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Volume: 08 Issue: 06 | June 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Seismic Analysis of the RC Structure with Different Bracing

System: A Review
Brahmanand1, Rajeev Kishan Pandey2
1M.Tech, Civil Engineering Dept. of Civil Engineering, SIIT Gorakhpur, U.P, India
2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, SIIT Gorakhpur, U.P, India
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Abstract - In this review paper, we studied about the columns are often far different than those expected in an
research work related to Reinforced cement concrete structure actual earthquake. These discrepancies tend to concentrate
or frame in which different bracing system was provided. earthquake damage on a few “weak” stories. Such damage
After completing these study we will write some conclusions. In concentrations place even greater burdens on the limited
the previous research work, the RC structure is attached to the ductility capacities of conventional braces and their
X, V, K, etc steel bracing system. The main purpose of providing connections. It has also been noted that lateral buckling of
the steel bracing system to reduce the effect of the seismic and conventional braces may cause substantial damage to
wind activity in the structure so the building can remain safe. adjacent nonstructural elements.
The analysis of this structure is done by using wind and seismic
analysis.

Key Words: RC Structure, Steel bracing, seismic analysis,

ETABS, SAP2000, Wind analysis.

1.INTRODUCTION

In the present time, Steel structure plays an important role

in the construction industry. Previous earthquakes in India
show that not only non-engineered structures but
engineered structures need to be designed in such a way that
they perform well under seismic loading. The structural
response can be increased in Steel moment-resisting frames
by introducing steel bracings in the structural system.
Bracing can be applied as concentric bracing or eccentric
bracing. There are ‘n’ number of possibilities to arrange steel
bracings, such as cross bracing ‘X’, diagonal bracing ‘D’, and
‘V’ type bracing.

Steel moment-resisting frames without bracing, inelastic Fig -1: Steel bracing in RC Structure
response failure generally occur at beam and column
connections. They resist lateral forces by flexure and shear 1.1 Type of the bracing System
in beams and columns i.e. by frame action. Under severe
earthquake loading, ductile fracture at beams and columns There are six types of the bracing system provided in the
connections is common. structure:
Brace hysteretic behavior is also quite complex; exhibiting A. X bracing system
unsymmetrical properties in tension and compression, and B. K bracing System
typically showing substantial strength deterioration when C. V bracing system
loaded monotonically in compression or cyclically into the D. Diagonal Bracing system
inelastic range. This complex behavior results in substantial E. Eccentrically Bracing System
differences between the distributions of internal forces and F. Inverted V Bracing system
deformations predicted using conventional design methods
based on elastic behavioral models and more realistic
nonlinear analysis procedures. The consequences of such
differences in behavior are two-fold, the braces selected for
some stories are often far stronger than required, while
braces in other stories have capacities very close to design
targets, and the distribution of design forces in beams and

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 08 Issue: 06 | June 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

brace is used. A commercial package STADD Pro is used for

the analysis and design and different parameters are
compared.

[4]Guillermo Coeto (2011) The title of the research paper

is “Stiffness-Based Sizing of Bracing System for Tall and
Slender Building”. In this research, the work author applied a
new methodology for analysis to determine the dynamic
response of the building which influenced the flexural drifts
and higher mode of vibration. From the evaluation of the
dynamic characteristics of the different versions of the
bracing system, it is concluded that the proposed
methodology results in adequate stiffness-based sizing
Fig -2: Type of Bracing System during the performance-based preliminary design of tall
braced buildings. The application of the methodology to the
2. LITERATURE REVIEW sizing of the braces and their support columns for four
versions of a twenty four-Storey bracing system has yielded
The summary of the research paper are given below: adequate design in terms of lateral stiffness.

[1]Mahmoud R. Maher, R. Akbari (2003) carried out the [5]A. Kadid & D.Yahiaoui (2011) The title of this research
study for the earthquake behavior factor (R) for steel paper is” Seismic Assessment of Braced RC Frames”. This
Xbraced and knee-braced RC buildings. The R factor study work is based on the earthquake which came in
components including ductility reduction factor and over Turkey (1999), Taiwan (1999), and Algeria (2003) during
strength factor are extracted from inelastic pushover when most of the existing structures were designed without
analyses of brace-frame systems of different heights and seismic design criteria. In this paper, the researcher
configurations. The effects of some parameters influencing concluded a numerical study to assess the behavior of
the value of the R factor, including the height of the frame, braced RC frames using pushover design. The author
the share of the bracing system from the applied load, and concluded that among existing seismic rehabilitation
the type of bracing system are investigated. The height of techniques the use of braced RC frames as the main lateral
this type of lateral load-resisting system has a profound load resistance system is the most appropriate technique.
effect on the R factor, as it directly affects the ductility The addition of steel braces in the RC frames enhances the
capacity of the dual system. Finally, based on the findings strength of the structure and improves the seismic
presented, tentative R values are proposed for steel-braced performance of the RC Frame.
moment-resisting RC frame dual systems for different
ductility demands. [6]Kevadkar, Kodag, et al (2013) concluded that the
structure in heavy susceptible to lateral forces may be a
[2]P. Jayachandran (2009) carried out the study to enables concern to severe damage. In this, they said along with
optimization of initial structural systems for drift and gravity load (dead load, live load) the frames able to
stresses, based on gravity and lateral loads. The design withstand lateral load (loads due to the earthquake, wind,
issues are the efficiency of systems, rigidity, member depths, blast, fire hazards, etc) which can develop high stresses for
the balance between sizes of beam and column, bracings, as that purpose they used shear wall and steel bracing system
well as spacing of columns, and girders, and areas and to resist such type of loading like an earthquake, wind, blast,
inertias of members. Drift and accelerations should be kept etc. In the study according to author R.C.C. building is
within limits. Good preliminary design and optimization lead modeled and analyzed in STADD & results are compared in
to better fabrication and erection costs, and better terms of Lateral Displacement, Story Shear and Story Drifts,
construction. The cost of systems depends on their structure Base shear, and Demand Capacity (Performance point).
weight. This depends on the efficient initial design. The
structural steel weight is shown to be an important [7]Nauman Mohammed (2013) The title of this research
parameter for the architects, construction engineers, and paper is “Behavior of Multistoried RCC Structure with
fabrication and assembly optimization. Different Type of Bracing System”. The researcher concluded
that braced frames are an efficient structural system for
[3]R.K. Gajjar, Dhaval P. Advani (2011) investigated, the building under high lateral loads such as seismic loads or
design of a multi-storeyed steel building is to have a good wind loads. In this research work, the author analyzes
lateral load resisting system along with a gravity load system different-different structural systems with various braced
because it also governs the design. They presented to show frames. In the end, the author found that the cross-bracing
the effect of different types of bracing systems in multi- system is the most appropriate structural system in
storied steel buildings. For this purpose, the 20 stories steel comparison to others. The flexural and shear deformation is
buildings model is used with the same configuration, and
different bracings systems such as knee brace, X brace, and V
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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 08 Issue: 06 | June 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

reduced by the bracing system and lateral loads are [12]Adithya M. (2015) The title of the research paper is
transferred to the foundation through axial action. “Study on Effective Bracing System for High Rise Steel
Structures”. In this paper, the researcher introduced various
[8]Rishi Mishra (2014) The title of this research paper is types of bracing systems such as X bracing, V bracing, and
“Analysis of RC Building Frames for Seismic Forces Using Inverted V bracing Systems in the steel structures and
Different Types of Bracing Systems”. The author concluded analyze them by time history analysis using ETAB software
that the concept of using steel bracing is advantageous to and compared the results to determine the most efficient
resist seismic forces. The bracing system effectively reduces bracing system. The author analyzed a 20 storied steel
the lateral displacement (up to 80%) of the structure structure with various bracing systems. In the end, the
compared to a Braced frame. Steel bracings the amount of researcher compared various seismic parameters and found
forces in members significantly reduces. The bracing system that regarding displacement criteria, a maximum reduction
proves as an effective member to control the Storey drift (up of 68.43% is obtained in a single braced frame. The lateral
to 56%) in structures as compare to Braced frames. After storey displacements are greatly reduced by the use of single
using bracing members as resistive members margin of diagonal bracings arranged as a diamond shape in the 3rd
safety against collapse increased. and 4th bay in comparison to concentric (X) bracing and
eccentric (V) bracing systems.
[9]Keyvan Ramin (2014) The title of the research paper is
“Seismic Behavior of Steel Off-Diagonal Bracing System [13]Sachindra Kumar Chadhar (2015) The title of this
Utilized in Reinforced Concrete Frame”. In this research research paper is “Seismic Behavior of Building Frame with
work, the author utilizes the off-diagonal bracing system Steel Bracing System Using Various Arrangements”. In this
(ODBF) and compares it with other bracing systems. In the research paper, the author adopted a G+15 storey reinforced
end, the researcher found that the dynamic performance and concrete building with various arrangements of bracing
energy absorption capacity of the structure has been systems. MultiStorey reinforced concrete buildings are
increased. The ODBS bracing system increases the basic vulnerable to excessive deformation, which necessitates the
shear endured by the structure as well as the structure’s introduction of special measures to decrease this
drift, causing the increase of the hysteresis curve’s surface deformation. The steel braced frame is one of the lateral load
area which, in turn, leads to the enhancement of modified opposing frameworks in multiStorey structures. The steel
ductility or system flexibility. bracing system enhances the resistance of the structure
against horizontal forces by expanding its stiffness and
[10]P. Sairaj (2014) In this paper, it was concluded that the stability. Bracings hold the structure stable by exchanging
economical aspects of the G+4 multi-storey building the horizontal loads, for example, quake or wind burdens
designed by using braced frame composite construction. For down to the ground and oppose sidelong loads, in that way
the ductile performance, overall displacement and inter- keep the influence of the structure.
storey drift can be effectively controlled by adopting a
braced frame model. This concept was very useful for [14]Muhammed Tahir Khaleel (2016) The title of this
retrofitting and seismic up-gradation of an existing multi- research paper is “Seismic Analysis of Steel Frames with
storied building. Different Bracing using ETABS Software”. In this paper, the
author implies various types of bracing systems in an RC
[11]R. Snehaneela (2015) In this paper it was concluded frame building and analyze it with a various analytical
that Outrigger braced structures had efficient structural approach such as equivalent static analysis, response
form consist of a central core, comprising braced frames spectrum analysis and time history analysis under the
with horizontal cantilever ”outrigger” trusses or girders seismic zone V as per IS 1893:2002.
connecting the core to the outer column. When the structure
was loaded horizontally, vertical plane rotation of the core [15]Gunjali Butani (2017) The title of the paper, written by
was restrained by the outriggers through tension in the this author is “Comparative Study of Different Bracing
windward column and compression in the leeward column. Systems On G+29 Steel frame building”. The main concept
The effective structural depth of the building was greatly behind this research paper is as the concept of using a steel
increased, thus augmenting the lateral stiffness of the bracing system is one of the advantageous concepts which
building and reducing the lateral deflections and moments in may use to strengthen the existing structures. Through the
the core. In effect, the outriggers join the columns to the core analysis, it is clear that diagonal bracing is more effective in
to make the structure behave as a partly composite most cases comparatively. Displacement produced by the
cantilever. By providing an eccentrically braced system in lateral loads can be reduced up to 93% by using single
outrigger frame by varying the size of links and analyzing it. diagonal bracing.
Push-over analysis was carried out by varying the link size
using computer programs, SAP2000 to understand their [16] Jonty Choudhary (2018) The title of the Research
seismic performance. paper written by this author “Comparative Study and
Analysis of Un-braced RCC Framed Structures With Steel

© 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1093
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 08 Issue: 06 | June 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Braced RCC Framed Structures Using Response Spectrum [4] A. Kadid & D. Yahiaoui “Seismic Assessment of Braced RC
Method” and the conclusion is given below Frames” ELSEVIER, 2011, PE 14-2899-2905
1. 64.40% reduction in maximum Storey displacement [5] Guillermo Coeto “Stiffness-Based Sizing of Bracing
in X-direction and 83.18% reduction in Y-direction Systems for Tall and Slender Building” WCEE- 2012.
comparatively when X-braced frames are used. [6] Jonathan Rozon “Impact of Seismic Response of Outer
2. 78.27% reduction in maximum Storey drift in X- Beams, Braces and Columns on Global Seismic behaviour of
direction and 105.99% reduction in Y-direction Chevron Type Eccentrically Braced Frames”, 2012.
comparatively when X-braced frames are used. [7] Nauman Mohammed “Behaviour of Multistorey RCC
3. 17.5% reduction in base shear in X-direction and Structures with Different Type of Bracing System” IJIRST,
29.54% reduction in Y-direction comparatively Volume-2, Issue-11, Dec 2013. ISSN: 2319-8753.
when X-braced frames are used. [8] Rishi Mishra “Analysis of RC building Frame for Seismic
Forces Using a different type of bracing System” IJERT,
[17]Farhat Aziz Sheen (2019) The title of the research Volume-3, Issue-7, ISSN: 2278-0181, July 2014.
paper is “Comparative Study for Different Bracing Systems of [9] Keyvan Ramin “Seismic Behaviour of Steel Off-Diagonal
an Irregular Steel Structure”. In this research paper, the Bracing System Utilized in Reinforced Concrete frame”
author concluded that bracing systems are highly effective in Hindawi, Volume-2014, Article id-403916.
rigid frame structures when subjected to lateral loadings. [10] R. Snehaneela “Study of Eccentrically Braced outrigger
Bracing systems have less nodal displacement in both static frame under Seismic Excitation” IJTET, Volume-5, Issue-02,
analysis and time history analysis. In the nonlinear static 2015. ISSN:2349-9303.
analysis, the author had determined the structure with [11] Adithya M Study on the effective bracing system for
deliberates good results for X and chevron bracing. high rise steel structure“ IJCE, Volume-02, Issue-02, 2015.
ISSN:2348-8352.
3. CONCLUSIONS [12] Sachindra Kumar Chadhar “Seismic Behaviour of
building frame with steel bracing system using various
After study the above research paper, we found some arrangement” IRJET, volume-02, issue-04, ISSN:2395-0056,
conclusion regarding providing the bracing system in the RC Aug-2015.
structure: [13] Shalaka Dhokane “A study on the effectiveness of
1. The maximum lateral displacement due to seismic bracing System in Soft Storey Steel Building” JTITT, volume-
activity in the RC structure is resisted by the X- 4, No-2, Dec- 2016, page: 77-88.
bracing system as compared to the other type of [14] Muhammed Tahir Khaleel “Seismic analysis of the steel
steel bracing system. frame with the different frame using Etabs Software” 2016.
2. The value of the axial force and shear force in the [15] Gunjali Butani “Comparative Study of Different Bracing
column start increasing and decreasing respectively Systems On G+29 Steel frame building” 2017, International
after providing the bracing system in the RC Journal of Advanced Engineering and Development (IJAERD)
Structure, which means that we can provide less Vol 4 Issue 3, March 2017.
number of the transverse reinforcement in the [16] Jonty Choudhary “Comparative Study and Analysis of
column. Unbraced RCC Framed Structures With Steel Braced RCC
3. The effect of the bending moment in the column Framed Structures Using Response Spectrum Method” 2018,
starts decreasing after providing the steel bracing International Journal of Engineering Research and
system in the RC structure. Technology(IJERT) Vol. 07 Issue 08, Aug. 2018.
4. The fundamental natural period of the RC structure [17] Farhat Aziz Sheen “Comparative Study for Different
due to the seismic activity on the RC structure get Bracing System of an Irregular Steel Structure” ICSER, 2019,
decreasing after proving the different types of the ISSN:978-06482681-2-3.
steel bracing system.

REFERENCES

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factor, R, for steel ... Engineering Structure Volume 25, Issue
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Preliminary Design and Optimization" National Workshop
on High-rise and Tall Buildings, University of Hyderabad,
Hyderabad, India, May 2009, Keynote Lecture.
[3]Bhushan O. Dongarwar “Seismic Analysis of Braced and
Unbraced RC Framed Building” IJTEEER, Volume 3, Issue-08,
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