JUNIOR – UNIT 4

U3 HW answers

Holiday Rentals

Part 1 – Questions 1-10

1. 28th 6. parking
2. 550 7. wood
3. Chevril 8. bridge
4. Garage 9. monument
5. garden 10. March

Greek Island Holidays

Part 1 – Questions 1-10

1. 300 6. 10,000
2. Sunshade 7. relative
3. balcony 8. missed
4. forests 9. item
5. 319 10. Ludlow

I. Lead-in

Activity 1: The images below are depicting habits. Label the images using the correct words in the box

go on a diet; journaling; stay hydrated; being productive; smoking;

procrastination; staying up

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 READING PRACTICE

Activity 1: You are going to read a passage about habits. First, look at the title of the passage

Breaking the habit

We all think we can break our bad habits — but they can stay with us for life

What do you think the passage will be about? Choose the correct answer, A-D
a Most people have bad habits that they'd like to break.
b It can be extremely hard to break a bad habit.
c People pick up most of their bad habits while they are growing up.
d People are not always aware that they have bad habits.

TIP #1

Look at the title of the passage first. Sometimes, you can

predict what the passage will say just by reading the title

Now, spend 4 minutes and read the passage quickly. Ignore the underlined words

Where can you find a passage like this?

a. In a newspaper
b. In a fashion magazine
c. In a scientific article

Activity 2: Look at the summaries of the passage below. Choose the correct summary

A - The reading explores the difficulty of breaking B - The reading discusses how habits, often formed
bad habits, which are behaviors we perform in childhood, are difficult to break once they
automatically, often with negative consequences. become automatic. A study found that behaviors
Early habits, like thumb-sucking, can be broken we learn in our childhood tend to be forgotten over
easily, but habits formed later in life are harder to time, especially when under stress.
change. This suggests that bad habits become
ingrained in our memory and automatic behavior,
making it challenging to break them, even with
good intentions.

Activity 3: Pay attention to the underlined words in the passage. Match them with their definitions

ingrained
1. _________________: Something that is stuck in your mind or behavior, and hard to change.
split
2. _________________: To break or divide something into two or more parts.
consciously
3. _________________: When you know exactly what you're doing and are thinking about it.
get rid of
4. _________________: To remove or throw something away because you don’t want it anymore.
unintentionally Doing something by accident, without meaning to.
5. _________________:
automatic
6. _________________: Happening by itself or without thinking because you’ve done it so many times before.

Breaking the habit

We all think we can break our bad habits — but they can stay with us for life

A What is a bad habit? The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly, almost
without thinking about it, and which has some sort of negative consequence. This consequence could affect

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those around us, or it could affect us personally. Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.

B Many early habits, like sucking our thumb, are broken when we are very young. We are either told to stop
doing it by our parents, or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit,
and we gradually get rid of these behavior. It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits
in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem. Unless we can break that habit early on,
it becomes a part of our life, and becomes 'programmed' into our brain.

C A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits, it is the
old ways that tend to win, especially in situations where we are rushed, stressed or overworked. Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back. During the study programme, the researchers
showed a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them (for example,
see a picture of tea, and associate it with 'breakfast'). They then showed the volunteers the same pictures
again, and gave them new words to associate with them (see a picture of tea, and say 'afternoon').

D A few days later, the volunteers were given a test. The researchers showed them the pictures, and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one. It came as no surprise that their
answers were split between the first set of words and the second. Two weeks later, they were given the same
test again. This time, most of them only gave the first set of words and appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set. The study confirms that the behavior we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.
We may try to change our ways, but after a while, the response that comes to mind first is usually the first
one we learned. The more that response is used, the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes
to respond in any other way.

E The study therefore suggests that over time, our bad habits also become automatic, ingrained behaviour.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them. Even when we try to put new, good intentions into practice, those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic, unconscious forms of memory.

Activity 4: Scan the passage and look for the following information. Match the paragraphs (A-E) to the
information

1. D
A comparison between 2 stages of a research ______
2. A
A definition of bad habits ______
3. E
An explanation for why bad habits remain ______
4. B
Examples of bad habits ______

Activity 5: Identify the writer’s opinion

Answering Yes/No/Not Given questions

In this task type, you will have to identify and compare the writer’s opinion with the questions. Use the
key words in the questions to locate where you can find the information in the passage, and read
carefully to compare the information in the question with the passage

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Do the statements below match what the author says in the passage? Choose the correct answer

Text Questions
We usually break bad habits when we are very
young
Many early habits, like sucking our thumb, are
a. The statement agrees with the writer
broken when we are very young
b. The statement disagrees with the writer
c. It is impossible to say what the writer thinks
about this
We can only break bad habits if people tell us to
do so
We are either told to stop doing it by our parents,
or we consciously or subconsciously observe that
a. The statement agrees with the writer
others do not have the same habit, and we
b. The statement disagrees with the writer
gradually get rid of these behavior.
c. It is impossible to say what the writer thinks
about this

Activity 6: Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the Reading passage?
Write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Y
3. Bad habits may return when we are under pressure. _________
N
4. Researchers were surprised by the answers that the volunteers gave in the first test. _________
NG
5. The volunteers found the test more difficult when they did it the second time. _________
N
6. People find it more difficult to remember things they learnt when they were young. _________
Y
7. If we develop bad habits early in life, they are harder to grow out of. _________

EXTRA PRACTICE

Making a chance
How easy is it for us to change our lives – and why?

In 1990, a young American named Christopher McCandless gave up his career plans, left behind everyone
he knew, including his family, and went off on an adventure. He was 22 at the time. In an act of kindness, he
donated all his savings to the famous charity, Oxfam International, and hitchhiked his way through America
to Alaska. His decisions were so unusual for his age that Jon

Krakauer wrote a book about them called Into the Wild, and Sean Penn directed a film that had the same
title.

Of course, this is an unusual story. Most college graduates would not do quiet the same thing. However,
studies do show that in teenage years., people are more likely to try out new experiences. Instead of
following the family career path, for example, and working his way up the same organization like his
grandfather did, a 15-year-old may dream about becoming a traveler – only to find in his early 20s that this
fascination with new places is declining and change is less attractive. This age-related trend can be
observed in all cultures.

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The reason why people all over the world become less keen to change as they get older may be because
people’s lives generally follow similar patterns and involve similar demands. Most people, wherever they are,
aim to find a job and a partner. As they get older, they may have young children to look after and possibly
elderly family members. These responsibilities cannot be achieved without some degree of consistency,
which means that new experiences and ideas may not have a place in the person’s life. New experiences
may bring excitement but also insecurity, and so most people prefer to stay with the familiar.

However, not every individual is the same. One toddler may want to play a different game every day and get
fed up if nothing changes at the nursery. Another may seek out and play with the same children and toys
on every visit. Young children who avoid new experiences will grow up to be more conventional than
others. Psychologists argue that those who have more open personalities as children are more open than
others might be when they are older. They also suggest that young men have a greater interest in novelty
than women, although, as they age, this desire for new experiences fades more quickly than it does in
women.

The truth is that, as we get older, we prefer the things we know. We tend to order the same meals in
restaurants, sit on the same side of the train when we commute to work, go on holiday to the same places
and construct our day in the same way. If you are older than 20, remember that your openness to new
experiences is slowly declining. So you are better off making a new start today than postponing it until later.

Questions 1-6: Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the reading passage?
Write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1. Y
Teenagers are more ready to have new experiences than young adults. _________
2. NG
Grandparents usually encourage their grandchildren to get a well-paid job. _________
3. N
Life demands are different depending on which country you live in. _________
4. Y
Some toddlers find repetitive activities boring. _________
5. N
Children who dislike new experiences become more adventurous than others as adults _________
Y
6. If you want to change something in your life, you should avoid delay. _________

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 HOMEWORK

I. Vocabulary – Research and scientific study

Exercise 1: Match the words below with the meanings (1–8).

assume; benefit; goal; negative; professional; research; similarities; topic

1 a careful study of something to find out more information ………………………

2 think that something is true without having evidence ………………………
3 bad ………………………
4 something you want to achieve ………………………
5 characteristics that are almost the same ………………………
6 connected with a job. ………………………
7 an advantage ………………………
8 a subject that you talk or learn about ………………………

Exercise 2: Complete questions (1–8) with the correct form of the words from Exercise 1.

1 Is it a good idea to have a ________________ in your studies? What is yours?

2 What are some positive and ________________ effects of being ambitious?
3 What are some ________________ between you and your parents?
4 What ________________ qualifications might you need in future?
5 What do people ________________ about you when they first meet you?
6 What ________________ do you most enjoy talking about with your friends?
7 What is a ________________ of learning English?
8 Why do university students do ________________?

II. Vocabulary – “Is the constant use of electronic media changing our minds?” – PAGE 44-47

Exercise 3: Match the words on the right (1-5) with the definitions on the left (a-e)

a. A connection or relationship between two or more things

b. The act of watching over or managing someone to make sure
1. Dent (v.)
things are done correctly.
2. Exposure (n.)
c. The state of being in a situation where you are affected by
3. Correlation (n.)
something, such as sunlight, danger, or new experiences
4. Supervision (n.)
d. To support or encourage something to grow, succeed, or become
5. Promote (v.)
popular.
e. To damage or reduce the strength or value of something.

III. Reading

Complete the reading passage “Is the constant use of electronic media changing our minds?” – PAGE
44-47

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