 50% of boys = 30 boys, which is not one-third of girls. Hence,
statement-2 is also wrong.
Thus, option (d) is correct.

Q 74 (d)
The original number is ‘pq’.
Arithmetic mean is more by 2.7, means the sum is more by 20×2.7 = 54.
So, (10q+p) – (10p+q) = 54 [Since qp = 10q + p and pq = 10p + q ]
or q-p = 6
or p-q = -6
Hence, option (d) is correct.

Q 75 (d)
Total no. of birds and animals = 340
Let no. of birds = x ; no. of animals = (340-x)
According to the question,
2x + 4(340-x) = 1060
Or, 2x + 1360 - 4x = 1060
Or, 2x = 300
Or, x = 150
No. of animals = 340-150 = 190
Ratio of pigeons to parrots = 2:3
Or, 2y + 3y = 150
Or, 5y = 150
Or, y = 30
Hence, no. of pigeons = 2×30 = 60 and no. of parrots = 30×3 = 90
Now, total no. of animals = 190
Or, 5z+6z+8z = 190
Or, 19z = 190
Or, z = 10
Hence, the no. of rabbits, elephants and lions are 5×10, 6×10 and 8×10, i.e. 50, 60 and 80 respectively.
Required ratio = 80:60 = 4:3
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 76 (c)
Method І
Cost price (C.P.) of expensive wheat = Rs. 36.60/Kg (3660 paise)
Cost price (C.P.) of cheaper wheat = RS 17.10/Kg (1710 Paise)
Quantity of cheaper wheat = 189 Kg
Selling price (S.P.) of 1 kg of the mixture = Rs 26.40, Gain = 10%.
So the cost price (C.P.) of the mixture = 100/110 × 26.40 = Rs 24. (2400 paise)
Applying allegation,

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 C.P. of 1 kg of the dearer wheat C.P. of 1 kg of the cheaper wheat

(3660 P) (1710 P)

Mean Price

(2400 P)

690 1260

(2400-1710) (3660-2400)
So, Ratio of quantity of expensive wheat to cheaper wheat = 690 : 1260 = 23 : 42.
Let x kg of the expensive wheat be mixed with the 189 kg of cheaper wheat.
Therefore, x/189 = 23/42
⇒ x = 103.5 kg
Method ІІ
Selling price (S.P.) of 1 kg of the mixture = Rs 26.40, Gain= 10%.
So the cost price (C.P.) of 1 kg of the mixture = 100/110 × 26.40 = Rs 24.
Let the ratio of the expensive wheat and the cheaper wheat = d : c
So, (d×3660+c×1710)/(d+c) = 2400
(Cost of the expensive wheat = 3660 P/kg, cost of the cheaper wheat = 1710 P/kg and the mean price =
2400 P/kg)
⇒ d/c = 23/42
Now, let x kg of the expensive wheat is mixed with the 189 kg of the cheaper wheat.
So, x/189 = 23/42
⇒ x = 103.5 kg
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

Q 77 (d)
Let x kg of fresh water is added to the sea water.
So, (Quantity of salt)/(Quantity of salt+Quantity of water) = (5% of 80)/(80+x) = 4/100 (4% salt solution
is required)
⇒ 4/(80+x) = 4/100 (5% of 80 = 4)
⇒ 80 + x = 100
⇒ x = 20 kg
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 78 (d)
Mangoes, papayas, grapes and oranges are distributed in the ratio of their weights 3:2:5:4.
Rate of mangoes =3 × the rate of papayas =3×30 = ₹90
Rate of grapes = 2 × the rate of oranges
Or, the rate of oranges = the rate of grapes / 2 = 70/2 = ₹35
Statement-1:
Average expenditure of Prabhu = (3×90 + 2×30 + 5×70 + 4×35) / (3+2+5+4) = 820/14 = ₹58.57
Hence, statement-1 is correct.
Statement-2:
Expenditure on mangoes and oranges =3×90 + 4×35 = 270+140 = ₹410
Expenditure on papayas and grapes = 2×30 + 5x70 = ₹410
Hence, statement-2 is correct.
Statement-3:
The ratio of expenditure on Mangoes to grapes = (3×90):(5×70) = 270:350 = 27:35
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 Hence, statement-3 is correct.
Thus, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 79 (b)
Method І
Initial ratio of fruit juice and water in mocktail sample A = 5/5+1 = 5/6.
Initial ratio of fruit juice and water in mocktail sample B = 1/1+3 = ¼.
Final ratio of fruit juice and water in the mixture = 1/1+2 = 1/3.

So, the required ratio = 1/12 : 1/2

= 1/12 × 12 : 1/2 × 12 = 1 : 6
Method ІІ
Let us solve the problem with respect to the ratio of water in mocktail samples.
Initial ratio of water and fruit juice in mocktail sample A = 1/5+1 = 1/6.
Initial ratio of water and fruit juice in mocktail sample B = 3/1+3 = 3/4.
Final ratio of water and fruit juice in the mixture = 2/1+2 = 2/3.
Let the contents of the sample A and the sample B be mixed in the ratio of x : y.
So, [(1/6)x+(3/4)y]/(x+y) = 2/3
⇒ (3/6)x + (9/4)y = 2x + 2y
⇒ x/y = 1/6
⇒ x : y = 1 : 6.
Thus, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q 80 (d)
Statement-1:
Total no. of sunny days and clear days together = 8 + 8 = 16
Total no. of rainy days and snowy days = 4 + 6 = 10
Hence, statement-1 is incorrect.
Statement-2:
Percentage increase in windy days = (8/3) × 100 = 800/3
Percentage decrease in sunny days = (5/8) × 100 = 500/8
Required ratio = (800/3):(500/8) = 64:15
Hence, statement-2 is also incorrect.
Thus, option (d) is the correct answer.

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