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Citation, What is Referencing?

• Referencing is a standardized method of
Referencing and acknowledging sources of information and ideas
that you have used in your assignment, in a way
Bibliography that uniquely identifies their source.

• Both published and unpublished works must be

referenced

Writing References What is a citation?

• What is referencing and why it is needed? • A citation is a reference to a source used in your
– A standardized method of acknowledging sources of
information and ideas that you have used in your research.
assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their
source. • It is how you give credit to the author for their
– Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and
theories, from both published and unpublished works creative and intellectual works that you referenced
must be referenced.
as support for your research.
– It is necessary to enable the reader to verify quotations
and readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited • Generally, citations should include author’s name,
author's arguments.
date, publisher information, journal information
and/or DOI (Digital Object Identifier).

• What is citation?
– It is the way you tell readers that certain material in your
work came from another source.
• There are many different styles and each mandate
– Gives your readers the information necessary to find that order of appearance of information
source again, including
• Information about the author, • (such as publication date, title, and page numbers
• Title of the work,
• Name and location of the company or name of
following the author name etc),
journal that published your
• conventions of punctuation,
• Volume and issue
• Page numbers of the material you are borrowing. • use of italics (and underlining for emphasis) that
• Date your copy was published, and
are particular to their style.

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How do I choose a citation style?

• There are many different ways of citing resources Reference
from your research.
• The citation style sometimes depends on the It contains details only those works cited in the
academic discipline involved and sometimes text.
depends on the publisher/ place of publishing. For
example:
– APA (American Psychological Association) is used by Education, Bibliography
Psychology, and some Sciences
– ACS (American Chemical Society) is often used in Chemistry and some of
the physical sciences If relevant sources that are not cited in the text are
– MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the Humanities included, the list is called a bibliography.
– Chicago & Turabian (two styles very similar in formatting) are generally
used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts

How to write reference in the text?

Software for referencing Use last name of author

-Endnote For more than one authors, mention last name of first author and
write et al.
-Reference manager
After author last name, or et al. use comma (,) and mention the
-Googleschlor publication year.

Examples:
Common referencing system More than 95%of American and Indian populations with diabetes
have type 2 diabetes (Zimmer, 1982).
- Vancouver system
As much as 58% of the patients reported as having no history of
-Harvard system seizure had abnormal EEG (Shrestha et al., 2004).
Vancouver system uses numbering system in the text
-APA

How to create a Reference List?

Book with a personal author
Chapter in book Ringsven MK, Bond D. Gerontology and leadership skills for
Author of chapter (Full last name, initials of 1st and 2nd name) nurses. 2nd ed. Albany (NY): Delmar Publishers; 1996.
Chapter title
Title of book Book with Editor as author
Edition of the book Norman IJ, Redfern SJ, editors. Mental health care for elderly
Place of publication people. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996
Publisher
Year of publication Organization as author and publisher
Chapter pages Institute of Medicine (Nepal). Looking at the future of the Medical
Chapter in book: Phillips SJ, Whsinant JP. Hypertension and program. Kathmandu: The Institute; 1992
stroke. In: Laragh JH Brenner BM. Hypertension:
pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. 2nd ed. New York:
Raven Press; 1980: 129-148.

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Standard journal article (1to 6) authors

Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplant is associated with an
Scientific or technical report increased risk of pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med 1996;
Smith P, Golladay K. Payment for durable medical equipment 124:980-3.
billed during skilled nursing facility stays. Final report.
Department of Health Services, Nepal; 1994. Journal article (more than 6 authors)
Parkin DM, Clayton D, Black RJ, Masuyer E, Fries I HP, Ivanov E,
Dissertation et al. Childhood leukaemia in Europe after Chernobyl: 5 year follow
Dhungana J. Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in patients up. Br J Cancer 1996;73:1006-12.
attending Tansen Hospital, Palpa (dissertation). Central
Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu; Journal article (No author)
2002. Cancer in South Africa (editorial). S Afr Med J 1994;84:15.

No author given Journal article (Organization as author)

Anonymous. Coffee drinking and cancer of the The Cardiac society of Australia and New Zealand. Clinical exercise
pancreas (Editorial). Br Med J 1981;283:628. stress testing, safety and performance guidelines. Med J Aust
1996;164: 282-4.

Journal article abstract from electronic database World Wide Web page
Helaleh MI, Korenaga T, Abu Nameh ES, Jomhour RM. (Abstract Beckleheimer J. How you cite URL's in a bibliography?(online)
of: Assay of paracetamol by oxidation with peroxydisulfate. Pharm 1994(cited 2000 Dec 13). Available from: URL:
Acta Helv 1999;73:255-60) (electronic) (cited 2000 Jun 12). http://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.html
Available from; sliver Platter File: IPA /37-03020.
Full text journal article from electronic database Worldwide web page (no author)
Sale P, Carey DM. The socio-metric status of student with Educating America for the 21st century: Developing a strategic plan
disabilities in a full inclusion school. Expect Child (serial online) for educational leadership (online) 1994(cited 1999 May 15).
1995 (cited 1998 June 12); 73(5):255-60. Available from: Available from: USRL: http:/www.iIt.columbia.edu/CONF
Information Access /Expanded Academic ASAP/ A1743539. /Edplan.html
Full text journal article from an electronic journal
Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious disease. Emerg World Wide Web home page
Infect Dis (serial online) 1995 Jan - March (cited 1990 Jun 5); 1 (1): Curtin University of Technology. (Home page of the Curtin
(24 screens). Available from: URL: University of Technology) (online) 2000 May 22 last update (cited
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/eid.htm 2000 Jun 12) Available from: URL: http://www.curtin.edu.au/

Volume and issue

 A volume covers a year’s publication, if a journal has
three publications, the journal will have three issues in its
yearly volume.

 If journal that has 12 issues within a year ( monthly

publications) will have 12 issues in its yearly volume.

 Suppose a journal started its publication since 2019, and

when it publishes its 4th series of 2020, it will be written
as 2 (4)

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Writing References Writing References

• Types of Referencing • Types of Referencing
– When we use the Vancouver system, we use – Vancouver system
consecutive numbers in the text to indicate your – For an Article:
references. • Author(s)’ Surname followed by initials. Title of article. Name
– At the end of your paper or chapter (of a book) we of Journal. Year, Volume, (number): page numbers of article.
have to list our references in numbering order • Example: Louria DB. Emerging- and Re-emerging infections:
(ascending). The societal variables. International Journal of Infectious
– the references will come before the annexes. Disease. 1996, 1(2):59-62.
– For an Article: – For a Book:
• Author(s)’ Surname followed by initials. Title of article. Name • Author(s)’ Surname followed by initials. Title of book. Place:
of Journal. Year, Volume, (number): page numbers of article. Publisher, Year, Edition
• Example: Louria DB. Emerging- and Re-emerging infections: • Example: Abramson JH. Survey methods in community
The societal variables. International Journal of Infectious
Disease. 1996, 1(2):59-62. medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1990, 4th ed.

Writing References Writing References

• Types of Referencing • Types of Referencing
– Harvard system and refer to the references more fully Harvard system
in the text, putting the surname of the author and year
of publication – For an Article:
– If this system of citation is used, the references at the • Author(s)’ Surname followed by initials. Year of publication,
Title of article. Name of Journal. Volume (number): page
end of the report should be listed in alphabetical order. numbers of article.
In this case also the references will come before the
annexes. • Example: Louria DB 1996. Emerging- and Re-emerging
infections: The societal variables. International Journal of
– For an Article: Infectious Disease. vol 1(2):59-62.
• Author(s)’ Surname followed by initials. Year of publication,
Title of article. Name of Journal. Volume (number): page – For a Book:
numbers of article. • Author(s)’ Surname followed by initials. Year of publication,
• Example: Louria DB 1996. Emerging- and Re-emerging Title of book. Place: Publisher, Year, Edition
infections: The societal variables. International Journal of • Example: Abramson JH 1990. Survey methods in community
Infectious Disease. vol 1(2):59-62. medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 4th ed.

Writing References

• If relevant sources that are not cited in the text

are included, the list is called a bibliography
– Listed in alphabetical order at the end of report
just before annexes.

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Thank you