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URBANIZATION
IN PAKISTAN
Code No. 9368 Units: 1-9

DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN STUDIES

ALLAMA IQBAL OPE UNIVERSITY,
ISLAMABAD
 URBANIZATION IN PAKISTAN
BS PAKISTAN STUDIES

Unit 1-9 Code: 9368

DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN STUDIES

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

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 Course Team
Chairman: Prof. Dr. Syed Hassan Raza

Course Development Coordinator: Dr. Samina Yasmeen

Unit Writers: Ms. Sobia Shabir

Mubarram Imran
Ali Imran Shaikh
Ms. Zakia Batool
Ms. Shehla Nazmeenb
Jamil Ahmed Sheikh

Unit Reviewer: Dr. Samina Yasmeen

Dr. Amna Mahmood
Editor: Fazal Karim

(All rights reserved with the publishers)

Year of Printing ................................. 2021

Quantity............................................. 1000

Price ..................................................

Printing Incharge ............................. Dr. Sarmad Iqbal

Printer ............................................... AIOU Printing Press, Islamabad

Publisher................................................. Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

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 PREFACE
Urbanization may be defined as the movement of people from rural to
urban areas. The process of Urbanization started in Eighteenth century with the
industrial revolution. Urbanization is a term which is usually associated with the
progress and development. However, when the growth of population in cities
became more than the available resources, various social and administrative
issues were the obvious outcome. The same is happening in the urban areas of
Pakistan. The challenges of urbanization are visible from housing to health and
educational facilities, employment opportunities to industrial development leading
to environmental issues, social issues to rising level of crime, water and sanitation
and much more. That’s why; Urbanization is a subject matter of different major
disciplines such as, Sociology, Anthropology, Geography, Economics Health
Engineering and Development Studies etc.
Before industrial revolution, people used to work in field, as agriculture
was the main profession of the world population. With the industrial revolution
new jobs emerged and people started to move to the cities initially in search of
jobs and then for better living standard, education and health facilities.
This book covers all the aspects of urbanization, its causes and impacts on
housing facilities, educational and health services, employment opportunities,
society and culture, especially with reference to Pakistan. It also covers the
challenges emerged out of this unplanned urbanization and government efforts to
deal with these challenges, in Pakistan.
This book is not only useful to the students who are enrolled in this course
butr5 also informative for the general readers interested to study the challenges of
urbanization in Pakistan.

Prof. Dr. Zia-Ul-Qayyam

Vice-Chancellor

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 INTRODUCTION
In the current era of capitalism, and industrialization, dependency on
agriculture as a mode of earning is reducing and more job opportunities are
available in industrial sector. Consequently rapid growth of urbanization is taking
place all around the world. The high speed of urbanization is becoming a
challenge even for industrially advanced countries due to inadequate resources to
meet this huge transformation. The same trends of urbanization are also evident in
Third World countries as well, where scarcity of resources always remain a
challenge. In this scenario, Pakistan being a Third World country located in South
Asia, is facing hard challenges due to rapid pace of urbanization for the last two
decades. The difference between rural and urban population is widening with
every passing day in Pakistan and the population in urban areas is rising up.
The first unit of this book is about the Urbanization of Pakistan. This unit
also includes the definitions, scope and an overview about the big cities and
governance issues in Pakistan. Although urbanization is a key factor in the
development of a nation, since it provides job opportunities, along with other
modern facilities to the people. But the resources are not increasing with the
number of population in cities which is the negative aspects of urbanization. The
main reason in Pakistan behind this is the unplanned process of urbanization. In
the history of Pakistan, such unplanned urbanization occurred in 1947, when large
number of migrants came from India to the land of their dreams and settled in the
urban areas of Punjab and Sindh. Then, in 1990s due to war of Soviet Union with
Afghanistan, Pakistan forced to receive a huge number of migrants from
Afghanistan and Tribal areas of Pakistan. They also preferred to settle in big cities
which were already overpopulated. Thus, this kind of unplanned urbanization
become a disaster for Pakistan instead of blessing. In fact such a large scale of
urbanization in Pakistan has become frustrating since it made development nearly
impossible. It also worsened the situation of law and order and posed serious
governance challenges in urban areas of Pakistan.
The second unit of this book deals with the causes of Urbanization. These
are high birth rate and low mortality rate due to the better health facilities.
Migration towards urbanization occurs because of different reasons. People move
from villages because of low agricultural production, lack of education and health
facilities. The poor housing facilities, lack of infrastructures, rising social,
economic, and political crises in cities.
In the third unit social, political and economic consequences have been
analyzed. People forced to live in congested areas. Since they usually belong to
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different cultural backgrounds, therefore they have problems to adjust with each
other. They have social and moral values which are not always competitive to the
others. Moreover they come up from multiple ethnic and sectarian
groups/ideologies. This led towards conflicts among different groups. In addition
to all that the limited job opportunities are creating economic crises. Crime rates
are getting high. People are going into depression, making group solidarity
weaker. All this situation leads towards political crises in the country.
The fourth unit portrays a positive picture of urbanization in Pakistan.
Urbanization is a blessing when it is planned. In this case government institutions
are capable to have strong infrastructure which can provide modern living
facilities to its residents. Then urban centers become business hubs and play key
role in the development of economy of any country. If people have better
education and health facilities, they have healthy bodies and fresh minds with
innovative ideas, ready to serve humanity.
The fifth unit is consisted of the merits of urbanization. At the outset,
cities are more capable to provide basic needs of life such as, better housing
facility, clean water, electricity and other modern facilities to its residents.
Briefly, the process of urbanization transforms the rural culture into urban culture.
It is the way of development of any nation in the world.
In the sixth unit demerits of urbanization have been elaborated. Since large
population is moving towards cities, population explosion have become a big
issue. Other problems include inadequate energy resources, environment
pollution, traffic blockades, challenging garbage management, deforestation etc.
The seventh unit addresses the challenges faced by big cities such as,
housing, transport, health, unemployment and poor educational facilities.
Eight Unit is about the link between urbanization and violence. Karachi,
Lahore, Faisalabad, Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Multan are big cities of Pakistan.
In these cities people face competition over resources such as, water, housing,
land and economic opportunities. Since, the population is large and resources are
limited, therefore the competition is tough resulting in violence. Land Mafia is
also very active and strong in big cities to gain political and economic power.
Other main drivers of violence in big urban centers are ethnic, sectarian, political
conflicts and other ideological conflicts. Terrorism is another form of violence,
with which Pakistani people are battling since last two decades.
The last unit discusses that how the conflicts and governance issues can be
resolved. The solution of all such issues resides in one thing and that is good
governance. Only through good governance resources can be managed and
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distributed among the different segments of the society effectively. In case of lack
of good governance even a rich country, blessed with enough resources cannot
develop its urban centers.
This Course of Urbanization in Pakistan is very valuable not only for the
students, but for general public. As urbanization produces immense social,
economic, political and environmental challenges, which offer an opening for
sustainability with the likelihood to utilize resources efficiently, to craft
sustainable land utilization and to care for the biodiversity of ecosystems.

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Unit No. 1

UBANIZATION IN PAKISTAN

Written by:
Ms. Sobia Shabir
Reviewd by:
Dr. Amna Mehmood
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 CONTENTS
Introduction 9
Objectives 9
1.1 Meaning and Definition of Urbanization 10
1.2 Scope and Importance of Urbanization 11
1.3 Major Cities of Pakistan 18
1.3.1 Karachi 18
1.3.2 Lahore 20
1.3.3 Demographic Characteristics of Lahore 21
1.3.4 Faisalabad 23
1.3.5 Rawalpindi 26
1.3.6 Multan 28
1.4 Urbanization: A Governance Perspective 30
1.5 Self Assessment Questions 32
1.6 Bibliography 32

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Introduction
Urbanization is an outcome of Industrialization, and this trend in growing
in the modern capitalism period. Pakistan is facing rapidly growth of urbanization
in the South Asian region, as population ratio of rural-urban areas is becoming
disturbing especially in the last two decades. Domestic migration is the main
cause of urbanization, and the reason behind the movement of people from rural
to urban areas is the scarcity of resources, poor agricultural growth, poor quality
of education, and few employments opportunities. Urbanization is mostly linked
with the development, but unplanned migration is becoming a severe problem for
the developing countries such as Pakistan. The growth of population is more than
the available resources creating various social and administrative issues in the
urban areas of Pakistan. Alongside, urbanization is subject matter of different
major disciplines such as, Sociology, Anthropology, Geography, Economics and
Development Studies etc.

Objectives
This unit aims to achieve following objectives:
1. to define the term urbanization
2. to enable students to describe the importance of urbanization
3. to know the scope of urbanization
4. to assess the different factors responsible for the urbanization
5. to explore the advantages and disadvantages of urbanization in the large
cities of Pakistan
6. to examine the role of governance in urbanization

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1.1 Meaning and Definition of Urbanization
Urbanization is the outcome of industrial revolution, when people start to
move towards cities from villages in search of factory jobs, as agriculture was
becoming less common. To understand the meaning and definition of
Urbanization it is essential to know first the i.e. ‘Urban’. The word Urban
normally is used in meaning of demographic characteristics, for instance size,
density, and the frequency of non-agricultural profession. In its demographic
meaning, Urban is typically considered as agglomerations of a set size.
It is usually acknowledged that urbanization is the change in inhabitants
from rural to urban areas. From a statistical view, urbanization level is most
accurately calculated by the urban residents’ portion, with the urbanization speed
being the pace at which that portion is increasing. It is complicated when
inhabitants utilize urbanization as an alternative to urban inhabitants expansion:
when the population of urban and rural areas grow at once this is not in fact
urbanization; and, due to by and large population expansion, the present tempo at
which urban residents are rising worldwide is about double the speed at which the
share of urban is increasing. It is yet more complicated when urbanization is
applied to refer to the increase of urban area cover: the speed at which urban land
area is increasing is about three times the speed at which the urban part is
increasing; and even though urbanization means escalating settlement mass, urban
land area growth is more and more motivated by weakening settlement
crowdedness. Keeping in view all above definition urbanization simply can be
defined as ‘a growth in a population of cities as compare to villages.
As discussed earlier, urbanization related to the residents change from
rural sections to urban sections, steady boost in the ratio of inhabitants residing in
urban regions, and the modes in which every society fit in to this alteration. It is
primarily a procedure by which town ship and metropolis are fashioned and turn
into bigger as more inhabitants start residing and working in chief regions.
Though the two views are occasionally utilized interchangeably, urbanization
should be differentiated from urban expansion: urbanization means "the ratio of
the full national people living in regions categorized as urban", whereas urban
expansion refers to "the total number of inhabitants residing in regions
categorized as urban ".So it can be said that urbanization is a type of domestic
migration, of extensive significant is the one from villages to cities. The swift
development of inhabitants puts restriction on the accessible means. For instance,
the constantly division of the cultivating area into small section makes the income
of the large family unit in to immense problem.
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Currently, there is no single definition of urbanization; therefore its definition is a
difficult matter. The United Nations Demographic annual report has pointed out,
definitions of "Urbanization" classified into three major categories:
1. Categorization of small civil divisions on a special standard which may
consist of nature of local government, number of residents, percentage of
residents busy in agriculture.
2. Categorization of Administrative Centers of small rural divisions as Urban
and the rest of the distribution as rural.
3. Categorization of certain size localities as urban, irrespective of
administrative boundaries.
Thus, here it is imported to note that the explanation of what forms
a city varies time to time and place to place, however it is natural to make clear
the term as a concern of demographics. The United Nations does not have its own
meaning of “urban” but as an alternative follows the description utilized in every
state, which can differ significantly. The United States, for example, employs
“urban area” to indicate any vicinity where more than 2,500 people reside. In Peru
the phrase is used for residents ‘hubs with 100 or more houses. In Pakistan an area
with residents of 5000 and more is considered city. At present, Pakistanis the
most urbanized country in South Asia and its urban inhabitants has increased from
32.5% in 1998 to 40% in 2014. If existing trends of rural to urban movement
continue this share, will go beyond 50% in 2025.Consequently the main
characteristics of urbanization which follow from above definition are as follows:
1. Urbanization includes raise in the number of inhabitant’s intensity.
2. It includes an increase in the size of these points.
3. It includes a shift of people from agricultural to non-agricultural
professions.

1.2 Scope and Importance of Urbanization

Urbanization means to the expansion of urban areas, time and again at the
cost of rural parts, as population shift to city hubs in look for of work and what
they expect will be an improved quality of life. In the majority state the ratio of
the whole people residing in metropolitan regions is growing. In several small
countries, for instance Monaco, Guadeloupe, and Bermuda, 100%of the residents
dwelling city centers. On the other hand, numerous of Africa’s poorest states have
an urban populace of fewer than 10%overall. For instance, Canada, with 79%of
its populace in metropolitan centers, stands40th on the list of the majority
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urbanized lands in the world. It is forecasted that till 2025 Canada will have
82%of its populace in urban centers. Urbanization may include together
constructive and unconstructive aspects.
Industrial revolution gave boost to the urbanization, but currently world is
encountering an exceptional shift from largely rural to essentially urban living. In
1950, 1/3 of the earth’s population lived in cities; nowadays, the ratio has already
reached more than a half. Since 1990, the world has seen a boost gathering of its
population in urban regions. This trend is not new, but persistent and has been
noticeable by a significant raise in the total numbers of urban dwellers. This urban
alteration has positioned cities at the center of the development plan. It is patent
that urbanization is definitely one of the significant drift of the past and present
century, providing the foundation and drive for worldwide change. By 2050, city
residents are estimated to form more than 2/3 of the world’s populace. This quick
increase in urbanization will mostly occur in developing countries. Urbanization
has both pros and cons. For instance, in a market economy, the trade-off between
pros and cons decide the intensity, rate, and pace of urbanization. As, durig2007
the United Nations Population Fund published details forecasting swift growing
levels of urbanization in the next two decades, particularly in the emergent world.
It is observed that for the firstly in record, over half the world’s inhabitant slives
in urban regions. The same year UNHABITAT released an article pointed out the
slums and terrible livelihood circumstances in cities of developing states. Same
report anticipated that by the end of 2007 there would be 1 billion and more slum
inhabitants, most of them residing in developing states. It states that in numerous
cases the economic situations of urban refugees are not as good as than those of
rural peasants.
Urbanization has a wide scope and important academically to a various
disciplines, including urban planning. Sociology, geography, economics, public
health and so on. The fact has been carefully connected to transforma-
tion, industrialization and the sociological development of rationalization. As
discussed previously, urbanization referred as the growth of metropolitans by the
increase in overall number of residents. Besides, urbanization is instigating by the
social, economic &demographic sides, which consist of domestic movement,
fusion of neighboring regions in the town and by the increase of birth rates more
than death rates. Domestic movement is happening because of the appealing
prospects urban life has to provide to the rural populace beside with good
livelihood standards and good earnings. Migration cannot be restricted as by the
rule every resident of the state is free to go and reside wherever the desires.
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Another key aspect instigating urbanization is net re-classification that is, fusion
of neighboring settlements and rural community into large cities.
Pakistan came into being due to existing religious and cultural disparity in
the sub-continent. These disparities became cause of migration amongst the two
nations. In the early years of freedom leadership confronted several problems in
assigning assets among the urban and rural according to the whole populace
living. At that time huge refugees started to reside in the large urban areas as they
did not have any place to live in the rural regions. Sine 1951urbanization in the
East and West Pakistan encountered the same cities expansion pace. Later on
West Pakistan witnessed a growth in the urban expansion speed as population
shifted to the two large cities of the West Karachi and Lahore to have an
improved job openings and neighboring towns combined with the large cities in
line to gain the services cities had to give for instance, electricity, gas energy, and
other communication services. These two were the largest urban areas where the
entire the political, social, and economical dealings used to go on Industrialization
in the later years fascinated population from the rural areas to find an advance
standard of living. Merely a minute quantity of refugees made their mode to the
rural sections where no extraordinary progress happened. During 1981-1998
urban expansion decreased because of the failing law and order condition.
Political volatility, division of East Pakistan was the became the key factors for
this turndown. Urbanization in Pakistan has been taking place since
independence. Migrants became the cause of cities expansion in the initial years
after freedom, later on, in search of job openings and autonomy from land owners
made inhabitants move around to large cities. Due to the absence of government’s
strategies in progressing the rural part of Pakistan also cause to this move and lack
of suitable family planning show the way to population raise and inappropriate
city limits expanded the mass of the large urban areas which led to urbanization.
Drop off in the farming sector over the years have also directed to an expansion in
the urban enlargement as currently populace search jobs in the industrial zone
more willingly than the agricultural section.
Pakistan has the record pace of urbanization in South Asia. According to
the 2017 Population Census, 36.4 percent of the populace resides in urban
regions. Whereas, in 1998 population census this number was at 32.5 percent.
Other estimates, based on an adapted definition of urban settlements, propose that
the percentage of urban to rural populace could be 40.5 percent and even high.
The United Nations Population Division approximates that, till 2025, practically
more than half of the country's populace will be residing in cities. With the
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passage of time, urban areas of Pakistan have extended in terms of their size and
populace more than the past 50 years. This fusion permits minute towns and
villages to do extremely well and have the services of city life but in response it
causes a harmful influence on the condition of necessary public facilities for
instance law and order situation, education, health, water energy supplies etc. as
they previously had been planned with respect to the residents living in the city
limits. This cause leads to free extension of urban sections which is the source of
economic, social and governmental troubles. Still the questions raise, for example,
why and how the troubles of urbanization start in Pakistan, and what are the main
reasons responsible for these troubles. Usually, the reasons directing to elevated
urban crowdedness can be separated into two mechanisms. First, the reasons those
produces obstacles, in creating the local circumstances favorable and for
improved and successful life, are less productive region, less production, no
accessibility of health services and cleanliness problems, poor condition of
education, non- existence of social order based on justice and egalitarianism.
These are the issues responsible for drifting the people or families from rural to
urban regions. Second the cities propose improved employment prospects and
worth of life, which motivate the rural people in common and the young in
particular for migration. Ultimately, Urbanization is a severe trouble faced by
Pakistan these days, and there are following reasons/factors boosting this trend:
 Urbanization in the initial years of freedom was caused due to the crisis of
refugees. Industrialization subsequently made inhabitants move to urban
areas to explore the jobs and better wage rates. Because of the being of
innovative technology and improved health services the birth rate
increased than the death rate in Pakistan.
 The low pattern of dwelling in the rural regions make inhabitants shift
towards large urban areas to get the fundamental requirements of
livelihood. Fusion of attached civic areas into large metropolitans
appropriately changes the rural zones into city centers with the passage of
time a boost in the mass of Pakistan’s top ten large cities can be witnessed,
regions which were regarded as insignificant now have been integrated in
the premises of the large cities. Development of urbanization in Pakistan is
growing on. The village populace is estimated to be the same to the urban
populace by the year 2030.
 Currently female work force involvement is also increasing urbanization
as women from the rural regions are stepping forward to work in the cities
in the informal zone.
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 In Pakistan the key reason triggering rural out migration are imbalanced
allocation of resources, lack of essential provisions and poverty.
 Improvement in health and medicine expertise directs to a raise in the life
period of a normal individual and decreases the newborn death rate, which
causes an increase in the residents of the state.
 Lack of fundamental requirements for instance, food, education, energy,
and health in the rural regions of Pakistan push people to move to large
cities brings about an effect on the economy in a harmful mode.
 Absence of irregular city limits also permits neighboring slums and small
towns to fuse in with the large cities triggering Urbanization in Pakistan.
 Government since many years has not been unbeaten in executing
constructive plans to discontinue rural out migration by progressing the
rural regions. The extensive difference among the income sharing patterns
in the rural urban regions show the way to class clashes which results in
migrations causing aggressive actions. So, besides the fusion of small
towns and slum into large cities also offer increase in issues like income
differences and class clashes. Swift raise in the size of the urban directs to
a fall in the quality of necessary public facilities, for instance, law and
order situation, education, and health facilities, transportation, energy
supplies, water supplies, and so on, this development directs to social,
economic, and administrative matters.
Thus, populace expansion is unequally scattered in the four provinces and
the inhabitants of the 10 large cities is growing since many years which have to be
restricted as it is the core reason for the development of urbanization. Pakistani
government should take into consideration some strategies to organize the issues
of urbanization which is a problem in the course of progress. Urbanization is
normally believed to be directly linked to economic development, mainly in
industrial countries where they have frequently occurred in tandem.
Internationally, it is expected that cities produce more than 80%of the global
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The more urbanized areas show high per capita
income and more job prospects. Cities are also centers of modernization and
capitalism. Urbanization has constructive influence on technological innovation
and economic development. Same case is in Pakistan, as 95 percent of its federal
tax income from 10 main cities. For instance, Karachi alone produces 15%
percent of Pakistan's GDP and adds 55 percent of the federal tax income of the
state. Keeping in view all the previous discussion, it is worth to be pointed out
that urbanization also has importance due to its scope in the present post era
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industrialization, and following are the few advantages which further highlight the
importance of urbanization:
 One of the benefits of residing in a city is the market possible of the
population; there is a much better array of shopping prospects than in rural
regions. This may result in lesser prices and longer shopping hours. The
majority cities have shopping malls and giant box centers with a lot of
various stores that keep on open long hours and that frequently contain
amusement, recreation, food, , and cultural events to fascinate customers.
Numerous stores are possessed by national and international chains,
making it hard for small self-regulating businesses to succeed.
 Urban hubs are capable to give a range of services that minor rural centers
cannot. These might consist of a public transportation system, sewage, and
water facilities, a better variety of educational and leisure conveniences,
and better and more focused healthcare services.
 Urban hubs also offer a huge variety of facilities for their general public
ranging from individually possessed houses to high-density apartments
and condominiums. Numerous modern progresses comprise open spaces
for schools, playgrounds, and community centers.
 Cities are a proficient way of managing people’s lives, they permit
economies of scale and network effects, dropping the need for
transportation and making economic movement more environmentally
satisfying.
 The variety of talent in close closeness can spark modernism and generate
jobs, as discussing ideas produces new ideas. The diversity of cities also
encourages social tolerance and offers prospects for civic engagement.
 Nowadays, the connections between cities already form the backbone of
international trade, and cities produce a greater part of the world’s gross
domestic product (GDP).
 Urbanization is usually linked with specialty, industrialization and
progress. Urbanization is commonly appears as territorial move in reaction
to structural changes in the financial system. With economic progress the
structure of output move from low efficiency to high efficiency sectors as
a result employment structure also transforms with rearrangement among
sectors.
 Urbanization is directly attached to a shifting social fabric, as cities
normally operate as a nexus of different cultures.

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 Small and middle-size durban centers of Pakistan are increasing at a high
speed and are performing as hubs of business and trade. Development in
business, industry and enhanced agriculture techniques also direct people
to move to urban centers.
Besides the above stated advantages, urbanization is causing socio-
economic problems, such as population increasing faster than of the facilities
available for the citizens. Consequently, over-population in the big cities is one of
the main factors which are very difficult to handle politically. Particularly, for the
developing and under-developing nation’s growth of big cities in a serious issue
which need to address on priority basis. Since, the urban areas are growing
rapidly in the developing countries as compare to developed countries, therefore,
this situation is alarming for them where already resources are limited. High
poverty rate, no proper source of earning, drought, and low human capital force
people to migrate from rural to urban areas. So, it is best to conclude that
Urbanization has been growing in the world because of the huge difference in
wages and standard of living between rural and urban regions. That in the rural
areas of the rural areas of Pakistan is high, that is why here migration rate is
increasing rapidly.
Even though, urban areas provide jobs and other facilities to the residents,
but over-population may cause to generate other various issues, which include
traffic jams, scarcity of water supplies, shortage of housing and employment
prospects, low wages, long working hours, unsafe working conditions, and trivial
to no social protection are widespread. Number of cities in the world including
Pakistan is still having homeless population, and they forced live in the slums.
The inner areas of several big cities are dealing with troubles such as old, poor
conditioned buildings, vacant stores, and poor accommodation for the inner-city
residents. This frequently directs to a several of social evils, as well as crime,
joblessness, and poor quality of life. Occasionally urban areas do not have the
means or political spirit to revive heritage buildings or to advance quality of their
life in city center areas. Urbanization is one of the grave worldwide problems.
Since progress takes place from farming to an industrial sector, huge shift of rural
population to towns and cities takes place. throughout this course, the
development speed of urban regions is usually double the speed of overall
population raise. Urbanization ultimately directs to a serious fall in the number of
people living in the countryside, with harmful population increase rates in rural
regions of a number of countries. Latest research proposes that the liaison
between urbanization and development is not automatic. Urbanization in
17
numerous emergent countries has occurred with no development, jobs and
productivity. The benefits of urbanization can merely be increased by effective
public policies. Unintentional and unmanaged urbanization has fairly resulted into
urban slums, environmental degradation, poverty and discrimination. Pakistan
too, is faced with a mass of urban challenges.
Government laid down more emphasis on the progress of industrial sector
as compare to agricultural sector that become another reason for the rural
population shift in urban areas. Besides, it is believed that city life is the symbol
of growth and development of technology. But infact is a grave issue which needs
to be address immediately. Since the more population than the available resources
in the cities is an obstacle for the growth of economy of the country.

1.3 Major Cities of Pakistan

1.3.1 Karachi
Karachi is amongst the top expanding cities in Asia. Its residents have
approximately doubled during the past 15 years. Karachi is the on the whole is a
densely populated metropolitan city of Pakistan. Current population of the
Karachi is about, 15,741,406, and is continuously increasing at the rate of 2.52%.
About 24,000 people are residing on per square kilometer. In the coming years,
the population of Karachi is expected to beat that of Los Angeles, Mexico City,
New York, Beijing, Seoul, Calcutta, Buenos Aires, Osaka, and Delhi. Karachi is
the capital of the Sindh province, and is the biggest city of Pakistan. It is situated
on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The city covers an area of 3,830 kilometer per
square. With the inception of Pakistan, it became the new Federal capital of the
country. After independence, migrants came largely in the city, and occupied
whatsoever vacant buildings, and plots they could attain round the city centre.
The population of Karachi is comprised of various ethno-linguistic groups
from around the country. It is consisted on the migrants. Historically, Balouch
tribes from Baluchistan and Makran founded Karachi as a small fishing area. Still
the ancestors of the native population reside here on the isle of Abdullah Goth,
close to Karachi port.
As city is situated on the coast of Arabian Sea, it is likely to have a modest
climate and has oceanic effects. The city has four seasons for instance, summer,
winter, spring and autumn. Although, spring and autumn are come for short
period of time. Summer is the longest season of the year, temperature often above
the 43 degree Celsius. The city also receives heavy monsoon rain during the
month of July-September. Otherwise, the normal rainfall of the city is about 7
18
inches annual. Winter is the nice time to come in the city and July, December and
January have a pleasant weather conditions when maximum of the social
gathering often take place in the city.
Karachi is the largest and mainly a crowded metropolitan city in Pakistan,
is also famous as the ‘City of Lights; and ‘The Bride of the Cities’. The city is
also business hub, and back bone in the economy of Pakistan. Karachi generates
the largest revenue for the country, due to nonstop demand and supply of the
products, and services. The most famous business, shopping hubs are Tariq Road,
Zaineb Market, Sarafa Bazaar, Meena Bazaar, Urdu Bazaar, Bohri Bazaar, Bolton
Market, Zamama Commercial market, and Empress Market. In these places
thousands of shoppers come on daily basis, as they find vast variety of items.
Karachi is a mutli-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-lingual city, since numerous
diverse cultures and people settled to the city presenting an incredibly pluralistic
touch. In 1947 the majority of the city’s Hindu people departed and a huge
number of refugees arrived from India. The majority populations of these were
Urdu speaking from India, Memons of Gujarat, and few numbers of groups from
other regions also reached, settle down permanently. Besides, after freedom a
continuous surge of migrants has been approaching to the city from diverse areas
of Pakistan and composed large Pathan, Punjabi, Bengali and Hazara groups to
flourish in Karachi. In 1971 there was a vast arrival of mostly Urdu Speaking
people from the ex-East Pakistan. In the 1980s a huge amount of Afghan
immigrants flooded into the city. Therefore, due to the combination of Central
Asian, Middle Eastern,, South Asian and Western inspirations, there is significant
range in culture, and this diversity has shaped an exclusive cultural blend of its
own nature offering the city a repute of being worldwide trade complex. In the
perspective of Karachi, ethnicity, language, and politics go hand in hand, as
language decides the ethnicity and ethnicity decides the political association of
the population. Due to multi-ethnic and multi-lingual diversity the most important
political parties are Pakistan People Party (PPP), Pakistan Muslim League (PML)
Awami National Party (ANP), Muttahaida Quami Movement (MQM).
Karachi is primarily Urdu speaking city with several other languages also
spoken in the city. The linguistic division of the city is, Urdu speaking are
38.52%, Sindhi speaking 27.34%, Punjabi speaking 13.64%, Pashto
speaking 11.96%s and other%2.11Saraiki speaking ,%4.34Balochi speaking ,
These .%2.09contain Gujarati, Dari, Dawoodi Bohra, Memon, Brahui.
Karachi is primarily a Muslim city with small religious minorities. These
religious minorities include Christians, Hindus, Ahmadi, Parsis and Buddhists.
19
The literacy rate of Karachi city is 65.26%. The entire academic educational
institutions are the in charge of the provincial government of Sindh. The federal
government typically supports in curriculum advancement, approval and
particular funding of research.
The people of Karachi are food lovers; meat is the key part of Karachi’s
food. Popular meats are of beef, mutton, chicken and seafood. Barbecue food is
also very common, besides dishes made with rice contain pullao, Karachi and
Hyderabadi biryani is most famous all around the Pakistan. Sindhi biryani is also
extremely trendy. Nimko of the Karachi is very popular within the country.
Karachi is a celebratory city and several religious and cultural festivals are
spotted across the city. Religious occasions for instance, Ramadan, Chaand Raat,
Eid Milad-un-Nabi and Ashura are amongst the most important festivals of the
city. Many gatherings are take place during the occasions of Milaad-un-
Nabi, Ashura, Nowruz and Jashn-e-Baharan by religious scholars and group all
around the city. Ethnic and religious subgroups, for instance, Christians, Hindus,
also observe their occasions. The Sindh Cultural Day is as well rejoiced in the city
in the month of December. People dress in traditional Sindhi Topi and Ajrak,
being the trendy cloth of the region and meet in various regions of the city where
they sing songs, dance, attend events where artists arrived and present their
performances.
Karachi is well-known as fashion, and industrial hub of the country.
Besides, it is recognized due to its huge steps in the section of humanity and
social facilities. Yet with the target killing, extreme weather crises, and all that
has taken place in the country, Karachi still a city of lights. The Sindh Institute of
Urology and Transplant, the Citizens Foundation, the Edhi Foundation the Aga
Khan University Hospital and the Urban Resource Centre, to name only a little,
are institutions any nation should be proud of.
1.3.2 Lahore
According to a myth Lahore was well-recognized in earliest times as
Lavapuri, ’City of Lava’ in Sanskrit, was established by Prince Lava or Loh, the
son of Rama, the Hindu deity. Till that time, Lahore Fort has a deserted temple
devoted to Lava. Even though Lahore does not have an ancient history but few
historians, and archeologists draw the history of the city as long ago as 2000 BC.
The well-known Chinese pilgrim Hieun-tsang has discussed Lahore in his
writings of 7th century. During Mughal rule in the sub-continent it was amongst
the significant city capitals of Mughals during16th to 19th century alongside with
Delhi and Agra was surrounded with remarkable monuments and milestones.
20
 In 1947 huge part of Lahore city was destroyed, burn to the ground due to
the massive migration as a result of the partition. Several of houses and public
spaces were transformed into shops, depot and small industries. In 1950 steps
were taken to restore the destroyed parts in the walled city to reduce the city
problems. Consequently, transformation and redeveloping numerous of the
historical structures vanished. Due to dramatic transfer of culture and the way of
living have altered their interior spaces and heights, the fresh build houses can no
longer be compared with traditional interiors. The speed of modification as
reflected in migration and buildings renovation rate has perhaps been most
considerable in the decade of 1980-90, upper income families have shifted from
the walled city to new developed towns in the surroundings. The outcome is that
the inhabitants of walled city are now notably poor. After independence, Lahore
became the Provincial capital of Punjab, located on the left bank of the city Ravi,
sharing a border Jammu and Kashmir. The total Lahore City area covers 2,300
square kilometers of which the Walled City occupies an area of 2.5 square
kilometers. It is one of the most crowded provinces, with the population of
roughly 12 million. Lahore is regarded as the second largest city after Karachi, for
industries, trade and commerce in the country.
1.3.3 Demographic Characteristics of Lahore
The current population of Lahore is 12,188,000, and increasing at the rate
of 6%. The city has extended double to its size during last two decades. Presently,
it is the 42nd most densely city in the world, and second biggest city of Pakistan.
The denseness is continuously increasing, currently about 16,000 individuals are
residing on per square mile area. The inhabitants build homes in the 9 towns
which are maintained by Lahore Development Authority (LDA), and one military
authorized area. These areas are surrounded by some historic zone, and old city
area. The Lahore residential areas are poorly managed by municipal; corruption
and negligence by the administration are the main cause for the poor conditions of
streets and sewerage system in the city. Contrary to this, the military zone of
Lahore is well managed, it has wider and clean street and less populated than the
inner city of Lahore. Model town in another area where condition of housing is
excellent, here one can find beautiful parks, modern shopping malls and better
sewerage, and clean water facility.
Lahore located near the hot and dry zone, and has semi-arid climate, with
five seasons such as smoggy winter, spring, summer, monsoon and autumn.
Summer is the longest season of the year, and weather remains extremely hot.

21
Most of the period in a year remains dusty and skies are mostly without clouds.
Therefore, city receives direct sun light. Lahore received 607 mm annual rainfall.
Currently, Lahore city is an essential and potential part of the city complex
providing shelter and employment for almost 15% of the city population
providing a key role to the urban financial system. Lahore is known as the second
largest industrial hub of Pakistan. It has over 9,000 small and big industrial units
such as, information technology, telecommunication, chemicals, engineering,
steel, and construction materials. Besides Pakistan’s largest IT Park is also
situated in Lahore.
Lahore is the hub of fashion and is the very vibrant city of Pakistan; the
bazaars more add the life. The famous bazaars and markets of Lahore are
Anaarkali bazaar, Liberty Market, Urdu bazaar, Ichhra bazaar, Kasera bazaar,
Naulakha bazaar and Paan Gali. People all around the country come for shopping,
and to enjoy traditional beauty of bazaars.
Lahore is the heart of the Punjab and has too much attraction for the
tourists due to its rich traditional heritage. It is tourist favourite city to come and
make their precious moments of life memorable. The people of Lahore are open-
hearted. The famous historical places to visit in Lahore are Lahore Fort, Faqir
Khana Museum, Badshahi Mosque, Jahangir’s Tomb, Shalimar Gardens, Lahore
Museum, Minar-e-Pakistan and Shrine of data Ganj Bakhsh, Prince Kamran
Baradari, Tomb of Noor Jahan, Mosque of Wazir Khan, and Lahore Zoo,
Racecourse Park, Sunheri Masjid, Chitrkr Studio and Gallery etc. Besides, people
all over the country come here to participate in famous festivals are being held in
Lahore. These events include Basant, Mela Chiraghan, National Horse and Cattle
show, Lahore literary festival etc. Lahore has an extremely rich food taste, and
food culture. People of the Lahore are food lovers, so here one can find numerous
of food industries, food streets, and food chains. The famous food items of Lahore
are Chicken Lahori, Nehari, Lahori Channey, Golgappa, Falooda, Paya, Chargha,
Hareesa, etc. the famous food streets of the city are M.M. Alam Road, Fort road
food street, food street, Gawalmandi food street.
Lahore is also known as Pakistan’s educational capital. Many well-known
schools, colleges and universities are located in the city. The literacy rate of
Lahore is 65%. Every 7th child in Lahore is not enrolled in school. The medium of
instructions is English, Urdu is being taught as compulsory subject. Urdu and
Punjabi is widely spoken languages in Lahore. Urdu as a national language is
common in the city and Punjabi is the mother language of Lahore. People of

22
Lahore also communicate in English; usually they don’t feel any communication
barrier while traveling out of the city in Pakistan.
1.3.4 Faisalabad
Faisalabad city was established as an agricultural market town/ mandi
town by the British government in the final decade of 19th century. The huge area
of fertile area between the Ravi and Rivers was carried out under plough in with
the plowing of Lower Chenab canal. Colonization procedure was began in 1892
and accomplished in 1898. In the beginning, city was known as Lyallpur due to
the excellent performance of Lt. Governor of Punjab Sir James Lyall during the
colonization of Lower Chenab basin. It was regarded as Mandi Town to offer the
peasants a spot for the trade of their goods and provisions of life. The city was
originally designed overall and of 110 acres with the populace of 20,000 people.
The British planned the core of the city similar to the Union Jack with the
renowned Clock Tower, Ghanta Ghar at the convergence of 8 bazaars. Presently,
Faisalabad District is surrounded by Sheikhupura and Chiniot Districts in the
North, in the East by Shaiwal and Sheikhupura districts, in the South by Sahiwal
and Toba Tek Singh Districts and in the West by Jhang District. Faisalabad
District has an area of 5,856 square kilometers; out of which Faisalabad city have
around 200 square kilometers. Faisalabad has the gently sloping flat land of north-
east Punjab, with an altitude of 184 meters.
The old name of city was altered and new name ‘Faisalabad’ given in
1977 in honor of King Faisal Bin Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia. Presently,
Faisalabad placed as the 3rdchief city of Pakistan after Karachi and Lahore, with
anticipated inhabitants of 2.8 million populations. After transfer of control
according to Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001, Faisalabad District was
distributed into six Tehsils including of Faisalabad city, ChaknJhumra Jaranwala,
Faisalabad Saddar, Sammundri and Tandlianwala. The District was led by the
District Nazim and every Tehsil was led by its own Tehsil Nazim. In 2005
Faisalabad was designated the position of City District and City District
administration Faisalabad was established. The individual Tehsils were re-
nominated as Towns and at the present lie promptly under the control of City
District. Faisalabad City and Saddar Tehsils are substituted by 4 Towns deal with
four quadrants of the town and part of Saddar tehsil. Currently the district
contains of eight towns that is Jinnah Town, Lyallpur Town, Iqbal Town, Chak-
Jhumra Town, Madina Town, Sammundri Town, Jaranwala Town and Tandlian-
wala Town. Consequently, 4 tehsils were made branch of Faisalabad city region
mostly and somewhat had a combination of city and village region in its control.
23
Faisalabad has a hot desert like climate, with a summer highest temperature 50 °C
(122 °F) and a winter temperature of −2 °C (28 °F). The standard highest and
lowest temperatures in summer are 39 °C (102 °F) and 27 °C (81 °F)
correspondingly. In winter it reaches around 17 °C (63 °F) and 6 °C (43 °F)
correspondingly. The summer period begins from April and lasts till October,
May, June and July are the hottest months. The winter period begins from
November and lasts until March. Besides, December, January and February are
the coldest months. The usual annual precipitation lies only around 300 mm, and
is greatly cyclic with about half of annually precipitation in the two months July
and August.
Since discuss earlier, Faisalabad was established as a Mandi Town at the
start, it was planned for 20,000 residents. Fertile soil and job prospects fascinated
residents from village region into urban region. The inhabitants double data the
time of freedom as an effect of immigration of refugees from India. In addition,
industrial revolution during 1960s’ lasted immense modification on population
statistics. Important textile industries gave identification to this city as Manchester
of Pakistan. Faisalabad’s population has reached remarkably since its
establishment hence making it the 3rd biggest city of Pakistan. The total inhabitant
of Faisalabad is 3.204 million.
Faisalabad recognized as Manchester of Pakistan is well-known for its
textile goods. Faisalabad has a largely agriculture and industrial country and
makes a backbone of Pakistan's textile zone. Its inhabitants are more than 2.5
million and are third biggest city of the country. Faisalabad has been placed as the
industrial capital of Pakistan. It truly go through quick industrial progress and lift
up itself into a key development midpoint with elevated financial activity. This
progress has ordered entire inner-city, semi urban and village industry all over the
province. At present, more than partially of Faisalabad's inhabitants are absorbed
outer to agriculture, letting a huge quantity of rural and urban region understands
shift from agriculture to industries that are mainly selling abroad. The current
economic diversification has originally fascinated migration from other areas of
the country; merchants from adjoining districts also go to Faisalabad regularly to
absorb in business. Difficulties which Faisalabad's economy at this time meets
comprises power and gas load shedding, which has show the way to the end and
interruption of numerous textile and manufacturing factories. The GDP of
Faisalabad is estimated to go up to $37 billion in 2025 at a growth rate of 5.7%,
upper than the growth rates of 5.5% and 5.6% estimated for Karachi and Lahore.

24
 The established industries of Faisalabad, the city have expanded greater in
other business activities. Banking area has grown a great number of grounds in
the wealth of Faisalabad. Every local and National banks have their local business
banking head offices in Faisalabad. A lot of international banks such as HSBC,
Standard Chartered Bank, City Bank, and Barclay's Bank have their commercial
banking process in Faisalabad. Besides to banking, insurance area has also
expanded a large number in the city. State Life Insurance, Jubilee Insurance,
Eastern federal Union Insurance, and AIG Insurance are only some name as the
key participant in Faisalabad. Education has become as one more main provider
to the economy of the city.
Faisalabad kept growing in terms of population volume with the plenty of
agricultural turn out as its economic foundation. The industrialization of economy
was also initiated prior to the freedom in 1947; yet, the rise of profound
industrialization began after liberty in city. The city was formerly identified as
Manchester of Pakistan because to its well-known textile industry which not just
supplied fabric provisions to the Pakistani market however internationally too.
The district is matchless due to its farming production. The region grown up in
worth as the grain belt of the Punjab throughout the whisk of colonization. This
showed the way to the economic growth of towns and villages in the district.
Crops for instance rice, maize, sugarcane, wheat, fodder, sorghum, vegetables and
fruits gardens administer the district agriculture. To increase earnings and
revenues, farmers possibly will go for to cultivate high demand seasonal
vegetables, fruits, and plant nurseries than the customary whole year crops. From
olden times, canal and irrigation facilities have represented a very important part
in increasing the agrarian wealth.
The main export crops comprise the Kharif crops which consist of Rice,
Maize, Bajra, and Sugarcane in addition to the Rabi crops which consist of
barley,barseen, wheat, and gram. Besides to these, there are additionally Zaid
Kharif and Zaid Rabi crops. Zaid Kharif crops are Raiya, Toria, Sarsoon. Prior to
Pakistan's freedom there were merely 5 industrial units in Faisalabad, but at the
present there are onsist of carpets, rugs, hosiery, lace and nawar, printing and
publishing and pharmaceutical goods. There are also numerous thousand domestic
industries, comprising some 60,000 power loom industrial units.
Faisalabad sells abroad a huge amount of chemicals to global marketplace.
Besides, the textile trade of Faisalabad comprises more than sixty five % of the
textile sell abroad from Pakistan, which itself forms fifty eight % of the total
exports from Pakistan. This makes up Faisalabad’s share of total exports from
25
Pakistan more than 40%. The main industrial items of Faisalabad includes,
Ibrahim Fibers, Sitara Chemicals, Sitara Group, Inter loop, Industries (Pvt)
Limited, Chenab Group, Crescent Group etc.
The literacy rate of Faisalabad is 60%. Faisalabad city has a lot of
internationally recognized research and educational organizations that is Nuclear
Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), University of Agriculture (UAF),
National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Punjab Forestry
Research Institute (PFRI), Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), The
University of Faisalabad, National University of Textile Engineering etc.
Moreover, a local site of University of Engineering & Technology Lahore also
established at this location.
In addition, there are a lot of public and private organizations at all levels
which are helping the principle of educational diffusion. There are 3 polytechnic
institutions situated in Faisalabad and the normal strength of students registered
each year in these institutions is 3,556. There are also eight vocational institutes
which register 694 students each year. As a whole, about 7,220 capable
technicians/ artisans/workers are qualified every year. Moreover, a numerous of
public and private schools are also keenly busy in the educational improvement
for all ages.
The most significant cultural groups in the region are Baluch, Bodla,
Arain, Chishti, Hans, Dhudhi, Johiya, Khagga, Kharal, Kathia, Langrial, Khichi,
Syal, Tarohly (Jats), Wattu. Punjabi is the broadly spoken language along with
Urdu and Saraiki.
1.3.5 Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi, generally identified as Pindi, it is a prominent city in the
Punjab province of Pakistan. Rawalpindi is close to the capital city of Pakistan,
and the both cities are mutually famous as the ‘twin cities’ due to firm
economic and social relations between the cities. Rawalpindi is the fourth
biggest city in Pakistan in term of its population. Rawalpindi is situated on the
Pothohar Plateau, well-known for its ancient Buddhist legacy, particularly in
the adjoining town of Taxila, a UNESCO World Heritage Place. Rawalpindi is
an oldest and much bigger city and is a center of industrial, military, and
commercial, activity. Rawalpindi lies beside the very old trade path from Persia
and Europe across the Khyber Pass to India. The region has been a cultural
gathering place and invasion course for times, and was visited by Alexander the
Great, Genghis Khan, the Mughal conquerors and other well-known historical
characters. Rawalpindi itself was established about 1765 and raised to
26
significance during the late 1800’s, when it became a focal staging ground for the
British-Afghan wars.
Now, it is the place of a key military cantonment and headquarters of the
Pakistan Armed Forces. District Rawalpindi receives its name from its
Headquarter town “Rawalpindi” which stand for a book of Rawals, a jogi clan.
This district is located in the north-western part of Pakistan. It is surrounded on
the north by Islamabad Capital territory, Abbotabad and Haripur Districts of
NWFP; on the south by Chakwal and Jhelum districts and on the west by Attock
district. The whole vicinity of the district is 5286square kilometers. Type of
weather varies from 2.6ºC in month of January to over 38.6ºC in June.
District Rawalpindi is distributed into six tehsils, for instance, Rawalpindi,
Murree, Gujar Khan Kahuta, KotliSattian, Taxila and Kallar Syedan. It entails of
168 union councils comprising 114 rural areas and 54 urban areas. This district is
properly linked to other districts via the Grand Trunk (GT) Road, Silk Road,
Motorway and rail system. GT road runs equal to the key line of Pakistan
Railways within the district. Rawalpindi also has two military airports besides
Islamabad International Airport. Most of the inhabitants residing in urban areas
are busy in restaurant, trade, hotel industries and government facilities. In rural
regions, the mean of income of most of population is engaged in agriculture and
dairy farming. Potential environmental problems of Rawalpindi city are water
scarcity, sewerage system, risk of waste flows from the mountain valleys and
floods by the streams, and earthquake risks.
The city has two key roads, the Grand Trunk Road and is well-known as
The Mall as it pass byvia the cantonment, Murree Road splits north part from The
Mall, its route to Islamabad. Murree road which has been a hot place for
numerous political and social occasions. Other roads are Liaqat road, Said Purr
Road, Kashmir road, Civil Line road, Bank road, Jamia Masjid road, College
Road, Sarfraz Road, Rawal Road, Iqbal road, Band khana road, circular road,
Haider road etc.
The famous bazaars of the old city are Moti bazaar, Raja bazaar, sadder
bazaar, and Kashmiri bazaar whereas Sarafa bazaar is well-known for brass and
copper-ware gold and silver jewelry. Several shopping bazaars, parks and a
multiethnic inhabitants appeal buyers from all over Pakistan and abroad.
Rawalpindi population is mixture of people having diverse background. The
native people of Rawalpindi known as ‘Pothwari’. The busy places of the older
city are home to numerous attractions, containing Sikh temples, Hindu, and

27
Mosques. Art council is also situated close to Rawalpindi cricket stadium. The
city is abode to numerous industries and factories.
Rawalpindi has numerous older and latest hospitals, universities and parks
which made the city more imperative in terms of health from other cities. People
visit from other cities for improved facilities of their medication. Rawalpindi has
the top literacy rate in Pakistan, which shows, that the city has good educational
situation than other cities. Rawalpindi has both ‘public and private educational
institutions. The key institutes of Rawalpindi are Fatima Jinah Women University,
Arid agricultural university, University of Engineering and technology, Army
medical and Rawalpindi medical colleges, etc.
1.3.6 Multan
City District Multan is amongst the very old cities in the Indian sub-
continent. Its current name derived from its Sanskrit name Mulasthan. It has
witnessed many of wars due to its locality on a chief attacks course between
South Asia and Central Asia. It is prominent for its Sufi shrines. Multan was part
of the Mauryan and the Gupta kingdoms that ruled much of northern India. It is
one of the oldest always populated cities in the world. In the 7th century, Multan
was occupied beside with Sindh by the military of Muhammad bin Qasim, Under
the Mughal Empire; Multan enjoyed over 200 years of harmony and identified as
Dar al-Aman (residence of peace). The Khakwani Nawabs of Multan presented it
lots of economic firmness and expansion to the local farming zone. Numerous
buildings were built in this time, and farming production raised quickly.
The district Multan is surrounded on the north by Khanewal district, on
the east by Lodhran and Khanewal districts, on the south by Bahawalpur district
and on the west by river Chenab across which Muzaffargarh district is located.
Multan is amongst the most important cities in Punjab and the foremost city of
South Punjab. The district inhabitants in 2019 are 1,972,000, a 2.12% increase
from 2018. The city itself is the sixth largest in Pakistan. It is situated on the east
bank of the Chenab River, comparatively in the geographic area of the country
and nearly 966 km from Karachi. There are numerous canals that cut across the
Multan District that supply water from neighboring rivers. It is very hot in the
summer. The climate is intense, with up to 52 C in summer, 2C in winter and
sandy winds in summer. The city observes some of the most severe temperatures
in the country. Record breaking maximum temperature of 50 °C (122 °F) was
noted on 27 May 2010.
The population of Multan district is stemmed from Semitic and from
Indo-Aryan people. Though, the components of the two have got closely blended
28
during the past several centuries, so, it is difficult to find a pure model of any of
the two races. The Multan district has a variety of clans and castes. The key clans
are Qureshi, Syed, Arain, Kamboh Baloch,, Pathan, Jat and Rajput which have
several casts and sub-castes. Multani is one of the ancient languages spoken in
southern Punjab. It is a dialect of Punjabi and is a combination of Jhangochi of
Punjabi and Sindhi. Saraiki is the latest name but for eras, Multani was in
practice. It is mostly spoken in Multan District, Muzaffargarh District and nearby
regions. The whole region has nearly the similar customs, traditions and culture.
Multan is a business and industrial hub. Positioning on the Grand Trunk (GT)
road, it is well linked with the whole country via rail, road and air comprising
further industrial centers for instance Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad and Quetta.
Industries contain cotton manufacture, cosmetics, fertilizer, glass manufacturing,
and processing, big textile units, flour mills, sugar and oil mills and important
power generation schemes. It is well-known for its carpets, handicrafts, ceramics,
mangoes, and cottage industries cotton.
The literacy rate of Pakistan is 59.9%, Multan ranks at 16th in Punjab with
merely 43.3% literacy rate. There are 253 madrassas, 1267 primary schools, 192
middle schools, 132 secondary schools, 13 higher secondary schools, 20 colleges
and 5 universities located in Multan city.
Multan has rich history of Sufism and many famous shrines for instance,
Bahauddin Zakria, Shah Yousaf Gardez, Bibi Pak Daman, Shah Shams, and
Shah Rukn-e-Alam are located here. Few oldest mosque of Multan city are Sawi
Mosque, Jaima Mosque, Mosque Ali Muhammad Khan, Mosque Baqarabadi.
Multan has smooth plains and is best for agriculture with numerous citrus
and worlds’ famous mango farms. There are numerous canals that cut throughout
the Multan District, delivering water from adjoining farms. So, the soil is very
rich, and yields one of the finest taste mangoes in the world. The famous
mangoes varieties are Chaunsa, Langra, Anwarratol, Dusairi, Fajri, Desi and
Sindhri. Large parts of the mangoes are exported to numerous countries
comprising England, America, Canada, Japan, and Saudi Arabia. Sohan halwa is
one more famous food item of Multan and is trendy all over the country. It is
well-known for the cultivation of cotton, rice, wheat and sugar cane over and
above other fruits apart from mangoes for instance, guavas, pomegranates and
citrus.

29
1.4 Urbanization: A Governance Perspective
Urbanization is rapidly growing trend in the modern world including
Pakistan, where this phenomenon is growing at the rate of 3% yearly. Both
internal and external migration is responsible for the expansion of the
metropolitan cities. The rapidly growing urbanizations requires the great attention
on the governance structure plans comprising, educational facilities,
transportation, housing, sewerage, water, employment, political system and health
facilities. To gain the productive outcome, the problem requires to be tackled
seriously by policy makers and administering institutions to meet the population
demands. The policies need to be implemented and evaluated to test the
effectiveness.
Standards of urban governance in the country need a transformed focal
point on effectiveness, clarity, liability, social integrity and safety measures for
every individual at all levels. Good governance in the Pakistan is only possible for
if political steadiness, economic growth and human development are line up with
quickly growing urbanization in the country.
Pakistan is a fastest growing country in term of urbanization in the South
Asian region. The current expansion of urbanization is producing number of
governance contests. Cities with population more than their capability prompt
enormous growths in inner-city slums, environmental deteriorating, ethnic
conflicts, high crimes rate, and low condition of city facilities. An actual
governance stress upon viable and useful delivery of transportation, housing,
employment, public health and sewerage structure beside with power, water and
more Conventional Approach.
A realistic and productive local governance structure is obligatory to
administer the rapid increase in urbanization in Pakistan. An original structure of
municipal authority was announced in Pakistan under the Devolution of Power
Plan in 2001. The important characters of the structure were transfer of power for
local decision making and the progress of Citizen Community Boards (CCBs) to
make sure input of public in the decision making. Under the plan, local
governments were needed to carry out the duty for assistance was providing road
and rail network planning. The structure also confirmed 33% representation of
women at all three level of local governance, for instance, District, Tehsil and
Union level via an assenting action and was believed as a landmark in the history
of Pakistan. Though, the system was stopped up by the new elected government
in 2008 and the structure of urban governance resumed back to local municipal

30
and development authorities. This old style set-up is deficient in the important
technical capability for modern urban development, have inadequate ability.
To deal with the matter of urban joblessness and poverty, cottage business
private enterprise at individual level must been courage. Government must enable
in offering microcredit, counseling facilities and skills training. There must be
quick systems and set of laws for fresh participants so that an ordinary individual
could be fortified to join it.
For economic progress and effective supply of public facilities there is a
call for corporation and coalitions with business and civil society organizations in
view of their precise potency, for instance, dirt management, food safety projects,
little finance schemes for farmers, endorsement of organic food and better
agricultural systems. For this purpose, bonds between farming and universities
necessitate to be increased.
To resolve housing scarcities in urban regions, public zone housing plans
are inadequate and need extensive time for completion. For this, local
governments should be encouraged to take administrative advantages to expand
the accessibility of cheap land, for example, indorsing densification in innovative
housing schemes, discouraging the formation of large housing plots, and
executing energetically current housing plans for low-paid government
employees. Here, Inadequate finance in another obstacle in suitable supply of
public services. The municipal systems rely on the provision from the provincial
governments and have limited options to increase their personal funds via
taxation. To solve the issue, property tax should be dispersed to the local
authorities for better incentives and resource creation at the local level. This can
eliminate the fund lacking showing way to better facility deliver in the urban
areas.
There must be decrease in the unequal level of transport infrastructure
expenditure given to automobiles and offer more financial support to public
transport, motor bikes, walking paths and bicycle lanes. Bike riding, Car-pooling,
walking and further environmental pleasant modes must be promoted. Lastly, a
governance perception of urbanization needs honest and viable struggle by all
participants towards rising the human prospective of city as well as the rural poor
in view of the local necessities and social as well as economic progress statistics.
A solid political motivation and vow of all representatives consist of the federal,
regional and local governments, business and civil society associations and
societies is extremely vital to attain significant outcome in this way.

31
1.5 Self-Assessment questions
1. What is the meaning and definition of urbanization?
2. In how many categories does the United Nations classify the urbanization?
3. What is scope and importance of urbanization in Pakistan?
4. Which factors are responsible for urbanization in Pakistan?
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of urbanization in Pakistan?
6. Write comprehensive note on the following major cities of Pakistan:
i. Karachi ii. Lahore iii. Faisalabad
iv. Rawalpindi v. Multan
7. Critically examine the role of ‘Urban Governance’ in Pakistan.

1.6 Bibliography
Edited by Eugenie L. Birch and Susan M. Watcher. University of Pennsylvania
Press, Philadelphia. 2011.

Edited by Jasob Beske and David Dixon. Suburabn Remix: Creating the next
Generation of Urban Places. Island Press. 2018.

Book by Andrew Kincaid. Postcolonial Dublin: Imperial Legacies and the Built
Environment. Univ of Minnesota Press; First Edition (May 25, 2006).

Sana Malik1 and Julaihi Wahid. Rapid Urbanization: Problems and Challenges
for Adequate Housing in Pakistan. Journal of Sociology and Social Work. 2014.

32
Unit No. 2

CAUSES OF UBANIZATION

Written by:
Ms Zakia Batool
Reviewd by:
Dr. Amna Mehmood
33
 CONTENTS
Introduction 35
Objectives 35
2.1 Causes of High population in Pakistan 37
2.1. 1 Natural Increase in Population 37
2.1 .2 Man’s Control of Nature 38
2.1.3 Industrialization 38
2.1.4 Decreases in Mortality Rate 38
2.1 .5 Commercialization 38
2.1 .6 Economic Mechanism of the City 38
2.1 .7 Better opportunities of education 39
2.1.8 Social welfare and Services 39
2.1.9 Migration towards Urban Centers 39
2.1.10 Population Growth and Migration 40
2.1.11 Causes of Migration 40
2.1.12 Unemployment Absence of Natural Resources 41
2.1.13 Persecution and Harassment 41
2.1.14 Lack of Modern Facilities 41
2.1.15 Climatic Changes 42
2.1.16 Awareness 42
2.1.17 Better Recreational Facilities 42
2.1.18 Livelihood and Better Basic Services 42
2.2 Desire to Change Their Social Life 43
2.3 Changes in Mode of Living 43
2.4 Urban Planning 43
2.5 Economic Growth over Population 44
2.6 War 44
2.7 Improvement in Means of Communication 45
2.8 Better Housing Facility 45
2.9 Water and Sanitation 46
2.10 Better Job Opportunities 46
2.11 Better Health Facilities 47
2.12 Transport and Means of Communication 47
2.13 Collective Goods for Basic Needs 47
2.14 Education 48
2.15 Land Management 48

34
Introduction
This unit aims to explore the causes of urbanization, which represents that
when people move from rural areas towards the towns and cities then there must
be some push and factors which motivate people to move. The term urbanization
is being used in varied connotations. It is the absorption of the population in
vicinities administratively defined as urban. Urbanization has a long history it is
not a new concept although it the process of development in urban areas.
According to Redfield “urbanization commonly used to define the size, density
and the difference among the population within a technically controlled location.”
The process of urbanization has been going on since very long, at least
from the fourth millennium BC or even formerly. Although if we compare it with
the recent times the people living in the urban areas added slowly and formed
only a very little percentage of then total population from the initial time period.
City life bring introspective social and economic changes where it was
predominant.
Therefore, trend of urbanization is very famous in developing and
developed worlds as majority of the people have tendency to move nearer to
towns and cities to get “advantaged “social and economic facilities as well as
welfare services. These contains social and economic benefits such as better
education, health care, sanitation, housing, transportation and business
opportunities.
Pakistan’s recent population is nearly one-third urban. Though, that
number will rise to nearly 50% by 2025.The annual growth rate of urbanization in
Pakistan is 3% which is the fastest pace in south Asia (Kotkin and Cox, 2013).
Process of urbanization takes place when population moves from rural to urban
areas, letting the cities and towns to sprout. It is also can be named as gradual and
productive increase of the number of individuals existing in towns and cities. it is
stated that half of the population of the world is now living in the urban centers
and cities and that numbers are estimated to escalate to 75% by 2050 (United
Nations Population Division, 2014), with most of this urbanite growth
concentrated in Africa and Asia.

35
Objectives
After studying this unit you will be able:
1. To find out the causes of urbanization in Pakistan
2. To evaluate the reasons of natural growth of population in rural and urban
areas.
3. To dig out the propensity of migration towards cities.
4. To understand and compare the availability of facilities in rural and urban
areas.
5. To identify the importance of basic needs.

36
2.1 Causes of High population in Pakistan
There are certain causes which are contributing in the growth of cities in
Pakistan.
2.1.1 Natural Increase in Population
Demographically there are three factors of urban growth which are natural
increase (decrease in mortality rate and increase in fertility) net rural to urban
migration and net arrangement and amalgamation of previously non-urban to
urban centers. As Jones (1991) stated that international migration can be the
fourth and an important factor in some countries for example Hong Kong. It is
noticed demographically that “national population growth comes out as the sole
and important determinant of urban growth rate”. In Pakistan’s context, it also can
be significant due to both adjustment pattern of the Afghan refugees and the entry
of illegal migrants to large urban areas remarkably Karachi. But currently data is
not presented from the existing census to split out the association of immigration
to urban growth.
The world’s population growth is the resultant of the natural increase and
addition of births over deaths. Distinctly in different countries, net migration-the
difference between in and out migration is also a key feature of population
growth. Speedy growth of population is the outcome of decrease in death rates
along with continuous high birth rates.
Currently it is noticed that the population of urban poor is relatively
increasing more promptly in great numbers in the most of the under developing
and poor countries of the world, than the global level of population growth in
urban areas (The State of World’s Cities, 2004). It is estimated that presently 72%
of Africa’s total urban population is ling in Shantytowns. The percentage for Asia
and pacific is 43% for Latin America it is 32%and for Middle East and North
Africa is 30 %( Challenges of Slums, 2013).
The urban sections continually fascinating the rurality and new settlers due
to which the urban centers are becoming more populace and people are facing the
problems of poverty, unemployment, transportation, housing and environmental
pollution. Most of the municipalities now a day are losing their ability to
distribute adequate basic facilities to their citizens because of the Rapid City
growth all over the world. This rapid growth of cities is posturing problems for
the policy makers and decision-making organizations of the countries. More
importantly there are some other causes which are contributing to the natural
increase in population.

37
2.1.2 Man’s Control of Nature
The upsurge of man’s power over nature is the basic situation of
developing of cities. The natural resources are being misused by human beings to
such an excessive level through industrial developments that now limited number
of people can supply several people their basic needs. Cities grow whenever the
society within its boundaries get command over its assets higher than its needs.
2.1.3 Industrialization
Industrialization is very closely related with urbanization. The process of
urbanization is possible only after the great industrial revolution and due to this
cities became the significant cores of trade and business. The origination of
machines, and invention of steam engine and the use of enormous investments in
industries directed to the development of colossal manufacturing plants, which
brought about the immobile workers.
2.1.4 Decrease in Mortality Rate
Mortality rate in Europe began to decrease in eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries. In the developing countries like Asia, Latin America and Africa the
unlimited drop of mortality did not reached two-thirds of human kinds until after
the World War II. Today 90% of the growth in population can be viewed in the
developing countries and much of it in the poorest of South Asia and Africa.
Mortality decrease is the result of better health facilities and the increase in the
general level of nutrition, improvements in sanitation and others.
2.1.5 Commercialization
Just like industrialization commercialization has performed a significant
role in urban growth. Historically it can be perceived the cities grow when there
were goods and services distributed at an appreciable level and commercial
transactions were reinforced properly. It is the general perception that the town
and urbanities propose more commercial possibilities and benefits as compare to
the rural areas. The Athens, Sparta and Venice were great trading centers. In this
modern era the institution of modern marketing and means of exchange has
prominently contributing to the expansion of cities.
2.1.6 Economic Mechanism of the City
Urban areas offers more economic opportunities than the rural areas.
There are more advanced and improved sectors in which people get employment
opportunities. Even the investors and businessmen came towards the cities with
the intension of investment and to avail value-added profit.

38
2.1.7 Better Opportunities of Education
People travel towards the cities to get better facilities of education.
Generally it is perceived that the better standard schools and colleges are
accessible in the urban centers. In urban areas the certified professional colleges,
universities such as engineering and medical and other social sciences are usually
located in the urban centers. Usually the good libraries and art galleries which are
missing in the rural areas are accessible in urban areas.
2.1.8 Social welfare and Services
There are several benefits and social services attached with the cities and
towns. Examples of welfare services are better educational standard, better health
facilities, improved living standards, sanitation and housing, better parks and
recreational facilities and all of above generally a better social life. Due to these
reasons people are motivated to transfer towards the cities to attain the varied
verities of social services which are not available in rural areas.
Further effects can be as following:
 Change in social life
 Change in family organization
 Change in the mode of recreation
 Change in life style
 Change in the attitude of the people
2.1.9 Migration towards Urban Centers
The second important cause of urbanization in Pakistan is migration.
Migration is also an important factor of urban growth. The term migration occupies
as the movement of people from one place to another and this movement may be
from urban to rural or from rural to urban or from national to international countries.
Internal migration from rural to urban migration means that people travel from rural
areas to urban areas. In this course the figure of individuals living in cities increases
as compared to the number of people living in rural areas (Long, 1998).
Migration is a conjoint component of the human life from ancient times.
Human being are used to of migration from one place to another in search of
better food, living, and shelter. In some cases, he is forced to migrate to avoid
harassment, and to avoid the fear of death from the hands his close ones who is
stronger than him. On the other hand some times, he compelled to leave his
residential area or city to serve his master as a slave. A great migration was seen
historically at the time of partition in 1947 when the majority of the Muslims
migrated from India to Pakistan. The recent examples of migration is the
migration of Afghan migrants in Pakistan and Iran.
39
 Migration is an important indicator which bring changes in the proportion
of urban population. The trend of migration varies from one nation to another
nation and the rate of migration also varies from one year to the next year.it is
very difficult to guess or estimate the accurate trend of migration than to measure
the fertility and mortality.
2.1.10 Population Growth and Migration
Generally, migration is very important component of population increase
than the natural increase in the net population increase. Migration is relatively
becoming more common with falling-off the fertility rate in developing countries
and developed countries.
2.1.11 Causes of Migration
It is commonly known that the scope of global migration has been
increased. However, the over-all average number of migrants are living outside of
their country of origin and the reason behind this is the job opportunities and better
facilities. It is represented that in 2015 that proportion of migrated population was
3.3 percent is much higher as compared to the migrant population of 1960 which
was 3.1 percent. However, it has been dropped to 2.7 percent in 1980s.
In Pakistan the major attraction of people to migrate from countryside to
the city areas is to approach or get the basic facilities of life specifically
availability of better institutions for education and juxtaposition to the big cities.
It is the reason that people desire to live in cities as they can travel easily for their
work. While noticing the reasons of migration, it can be determined that push
factors are more powerful than the pull factors. Push factors are the driving force
for the people who are living in the rural areas to move towards the cities.
Here is the model which is representing the mechanism of migration
towards the cities.

40
2.1.12 Unemployment Absence of Natural Resources
Movement from one place to another place is often very nerve-wracking.
The main reason of migration from countryside to the cities or from small cities to
the industrialized areas is the higher rate of unemployment. Industrialization
provides job opportunities on the one hand and at the other hand it gave access to
the mechanization of machines and extreme computerization in the production
process. Which results in unemployment and leads to migration towards urban
centers.
It is noted that due to the population increase in the rural areas the natural
resources get scarce and the population ratio is higher than the increase in natural
resources. Due to this the land exhausts and compel people to migrate from their
areas in search of livelihood.
2.1.13 Persecution and Harassment
People who are living in the tribal areas and in rural set up they have very
developed very close relations with one another and have blood relations too. But
whenever they quarreled with someone it is not the individual’s problem the
whole community members treating harshly to the individual and compel him and
his family to migrate to another place. This type of persecution usually takes place
due to religious, sectarian and cultural prejudices.
2.1.14 Lack of Modern Facilities
Whenever people migrate from their homelands or native areas the reasons
behind it sometimes are lack of natural resources the environmental conditions
41
and most of the time are lack of the modern facilities. When there is no good
organization between demand and supply and people do not get the chances of
development as an individual or group then for the sake of development they
migrate.
2.1.15 Climatic Changes
Another reason of migration and urbanization in Pakistan is the changing
patterns of climatic conditions. People mostly are forced to leave their homes due
to floods, famines, draughts earth quack and other environmental crises. Pakistan
is a developing country and is a low income country so when the floods came in
the rural dwellings the deaths and injuries and financial losses force people to
plan their life in high income cities.
2.1.16 Awareness
The recognition and awareness of modern facilities and development in
the city life style motivate people to migrate and avail advantages of such active
life. Obviously when people get awareness about the difference between the
opportunities available in the rural and urban areas instigate people to move
towards comparatively developed areas.
2.1.17 Better Recreational Facilities
People in Pakistan and low-income countries migrate from one place to
another place due to basic three reasons socioeconomic, cultural and
environmental. The better recreational activities and chances of enjoyment are
very good in urban areas as compare to the rural areas like in cities there are
proper cricket grounds and parks for the children. While in rural areas of Pakistan
there are very limited recreational activities which cannot make their young
generation more active.
2.1.18 Livelihood and Better Basic Services
The third main cause of urbanization is the better basic services which are
available in the city centers. It is logical and reasonable when analyzing the urban
growth to differentiate the total number of people and the relative calculations
which are involved in urban evolution. It is noteworthy that the rise in urban
population out of total population in the third world countries is not as
outstanding as it is compared with the developing and developed and more
industrialized countries during their early progression.
The drifting campaigns of population are the result of population pressure
over the natural resources and attraction toward the better facilities of the urban
areas. It can be materialized in a different conditions and not necessary to have
direct relation with densities or the available resources.
42
 About half of the population growth in cities is due to natural increase
which is the result of better basic facilities and strident decline in mortality. There
are some important points through which we can understand the importance of
livelihood and better basic facilities.

2.2 Desire to Change Their Social Life

In everyday language we can label the reason that may push the
individuals to migrate as stress or anxiety. However, perhaps it is not possible that
an individual respond to his or her stress individually or willingly to migrate
unless they feel that some practical fascinations and attraction are available for
them. It is basically the pull factors like when people desire to change their
lifestyle. For example, if you lost your job it is better for you to move if there is
no possibility to get another job at this place. If your place of residence has
expired all the welfare benefits, then it’s better to change your location for better
job and better income.

2.3 Change in Mode of Living

Change in mode of living is an important factor to leave an area or migrate
from rural to urban areas. Migration is associated with the career development as
it happens in the military and in academic disciplines. Decision of migration
arises from the system of strategies made by the individuals in the process of their
life. Change in mode of living means when people wants to change their life style
and change their marital status. This hypothesis is very important in the course of
migration that people have some strategies to change their style of life by
attaining more education, better job, a good accommodation, a more pleasing
environment and so on.
There are two important generalizations given by Lee(1966),
1. Migration is selective (that everyone could not move, only a selective
percentage of the population take this risk).
2. Propensity to migrate at certain stages of the life cycle is the important in
the decision of migration. Which are “migration by age structure and
migration by marital status”.

2.4 Urban Planning

When people decided to migrate from one area to another and from
countryside’s to cities it is due to the pull factor of urban planning and charm of
city life. The facilities and development of the cities attracts the people to migrate.
43
Here we can observe another reason which force people to change their area is
overpopulation and lack of resources available at their place. Over population
might force people to migrate to fulfill their rudimentary needs.

2.5 Economic Growth over Population

The rapid growth of economic proceedings is an important factor to fetch
more individuals towards cities. Rapid growth of industries in cities creates
opportunities for skilled labors to generate more revenue for their families. Since
skilled workers in various fields are required and it encourage people to travel
towards industrial areas and such migration may be seasonal or long-lasting.

2.6 War
Natural disasters and war within the state is also an important cause of
migration. We can witness recently with our own eyes the migration caused by
war in Afghanistan, Syria and Palestine. The Afghan migrants migrated to their
neighboring countries due to destruction in their own country. They are still out of
their country for work opportunities and lives in refugee camps in Pakistan and
Iran.

44
2.7 Improvement in Means Of Communication
Rural areas of Pakistan are not as developed as the cites .urban areas have
technological advancement in it .the advanced and comfortable means of
transportation and communication provoke more and more people to migrate and
avail better facilities and get awareness and chances of interaction with educated
people.
There are some positive socio-cultural effects which can promote people
to migrate. These are the certain spheres which are affected through migration.
 The Individual
 The Family
 The Community

2.8 Better Housing Facility

The most important key factor of urbanization in Pakistan is the basic
hosing facility. Shelter is the basic requirement of human beings in the world
which can be provided by the good governance and policy making too. In rural
areas the people are living in very pathetic conditions sometimes all the family
members shares the only bedroom which is not enough for their basic
requirements. In the urban areas public and private sector are trying to address
the housing needs of the citizens. And housing policies are providing the plots for
the poor’s who cannot afford to purchase for themselves.

45
 It can be evaluated through different studies that shortage of homes and
homes without electricity and water supply is also motivating people to leave their
areas in search of better opportunities.

2.9 Water and Sanitation

The most important and basic requirement of human beings is fresh and
clean water. According to research surveys per day individuals requires roughly
20-50 liters of safe water supply for drinking and cooking etc. in Pakistan only
50 percent of the people are availing clean water supply which is 4 to 16 hours per
day. The survey “Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement” conducted
in 2013-14, reported that approximately in Punjab 75% of the residents are using
improved sanitation (92% urban,67% rural). It shows that there is the possibility
to have a good health in the urban areas of Pakistan. In the urban areas of Punjab
56 percent of the population have the facility of underground drains while in the
rural areas this access it very limited as 5 percent only. In the rural areas very few
percent of the population have access to safe superfluous disposable places while
in the cities the department of cantonment board try to provide the proper place
for the disposable of waste material. Junaid, 2016 stated that there is a huge gap in
the access of solid waste management serveries’, it is evaluated that 57 percent of
households in urban areas and only 6 percent in rural areas have availing the
services of solid waste management system. Sewerage system is another reason
for the rural people to migrate towards the city areas.

2.10 Better Job Opportunities

Cities are the leading contributors to GDP and tax revenues. In Pakistan,
55% of the GDP contribution comes from cities. More importantly, 95% of the
federal taxes are collected from just 10 cities of Pakistan. Interestingly, 12-15% of
GDP, and 55% of federal taxes are generated by Karachi. 7 of these 10 cities have
per capita income higher than the average with poverty lower than rural areas.
Consequently, the multidimensional poverty is 1/6th of the poverty of rural areas.
Recent research on the other hands reveals that development is not an automatic
result of urbanization since urbanization happened in developing countries
without economic growth, job provision and increased productivity. Literature
survey suggests

46
2.11 Better Health Facilities
Public health is another major urbanization challenge. The increasing
affiliation rate of diseases is alarming in rural and urban areas too. It has two
interrelated issues, at first level the awareness about the diseases at early stage and
secondly, to treat diseases at later stage because lack of finances and economic
conditions of people. Pakistan stands at 122nd position in World Health
Organization’s (WHO) ranking of 190 countries in health care. Pakistan has the
third highest infant mortality rate (MMR), despite the improvements in health
care in past decades. Due to the relative high levels of inactivity as compared to
their rural counterparts, the urban population is more susceptible to non-
communicable diseases such as diabetes, heart and lung diseases. Furthermore,
due to contamination of air, water and food; Nutrient deficiency, maternal factors
etc. masses are more exposure to affiliation of diseases and resulted in death and
increased morbidity.

2.12 Transport and Means of Communication

Transportation is a key element of urbanization, as it enables
communication, trade and other forms of exchange among the people. It is
important due to economic growth and globalization, and open ways for
employment at distance, trade, and for providing health care facilities etc. along
with potential benefits, Pakistan is facing serious concerning issues. Such as
congestion problem-Traffic jams lead to difficulties in travelling, short distance
travelled in hours, fuel wastage, stress, accidents, short term governance planning,
vehicle and animal sharing the same crowded roads, improper infrastructure and
broken roads and open manholes, Main routes are intermittently closed by
government authorities because of protocols, and corruption that seems to become
more serious in the years coming.

2.13 Collective Goods for Basic Needs

The term collective goods refers to water supply, garbage collection,
drainage, street cleaning, roads and streets, traffic management and public
transport, building safety, and good policing are all other necessary things for
healthy urban lifestyle. The criteria for the shared supply of goods and services
should be meeting the basic requirements of all classes, regardless of wealth. In
major Pakistani cities economic and social hardships compel poorer to come
outside of the rural areas to look for a location where they can have their basic
needs, i.e. shelter, and livelihood opportunities. This means they don’t have
47
access basic package of urban life such as proper sewerage system, water supply,
primary schools, health centers, public health etc.
The approach of present Pakistani’s government is to focus on urban
infrastructure development rather on suburban or countryside. For example, in
Lahore, billions of rupees have been spent on roads, metro and orange train. In
Karachi, billions of rupees have been spent on overpass, highway construction,
solid waste Management, electricity-Generation and distribution and storm water
Drainage etc. So, government should plan the mega projects but should have on
the cost of other cities, suburban areas and villages.

2.14 Education
Education is also one of the key most important thing among the basic
human needs and a major feature of developed societies. It equips people with the
knowledge and skills need to think logically and clearly, and also to understand
what’s happening around them. It further enables the ability to be able to take
practical and timely decisions in all the fields of life. The educational sector in
Pakistan is flourishing day by day, there is strong evidence for that such as
increased the number of universities, colleges and schools in the urban sectors of
Pakistan. The education sector has divided into six levels: preschool (age 3-5
years), primary (from first to 5th class), middle (from6th to 8th class), SSC (9th to
10th class), HSSC (11th to 12th class), and lastly, university (onward from 13 to
PhD). Pakistan government is spending 2.8% of its GDP on education and
expected to 4% of its GDP. According to UNICEF in 2018 about 22.8 million
children aged from 5-16 years were out of school. But due to involvement of local
communities’ members, NGOs, national and international intervention the
numbers are rapidly deceasing. As per the rankings by Human Development
Report (HDR), Pakistan ranks at 136th position due to literacy rate of only 49.9%
of its total population. Whereas, according to UNESCO, 47.18 of male and 33.8%
of females are literate. But importantly, these figures include rural areas of the
people as well. If we exclude the figures, the table will be turned. So the people of
the rural areas prefer to move towards the cities in order to educate themselves
and their children and to avail all the modern facilities of their life.

2.15 Land Management

Land management is the procedure to manage and develop the land in
urban and rural areas and utilization of the resources too for different purposes in

48
which animate agricultural areas, eco-tourism, ecosystem, reforestation, water
supply and housing facilities are included.
The feature of urban planning and land management is the program of
inexpensive and economical hosing schemes, which will contribute and to ensure
a far-reaching, irrepressible and sustainable urban development which will result
in healthy, safe, suitable and instrumental and locally applicable communities.
Along with these key factors an important point associated with the development
of housing, focuses on the physical planning and infrastructure specifically. It also
denotes that how these must be planned and support appropriately for the social
and economic development within the cultural context of Pakistani society.
It is known that urban areas are growing rapidly which is in an unplanned manner.
The population of these urban centers is also growing rapidly in the urban areas of
Pakistan policies, strategies, plans and implementation have been improving with
the rapidity of the urban revolution.
Pakistan was using an outdated land controlling and regulation
mechanism, but now the land record management system has computerized in
major cities of the Pakistan. Urban land management is much better and improved
with the passage of time and due to private investment in this regards, the new
societies well planned and approved from concerned authorities. Still in rural
areas of Pakistan, rural land is not able to access such as titles and exact locations.

Self-Assessment Questions
Question 1
Q1:- What is urbanization? Also explain the process of urbanization.
Q2:- What are the major factors of urbanization?
Q3:- Discuss in detail the positive features of urbanization in Pakistan.
Q4:- Explain the concept of Migration and migration as a pull factor in the
process of Urbanization in Pakistani society?
Q5:- What is natural increase in population? And how is it contributing to the
idea of urban development?
Q6:- How do you think that the process of urbanization is actually the process
of change and Modernization too?

Question2
Fill in the blanks
1. Migration is a ……………….component of the human life from ancient
times.
49
2. The main reason of migration from countryside to the cities or from small
cities to the industrialized areas is the higher rate of ……………………...
3. The facilities and ………the ……….s attracts the people to migrate.
4. Natural disasters and ………….is also an important cause of migration.
5. It is logical and …………. when analyzing the urban growth.
6. In rural areas the people are living in very pathetic conditions sometimes
all the family members’ shares the …………….
7. According to research surveys per day individuals requires roughly
……….. Litters of safe water.
8. The survey “…………………………………” conducted in 2013-14.
9. Pakistan has the ………………..infant mortality rate (MMR), despite the
improvements in health care in past decades.
10. Pakistan ranks at …………..position due to literacy of only 49.9% of its
population.
11. Due to high household rents, unemployment and squatter settlement
people are social exclusion.

Question3
Q1. Different causes of urbanization are discussed in the chapter to which you
consider is the more effective in Pakistan explain it?
Q2:- How does industrialization effects human life? Discuss it with the help of
relevant examples
Q3:- It is said that the weak social bonds motivate people to migrate towards
cities? Is it true? Justify your stance with the help of relevant examples
Q4:- How do you think that natural increase in population is the root cause of
urbanization? Discuss it in detail?

References
Long, R. (1998). Urbanization Sociology. Encyclopedia Britannica Article.
[Online] Available from http://www.csbs.utsa.edu/users/rlong/intro/urb.htm.
[Accessed 15 May 2015].

50
Unit No. 3

URBANIZATION: CONSEQUENCES

Written by:
Ms Shehla Nazmeen
Reviewd by:
Dr. Amna Mehmood
51
 CONTENTS
Introduction 54
Objectives 55
3.1 Divers of Urbanization 56
3.1.1 Agricultural Revolution 56
3.1.2 Increasing Mechanization 56
3.1.3 Automation 57
3.1.4 Innovation 57
3.2 Economic Development 57
3.2.1 Nature of Contemporary Markets 58
3.2.2 Increasing Concentration of Industry 58
3.2.3 Technology 58
3.3 Social Consequences of Urbanization 59
3.4 Negative Effects of Urbanization 60
3.4.1 Housing 60
3.4.2 Over Population 60
3.4.3 Poverty 60
3.4.4 Health 61
3.4.5 Food 61
3.4.6. Waste and Pollution 61
3.4.7 Air Pollution 62
3.4.8 Water Pollution 62
3.4.9 Industrial Pollution 62
3.4.10 Deforestation 63
3.4.11 Environmental Hazards 63
3.4.12 Living Standards 63
3.4.13 Rise of Crime Rate 63
3.4.14. Disintegration of Joint family 64
3.4.15 Water Supply and Sanitation 64
3.4.16. Transportation 65
3.5 Positive Effects of Urbanization 65
3.5.1 Migration of Rural People to Urban Areas 65
3.5.2 Employment Opportunities in Urban Center 65
3.5.3 Transport and Communication Services 66
3.5.4 High Living Standards 66
3.5.5 Educational Facilities 66
3.5.6 Health Services 67
52
3.6 Political Consequences of Urbanization 67
3.6.1 Improved Public Services 67
3.6.2 Employment opportunity 68
3.6.3 Social Justice 68
3.6.4 State Strategy 68
3.7 Economic Consequences of Urbanization 69
3.7.1 Industrialization 69
3.7.2 Economic Power 69
3.7.3 Development and Diversification of the Commercial Activities70
3.7.4 Prospect of Generating New jobs 70
3.7.5 Access to new Technologies 70
3.7.6 Development of Infrastructure 71
3.7.7 Increase of the Number of Motor Vehicles 71
3.8 Self Assessment Questions 72

53
 Introduction
The aim of this unit is to investigate the consequences of urbanization.
Urbanization denotes to the people move as of countryside parts to city, steady
rise of quantity of persons living in city zones, the means in which every culture
familiarizes towards this modification. In simple words the progression of growth
in city is Urbanization. It is growing at worldwide as well as in Pakistan.
Pakistan has the highest rate of urbanization in South Asia. According to
the 2017 Population Census, 36.4 percent of the population lives in city. In
1998, this digit raised at 32.5 percent. Other estimates, based on a modified
definition of urban settlements, suggest that the ratio of urban to rural
population could be 40.5 percent and even higher. The United Nations
Population Division estimates that, by 2025, almost half the country's population
will animate in urban areas. . Cities are the magnets for location of these segments
which value from migration of the spare and underemployed working class.
Urbanization is the outcome of the fast-economic growth. Due to migration speed
of urbanization are enlarged day by day.
Current studies indicates that industrializing and urbanizing is essential for
growth of every country. No one has full-grown to high income without energetic
cities. More significant growth in developing states are possible due to
manufacturing and services sectors mid-1980 and 1998. Efficient civic services
and industrial improvements are mostly reflected in speedy efficiency. The ratio
of urban population in countries are raised be more than 8.3 million annually.
With reducing expenses of Transport and communication and a better prospective
for using quantity saving, towns have full-grown larger and thicker.
The increasing urbanization is in possession with the world demographic
inclination. Statistical data clearly indicate that quantity of people living in
villages of Pakistan has decease as of 71.7 percent in 1981 to 67.5 percent in 1998
which is not entirely astonishing. Better living standards, unemployment and
emergent mass on land in countryside have motivated individuals to move
towards cities. This growing inclination is creating problems for the country. In
Pakistan is the utmost populated province is Punjab which is consist of more than
half of the whole population as well as some of its central megalopolises like
Gujranwala, Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Multan. Rural inhabitants are
frequently migrate municipalities in Punjab for fulfillment of their needs.

54
Objectives
After Studying you will be able:
1. to figure out the main drivers of urbanization.
2. to highlight the consequences of the urbanization.
3. to figure out the positive and negative effects of urbanization.
4. to identify the economics and political consequences of the urbanization
5. to describe the pollution and its types.
6. to demonstrate the major effects of the urbanization.

55
3.1 Drivers of Urbanization
In Pakistan Urbanization is not an innovative phenomena. At the time of
Partition approximately six to eight million multitudes of Indian Muslims move in
Pakistan. Numerous of these immigrants settled in cities of Sindh and Punjab.
Many of these refugees settled in urban areas of Sindh and Punjab in the eastern
provinces of Pakistan. In the meantime, various people are leaving the locality to
pursue works in municipalities. Furthermore, they are transferring to towns as of
their trust that urban areas comprise good quality, education, health facilities and
other elementary amenities. Commonly farming and other traditional occupation
are broken down due absence of facilities in countryside.
3.1.1 Agricultural Revolution
In Britain between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries the unique growth
in agrarian production is called Agricultural Revolution. New practices like,
Refinement, crop rotation, and a more productive use of cultivated land was
linked to agriculture. In agriculture subsistence forming change in to commercial
forming. As a substitute of rising crops and live stock for their own use, people
turn more and more to the production of cash crops, with greater confidence on a
cash economy and markets for the sale of farm products and buying of goods.
Different forms of crop rotation and livestock application paved the technique for
enhanced crop harvests, a greater variety of wheat and vegetables and the
capability to care more livestock. Agricultural segment of the labor force effected
due to the increase in efficiency enhancement these worker move toward cities
and add to the urban labor force on which industrialization depended. Industrial
Revolution is consequently leading cause of Agricultural Revolution. These
changes squeezed society as the population became well-nourished and improved
would offer the labor for new industries throughout the Industrial Revolution.
3.1.2 Increasing Mechanization
Mechanization means utilization of new technologies that are
environmentally suitable and empowers farmers for production of crops more
competently by using fewer manpower. In contemporary societies, power-driven
technology has interchanged numerous farm works previously carried out
by manual labor or by working animals such as bullocks, cattle and Horses.
Countless examples of the use of tools, such as hoe and plough are present in
agricultural history. The current intervention of machines subsequently
the Industrial Revolution conversely has permitted farming to become labor-
intensive. Tractors, trucks, combine harvesters and other current machinery
reduce the agricultural work. Urbanization and industrial economies are the
56
outcome of the mechanization. Moreover, improvement in production efficiency,
mechanization inspires countless production and occasionally can advance the
worth of farm crop. On the other hand, improved mechanization dislocate the
unskilled labor. Mechanization be responsible for the benefits like high efficiency,
low operational cost, high quality work, accuracy and covering more work in less
time consumption.
3.1.3 Automation
Skill of manufacture procedures or machineries self-acting or self-moving
is called Automation. Similarly, Automation means the method of creating a
device, appliance, course, or procedure more entirely automatic. Simple sensing
devices to autonomous robots and other sophisticated equipment are in range of
automated machinery. This system is used for control of various system
operations such as machinery, developments in factories, boilers and heat-treating
ovens, other applications and automobiles with marginal or reduced human
powers. Automation protections claims ranging from a home device to a large
industrial control system of input capacities and production control
signals. Automation is a way of work grounded on the concept of production as
continues flow rather than processing by intermittent batches of work. The
movement of mechanism have been more enthusiastically assumed to
dispensation such as occurs in chemical and electrical utility plants than to plants
producing discrete products as in metal goods. Recent estimates suggest that we
may expect perhaps eighty percent of the equipment in American industrial plants
to be automated eventually. Costs are probable to be moreover countless for total
automatization in most plants. It is evident too that the inflexible nature of the
capital placed in automated equipment acts against its use in circumstances where
capacity utilization is improbable.
3.1.4 Innovation
Recent connotation of Innovation is new idea, inventive considerations
and new thoughts in form of device or method. Innovation is frequently observed
as the application of improved explanations that meet innovative wants, unstated
needs, or existing market requirements. The opportunity of mechanical cultivation
has since away far outside its beginning of expending smart expertise to improve
machinery.

3.2 Economic Development

The progress of the living standard of a state’s people from a low-income
to a high-income is called Economic development. Economics development is
57
possible because of improved local quality of life. With the passage of time
economic institutions changed from simple to complex, the struggle introduces on
both sides’ consumption and production. The agriculture system modernized with
farm mechanization and cotton industries. The industrialization and modern
marketing system brought change in the whole economic system. Modernization
is a result of economic diffusion in most portions. Economic change is the only
part of modernization. During this process of economic development numerous
parts of society change as a result.
3.2.1 Nature of Contemporary Markets
Social structure that brings together a buyer and a seller to agree a price to
exchange goods or services is called market. The primary purpose of a market is
to regulate prices and accommodate variations in supply and demand in order to
attain effectiveness. Consumers or the buyers evaluated the prices and products of
the firm in a market. Currently due to Market trends firm continuously tries to
maintain stability itself.
3.2.2 Increasing Concentration of Industry
Industrialization plays an important role in the economic growth and
development and increased living standards of common people. Industrialization
transferred not only the mode of production from agrarian to industrial but also
shaken the whole structure and functional system of society. Urbanization is
strongly associated with industrialization. Subsequently Industrial revolution,
cities turn into significant center of business and manufacture. The invention of
machinery, the development of steam power and the application of huge capital
industrial enterprises directed to the establishment of enormous manufacturing
plants. Which brought about the mobility of immobile rapid and speedy incentive
for their work.
3.2.3 Technology
In modern age, technology greatly affects society by introduction of
machine technology. The more the society is developed the more it will be on the
path of modernization. Societies are recognized by the technological
advancements they adopt and that is the reason, societies are recognized and
underdeveloped nation. Technological changes affected various spheres of human
society such as communication, transportation, economic life social life and
function of state. In modern times the nature of technological change itself has
been modified. Currently technological achievement is the formation and
extension of technological Machiavellian knowledge to the organization of groups
and the inspirations of their members.
58
 In industrial areas commercialization starts with the industrial innovation
in term of technology. It increase the production of commodities, which
encourage the intensity of import and export and thus a revolution occurs in the
life of the people. In modern, almost immediately recent times, the nature of
technological change itself has been modified. We see this manifested in the form
of suddenly accelerated change in various applied fields. The recent acceleration
is not a simple intensification of technological dynamics of earlier centuries.
Certainly not earlier has the systematic pursuit of knowledge been so bound to the
systematic production of technical achievement. Also novel in current
technological achievement is the creation and extension of technological
manipulative knowledge to the organization of groups and the motivations of their
members.

3.3 Social Consequences of Urbanization

Effect of urbanization is diverse generally rural people are attract towards
cities as of the benefits. Although urbanization has numerous positive effects yet
no one can overlook the certain challenges generated by speedy unintended urban
growth. Industrial growth, technology, science, modernization, business and
accessibility of economic and human resources in a place inspires rural folk. As
provision of quality education and health, national and social events are accessible
in cities than villages. In urban areas due to better health facilities child survival
rate is high than rural areas. For development of human resources, quality
educational institutes are established in towns. Multiple educational courses are
accessible, offering student’s high-quality for their future professions. Urban
areas are also well equipped with innovative communication and transport
networks. Conversely, countless city life well-being is not applicable to all parts
of country. Unexpected progress or Speedy resident’s growths produce stretch in
cities by undesirable ecological, financial, public consequences. Local and
national government are facing difficulties in provision of basic amenities like
housing, water supply, sewerage and solid waste disposal due to rapid increase in
urban development .Urbanization process has optimistic as well as adverse result
on economic and social changes. Economic development, and education are
the positive effects. Nevertheless, infrastructure and social services are getting
burden owing to urbanization. Urbanization places strains on existing and
infrastructure.

59
3.4 Negative Effects of Urbanization
1. Housing
2. Over population
3. Poverty
4. Health
5. Food
6. Waste and Pollution
7. Deforestation
8. Environmental Hazards
9. Living Standards
10. Rise of Crime Rate
11. Disintegration of Joint Family
12. Water Supply and Sanitation
13. Transportation
3.4.1 Housing
Recently urbanization in Pakistan has been on a steady rise,especially
critical in large cities. This carries significant growth for rapid housing
availability and space. Continues population growth in cities are prominent reason
of different housing schemes in cities and adjacent areas. In some cases this leads
to congestion and slums, which experience key difficulties such as high crime
rates, poverty, underprivileged sanitation, joblessness. Additionally, strains on
important natural resources, such as water supply, leads to higher prices and
general environmental sustainability problems.
3.4.2 Over Population
One more chief problem of urban cities of Pakistan is absorption of
population. In case of urban-rural migration they face multiple problems like
accommodation, growing of slums, disintegration of joint family system high cost
of living etc. In metro cities like Karachi Lahore Faisalabad etc. it is very hard for
low income groups to retain a decent standard of living. Mostly families are to
live in congested houses in miserable condition. They don’t have proper hygienic
condition, Deficiency of open and green places and no ventilation system.
3.4.3 Poverty
In modern world the most challenging problems of developing and
underdeveloped countries are poverty. Poverty is relative term; well-known
economist Adam Smith describe it as “Poverty is a relative idea as it can be less
or more”. In simple words poverty is a socio-economic phenomenon due to which

60
the person affect by it may not be able to provide basic need of their life like food
accommodation and clothing even for themselves.
3.4.4 Health
Outcome of urbanization on health is constructive as well as destructive.
In common practices health services like hospital and specialists are easy to
access in case of emergency. Easy approach to health care information through
different sources of mass communication is another feature of migration to urban
areas. Health care staff and members frequently visit in city for provision of
information about public health and family planning and its methods. Different
program are lunched in cities for eradication of epidemics in case of emergency
and regularly, which is unavailable in rural areas.
But along with positive element there is some negative aspects urban life.
Water and air pollutions are prominent figure of the urban areas. Congested and
unhygienic living conditions with insufficient space are the leading causes of poor
wellbeing. Infected drinking water can cause water borne diseases and infections.
Heart disease and respiratory diseases are the outcome of air pollution which are
effecting weak segments of the population such as elder people and children. In
urban areas along with government health care institutions private institution are
too providing service even at door steps in case of emergency.
3.4.5 Food
In current scenario, increased urbanization are deteriorating the food
producers and rise the food consumers. Urban migration are becoming increase
food purchaser instead of food grower. This contributed to the varying consumer
food preferences and consumption patterns food provisions and sustenance
dissemination similarly effect due to Inhabitant’s movements. In means of people
travel to the municipalities, they have a tendency to use bought food as a
replacement for their own harvests this makes them more susceptible to variations
in food charges. Demand for water and land rises, as per the inhabitants raises and
it turn out to be problematic to rise food creation in a maintainable manner. High
speed of rural urban population lay pressure on present rural people to produce
food for the growing unban residents.
3.4.6 Waste and Pollution
Waste something or material which is excluded or discarded after
completion of a mandatory process. Now a day because of huge stress on land
there is no proper of disposal of waste as a result it is creating a serious problems
for human beings and ecosystem. Increased population growth directly affect the
physical environment, like land, water and air.
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3.4.7 Air Pollution
Any matters or chemical arrangement which badly affect the environment
and generate adverse change for human beings are called air pollution. In present
era air pollution is the most persistent problem of human societies. It is estimated
that, key contributing reasons of depletion of ozone layer, influence on
greenhouse, acid rain are the outcome of air pollution. Currently in developed
countries mostly air pollution is the result of vehicle uses, factories output, smoke,
dust from different sources etc. there factors generate poor air quality which
adversely affect the human life and health. Recent study on health shows that 40
percent of urban residents are directly affected by air pollution. Lethal exclusion
has directed to sequences of disorders like respiratory, skin sensitivities, mental
retardation and low IQ level among children.
3.4.8 Water Pollution
Water pollution means hurts or exterminates living organism. Undesirable
change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of an ecosystem is
called water pollution as defined by biologists. In current practices there is not
any appropriate technique to dispose of the home, industries and other wastes
consequently it get into water bodies and water convert contaminated. There is a
two fundamental causes of water pollution industrialization and population
explosion. Human community Waste water comprises of organic material and
nutrients; various kinds of toxic contaminant are the result of industrial
wastewater. Waste products of both are not as easily disposing of as it produced.
50% of diseases are outcome of contaminated water in developing countries like
Pakistan.
3.4.9 Industrial Pollution
Injurious discharge of industries in to the environment as releases to air
and water is referred to the industrial pollution. In worldwide pollution main
contributor is industrial waste which threatens the societies and environment. All
over the country unplanned opening of new industrial units and extension of
present ones are producing serious environmental degradation and giving increase
to numerous health problems. Smoke discharge of industries loaded with harmful
gases and certain substances which is accountable for air pollution. Respiratory
and lungs diseases are the result of ammonia, Nitric oxide etc., which releases
from fertilizer factories. Sulphur dioxide and chlorine gas are discharge from oil
refineries and paper industries, beside different diseases great concentration of
these gases can eventually cause death. In Pakistan plethora of industrial units
have established primarily in metropolitan particularly in congested residential
62
areas. These units are made life depressed for local person as they usually are
with heaps of garbage, filthiness and pools of contaminated water in the street.
3.4.10 Deforestation
Converting a woody area into cleared land and clearing of trees is called
deforestation. Construction of shopping centers and housing schemes are the
leading causes in deforestation. tress are being cut in cities to get space for
construction and other marketable commitments. Likewise forest have been wiped
off from the surface, distressing the entire ecosystem. Trees refining the
atmosphere by breathing out oxygen, whereas taking in carbon dioxide, and
greatest protector against environmental diseases. In the age of heavy traffic
smoke of factories, and lots of other impurities it’s a best source of purification of
environment. So keeping in view the human protection there should be
appropriate balance among production forestry and protection forestry.
3.4.11 Environmental Hazards
Something which can cause harm and danger for human health
environment is called hazard possibility that acquaintance to a hazard is risk
which cause negative effects. Variety of environmental health hazards distress
human comfort.
3.4.12 Living Standards
Living standards means individual and group consume quality housing,
substantial comfort and wealth. Rural people are attracted to urban areas for better
job opportunities’ and good standard of living. Economically disheartened People
usually travel from to habitation that offer well chances of happy living
standards. Quality of life is closely interrelated to the standard of living, several
factors are significant like economic and political stability, political and religious
freedom, ecological worth, climate, and safety. Mostly people shift to cities to
change their social life. They changes in the mode of living, such as dress, food,
habits, attitude and pattern of residency.
3.4.13 Rise of Crime Rate
A significant aspect of urbanization is high influx of pollution from rural
to urban areas in pursuit of employment. But it is impossible to everyone to find a
suitable job, large amount of migrants remain jobless at least for certain time. In
time of need they indulge in minor offences like theft and when they able to full
their need they consider it’s a respectable occupation and discard thoughts of
truthful living. Another aspect of urban life is high mobility of its population. But
in most case some family member’s moves and few persons live in their ancestral
homes. Rented houses are used for accommodation which they change according
63
to the conveniences quite frequently. Generally a city resident does not know
about his neighbors. Consequently urbanization has removed the position of
neighborhood pressure on individual’s behavior. In such an atmosphere of
irrelevance and disinterest, innocent folks become easy victims of criminals who
even dodge the police by going undergoing. It is not astonishing, consequently
that a fair number of criminal who are required in one or the other misconduct, are
in the city and all efforts to arrest them have proved useless. An important aspect
of crime in urban society is relating to sex. In some case only male member travel
for the sake of job. Mostly in absence of healthy recreational outlets, they indulge
in unsafe and unhealthy purists’. Provoking advertisement and erotic movies
emphasize their sexual hunger. The immoral individuals entirely exploit this
situation and engage in prostitution. Moral and social values of countryside with
its hard collective sanctions are completely vanished in a city. Absence of social
control and punishment is responsible for high rate of sexual crimes in city.
3.4.14 Disintegration of Joint Family
Speedy industrialization and urbanization the leading factor of
fragmentation of joint family. People moved from rural areas to urban areas for
jobs and a better standard of living breaking their relationships with the joint
family. Urbanization has highlighted independence and privacy which inspire the
formation of independent family units. Nuclear families are the result of
urbanization as urban-dwellers prefer to live in the nuclear families due to high
cost of living. On account of high cost of living in urban areas joint family is
difficult to maintain. Consequently, recent industries devastated the foundation of
joint family system in Pakistan.
3.4.15 Water Supply and Sanitation
Another present serious challenge is the provision of water and sanitation
facilities to increasing urban areas. Fulfillment the need of clean drinking water
for growing population can generate problem on already overextended assets.
Intensification of population in and around cities, water supply is frequently short
and matter to increasing competition by diverse users. Demand for water for
industrial and domestic use due to urban growth are increasing day by day.
Delivery of water and sanitation services to disadvantaged areas and
underprivileged areas are difficult. These areas are deprived of clean drinking
water and appropriate sanitation system. If they have facility of safe drinking
water, contrary they are facing problem of inadequate sanitation and waste
disposal.

64
3.4.16 Transportation
Transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one
location to another. High population needed more transportation for mobility,
which have more impact on conveyance and road energy usage. Consequently,
the cost of private transportation is assessed to have increased. High increased in
population leading to towards high private transport, which produce severe
congestion?

3.5 Positive Effects of Urbanization

1. Migration of Rural people to urban areas
2. Employment opportunities in urban center
3. Transport and communication services
4. High Living Standards
5. Educational facilities
6. Health services
3.5.1 Migration of Rural people to urban areas
Lots of people moves towards urban areas from villages every years, with
hope of gaining a better standard of living and job opportunities and perhaps
conflict and social disturbance push them for migration. Push and pull factors
contributing leading role in movement of people from rural to urban areas. Pull
factors like technological advancement, better job opportunities, and improved
amenities and increased living standards.
Greatest pull factor of migration are employment opportunities in cities.
Nearly all high wages industries are positioned in urban areas with job
opportunities. Professional and non-professional educational institutions are
another attraction for travels. Urban lifestyles, glamour and facilities also
fascinate them. Above mentioned aspects force them for both momentary and
permanent movement to city.
Push factors Poor living conditions and the lack of opportunities for paid
employment in rural areas are push factors. People are moving away from rural
areas because of poor health care and inadequate educational and economic
opportunities as well as environmental changes, famines, floods, lack of
availability of adequately productive land, and other pressures on rural livings.
3.5.2 Employment Opportunities in Urban Center
The financial foundation of towns and rural area are often still pathetic in
developing countries. Furthermore, the service orientation found in towns and
cities has historically been associated with a high amount of hazardous
65
professions and this remains accurate nowadays. In metropolitan areas all high-
paying job for highly skilled and trained candidates are mainly available. All
business administrators, researchers and engineers work at research laboratory in
urban areas. Consequently, there is ordinarily a great pool of jobs in urban centers
which need service industry workers as well as knowledge-based specialists. In
contrast, many countryside jobs revolve around farming or agriculture but
currently automation has reduced the demand for workers in these profession.
Particularly rural populations experience a decrease in jobs as the inhabitant’s
deteriorations. Fresh workers frequently migrate to big municipalities, to find a
job and career building.
3.5.3 Transport and Communication Services
Upgraded transport and communication services benefits to increase
transport things form one place to another. These are significant infrastructures
for the whole economic growth of the country. Transport sector is a central
element of the economy and a common device used for progress as of its
concentrated usage of infrastructures. Economic opportunities have been
progressively connected to the mobility of people and load. As well as
information and communication machineries even in global economy. There is an
obvious relationship among the quantity and quality of transport infrastructure
and the level of economic development. Well-organized transport systems provide
social and economic prospects and benefits, which cause positive effects like
approachability to markets, employment and supplementary investments. In case
of scarce transport systems in term of capability and dependability leading toward
economic cost such as reduced and lower quality of life. Contemporary machinery
has brought changes in the means in the revenues of transportation which
ultimately affect social organization and relationships.
3.5.4 High Living Standards
The bases of overall development and growth of the country is
urbanization, its instrumental process which possesses people going and
struggling for what they want. Unban doweling is strength for higher standards of
living which compel to effort for something improved. Inhabitants of urban area
is continuously trying to set higher aims and reach them.
3.5.5 Educational Facilities
Education facilities in urban areas far better than rural areas. Students of
city are generally gaining better access to schooling and obtaining quality
education and devote more time while learning. In rural area numerous problems
being confronted by the schools like inadequate Infrastructure, Shortage of
66
Transportation Facilities, lack of Basic Amenities, less Extra-Curricular Activities
and Shortage of Funds. In contrast due to many advantages and services in urban
areas and continues encouragement and inspiration and motivation of parents and
teachers there is bright performance of urban students. Availability of mass media
and electronic media new teaching techniques, their educated families and peer
group also contribute for better performance. Rural areas Students are not as
much of exposed to the external world and likewise absence of information about
the currents issues that occur. Furthermore rural children don’t have the facility
of enrollment in collage.
3.5.6 Health Services
Urban population is more privileged with respect of health than the rural
areas. In rural areas health is on risk and experience higher rates of chronic
disorders. Country populaces don’t have sufficient health care system including
tests for various chronic conditions. Rarer health care providers is the chief cause
of inadequate access to health care in rural areas. Rudimentary health services
have remained fewer in rural areas, doctors have been unwilling to join the
placements in villages. Quality health services in urban areas is great force of
mobility of rural population. As the well- being and health of their inhabitants is
possibly a town’s greatest significant strength. Although cities are facing many
challenges like providing of cleaner environment, better health, sanitation etc., yet
they are fostering good urban livelihoods, promoting social interaction and
protecting vulnerable population.

3.6 Political Consequences of Urbanization

1. Improved public services
2. Employment opportunity
3. Social justice
4. State strategy
3.6.1 Improved Public Services
Protection of susceptible and improve the standard of living of the
common people is called public services. They are necessary for prosperity and
financial development of societies. They bind and reinforce communities as
society. Public services are the building block of the fair and refined society.
Cities are well-found with all public services like education, health, public safety,
emergency services, environmental protection, justices, infrastructure and
transportation etc. public services have non-financial goals with aim of improve
the quality of life of common peoples.
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3.6.2 Employment opportunity
There is a need of comprehensive government policy to make available
equal job opportunity to all without any discrimination, such as age, race, color,
sex, religion and disability against employees. In urban areas there should be
intensification of employment opportunities. There should be more industries in
cities and provide job opportunities to more people. Transportation facilities
should be improved which helps the people for transportation and also increase
job opportunities in transportation industries.
3.6.3 Social Justice
Purpose of independence of Pakistan was expected to be a declaration for
the Islamic fundamental ideologies, but it’s still gaps behind the implementation
of social-justice. Here, the prosperous people employed a chief control over
Pakistan's decision-making. Pakistani society is still suffering from social
stratification. It portrays a society as a place wherever the variances amongst the
different fragments are miserably detected. This fragmentation is also a standard
in the direction of assessment in term of social justice. Currently society provides
an image of an economically unstable community. Furthermore, with the passage
of time this class variance used to get worse. Phenomena of urbanization increase
this problem and distressed a balance. Population is divided between rural and
urban in Pakistan. Rural population is associated with agriculture and contribute
effectively in economy of country. Nevertheless speedy urbanization distract this
sector severely. Rural economy severely affected by the declining conditions,
consequently, farmer’s disheartens from agricultural activities and avoids the
attention towards picking substitute generating sources. So, day by day the
monetary alteration between the diverse classes, conflicting to the social justice, is
extending. The urban areas are also not resilient to the worsening in economic
stability.
3.6.4 State Strategy
This element provides policies and criteria for the development of various
types of community facilities, their relationship to one another and their location
to serve the needs and desires of the community. Public facilities and services are
provided by every level of government, and other public and quasi-public
organizations. Public services and facilities are often provided jointly by more
than one of these agencies to reduce costs.

68
3.7 Economic Consequences of Urbanization
1. Industrialization
2. Economic Power
3. Development and Diversification of the Commercial Activities
4. Prospect of Generating new Jobs
5. Access to New Technologies
6. Development of Infrastructure
7. Increase of the Number of Motor Vehicles
3.7.1 Industrialization
When an industry is introduced on a great scale to a county is called
industrialization. It play a vital role in living standards of the people, economic
development and growth. Commercialization starts with industrial invention in
term of technological development in industrial areas. It rises the production of
supplies, which inspire the amount of importation and export and therefore a
revolution arises in the life of the publics. Industrial Revolution is basically shift
of agrarian society to industrial society wherever industrial unit were built up. The
attentiveness of labor in factories has enlarged urbanization and the magnitude of
settlements, to attend the factory workers. In search of jobs people’s movement
toward urban areas from native’s villages is a natural phenomenon especially in
industrial states. Consequently it is said that urbanization is the main source of
industrialization. As industrialization increase the job opportunities or the
unemployed youth of the country. Which helps to guide the standards of living of
common people to ward improvement. It’s a constructive step of the development
of the deprived and common man in the field of economic rises. Such types of
economic growth ultimately affect the social life of the individuals. Therefore,
industrialization affects the entire structure and functional system of the society,
thus the living standards of the people turn into better. Consequently,
industrialization bring social change in every walk of life.
3.7.2 Economic power
Economic development based on the technological consequences almost
constantly in an importance of the process of urbanization. Briefly the reasons for
this are economic development suggests a changes in the professional structure of
the employed power towards non- agricultural activities. Secondly more than the
development of secondary manufacturing, the growth of service industry each
time indicates the attention of surviving activities in urban areas. It is supposed
that urbanization in practically all countries in initial phases of modern financial
development has normally inclined to raise at a quicker amount than growth of
69
the county. The fact that urbanization has generally inclined to move ahead of
economic development has several inference for developing countries, especially
when these are boarding programmes of economic and industrial development. It
means that, as the process of economic development goes on the demand for the
establishment of city economic and social infrastructure investment raises much
more speedily than the numerous other aspects.
3.7.3 Development and Diversification of the Commercial Activities
Providing goods and services that can usually be acquired from private
enterprise is commercial activity. It is focused undertaking for promotion of
production, sale of goods, trading and rendering services. The purpose of
Commercial activity is any reproduction, advertised, promoted, or sold and
incorporates a financial transaction. Main function of the commercial activity is
publicizing of information about business. Like industrialization trade and
commerce has also played a significant role in urban extension. In contemporary,
times the development of modern marketing institutions and methods of exchange
has significantly contributed to the growth of cities.
3.7.4 Prospect of Generating New Jobs
Through the procedure of industrialization employment opportunities
frequently open quickly specially in developing countries where careers change
from agriculture to production. In this situation people move to urban areas
frequently and increase the urbanization of that country. Industrial unit offer jobs
to people according to their technical and educational skills. . People are
frequently moving in urban areas, which means there is more demand. The
enlarged demand unties the access to employment prospects for a lot of people
who are unable to find a job in their rural area.
3.7.5 Access to new Technologies
Technology does have substantial effect over the social order. The more
the society is industrialized the more it will be on the route of modernization.
Technological advancement enhance the quality of life. The impact of technology
over the society could be positive and negative or both it similarly depends upon
the insight and intellect of the individuals living in that society as well as on the
culture. Since technological variance affect numerous domains of human
civilization such as communication, transportation economic life, and function of
state. Particularly utilization of mobile and access to the Internet, has removed
traditional problems to information. Mobile, Internet and the quick growth of
cable networks have greatly changed the environment. Currently if anyone want
to know something, simply push a few buttons, knockout a mouse, or access
70
every fragment of the world to gain fresh understandings. Digital media
usage continues to grow, Internet, Voice-activated devices and Digital media
usage continues to raise.
3.7.6 Development of Infrastructure
Services and facilities essential for country, city and other areas are called
Infrastructure development. Physical aspect of infrastructure are Roads, bridges,
canals, drains, sewerage, buildings, electricity, communication, etc. Economic
aspects of infrastructure investment. Its structure of basic services in order to
inspire economic growth and improved quality of life. Most progressive
economies gone over period of rigorous infrastructure that have enhanced the
competence and competitiveness of the region. Productivity increase due to
transportation and education facilities and civil work etc. For economic growth,
Development of science and technology is also important. Overall efficiency of
the economy depend on these growing amenities, activities and services
assistance. They also play an essential role in facilitating the smooth running of
all the sectors of the economy. The growth and fast pace of economic
development is difficult without the economic infrastructure progress. Social
infrastructure and Physical infrastructure are comprehensive classification of
economic infrastructure. Social infrastructure means, fulfillment of the
fundamental needs of the society like health, education sanitation, drinking water,
housing, sewerage, trainings etc. social overheads is also used for explanation of
social infrastructures, Overheads indirectly rise the output and after some time
economy understands the growth and impact for example finance, energy,
irrigation, transportation, telecommunication, banking, technology, etc. Physical
infrastructure refers to the requirements of production sectors as trade industry
agriculture, etc. In simple words economic production directly effect by the
physical infrastructure. Physical infrastructure have directed and immediate
impact on economic production in short time. Infrastructural development plays a
significant role in the development of agriculture and industry. Improved
Infrastructures development generate employment chances
3.7.7 Increase of the Number of Motor Vehicles
Automobiles, vans, motorcycles, and trucks are included in Motor vehicle
or road vehicles. With increase urbanization the demand for vehicle are increase
as it provides the opportunity for travelling and transportations. Comfortable and
convenient automobile had pushes aside other modes of transportation. Abrupt
popularity automobile’s in 20 century affected the utilization of the Bicycles,
railroads and other traditional modes of transportation. In present era publics want
71
fastest and prettiest car and take more pride in their vehicles than ever before. Car
passion became more popular with every passing year.

3.8 Self-Assessment Questions

Question 1:- Fill in the blank
1. According to the 2017 Population Census, ---------------------- of the
population lives in city.
2. In Pakistan -----------------------is not an innovative phenomenon?
3. Urbanization is strongly associated with------------------------------.
4. Converting a woody area into cleared land and clearing of trees is called
--------------------.
5. Technology does have substantial effect over the social order.
6. ---------- and ----------- factors contributing leading role in movement of
people from rural to urban areas.
7. --------------- and --------------- essential for country, city and other areas
are called Infrastructure development.
8. --------------------- is more privileged with respect of health than the rural
areas.
9. As ---------------------------- increase the job opportunities or the
unemployed youth of the country.
10. ---------------------- is the movement of humans, animals and goods from
one location to another.

Question 2:- What are the social consequences of urbanization? Discuss it in

detail?
Question 3:- Enlist the economic consequences of urbanization? Furthermore
elaborate how these distress the societies?
Question 4:- What is meant by drivers of urbanization? Enlist and discuss in
detail?
Question 5:- How political consequences of urbanization effect the societies?
Explain with relevant examples?

72
Unit No. 4

PAKISTAN’S RUNAWAY
URBANIZATION

Written by:
Jamil Ahmed Sheikh
Reviewd by:
Dr. Amna Mehmood
73
 CONTENTS
Introduction 75
Objectives 75
4.1 Pakistan’s Unstoppable Urbanization 76
4.1.1. Introduction 76
4.1.2. Drivers of Pakistan’s Urbanization 78
4.1.3. Challenges of Urbanization: The Six Beigest Challenges 79
4.2. Do’s And Don’ts of Urban Policies in Pakistan 82
4.2.1. Urbanization Through implosion 82
4.2.2. Provincial Break Up Of Population 83
4.2.3. Urban Population 84
4.2.4. Institutional Imperative for Urbanization 85
4.2.5. Urban Development Accomplishments and Shortcomings for
Pakistan 86
4.2.6. The Way Forward: Do’s 87
4.3 Urbanization: A Governance Perspective 92
4.4. Frustrated Urbanization and Failed Development in Pakistan 95
4.4.1. Fail Projects 95
4.4.2. Urban Development Held Hostage 96

74
Introduction
Urbanization is a rapid process of land and its inhabitants becoming urban.
However, there are considerable variations in the degree of urbanization from area
to area and country to country within each regional territory area. The change is
attributed to both the people and the place. Infact, the extent of urbanization is
quantified and expressed primarily in population statistics by distinguishing
populations residing in towns/cities from the rural/country areas. Urbanization
continues to accelerate and development cities, but it also substantial challenge
for society, government and services providers. Therefore, this Unit will
introduces urbanization and developments trends in past, present and future of
Pakistan. Furthermore, to explore the causes of unstoppable urbanization, issues
and challenges faced by Pakistan (such as health, housing, education and
governances). Through the course students will be introduced the government
prospective for urbanization such as Pakistan’s urbanization policy and its various
prospectuses.

Objectives
After reading this unit you will be able:
 to understanding urbanization and developments trends in past, present
and future of Pakistan
 to demonstrate the causes of Pakistan’s unstoppable urbanization
 to know the regional perspectives on urbanization and development
 to demonstrate urbanization issues, and challenges of Pakistan
 to understand the Do’s and Don’ts of Urban policies in Pakistan
 to understand why development projects fails in Pakistan?

75
4.1 Pakistan’s Unstoppable Urbanization
4.1.1 Introduction
According to J. Ronald, urbanization is a heterogeneous process of land and
its inhabitants becoming urban. However, there are considerable variations in the
degree of urbanization from area to area and country to country within each
regional area. The change is attributed to both the people and the place. Infact, the
extent of urbanization is quantified and expressed primarily in population statistics
by distinguishing populations residing in towns/cities from the rural/country areas.
Urbanization and increasing population of the cities and towns result in expansion
of the urban areas into adjoining rural/countryside areas, affecting it not only in
terms of the appearance of the countryside, but also the lives of its inhabitants.
Currently, an upwards trend is being observed towards urbanization where more
landscape is classified as urban with an increased movement of people towards not
only physically, but socially urban areas too. In developing countries such as
Pakistan, India and Bangladesh, urbanization is often viewed as a measure of
economic growth, whereby both have often occurred in tandem. For Pakistan,
although urbanization is viewed as promising, but it also has its caveats.
The promising aspects of urbanization are pooling of labor market, trade of
goods and services, increase in knowledge, increased incomes and economic ties.
Development in these lines leads to creation of employment opportunities, hence
reduction in poverty and also development of local businesses in urban areas. A
major positive outcome of urbanization is industrial growth. City houses different
social and personal profile people including. As cities are the hubs of innovation
and entrepreneurship, more urbanized areas have more employment opportunities
and therefore higher per capita income. The sectors providing employment
opportunities are high volume industries such as information technology and other
small and medium enterprises (the major non-agricultural job market in Pakistan).
Cities also offer access to reputable educational institutes which play a vital role
and have a positive impact on innovation and economic growth.
For Pakistan, the positive impacts of urbanization are hampered by its
population. According to recent 2017 census data, Pakistan is home to roughly
207.8 million nationals. This makes Pakistan the 6th most densely populated
country in the world. Of the 207.8 million, 34.6% of the country’s population is
residing in urban settings. Province of Sindh is the most urbanized provinces with
52% of its population residing in urban areas. The cities of Karachi, Hyderabad
and Sukkur are the major urban settings in Sindh harboring 68% of the total
population of Sindh. Punjab on the other hand, has 36.7% or its population
76
residing in large cities such as Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Multan and
Gujranwala. In Baluchistan, 27.5% of the population resides in urban settings in
major cities like Quetta, Khuzdar, Chaman and Turbat. The least urbanized
province of Pakistan is Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). Major cities of KPK are
Peshawar, Mardan, Dera Ismail Khan, Nowshera and Abbottabad.
The rate of growth of urban population in Pakistan is the highest among
other south Asian countries at 3% per annum. Currently, around 1/3rd of
Pakistan’s population resides in urban settings. Estimates suggest that this
percentage would increase to 50% by 2025. At city level, this means Karachi’s
population would increase from 13 million to 19 million and Lahore would reach
10 million from 7 million. By 2030, it is believed that more than half of Pakistan
population’s will live in cities. (Kugelman, 2013).
Cities are the major contributors to GDP and tax revenues. In Pakistan,
55% of the GDP contribution comes from cities. More importantly, 95% of the
federal taxes are collected from just 10 cities of Pakistan. Interestingly, 12-15% of
GDP, and 55% of federal taxes are generated by Karachi. 7 of these 10 cities have
per capita income higher than the average with poverty lower than rural areas.
Consequently, the multidimensional poverty is 1/6th of the poverty of rural areas.
Recent research on the other hands reveals that development is not an
automatic result of urbanization since urbanization happened in developing
countries without economic growth, job provision and increased productivity.
Literature survey suggests that in such scenarios, urbanization will put an
increased burden on economies that already have stressed labor market and
governments struggling with provision of basic needs in cities. .The governments
in Pakistan to this day struggle in provision of basic needs such as housing,
transport, education, jobs, healthcare, water and energy to its urban sectors. The
situation will further deteriorate with passage of 10-20 years with the soaring
urban populations and would prove to be a greater challenge to governments. If
these problems are not addressed, urbanization would only cause the situation to
deteriorate where the urban masses with its higher number of middle class would
have fewer contributions to the society and economy. The outcome of this
situation could also lead to increased crime rates. Thus, the benefits of
urbanization can only be accrued by sound public policies. As has been seen, the
unplanned and unmanaged urbanization leads to plethora of other issues like
emergence of urban slums, environmental deterioration, and increase in poverty
and inequality. All these challenges already exist in Pakistan.

77
4.1.2 Drivers of Pakistan’s Urbanization
Domestic or international, migration is one of the key reasons behind
urbanization which brings along challenges and opportunities to cities and
governments along with the migrants. As a result, the role of municipal authorities is
being increasingly recognized as crucial in managing migration by including this as a
part of their urbanization policies and their implementation. Therefore, it is not a new
term for Pakistan. During the 1947 independence from British rule and partition of
India into Pakistan and India saw one of the most massive migrations where
approximately 6-8 Indian Muslims migrated to Pakistan across the new border. Most
of these migrants settled in the eastern provinces of that time West Pakistan in
provinces of Punjab and Sindh. The wars of 1965 and 1971 between Pakistan and
India saw second migration of Indian Muslims to Pakistan. These migrations were
also accompanied by flow of Hindu population from Pakistan to India too.
An expert and a scholar of the South Asia, Michael Kugelman, provide his
input on urbanization in Pakistan by identifying various factors of urbanization in
Pakistan. He identifies migration from rural areas to urban areas as one of the key
reasons for increased urbanization. There are various driving factors for this
increased rate of migration. Primarily it is to seek the fulfillment of basic needs
such as better livelihood, and access to services such better healthcare and
education. The major population migrating for these reasons tends to belong to
lower income strata and belong to the workgroup affected majorly by changing
climate such as farmers and fishermen, jobs affected by drought and similar
water-loss problems. Secondly, migration also occurs through displacement of
populations due to war and conflict. This has been observed in Pakistan in recent
decades, especially from Pakistani tribal belt, where internal displacement drove
populations to relatively safer and secure cites of Peshawar, Quetta and Karachi. .
Thirdly, urbanization is also a result of rapidly increasing country’s population.
The rate of increase of Population in Pakistan is one of the fastest in Asia with
growth at a rate of several percentage points annually. (Michael Kugelman, 2014).
The key driving forces of the urbanization in Pakistan are huge migration of
Muslims during partition 1947 and during war in 1965 and 1971. Later on, Refugees
of Afghan war to Pakistani land over burden Pakistani cities of afghan refugees and
lastly the wave of terrorism during last two decades and war against it. Special
Pakistani Government action against the militants in tribal areas triggered
displacement of people to Pakistani cities, in particular to Peshawar and other parts of
KPK. Furthermore, fishermen were effected special of Sindh and Punjab due to low
level of water in rivers and framers due to water shortages and fragmentation of land,
78
people upshot to natural disasters (earthquakes in Kashmir in 2005 and continuous
flood in some parts of Sindh and Punjab were the driving force of migration to seek
better livelihoods. Few reasons may include unemployment in rural areas because of
mechanization, natural increase of population, forcing migration to cities for better
job opportunities, education, health and transportation facilities.
4.1.3 Challenges of Urbanization: The Six Biggest Challenges
Housing, Transport, Health, Water and Sanitation, Education and Land
Management
Urbanization brings remarkable developments in a country. Along with
development, it mount various challenges of rapid urbanization in Pakistan such
as poor Housing and Affordability, Water and Sanitation, Transportation,
Education and Land Management and degradation in urban ecosystems and urban
poverty. Estimates suggest that by the year 2030, more than 50% of Pakistan’s
population would reside in urban settings. Therefore, for sustainable
urbanization, it is essential to deal with challenges surrounding urbanization.
Listed below are the major challenges that urban policymakers face.
a) Poor Housing and affordability
Rapid urbanization put pressure on economic activities and population
from surrounding migrated to cities which imply a growing need for space for
housing and economic activities. The rampant loss of forests and agricultural land
(fertile fields) is a clear indication of the high demand for land for residential
settings. Several studies pointed out that the agricultural land is acquired for
economic activities and therefore, agricultural land converted into non-
agricultural purpose.
Rapid population growth in cities has cause overcrowding, pollution and
shortage of dwelling units. Due to high household rents, low infrastructure
services, poverty, unemployment and squatter settlement people are social
exclusion. Social exclusion is most visible and enduring physical representation
of urban population and it provides bases for expansion of slums. The term slums
are used for that segment of the society which is not included and also not made
part of the process of planning and development.
Not only the housing quality in slums is low, but the small poorly built
houses in slums also see overcrowding with each unit harboring 6-7 resident.
Previous reports place Pakistan at 8th in the ranking among 10 countries for
substandard housing across world with 60% of its population residing in
substandard houses. The people living in substandard housing also face other
challenges such as socio-politico and economic exclusion.
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b) Transportation
Transportation is a key element of urbanization, as it enables communication,
trade and other forms of exchange among the people. It is important due to economic
growth and globalization, and open ways for employment at distance, trade and for
providing health care facilities etc. along with potential benefits, Pakistan is facing
serious concerning issues, such as congestion problem-Traffic jams lead to
difficulties in travelling, short distance travelled in hours, fuel wastage, stress,
accidents, short term governance planning, vehicle and animal sharing the same
crowded roads, improper infrastructure and broken roads and open manholes, Main
routes are intermittently closed by government authorities because of protocols, and
corruption that seems to become more serious in the years coming.
c) Public Health
Public health is another major urbanization challenge. The increasing
affiliation rate of diseases is alarming. It has two interrelated issues, at first level
the awareness about the diseases at early stage and secondly, to treat diseases at
later stage because lack of finances and economic conditions of people. Pakistan
stands at 122nd position in World Health Organization’s (WHO) ranking of 190
countries in health care. Pakistan has the third highest infant mortality rate
(MMR), despite the improvements in health care in past decades. Due to the
relative high levels of inactivity as compared to their rural counterparts, the urban
population is more susceptible to non-communicable diseases such as diabetes,
heart and lung diseases. Furthermore, due to contamination of air, water and food;
Nutrient deficiency, maternal factors etc. masses are more exposure to affiliation
of diseases and resulted in death and increased morbidity.
Water and Sanitation
One of the most basic necessities of human beings is clean water supply.
Human beings need roughly 20-50 liters of safe supply of water per day for
drinking and cooking etc. Only 50 percent of the population in Pakistan has
supply of water that is available 4 to 16 hours per day. Report by the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) suggests that 90 % of supplied water is unfit for
drinking. Unsanitary practices such as shared latrines are common in cities along
with lack of access to solid waste management services. According to UNICEF
report (2008) approximately 1.8 million people die annually, and 4 billion cases
are associated from water-related diseases which are becoming a major root of
mortality and morbidity across the globe. In developing countries, 99.8% of
mortalities occur due to these reasons of which children under the age of 5
account for 90% of the deaths. In addition, 88% of these illnesses are related to
80
the inaccessibility to clean and safe supply of water, poor water sanitation and
hygiene. Due to immense uses of water for many purposes, such as agricultural
and industrial activities, have hugely impacted the quality and quantity of water
resources, leads to increase water related diseases and its hazardous effects.
d) Education
Education one of the key most important of basic human needs and
developed societies. It equips one with the knowledge and skills to think logically
and clearly, and also to understand what’s happening around them. Education also
gives the ability to be able to take practical and timely decisions. Unfortunately,
provision of education remains to be another of the major challenge of urbanization
in Pakistan. The situation of education system in Pakistan has always been a
concern and a point of debate for those involved in country’s development. As per
the rankings by Human Development Report, Pakistan ranks at 136th position due
to literacy of only 49.9% of its population. Whereas, according to UNESCO, 47.18
of male and 33.8% of females are literate. One of the major problems facing
literacy in Pakistan is the presence of dual education system; a system where the
medium of instruction is divided into English and Urdu among different schools.
Students belonging to lower income strata receive education at Urdu medium
students while those belonging to higher income groups receive education at
English medium institutes. Although the governments have brought reforms turning
many Urdu medium schools into English medium, the educators at those school are
still not trained in understanding and imparting knowledge in the English. Due to
this, the educators are unable to teach the students in English, rendering them
unable to pass the exams. Discrimination based on gender is also one of the
dilemmas plaguing our education system where the ration of girls to boys in
primary system remains low. Thus, they do not teach the students according to
requirement and in result many students fail. Furthermore, in addition to lack of
technical and scientific education, funding also remains low in the education sector.
e) Land Management
Pakistan is using an outdated land controlling and regulation mechanism,
and due to the absence of a unified land record management system, urban land
management remains in poor state. As a result, inequality in land use remains
prevalent whereby most do not have access to land registration systems, giving
them a legal title to the properties. In the country, many owners of rural land were
not able to access land titles, as well as, were poorly managed and protected.
Unplanned sprawling on urban lands goes unchecked with new housing societies

81
being built beyond the decided city boundaries, causing loss of about 60,000 acres
of fertile agricultural land.

4.2 Do’s and Don’ts of Urban Policies in Pakistan

Although nations all over the world face challenges to their social,
economic and governance structure, they are able to convert their challenges into
opportunities. This has been done achieved through an economic and governance
planning which is sound and policy implementation which is consistent.
Pakistan’s urban policy basically refers to federal, provincial and local
government acts, both of commission and omission, that affect the demographic,
administrative and economic institutions, and quality of life in urban areas through
the provisions of housing, infrastructure, land development and regulation of uses,
transport and community services. Since 1947, the process of urbanization in
Pakistan is fast. According to statistics, Pakistan had a population of 28 million in
1941 and 14.2 % of which was urban, in 1951 population had risen to 33 million
with 18% urban and in 1998, 32.5% of the 130 million population was urban.
There are two definitions of urbanization, one was used before 1981, having
colonial feature such as: size of the settlement, level of population density and the
ratio of employment between agriculture and non-agriculture professions. After
1981, the definition was changed from urban population to urban governance
structure, which led to the classification of peri-urban areas as rural. Currently the
population of Pakistan is more than 200 million. The population of Pakistan makes
up 2.61 percent of the world, which is why it lies at the 6th place on the list of most
populous countries in the world. The population density in Pakistan is 256 per km2.
In order to classify an urban place, along with a stipulated minimum population, the
criterion used by the UN and UN-HABITAT is the concentration of 400 persons
per square kilometer or 1,000 persons per square mile.
According to Government of Pakistan reports that 39% of the population
of Pakistan (approx.77,107,125) lives in urban areas. Hence, these centers are also
among the massively populated places. Karachi, for example, has the largest
population among all the cities in Pakistan, and could lead the world by 2030. The
population of the city progressed very fast between the years of 1998 and 2011.
With the addition of 8.7 million people in ten years, no other city in Pakistan grew
that quickly in terms of its population.
4.2.1 Urbanization Through Implosion
There are two discrete interconnected processes which contribute to the
urbanization of Pakistan. While first process relates to the development and
82
growth of cities, the second process is the increase in population in rural areas to
the level of population density in cities. Most of Pakistan’s urban expansion has
been concentrated in approximately ten cities with populations has increased from
23.41 million in 1998 to 40.92 million in 2017. According to GOP-2017 reports
together, these cities constitute more than one-half of the total urban population of
the nation. According to the statistics, among the cities high in urbanizations,
Karachi is in the lead, followed by Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan,
Hyderabad, Gujranwala, Peshawar and Quetta. Furthermore, there are 75 cites
having population between 0.1 million and 01 million. There are around 448
small towns with a population of less than 3,100,000.The total population is
207.77 million as compared to 132.35 million back in 1998 while the nationwide
average household size is 6.45 persons. Average annual population growth rate
(1998-2017) at national level is 2.4 percent whereas growth in urban areas is 2.70.

Administrative Administrative Population – 2017 1998-

Units Units 2017
Households Households Average
(million) (million) Annual
Growth
Rate
Male Female Transgender Population
(million) (million) (million)
Total
Pakistan 32.20 106.45 101.32 10,418 207.77 2.40
Rural 20.01 67.30 64. 89 2,767 132.19 2.23
Urban 12.19 39.15 36.43 7,651 75.58 2.70

4.2.2 Provincial Break up of Population

The population growth rate fell from 2.6% to 2.4% between 1998 and
2017. However, the highest population growth rate is in Islamabad Capital
Territory with 4.91 %. The net population rose from 0.81 million in 1998 to 2.0
million in 2017. The population growth rate in Punjab and Sindh has declined,
while the population growth rate has increased in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and
Baluchistan. Similarly, in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), the
population growth rate has risen from 2.1 percent to 2.41 percent.

83
 Area Population Population Average annual Average
1998(million) 2017(million) Growth Rate % annual Growth
(1981-98) Rate %
(1998-2017)
Pakistan 132.356 207.77 2.6 2.40
Khyber 17.74 30.52 2.8 2.89
Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab 73.62 110.01 2.6 2.13
Sindh 30.44 47.88 2.7 2.41
Balochistan 6.57 12.34 2.4 3.37
FATA 3.18 5.00 2.1 2.41
Islamabad 0.81 2.00 5.2 4.91

4.2.3 Urban Population

The rapid increase in urban has dynamic impacts on Pakistan.
u According
to GOP Survey 2017, ten major cities have seen a rise in their population by 74.8
million compared with the 1998 census numbers. Urban population is displaying a
rising trend with approx. 36.4% of the population residing in urban areas. The
province of Sindh is Pakistan's most urbanized province and 36.02 percent of its
population is urban based; 36.71 percent of Punjab’s population is urban, which
was 31.27 percent in 1998.Whereas, KPK, Balochistan, FATA and Islamabad
Capital Territory share of urbanization has increased from 16.87, 23.89 2.69 and
50.58 percent to 18.77, 27.55, 2.84 and 65.72 percent respectively in 2017.

Area Population (million) Urban share (%)

1981 1998 2017 1981 1998 2017
Pakistan 84.25 132.35 207.77 28.3 32.52 36.38
Khyber 11.06 17.74 30.52 15.06 16.87 18.77
Pakhtunkhwa
FATA 2.20 3.18 5.00 - 2.69 2.84
Punjab 47.29 73.62 110.01 27.6 31.27 36.71
Sindh 19.03 30.44 47.89 43.32 48.75 52.02
Balochistan 4.33 6.57 12.34 15.62 23.89 27.55
Islamabad 0.34 0.81 2.00 60.06 65.72 50.58

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4.2.4 Institutional Imperative For Urbanization
According to reports 2016 more than half the world is living in cities and
by 2050, 70% of the world’s population will live in cities. According to Famous
philosophers, academics and writers Aristotle have long sung the praises of cities
as hubs of culture and creation.
The cities and towns are not just communities' economic drivers; they are
the eventual human habitation as well. However, urban areas do not, by their very
nature, become drivers of economic growth and social development, or incubators
for innovation, education, and healthy living. In order for modern urbanism to
exist, four sets of institutions are needed.
Firstly, people share common territory and communal living, ignoring
class, caste, color, educational status, religion and even without knowing who is
living in neighborhood. Thus, people live in urban area without knowing,
communicating and no one interferes in others life. But everybody’s health and
quality of life is attached through externalities to other people’s livability. Such as
house cleaning and disposing of the trash affects the health, drains and sewerage
system, parks, and public health, contamination of water, air and environment,
and educational levels haves impacts on society, such as road safety, crime, safety
and security situation.
Local governance and effective administration are the second essential
institution. The urbanization agreement needs competent and countable regional
decision-making bodies and administrative agencies.
Two interrelated elements of the process are (1) local authority responsible
to an area's citizens, serving the necessities of people, and (2) an impartial, driven
by rules, open and fearless bureaucratic administration. Systematic urban land
(real estate) tenure system is the third institution, as a private residence is
described by the space within four walls and by the alleys, roads, pavements, open
areas and educational institutions that serve it. Through zoning and construction
regulations, this public land must be set aside. My point is that private rights of
use, value, division and possession are related to the people's rights to control and
protect the interests of others and provide community services. The last essential
institution is to establish an urban civic society and moral order. Emile Durkheim,
George Simmel and others have reflected on the distinctiveness of urban social
structure. Urban life includes the socio-cultural values, which include punctuality,
consistency, having trust and acceptance for strangers, unemotional interaction
based on truthfulness, devotion to work, hygiene, reverence for the land, social
justice, and all the obligations that true citizenship requires.
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4.2.5 Urban Development Accomplishments and Shortcomings for Pakistan
The narrative of urban development following the independence is a blend
of remarkable success and unmitigated neglect. The cities of Pakistan have
developed from quiet regional and district centers to busy and expansive places
of manufacturing, retail, utility and leisure areas. The number of people moving
to cities is indicative of this fact. The number of urban sites has more than
doubled with 218 in 1951 to 515 in 1998 (Qadeer 2006, 50).
Pakistan was one of the pioneering nations of the world which included
"housing and settlement "in their first 5-year plan. Various autonomous
development authorities have thus been specifically developed for the strategic
planning of selected cities. Thus, various developmental authorities were
established such as Lahore Development Authority, Karachi Development
Authority, Peshawar Development Authority and Capital development Authority,
and they are authorized to undertake planning and development for land, housing,
water supply, sewers, and roads in their respective cities. The private sector
(Bahria town and few others) are also involved in construction. Development has
grown in tandem with the public agencies.
In both rural and urban areas, spatial use and planning issues need to be
given attention to. Physical planning has faced several problems. Firstly, since
area planning does not exist at the federal and provincial levels, urbanization
problems are not dealt in a comprehensive manner. Secondly, in order to integrate
urban and rural growth and development, the connection between the devolved
arrangements and spatial planning needs to be clearly established. Thirdly, it is
important to provide legal protection for the planning and execution of the
program. Fourthly, it is important to track and monitor the indiscriminate
transformation of rich agricultural land for residential usage. Lastly, haphazard
development is generating severe traffic and management problems across big
cities and along national highways. There seem to be therefore huge deficiencies
in the urban conditions of the cities and towns of Pakistan such as:
 One of the characteristics of city is economic growth and cities are unable
to providing jobs for people. According to NHDR 2017 finds Pakistan
falling woefully short of providing jobs for its employable youth and
adults. In addition, the type of employment as well as work conditions
ultimately determine the pace and character of human development in
urban areas of Pakistan.

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 In informal settlements, like katchi abadis, about half of the urban
population lives. They lack infrastructure, regulatory licenses (in the form
of permits for planning and building), and protection of tenure.
 Waste management is among the top issues facing households in urban
areas. Streets are full of rotting garbage. Even in affluent neighborhoods
there are piles of rotten food, plastic bags, cow manure and various types
of waste out in the open.
 Rapid population growth in cities has cause overcrowding, pollution, and
shortage of dwelling units. Due to high household rents, low infrastructure
services, poverty, unemployment and squatter settlement people are social
exclusion. Social exclusion is most visible and enduring physical representation
of urban population and it provides bases for expansion of slums.
 Pakistan is facing serious concerning issues. Such as congestion problem-
Traffic jams lead to difficulties in travelling, short distance travelled in
hours, fuel wastage, stress, accidents, short term governance planning,
vehicle and animal sharing the same crowded roads, improper infrastructure
and broken roads and open manholes. Furthermore, due to protocols, many
main routes are occasionally closed by government authorities and
corruption seems to become more serious in the years coming.
 Public health is another major urbanization challenge. The increasing affiliation
rate of diseases is alarming. It has two interrelated issues, at first level the
awareness about the diseases at early stage and secondly, to treat diseases at
later stage because lack of finances and economic conditions of people.
 One of the most basic necessities of human beings is clean water supply.
Human beings need roughly 20-50 liters of safe supply of water per day
for drinking and cooking etc. In spite of the high amount of coverage, the
availability of drinking water in Pakistan is low, unreliable and also
has poor quality. More than 60% of diseases suffered by people are caused
by waterborne bacteria and viruses.
4.2.6 The Way Forward: Do’s
Pakistan is suffering because institutions are not fulfilling the roles for
which they are built, even though they have an outlook of modern institutions.
Pakistan's urban policies have sadly been hijacked by Pakistan's development's
public works and mega-projects. City planning has focused primarily on the
development of residential and industrial land lots. The tasks needed for urban
and city growth to be efficient and equitable has been mostly ignored. Among the
five-year plans that have been ignored include legislations related to the use of
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land, land registration modernization, urban management and local government
reforms, planning standards, building and planning legislation and enforcement,
fair utility pricing and efficient delivery systems, pollution control and waste
disposal (Qadeer 1996, 463). The following is an urban development plan that can
create capacity to address problems facing urban areas effectively.
a) Rebuilding Bureaucracy and Local Governments
In Pakistan, good governance has been severely undermined because of
the ruling class ' discriminatory policies. Much like other subcontinent countries,
politics in Pakistan remains primarily in the clutches of concentrated interest
groups, including a small group of politicians, businessmen, civil and military
servants, and the feudal lords. Such discriminatory practices have only led to an
interest-based approach to governance that miserably fails to build institutional
capacity. Decisions made in the personalized manner by handful of individuals at
the helm of power have replaced the informed and well-thought out
institutionalized processes. Furthermore, the standard institutional processes and
practices have been displaced by personalized decision-making by individuals at
the center of power. In the 1990s in particular, the shifting administrations
unexpectedly discarded the strategies and plans of the predecessor. Policies
generally take longer to adopt and hence discontinue before they could mature,
which leads to more damage than any benefit (Dr. Hussain Ishrat).
Consequently, most cities in Pakistan, including Islamabad, Karachi and
Lahore, seem to have issues with undefined and conflicting roles between their
agencies, resulting in organizational instability. Even in places where urban areas
are well planned, municipal governments have little or no influence over the
execution of their own policies and plans. The impact of megacities stretches well
beyond their territorial borders to the peri-urban areas. There are therefore two
interconnected system elements responsible for planning, policy and
accountability: (1) local government and (2) bureaucracy.
The Punjab Government has introduced Punjab Village Panchayats and
Neighborhood Councils Act 2019 and Punjab Local Government Act 2019. It
planned to “introduce a city government model, where the directly elected Mayor
will be responsible to deliver on all interrelated urban city matters” to resolve and
deals the urban issues. Similarly, the Punjab Local Government Act 2019,
provides for a tehsil council for the whole population of each tehsil in the
province but it envisions metropolitan corporations, municipal corporations,
municipal committees and town committees specifically for urban areas (doing
away with district governments).
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 There are several issues with this model such as it bypass districts, and
however, and it will be resulted in professional, technocratic, resourceful and
better trained personnel would beavailable in bigger district headquarters rather
than in small tehsil towns. Therefore, the small tehsil remained unplanned
because of untrained public representatives. Secondly, the act allows the
provincial government to retain considerable regulatory control. This indicates
that the local governments work under the direction of the provincial authorities
“in such manner and to such extent”. In order to resolve the issues, not only
should local governments be elected on a regular basis, but they should also
possess legislative independence and legal protection from interference from
higher levels of government. In fact, the political process must require the
involvement of responsible citizens.
Bureaucratic administration is an essential component required to handle
city affairs. As a structured population with overlapping roles, it is a key indicator
of success or failure. A Mont the many factors, one is that bureaucrats exist
outside the control of all local authorities in the region. Bureaucrats agree on the
balance of power between directly elected local government officials and
provincial government. Secondly, major posts and officer bearers are mostly
bureaucrat. Bureaucrats have a significant power to coordinate and track the role
of local governments, evaluate them and report the efficiency of performance as
well. Lastly, success or failure of projects is associated with the willingness or
unwillingness of bureaucracy.
Therefore, the need of the hour for urban development in Pakistan is an
effective, competent and accountable bureaucracy combined with local governments
involving citizens in policy making. Without restoring these structures, projects no
matter how big will have negligible impacts even with the best of intentions.
b) Urban Land Reforms
Urban land rights are protected by controls on land use, public access,
effects on neighboring uses, and infrastructure and services requirements. An
urban land reform aimed at containing the above-mentioned social and physical
destruction would ideally involve the following:
One: a property limit law in which no one can own more than 500 square
meters of built urban residential land. Two: a relatively high non-utilization tax on
urban developed land to deter speculative investment. Three: in order to conserve
land, protect the environment and promote equity, minimum density would be
450 persons per hectare for any urban development project (including elite
colonies). Four: no loans for construction will be granted to those who have
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previously received loans. Finally, citizens belonging to low socio-economic
status will be able to access government land for homes on a priority basis.
Furthermore, there are public rights of zoning and access, easements for
public services and taxation, public charges for servicing and developing land,
and environmental protection considerations. Further, an urban land reform
strategy would describe these respective rights and how they are organized,
updated and implemented. The rights and responsibilities of tenants and
renters must be established and rent control and in certain cases, non-speculative
provisions must be introduced into land tenancy law. In brief, urban land reform
is a method of modernizing and specifying the whole scope of public / private and
conditional rights and obligations in residential usage, cost, benefit (from), taxes
and land acquisition. Fortunately, within the administration, there is
enough enthusiasm about the computerization of land records. Yet Without urban
land reform, computerizing records will only promulgate the inconsistencies and
disputes inherent in the existing land tenure system.
c) Collective Goods for Basic Needs
The term collective goods refers to water supply, garbage collection,
drainage, street cleaning, roads and streets, traffic management and public
transport, building safety and good policing are all other necessary things for
healthy and technologies for urban life. The criteria for the shared supply of goods
should be to meet the basic requirements of all classes, regardless of wealth. In
major Pakistani cities economic and social hardships compel poorer from outside
of the urban areas to look for a location where they can have their basic needs, i.e.
shelter, and livelihood opportunities. This means they don’t have access basic
package of urban life such as proper sewerage system, water supply, primary
schools, health centers, public health etc.
The present Pakistani’s government approach is to focus on urban
infrastructure development rather on suburban or countryside. For example, in
Lahore, billions of rupees have been spent on roads, metro and organ train. In
Karachi, billions of rupees have been spent on overpass, highway construction,
solid waste Management, electricity-Generation and distribution and storm water
Drainage etc. So, government should plan the mega projects but should on the
cost of other cities, suburban and villages.

Urbanization in Pakistan: A Perspective from Government

The Ministry of Planning, Development, and Reform (MPD&R) has
developed a plan “Pakistan’s Vision 2025”. This is a blueprint for the long-term
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development of Pakistan and is meant to establish a globally competitive and
prosperous nation by offering a high quality of life for all Pakistanis. The 2025
plan highlights the deceleration of rural to urban migration and addresses the issue
of peri-urbanization by offering better civil services in rural communities
including greater opportunities for housing, health and education services, and
lifestyles, which are some of the main triggers for rural-to-urban migration. It is
generally believed that most of these rural migrants would never abandon their
ancestors' land if they had higher income prospects and services for healthcare
and education around them. The objective of vision 2025is aim to provide
facilities to rural and urban masses at doorstep.
This can be achieved by creating model districts where minimum basic services
are provided to reduce inter-district inequality in Pakistan. Through capitalizing on this
basic minimum infrastructure, newly elected district governments may rise their own
funding and expend it on local development within new local government systems.
Collective action can help us use plans through which the changing of agricultural land
into urban areas can be stopped.
As the thinking related to development has changed, so has urbanization. In the
past, urbanizations were seen as liability but a necessary one, requiring full government
support. Yet, in the recent years, it has more and more been seen as a naturally existing
phenomenon, which needs to be managed in the most effective manner and by the
government, business and civil sector. This newly developing view of urbanizations
has taken many decades to come this far. Hence, government must take the control in
its hands and decide how to navigate, enable, regulate and work in partnership with
other stakeholders in order for effective delivery of services. This is in stark contrast to
the previous role of the government which was slightly authoritarian in its essence as it
controlled more than it should while being the only provider of service to the public.
According to World Bank reports (2009), development has three distinct qualities including:
1) The Geographic Unevenness: This refers to the inability of the government to
promote economic growth and at the same time distribute it evenly.
2) Circular Causation: It refers to the increase in economic growth becoming
compatible with geographic convergence of standards of living, attributed
to agglomeration, migration and specialization.
3) Neighborhood Effects: This suggests that economic integration is a useful
and practical means to extract the fruits of concentration to attain the long-
term rewards of convergence.
Currently, urbanization in Pakistan is full of potential however facing lot
of problems and challenges. The country is dependent upon it to flourish its
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economy. The cities of Pakistan are the major source of non-agriculture-based
jobs, like IT, for the citizens. This is where budding businesses of all sizes take
root (Kugelman, 2014).In addition to that, most higher education institutes,
responsible for providing education and professional trainings, are also located in
cities. However, it should be noted that if the process of urbanization is not
efficiently managed, can result in increased stress on a previously vulnerable job
market, and present obstacles for the government in fulfilling even the most basic
needs of the public. Pakistan being a developing nation, has a hard time providing
sufficient services to its people, and this task will be significantly more
challenging decades from now when the urban population of the country would be
exponentially increased. Insufficient government services render the urban public
decreasingly productive and unable to contribute to the national economy.
Aforementioned tasks of coordination and planning are taken up by The
Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform in conjunction with various
government bodies, including Ministry of Housing and Works, Ministry of Inter
Provincial Coordination, the Ministry of National Food Security & Research, and
the Ministry of Climate Change. This is in accordance to the Vision 2025
program, whose 7 pillars include: social capital, energy integration, modernization
of infrastructure, mobilizing resources, governmental reforms, value addition in
production, and lastly, growth led by export and private sector.

4.3 Urbanization: A Governance Perspective

Urbanization is a universal phenomenon and it has both positive and
negative consequences. If it takes place with proper planning and utilization of
resources to an optimum level, it will benefit not only inhabitants but country as
well. On the other hand, if done wrong it can result in inadequately managed
infrastructure, increase in crime rates, class warfare, pollution, and an overall poor
quality of life of most citizens. Proper provision of transportation, residential
areas, employment opportunities, sanitation systems and water and power supply,
are the hallmarks of effective and functional governance. Economic development
in Pakistan and Ministry of planning, development and reforms has outlined
vision 2030 and 2025 to lines with challenges.
i) Many issues are related to governance in Pakistan, which of them is
effective local governance system. In 2001, The Devolution of Power Plan
helped to introduce municipal governance in Pakistan. Key facets of this
plan included the devolution (delegating) of the authority of policy making
at local levels and establishment of the Citizen Community Boards,
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 ensuring the sway of the public in all decisions. This system made it the
responsibility of the provincial governments to deliver public services and
work on infrastructure development. In addition to that the said plan
achieved a milestone for women’s rights in Pakistan, by guaranteeing a
thirty three percent quota of women in District, Tehsil and Union levels of
the government. Nonetheless, this plan was shut down in 2008 by the
following government, returning urban governance to local municipal and
development authorities. The government needs to Coherent the policy
rather experiences and experiments the different policies.
ii) A way to combat low employment and high poverty rates in the urban
areas can be to promote and encourage entrepreneurship and cottage
industries at grassroots levels. Offering relevant courses and training
programs at university and college levels can help accomplish this. The
urban areas must be tackled as per their needs, the severity of issues and
problems. The government should incorporate smaller level plans for
urban areas, and the establishment of planning and control authorities will
be beneficial to meet the desired results. Similarly, employment rate of the
population can be realistically increased by assessing the market trends
and demand and offering education and occupational training programs
accordingly, thus producing more skillful and desirable candidates.
iii) One of the causes states minimal human power to control the urban areas
efficiently. The government and local authorities should inculcate
professional and veteran urban planners to expand the level of control for
efficient outcomes. The recruited planners must be technologically trained
and abreast of the latest tools like GIS to prove they are useful assets in
the urban planning profession.
iv) The Government should encourage and streamline exchange programs of
the youths belonging to the cities and the rural areas in an attempt to
promote understanding and acceptance of our rich diversity. This would
also address the decline in interprovincial sport and cultural mingling that
our country has been facing (attributed to a lack of funds and security
concerns).
v) For the growth of our economy as well as streamlining of government
services, the government should promote a culture of trust, symbiosis and
teamwork between big corporations and the organizations of civil society
to resolve the issues such as sewage management, food security projects,

93
 and promoting better farming techniques as well as organic food
production.
vi) The urban infrastructure were mostly ignored in different policies and plan
such as 2002 devolution scheme, which is a piece of policy that proposed
to assign greater resources and duties to the authorities at the local and
provincial levels, in addition to that, it also proposed combining of the
governments bodies of rural and urban areas. This kind of policies skips
the important elements while forming any development plan and whose
job is to link essential parts of the local government bodies.
vii) Urban areas of Pakistan are also face the challenge of inadequate housing.
The housing schemes governed by the public sector are not enough to
meet the requirements and their development process needs long periods
of time. Punjab Government started earlier housing scheme and recently
federal government “Naya Pakistan Housing Scheme, Aashiana housing
project scheme was completely failed due to corruption and federal project
is in pipeline. Therefore, it is integral that a greater number of housing
projects that are community-based be embraced by the legislators. This
should also include allowing citizens to construct homes of their own and
purchase facilities incrementally based on civic volunteerism to avoid the
corruption.
viii) Rapid and expansion of urbanization on rural land is important issues of
conflicts between rural masses and development agencies, and
organization working on rural areas is not even addressing or diverting
government attention towards those issues. Furthermore, if it would
continue in the similar direction, the urban and rural livelihoods are
outturned. Thus, government should made policy for managing
urbanization rural conflicts.
ix) Most of the cities in Pakistan are mainly more accommodating to its
wealthier citizens and funding available for development project is low.
The country should invest more funds, manpower and resources to
improve the infrastructure thus resolving these various issues related to
urbanization such as public transport, roads, highways etc. Thus, it can be
concluded that in order to make progress and see substantial development,
it is important to have an unwavering support and investment of all major
stakeholders from the government and private sectors as well as the local
communities.

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4.4 Frustrated Urbanization and Failed Development in Pakistan
Pakistan is an agricultural economy where farming contributes about
19.8% to GDP. It is a means of subsistence for 42.3 percent of the total
population, directly and indirectly supporting about 70 percent of the national
labor force, where over 45 percent of exports are agricultural products. The rural
population is steadily decreasing from 61.4% in 2014 to 60.1% in 2016, whereas
population in the cities has increased from 38.5% in 2014 to 40.0% in 2016 (GoP,
2016).During the 20th century, several changes occurred in agriculture in Pakistan
mainly as a result of rapid population expansion and urban development. These
factors have highlighted the need in developing countries for more infrastructure
developments. The majority of the cities therefore stretch over farmland, which
frustrate the local people and these frustrations often result in resistance to
projects.
Pakistan has already become one of the most urbanized countries of South
Asia, and it is projected that within the next three decades, the bulk of its
population is expected to be living in cities. This demographic shift is expected to
have a huge effect on the nation's political structure and stability, leading to the
inability of Pakistani cities to manage the influx of so many people every year.
Furthermore, urbanization is possible catalyst for long-term uncertainty in large
cities and pressure on the already scarce resources like water, land, housing and
energy hikes and existing infrastructure becomes insufficient to cater to the ever-
increasing population dependent on it. The increase influx caused unplanned
urbanization which resulted in congestion of urban areas and expansion of urban
areas beyond their limits. Thus, it caused difficulty while allocates resource to
cities including financial, technological and manpower.
4.4.1 Fail projects
Pakistan has developed development planning machinery but its quality
has not been satisfactory. If the history of the project in Pakistan is to be written,
many examples will be found of projects failing due to the machinery not working
efficiently. Had the machinery operated efficiently, such failures would not have
occurred, which continue to cost the Pakistani economy hundreds of millions of
rupees. This is terrible for a capital-scale economy such as Pakistan.
It has been noticed that there have been fundamental flaws in the country's
project management and execution process. These include conceptual gaps in the
design of the projects, hurriedly prepared feasibility studies, which not
only lack required technical and economic context but are also deficient in basic
information obtained through research.
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There are around five stages of development thinking (Yusuf, 2009):
i) Factor accumulation, growth of infrastructure and the emergence of
foreign aid:
The first phase is the dependency on agriculture from the period of the
shift to industrialization, which needed a lot of support. Aid
establishment was initially developed in order to provide resources and
investment, and later on create policy mechanisms focused on centralized
planning and the replacement of imports. This was accomplished by a new
class of Western educated development specialists.
ii) Basic needs and poverty: With only two decades of
a disappointing pattern of development, the World Bank is beginning to
express a basic needs approach to meet the needs of the poverty-
stricken people.
iii) Structural adjustment: The old central planning policies of the 1980s and
their abundance of economic interventions have culminated in huge
concentrations of loans. It contributed to the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) taking the lead position in the development policy. The trends of
this period are macro-stabilization, government scaling, and independence.
iv) Institutions and governance: Studies after Lucas (1988) revealed the
value of institutional bodies and governance not only to assess
development and welfare, but also to promote technological innovation
(which has continually been linked with progress). This field is not yet
fully accepted at policy level, however, as very few donors grasp the
greater implications.
v) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the new
microeconomics: Development is now being understood in terms
of social safety net and key social metrics, such as education and health.
The role of government's policy is to provide these benefits to people
directly.
4.4.2 Urban Development Held Hostage
Lack of zoning and infrastructure has culminated into unplanned, unequal
land utilization in urban areas and its peripheries, which has weakened the roles of
public service provision in urban areas. First of all, the local government is not
effective and there is a fractured public administration. It was in the hands of the
federal and provincial processes to move on them when tentative steps towards
change were made in the past. Yet they have opposed these efforts— and ultimately
terminated them. For example, the city of Karachi has three administrative districts
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and five cantonments — all functioning somewhat autonomously — and no
metropolitan coordinating entity. Lahore, on the other hand, has two administrative
districts and one cantonment, which overlap. The large cities of Pakistan have a
cantonment area that includes a large portion of the prime city area.
The lack of a strong system of local government, weak administrative
structure, and little or no local participation is another basic issue of urbanization. A
development projects cycle consists of five stages: (1) Project identification, (2)
Project Preparation and Formulation, (3) Project Authorization, (4) Project
Implementation (5) Project Evaluation. The stages are interconnected and to make a
development project successfully, make sure that all things are part of the project. But
in Pakistan, there are certain flaws in existing structure. Firstly, there exists a missing
link between project identification and sector planning. For example, provincial
responsibility includes agriculture, education and industry, but the provinces
participation in the planning of these sectors is constrained by the hierarchical
administrative system of the planning process in the country. Provincial participation
in developing the five-year strategy consists only of presenting quantitative
information and making recommendations on regional objectives and development
targets. Whereas the process of project identification is based mainly on political
choices, proposals supported by external sponsors and local interests.
i) Political factors
The lack of political will on the part of the government is also likely
to cause urban development projects (UDP) to fail. Majority of the governments in
the developing world do not treat and manage all of their cities fairly and on priority
bases. Most of the urban development programs are initiated by politicians and
officials through state bureaucracy. Emphasis should be put on a part played by
the political body, administration and contributions made by the employees to the
restructuring of government organizations to make them more modern and make
implementation of UDP's a success. There is a need for participation of local
administration and political actors, otherwise the risk of UDP failing would escalate.
ii) Financial Factors
Financial resources are a critical factor in executing UDP programs by the
state. UDP programs in organizations require initiatives, long-term planning, and
massive investment by the government at least in the early stages of a program.
Finances are extremely critical in developing nations because of their constraints. For
the successful implementation of UDP programs, they must first secure some
financing through a proper financial plan and develop relationships with international
donors and companies before moving the project into the implementation phase
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iii) Technology Factors
Technological factor is also one of the key factors required for the success in
implementation of UDP projects services. Specifically, the government organization
faces several issues in technological advancement such as ICT infrastructure, data
lost, lack of skilled IT professional, security issues, and government data base
hacking etc. The government organization is almost lacking in IT infrastructure.
Therefore, before executing the UDP projects, there is a need to develop a
communication infrastructure and then step forth to launch e-government services
that facilitate people with regard to reliable and efficient services.
iv) Management Factors:
Failure of government UDP projects can be occurred due to poor
management. There are several issues prevails with reference to management
such as governance, political. Organizational and human Resources Management.
Furthermore, the inability of quality management system and the issues which
relate to management relate to legal issues, time management problems, not
having right people in places to function as managers, and a shift in the
expectations for members of the high-level management during a task. So, before
the implementation of UDP project, we should see experts in these fields, who
have specific knowledge in that field. Otherwise, through training and workshop
the abilities of the staff should enhance.
v) Wrong Estimates / Project Cost
In most developmental project’s cases, the wrong estimation is made for
the cost project. There are many reasons for that such as False Benchmarking,
Unclear or incomplete design, False and Inaccurate Data and unrealistic
assumptions, Wrong allocation of Resources, no standard estimation Technique,
Lack of latest costing Tools, No cash flow plans etc.
vi) Inaccurate Scheduling/ Delays
Another important aspect is inaccurate schedule for completion of the
project and delays due to financial, political and social. As there is no proper
planning of project management, delays and expenditure are the underlying parts of
most projects in Pakistan. While some are likely to argue that it is necessary for
today's projects' physical and economic size and scale, expenses, time and extent of
performance described is handled under the platform of profit for parent
organization and national interest (for government projects). It is highly appreciated
to focus on delay and expense due to project and delay to increase the perception of
the project. There are several reasons for that such as Undocumented delays, less

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accountability due to overburdened Human Resources, Delays caused by other
stakeholders involved, e.g., Client, Consultants, Legal Authorities, etc.
There are several other factors as well for the failure of the projects, few
other includes Incompetent Contractor, Delay in Procurement of Long lead Items,
Delay in payments to Contractors, Inaccurate Project Schedule, Incompetent
Project Team, Lack of Project Planning, Incompetent Project Manager, Delay in
providing site access to Contractors, Lack of Cash Flows, Delay in Design Phase,
Poor Site Management, Changes to IFC Drawings, Incompetent
Designer/Consultant, Shortage of Skilled Manpower/Worker, Lack of
Management support for the project, Shortage of Material, Delay in approval of
Shop Drawings, Shortage of Equipment, Lack of Communication, Lack of
Resource Planning, Lack of Quality Procedures, Lack of Coordination between
trades, Delay in payments to consultant/ Designer, Lack of Stakeholders
Management, Lack of Change Control Process, Scope Creep, Government or
Regulatory Changes, Law & Order Issues, Lack of Risk Planning, Organizational
Changes, Natural Disaster, and Extreme Weather conditions.
There are many reasons for the frustration of people in urban settlement.
One of the basic reasons for urban frustration is unplanned urbanization. The lack
of adequate zoning and community development planning by public bodies and
the general population has culminated in unplanned, unequal land utilization. It
does not allow low-income groups to progress socially and economically, which
raises resentment and increases violent behaviour, mostly towards ruling class
running the urban centers. Further it causes congestion in the urban areas and
expansion of the urban centres beyond controllable limits. Due to congestion it is
difficult for local government to build basic infrastructure such as roads,
footpaths, sewerage system, solid waste management system, water channeling, to
reach and excess of machinery during disaster etc. Thus, due to lack of planned
urbanization, many resource constraints wasted such as financial, technological
and manpower. Various other issues includes the rapid urbanization includes the
suburban and rural areas as part of the cities, which expand the cities too much,
therefore the access of development authorities and services providers (Highway
authorities, Cantonment Boards, local agencies) are unable to provide the urban
benefits to masses. Thus, people in urban areas are unable to enjoy the benefits
such as electricity and gas supply, roads, footpaths, sewerage system, solid waste
management system, water, internet services, mobile network, health care,
education, transportation, civic services etc. which resulted in slums areas in
cities. "Absence of effective governance in rapid urban expansion ensures that
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nearly any and all urban centers, including a large part of the population, is at risk
from human and naturally caused ecological, economic and social hazards."

Self-Assessment Questions
QNo1. Define urbanization and what are the reasons of unstoppable urbanization
in Pakistan?
QNo2. Define urbanization. What are the potential challenges faces by Pakistani
urbanization?
QNO3. Discuss various deficiencies prevails in the urban areas of Pakistan and
also suggest remedies to improves these deficiencies?
QNo4. Discuss various reasons for the failure of projects in Pakistan?
QNo5. Discuss the government vision 2025 and 2030 to overcome with prevailing
challenges?

References

A Najam, F Bari (2017). Pakistan National Human Development

Report. Unleashing the Potential of a Young Pakistan. UNDP:
https://www.undp.org/content/dam/pakistan/docs/HDR/PK-NHDR.pdf

N.Jabeen, M Jadoon (2017). Urbanization in Pakistan: a governance perspective-

Journal of the research society of Pakistan

Population Census, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan

2017: http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/population-census.

S Siddiqi, TI Masud, S Nishtar, DH Peters, B Sabri (2009). Framework for

assessing governance of the health system in developing countries: gateway to
good governance. Health PolicyVolume 90, Issue 1,
Pages 13-25

M Kugelman (2014). Pakistan's Runaway Urbanization: What Can be Done?

Wilson center

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Unit No. 5

MERITS OF URBANIZATION

Written by:
Ali Imrana
Reviewd by:
Dr. Sameena Yasmeen
101
 CONTENTS
Introduction 104
Objectives 104
5.1 Economic Opportunities 105
5.2 Economic Opportunities in Pakistan 105
5.3 Industrial Growth in Pakistan 106
5.4 Economic Opportunity and Employment 108
5.5 Educational Opportunities 109
5.6 Evolution of Education in Pakistan 110
5.7 Modernization in Pakistan 113
5.8 Effect of Modernization on Family System 114
5.9 The Effect of Modernization on Fertility Rate 114
5.10 Effect of Modernization in Transportation and Communication System 115
5.11 Transportation and Communication System in Pakistan 115
5.12 Road Transportation of Pakistan 117
5.13 Effect of Modernization on Road Lengths in Pakistan 117
5.13.1 National Highways in Pakistan 118
5.13.2 Lahore Motorbus Service 118
5.13.3 Motor Bus Service (Rawalpindi to Islamabad) 119
5.13.4 Railways in Pakistan 120
5.14. Modernization of Information Technology and Telecommunications in
Pakistan 121
5.14.1 Modernization of Telecom Sector in Pakistan 121
5.14.2 Broadband Technology in Pakistan 123
5.14.3 Wireless Service in Pakistan 124
5.14.4 Freedom of Speech 124
5.14.5 History of Freedom of Speech 125
5.14.6 Freedom of Speech in Pakistan 126
5.14.7 Pakistan Constitutional Right on Freedom of Speech 126
5.14.8 The Constitutional Development on the Freedom of Speech in
Pakistan 126
5.14.9 Article 8 of the 1956 Constitution and Fundamental Right No.9
of 1962 Constitution 127
5.14.10 Article 19 of the Constitution 1973 of the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan 127
5.14.11 Article 19 of Pakistan In 1975 127
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 5.14.12 Article 19 of the Constitution 1998 of the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan 127
5.14.13 The Supreme Court of Monthly Review in 2004 127
5.15. Monthly Law Digest 1462 in 2006 127
5.16. Civil Law Cases in 2010 128
5.16.1 Yearly Law Reporter in 2010 128
5.16.2 Supreme Court Monthly Review 1849 in 2010 128
5.16.3 All Pakistan Legal Decisions 75 in 2013 128
5.17 Bureaucracy of Pakistan 128
5.18 The Freedom of Speech in Pakistan Parliament 129
5.19 Evolution of Pakistan Media 129
5.19.1 Print Media in Pakistan 130
5.19.2 The Trend of Electronic and Digital Media in Pakistan 130

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Introduction
The cities are the main hub of all economic activities in a country. It is
easy to provide basic necessities of life in cities. Population of cities easily gets
the access of basic facilities than rural areas. Cities also accommodate many more
people in the form of buildings. The spaces in the cities are utilized in the best
manner. Even the waste in the cities is recycled through proper procedure. Social
facilities like healthcare, education, social services and cultural activities are the
most pull factors of urban areas. Transportation and communication networks are
the other key factors. These facilities are the major merits of urbanization.
People in the cities established their lives in the most facilitated areas. Several
cities have many resources. However, these resources are used for the provision
of amenities and labor in the cities. The resources are used for the economic
development and improvement of lifestyle of people. It gives the opportunity for
the labor force in the manufacturing and service industries. Industries give rise to
employment rate in the cities. Even the population of rural areas gets advantage of
urbanization. The agriculture produce from rural areas is supplied in the urban
areas. The wide markets in the cities provide employment opportunities and also
improve the financial status of rural population. In modern world, urbanization is
considered as a key factor for economic growth in a country. The merits of
urbanization are far more than its consequences.

Objectives
After Studying you will be able:
1. to know about the economic opportunities in Pakistan
2. to learn about the industrial growth and its role in the economic
development of Pakistan
3. to understand the transport and Communication system in Pakistan
4. to learn about the educational opportunities in Pakistan

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5.1 Economic Opportunities
Growing urbanization is accelerating the economic growth in Pakistan.
Economic growth refers to the total output of a county in a particular year. It is an
increase in the total number of goods and services country produce in a year. The
increase in the output of a country is directly linked to the quality of education,
technology, national planning and political stability etc. Economic growth can be
measured by the increase in the percentage of real gross domestic product. The
economic growth of a country is a limited, which measures only the production of
goods and services. When the country increases its potential in all sectors of the
economy then it is considered as economic development. Growth in the overall
output of an economy along with the rise in the living standards and advancement
in technology are considered as economic development. It is a process of
improvement in health, education and lifestyle. Economic development gives
economic opportunity to the people. It is an interlinked phenomenon. The rise in
the economic development causes rise in economic opportunities. Economic
activities are the main factor of providing economic opportunities.

5.2. Economic Opportunities in Pakistan

Pakistan’s Gross Domestic Product of the year 2017 to 2018 was 5.79
percent. The average economic growth rate from the year 1952 to 2018 was 4.92
percent. The highest growth peaked at 10.22 percent in 1954 and the lowest
dropped to -1.80 percent in 1952. The GDPs of agriculture, industry, mining,
construction, transport, servicing and agriculture etc. contribute to the real GPD of
the country
The target of annual growth is 5.4 percent. This growth is due to
consumption by huge population. The internal and external loans of the country
result in the increase of consumption. Higher debt and repayment liabilities have
caused drastic imbalance in economy. The constantly increasing demand of
imports and less number of exports led to huge fiscal deficit. Inadequate revenues
and unplanned expenditures are other major reason of fiscal and current account
deficit. Although of the deficit economic growth of the country has provided
many economic opportunities to the people in Pakistan.
The report of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and
the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) has describe that the
urbanization in Pakistan can be fruitful if there is well- researched national
policies and implementation of the plans . Sustainable urbanization can bring
enormous economic opportunities to the world’s sixth largest country.
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5.3 Industrial Growth in Pakistan
Industrial growth in Pakistan has provided major economic opportunities
to the people. Pakistan industrial growth can be analyzed by its history. At the
time of independence Pakistan only got 34 industries out of 955 industries. Most
of these industries were small scaled and based on raw products. Industries like
sugar mills, cotton factories, flour mills, rice husking mills and canning factories
etc. were given to Pakistan. Government decided to use domestic raw materials in
the factories in order to establish self-independent industries. It also took initiative
to develop corporations like Industrial Finance Corporation and Credit
Corporation in 1948.
The government of Pakistan set the foundation of Pakistan Industrial
Development Corporation (PIDC), in 1952. The cooperation was established to
provide investment in the heavy industries. Industries like paper and paper board,
cement, fertilizer, jute mills and the Sui gas pipeline in Karachi benefited from
this cooperation. In 1954, the textile industry expended and contributed 26.7
percent as the largest share in the economy. The other industry that flourished
during this time was chemical industry. It share in the economy was recorded 9.5
percent. The year of 1960 increased the industry of non-metallic and mineral
product, the estimated contribution reached from 4.0 percent to 6.1 percent. Along
with that metal product, transport equipment industries also developed at big
scale. The respective contribution of these industries was 3.9 and 3.4 percent. The
PIDC policy of the government resulted in 1971, in the form of 59 industrial units
and the foundation of self-independent industries.
After the separation of East Pakistan and West Pakistan, in 1971. The
industrial strategy of the West Pakistan started depending on the domestic market.
The drastic change in the size of the markets affected the industrial growth
greatly. The change had a huge impact on the evolution of industrial sector in
Pakistan. The industry was mainly divided into large scale manufacturing, small
scale manufacturing and construction. During the year 1960 to 1970 the industrial
share increased from 12 to 16 percent. However, the West Pakistan alone
maintained the share of industry higher than East Pakistan due to some
advantages of resources available in the West Pakistan. Eastern Wing of the
country exported the cotton yarn at large scale. In 1963, the total employment rate
of West Pakistan also contributed in the large-scale manufacturing. During 1950
to 1965. It share was between two-third to three quarters of all the activities of
large-scale industries in the both wings combined. According to the data of 1970,
the share of industry was expected to be 16 of We st Wing however; the actual
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share of the industry was 21. It was more than the expected share. The
manufacturing of footwear other wearing apparel industry was rose from 2.4
percent to 3.8 percent (1960 to 1970). Printing and Publishing industries
drastically expended from 2.4 percent to 5.2 percent during this time.
In 1972, there was a big change in the form of nationalized economy.
Major large-scale industries i.e. oil refinery, cement, fertilizer, engineering and
chemical industries became public sector. The public sector controlled the pricing,
hoarding and profiteering. This change greatly affected the private investors. The
policies like removal of incentives and export subsidies long with the low import
duties on goods slowed the economic progress of the country. On the other hand,
this shift was beneficial for small scale industries because of the access of imports
and unification of exchange rate. The food manufacturing industry demonstrated
the huge gap in the share of the economy. The share of this industry boosted from
10 percent to 24.2 percent during 1970 to 1981. The growth of the food industry
was due to the excessive demand of the population of Pakistan.
In 1984, the industrial policy was again changed where participation of
private sector was encouraged by the government. Many strategies were used to
attract the investors to invest in the industries. Export incentives, Tariff, change of
fixed exchange rate to float exchange rate and deregulation of price control helped
to free the economy. Transfer of technology through foreign private investors was
encouraged. As the urbanization progressed in Pakistan the demands of the
population grew which resulted in the evolution of industrial sector. The growth
rate data of manufacturing sectors indicated that in 1950 to 1960 the small scale
manufacturing industry was 2.3 percent and the large scale manufacturing
industry was 15.4 percent. There was a huge percentage change during 1970 to
1980, 7.9 percent was small scale manufacturing industry and 3.9 percent was
large scale manufacturing industry. The small industries grew at fast pace and the
large industries fell sharply because of nationalization policy. The government of
1977 did not interrupt the public projects however; it did not take any initiative to
plan any new public sector project. The reason behind this policy of the
government was to enhance the role of private sector in the economy. Therefore
from 1979 to 1980 small scale industries rose to 4.6 percent as compare to 3.5
percent in 1969 to 1970. During 1985, the constantly increasing urbanization in
Pakistan; somewhat increased the investment in manufacturing sector. Despite the
fact, the lack of public investment in the country resulted in the fall of 2.7 percent.
The changing policies of the government gave confidence to the investors to

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invest in Pakistan. Leather industry increased the share of manufacturing sector
from 1.6 to 2.3 percent during 1981 to 1986.
The data on the growth of industry indicated that during the 1990 the
percentage again increased to 4.7 percent. This figure was again changed in 1997
to 2.7 percent of GDP. The unstable political environment was the major reason
of this setback. Federal Bureau of Statistics reported that in 2003 to 2004 the
growth rate of industrial sector was 5.8 percent of GDP however, the percentage
increased to 13.1 in the next year. Many factors contributed to this enormous
growth i.e. continuity of developmental plans, consideration of domestic demand,
stable environment and expansion on international markets. During 2005 to 2006
the share of industrial sector decreased sharply from 9.9 percent to 4.1 percent.
The cause of this decline was less production of cotton crops, sugar, steel and iron
and most importantly changing prices of oil. The use of CNG in 2007 proved to e
beneficial in the industrial sector of Pakistan. In 2010, the sector recovered from
the previous years to 4.9 percent. The urban population of this year was 35
percent which indicates the demand of more housing in Pakistan. The noticeable
change in the percent during this year was due to the rebound in the policies of the
government in the construction and manufacturing sectors. The demand of the
population was somewhat met in this year due to planed allocation of the
resources. The recent year of 2018 indicated the growth in GDP as 3.29 percent.
On the other hand, the actual target was 6.2 percent. The share of industrial sector
was 7.6 percent to the GDP of 2018.

5.4 Economic Opportunity and Employment

The expansion of industrialization in Pakistan provides the employment
opportunities to the people. One of the main merits of urbanization is more and
better employment opportunity for the people. The total labor force partition of
country is 36.92 percent reported by Pakistan Bureau of Statistic in 2018. Out of
which the urban employment rate is 32.04 percent. The rate of urban contribution
in employment is considered high in an agrarian country like Pakistan. The report
states that about 11.16 percent of labor force works in manufacturing sector. Since
after the independence of Pakistan the rate of employment keep on changing.
The establishments of newborn industry gave a large amount of employment
opportunities during 1950 to 1960. The constant upsurge in the rate of
employment in the manufacturing sector was the result of uprising urbanization in
Pakistan. The data of manufacturing employment in 1963 stipulated that, about
13.16 percent of the labor force was working in the industrial sector. In the year
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of 1970, the employment opportunity increased to 15.57 percent. The statistics
further shows that during 1979, the employment in manufacture sector rose up to
14.37. The external and internal migration was the main cause of these running
economic activities in the country during that time. After this, the ratio kept on
decreasing because of the number of reasons. Although the urbanization in
Pakistan was rising but many other factors slowed down the growth of industrial
sector. The most affected reason was the laws of labor introduced in 1970’s. The
share dropped to 10.50 percent in 1995.
Labor Force Surveys, Population Census of Pakistan 1998 estimated that,
the total participation of labor force in Pakistan 28.51 percent. Within the five
years span the rate increased to 30.41 percent. The total participate rate of labor
force in manufacturing industry was 13.84 percent in 2005. The participation of
urban employment in the field was 24.71 percent. Urbanization also improved the
rate of employment of transportation and communication sector. The total
participate rate of labor force in transportation and communication sector was
recorded 5.74 percent. Out of which 8.22 percent of urban employment was
working. The report of Pakistan Statistics and Bureau in 2018 estimated that, the
total rate of labor force partition in the industrial sector increased from 21.4
percent to 24.0 percent during 2010 to 2018.

5.5 Educational Opportunities

Urbanization in a country brings so many advantages. The demands of the
population become more in urbanized environment. People tend to compete with
each other to get better quality of life. Education is one of the most important
measures to improve the living standards of people. Therefore, in cities there are
more educational opportunities than rural areas.
The literacy rate in Pakistan was recorded 58 percent in 2018, according to
recent UNESCO report. Punjab has the highest rate of literacy as compare to other
provinces. Pakistan Economy Survey 2017 to 2018 reported, the literacy rate of
Punjab is 54 percent. Its huge population is the major reason for the high literacy
rate in the province. After Punjab, KPK stands second in term of literacy. The
literacy rate of KPK is 53 percent. Sindh has 48 percent of literacy rate.
Balochistan has 33 percent of literacy rate. It has the lowest literacy rate than
other three provinces. Poor policies and inadequate funding are the main reasons
of educational backwardness in the province. The public expenditure on education
was 3.4 percent of GDP, in 2018.

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 According to the Pakistan Economy Survey 2017 to 2018, the net
enrollment rate of Pakistan is recorded 87 percent. Punjab has the highest share of
93 percent. KPK contributes to the enrollment as 88 percent. Then, Sindh has 78
percent and Balochistan has 60 percent of enrollment rate. Estimated total number
of teachers in 2017 were 1.726 million. Whereas in 2016, the total number of
teachers were 1.630 million. The report further predicted the increase in the
number of educationalists to 1.808 million in 2018. The main goals of Pakistan
Vision of 2025 is to improve the quality of education, advancement of technology
and increase in the educational expenditure to 4 percent of GDP by 2018.The
literacy rate of Pakistan has been fluctuating since its birth. The yearly addition of
literate population in the country is the outcome of extending urbanization.

5.6 Evolution of Education in Pakistan

Education is the most basic and essential human right. All the progressive
countries in the world have one thing in common and that is, modern and quality
education. Education is considered as a benchmark of civilized nations. It has the
power to break the class disparity and to improve the standards of living. Primary
education plays a vital role in the structure of education system of a country. This
stage of education works on the character building of people. On the other hand,
Higher education helps individuals to equip with necessary skills needed for the
working of an economy. The secret of progressive nations is the universal primary
education for all. It makes the labor more skillful and productive. Urbanization
causes the demand of more literate individuals to take part in economic activities.
In 1947, The Government of Pakistan arranged an educational conference to
arrange the structure of education system. The main objectives of the educational
policy of that time were; to form an education system on the history and culture of
Pakistan. The policy emphasized the strong sense of honor and dignity in
education system of the country. The newly born state needed the studies of
science and technology to support its population. The conference provided the
vision of science and technology in the future of education system. Above all the
objectives the major goal was to integrate the education with Islamic values.
Another main initiative of the government was to provide free and compulsory
education to the population of Pakistan. "The state shall provide free and
compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such a
manner as may be determined by law", stated in the article 25-A of Constitution
of Pakistan. However, the policy could not become beneficial due to large number
of immigrants after independence. The data of 1948 indicates that the total
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number of primary schools were 8413.Whereas the secondary schools were 2598.
There were only 40 colleges and 2 universities after independence.
In 1951, the literacy rate was 17.9 percent. The National Commission of
1959, emphasized on the compulsory education up to primary level. The middle
education was recommended to be compulsory up to middle till the year 1974.
The commission further focused on character building and advancement of
scientific education. It was also recommended to provide grants for universities.
Urdu was given due importance to use as a medium of instructions in educational
institutions. The other important step of this commission was to make Islamic
education compulsory till middle education. In addition to that the evaluation
system was based on 25percent internal and 75 percent external system of
examination. The data of 1961 indicates that, the total literacy rate of 1916 was
16.9 percent. Out of which 26.1 percent were educated males and 6.7 percent
were educated females. The education opportunities were more in the cities at that
time so, the rate of urban literacy was recorded as 34.8 percent on the contrary the
rural literacy rate was 10.6 percent.
In 1970, new educational policies were formed by The Government of
Pakistan. This set of policies gave importance to the orientation of ideology,
science and technology-based education and formation of national educational
institutes. The Educational Cabinet was also formed to revise the educational
proposals. The Cabinet was responsible to appoint a committee for examining the
proposals. The situation of the country was not peaceful during 1972. West and
East Pakistan got separated during this period of time. Therefore, the policy did
not get implemented. The new government of 1972 formed many new educational
policies. The most eminent feature of this policy was the promotion of the
ideology of Pakistan. The education system was outlined on the personality
development, need of the society and equality in education. First time the policy
gave emphases on the cooperative working of students, teachers and parents. The
other significant policy was free education till class eight by 1972. The plan
extended the free education to class tenth by 1974. This policy of Government of
Pakistan turned to be somewhat fruitful. The literacy rate rose up to 21.7 percent.
Male literacy rate of that time was 30.2 percent while the female literacy rate was
11.6 percent. The data further shows the rapid increase in the urban literacy rate to
41.5 percent from 34.8 percent (1961-1972). The rural literacy rate also changed
to 14.3 percent from 10.6 percent. Uprising urban population was the active factor
of this constant change in the literacy rates of Pakistan.

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 The Educational policies were again reformed by the new government in
1979. National Education Conference introduced the new policies. The main
focus of this policy was to create sense of loyalty towards Islam. The concept of
one Ummah was stressed in the policy. Like the previous policies this policy also
gave due importance to science and technical education. Equal educational system
was another priority of this policy. This policy was not implemented because of
poor planning and inadequate resources.
The Education committee of the senate and the National Assembly formed
the educational policy of 1992. The main objectives were the promotion of
Islamic values, expansion in the women education and providing education based
on the needs of society. The policy encouraged the role of private educational
institutes. The government increased the duration of graduation and post-
graduation in the country. The plan was aimed to achieve till 2000. However, the
sudden change of government led the educational plan incomplete.
The National Educational Policy of 1998 concentrated upon the teachings and
practices of Quranic Principles. Improvement of madrassa was the priority of this
educational plan. Universal primary education and training programs for teachers
were also the integrated part of this policy. Development of curriculum according to
social needs was another plan of this policy. The continuous efforts of government
increased the literacy rate from 26.2 percent to 43.9 percent during 1981 to 1998. The
literacy rate of males was 54.8 percent and female was 32.02 percent in 1998. The
urban population had the 63.08 percent share in it. The large number of literate
people in urban areas is the reason of educational opportunities there.
The development of Higher Education Commission in 2002 proved to be
very beneficial in the education system of Pakistan. The Commission layout the five
years plan for the improvement of higher education in the country. The plan helped to
raise the number of universities from 42 to 175 (1980 to 2016). Many universities
still lack the developed infrastructure, quality education and financial support.
The educational reforms of 2005 were based on the foundation of 1998.
The major aim of this policy was to provide free universal primary education to
all. The plan also realized the disparity of educational opportunities in rural and
urban areas of Pakistan. The plan was designed to balance the educational
opportunities in both the areas. The formation of new curriculum and
development of learning recourses were also discussed in this reform. It defined
the minimum qualification of teachers; for elementary level Bachelor Degree with
B.Ed. became mandatory. The teachers of secondary and higher secondary were
required Masters Degree with B.Ed. Computer education became the part of all
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the levels of education. The statistics of 2005 indicates that the literacy rate of
Pakistan was 49.9 percent. The plan aimed to achieve 86 percent of literacy rate
and educational budget of 7 percent of the national GDP by 2015.
In 2009, the main objective of educational policy was to raise the enrolment
to educational institutes from 4.7 percent to 10 percent within six years. The plan
further predicted the growth in the educational budget up to 20 percent. The policy
studied the trend of sprawling urbanization and demand of industrialization in
Pakistan. Therefore, it greatly emphasized on the research and development in
universities. The government aimed to strengthen the collaboration of higher
education to industries. The promotion of scholarships to doctorates and post
doctorates was also the initiative of this policy. The policy recommended the
integration of education and ICT. The policy encouraged the distance education and
effective academic communication between teachers and researchers. To improve the
provision of higher education, need based scholarships were introduced.
Most of the new policies were based on the previous policies. The policies
did not get implemented properly because of the political instability, constantly
changing policies, poor management and defective implementation system.
Despite the fact, the higher education somewhat improved in Pakistan. It can be
compared by the number of universities in 1947 were 2 and in 2016, the number
of universities increased to 153. HEC has affectively worked for the promotion of
higher education in Pakistan. The percentage increase of universities rose to 78
percent during 2010 to 2015. Even the student enrolment rate has risen
tremendously up to 174 percent. In addition to that, the imbalance in male and
female literacy rates is narrowing with passage of time. According to the recent
UNESCO report, the literacy rate in Pakistan was 58 percent in 2018. Whereas,
the net enrollment rate of Pakistan was recorded 87 percent, by Pakistan Economy
Survey 2017 to 2018. On the contrary, the public expenditure on education was
2.4 percent of GDP, less than the expected. Urbanization has not only raised the
enrollments and number of institutions but also has modernized the education
system. It became the root cause of rising demand of education, and also for the
provision of educational opportunities in Pakistan.

5.7 Modernization in Pakistan

Modernization refers to a change in the overall society. It is a
transformation from traditional to new change in a society. The theory of
modernization revolves around an individual rather than family or community. In
modern society each individual is given power to think and decide as compare to
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traditional society where power in enjoyed by one person of the family or
community. Modernization in any country is accompanied by the urbanization
and industrialization. All the developing countries are in the race of adopting
modernization. Modernization of a country is directly linked to advancement in
science and technology. It also changes the socio-cultural issues of the society.
The change influences people to adopt new traits, trends and technology.
Modernization also replaces the traditional knowledge with scientific knowledge.
The society of Pakistan is based on the old tradition and psychological
commitments which have revolutionized over time. However, the growing
urbanization is changing the social environment of the country. The society is
realizing the importance of economic development. The economic progress in the
country the mind set of people. The people are drifting away from their norms and
culture. People are becoming more rational with time resulting in the increase of
tolerance, trust and respecting of point of views. Modernization is an overall change
in the urbanization, socio-cultural change, normative change, and other issues of the
society. Urbanization and modernization simultaneously taking place in Pakistan.
Pakistan is an agrarian country however; the society is becoming modern
and depending more on industrialization. It is also affecting the family structure in
the country. Different economic opportunities are splitting the joint families.
People are directing to different occupations for their living. Family restrictions
and customs are drifting away as individuals are becoming independent. The free
minds of people are leading to rationalization. The needs of urban amenities are
resulting in the search of better employment opportunities. On one side, the
situation is shattering the joint-family system whereas on the other, it is giving
importance to individual’s perspective.

5.8 Effect of Modernization on Family System

Modern lifestyle has affected the family structure in Pakistan. Urbanization
is spreading and engaging people in economic activities. Rural population is also
affecting by the modernization. Each individual take his own decision. Family
restriction are getting lessen as people are moving away from family norms. The
family values of people living in rural areas are also getting influenced by this
change. There is a change in the attitudes, values and beliefs of people.

5.9 The Effect of Modernization on Fertility Rate

The modernization has changed the annual rate of population growth. The
data of The World Bank indicates that the decline in the fertility rate of Pakistan
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from 3.562 to 3.488 births per woman during 2017 to 2019. Modernization makes
people rational thinkers they try to improve their living standards by meeting their
maximum demands. Therefore, the emerging modernization in Pakistan is
reflecting in the decrease of fertility rate. The size of the families is becoming
small by the change in the social perspective of society. The statistics estimates
that the fertility rate of Pakistan in 1971 was about 6.602 births per woman. The
number of births per woman was very high during that time. The growing
population in the country extended the fertility rate to 6.612 births per woman in
1975. It is the highest fertility rate in the history of Pakistan. Internal and external
migration was one of the main reasons of this rapid growth in population. In 1980,
there was a noticeable decline in the ratio to 6.534 births per woman. The number
further decreased during 1985 to 1990, from 6.385 to 6.164 births per woman.
The data of 2000 indicates that the fertility rate reached to 5.037. Moreover, sharp
downfall has been observed in the period 2010 to 2015, the fertility rate slope
down to 3.951to 3.66 births per woman. The constant drop of fertility rate in
Pakistan is the outcome of spreading urbanization. Modernization provided
awareness to the people regarding the benefits of small family systems. As the
population is realizing the importance of better standard of living they are
becoming conscious in the number of children. However, the decline in the fertility
rate is still very less in Pakistan as compare to other South Asian countries.
Countries like Bhutan and Maldives recorded 5 births per woman during 1995 to
2000. On the other hand, India reported to have 3 children per woman. The process
of modernization has also influenced Sri Lanka greatly. The total fertility rate was
recorded 2.1 births per woman. This is the lowest TFR in South Asia. The declining
rate of fertility is observed, mostly in developing countries.
The noteworthy fertility decline in Pakistan is due to many factors. The
main cause of this decline in TFR is the social and economic advancement in the
country. The Government of Pakistan has initiated many family planning projects
since 1964. In one report of Research and Development Solutions in 2002 stated
that, Pakistan is constantly progressing in family planning. The data indicates that
family planning is rising to 0.5 percent per year in Pakistan. Modernization has
given people the thought of less family members for better living. Due to
urbanization people started giving importance to quality of life rather than quantity.

5.10 Effect of Modernization in Transportation and Communication System

Modernization changes the trend of transportation and communication
system in a country. Especially, this change is observed in developing nations.
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The sector not only plays significant role in uprising the economic activities in a
country but also helps in the widespread of globalization. Many developed
countries are prioritizing the development of modern communication and
transportation networks. It is not only the need of time but also an important
factor for economic integration in a country. The sector is the main branch from
which other important economic sectors are interlinked. All the sectors work
together for the economic prosperity of people. The rising population in the world
is creating the need of effective and affordable means of communication in order
to stay connected with each other. Even within the country advanced
communication network creates the link between rural and urban population. On
the other hand, effective transportation system helps in lowering the cost of
production. As raw materials easily reach to industries and finished products
timely deliver to markets. Thus, it enhances the growth of production scale and
fulfills the maximum demands of people. The flow of demand and supply
provides the economic opportunities to people. The opportunities are beneficial
for whole society especially for low-income group of people.

5.11 Transportation and Communication System in Pakistan

Pakistan’s geographical location is the ideal factor which can contributes
greatly to the development of modern communication and transportation network
in the region. Transportation and communication system in Pakistan is greatly
affected by the escalating modernization. The country already has extensive
networks of roads, railways, airports and seaports. The Government of Pakistan is
further working to extend the existing networks and to develop new projects for
economic growth in the country. The government has initiated the Pakistan Vision
2025. The vision is designed in accordance with the need of population. The main
purpose of this vision is to develop modernized transportation infrastructure. The
modernized transportation in Pakistan would decrease the transportation cost and
would work as a bridge between rural and urban areas. The developed
infrastructure of transportation would further help in the prosperity of country, by
providing safe, effective and affordable transportation. The project of
transportation corridors is designed to strengthen the bond between regional
trading partners. The level of development in a country is also indicated by its
road network. The vision has aimed to increase the road density to 0.45km/sq by
2025. Recent data indicates that the road density level in 2018 was 0.33 km/sq.
According to kilometers the density level will expand from 263,942 km to
358,000 km by 2025.
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5.12 Road Transportation of Pakistan
Pakistan is blessed with geographical location. It plains has covered the
area from Karachi to Peshawar. Pakistan’s highways, railways and expressways
etc are developed mostly around the economic hubs i.e. Karachi, Lahore and
Peshawar etc. The effective transport is the essential need of the country as the
country has different types of lands in which different natural resources are
present. To make the optimal use of these resources modern transportation is the
pre-requisite of the economy. National highways of Pakistan is the major source
of mobility of goods and people around the country. According to National
Highway Authority, road networks are the most used mode of internal traffic in
Pakistan. It carries 91 percent of people and 96 percent of freight. The road total
road net in Pakistan is 0.33 km/sq. The road network covers the area of 259,618
kilometers. Out of it 179,290 km is high type roads and 80,328 km is low type
roads. The expansion of road routes it mainly due to modernization in Pakistan.
Statistics of Pakistan Economic Survey 2010highlights that the total number of
roads were 229,595 km in 1996-1997, which expanded to 259,618 km in 2009-10.
It was increased to 13 percent during this time. The land route from Karachi to
Islamabad is the major transport corridor in the country. Large amount of goods
are transported through this corridors.

5.13 Effect of Modernization on Road Lengths in Pakistan

As the urbanization has spread its wing in the country it transformed the
economic and social structure of the society. This modernization changed the
infrastructure of transportation. According to Pakistan Economic Survey 2007-08,
the total road length of low type roads of Pakistan was 103,478km and total
length of high type roads was 126,117km in 1997. The figure drastically changed
to 78,879km to low type roads and 185,063 km to high type roads in 2015. The
statistical report of National Transport Research Centre indicates that, in 2008 the
total road length of low type roads in Punjab was 33,864 km and high type road
was 70,251km. In Sindh, the road lengths of low and high type were 26,301 km
and 54,562km. However, the road lengths of low and high type in KPK were
13,781km and 28,588km. Balochistan is the least urbanized province in Pakistan
because of this the modernization effect on construction of roads is less as
compare to other provinces. In 2008, Baluchistan’s road length of low type roads
was 9,579 km and high type was 19,872 km.

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 The total road length of low type roads in Punjab was 32,179km and
length of high type roads was 72,906km in 2010. The low type roads in Sindh
during that year was 24,993km and high type roads was 56,625 km. The low type
roads in KPK was 13,095km and high type roads length was 29,670 km. Whereas,
in Balochistan low type was 9,103 km and high type roads length was 26,24km.
The modernization boosted the construction of high type roads in all the
provinces within the four years span. In 2014, the road length of low type road in
Punjab escalated to 32,428km and high type to 75,564 km. The road length of low
type roads in Sindh decreased to 24,415km, however, the length of high type
roads extended to 57,078km. Similarly, in KPK the low type roads shortened to
12,846 km and high type roads increased to 30,226km. The road length of low
type roads in Balochistan shorted to 8,930km from 9,103km during 2010 to 2014.
On contrary, the high type roads length rose up to 20,812km from 26,24km during
that time. The data of World Data Atlas shows the transformation of road density
in Pakistan was recorded as 31.0 in 2001. The road density extended to 32.4
percent 2005. In 2011, the ratio increased to 33.0 percent. The growing
urbanization boosted the construction of roads in all parts of Pakistan.
5.13.1 National Highways in Pakistan
All the public highways in Pakistan are controlled by National Highway
Authority. It controls roadways covering the area of about 12,131km. The road
links connects to major urban centers in the country. On contrary, the provincial
highways are maintained by provincial governments. The most eminent highways
in Pakistan are; Grand Trunk Road, Indus Highway, Karakoram. In 2015, the
NHA has designed 72 development projects estimated Rs.1, 342 billion. For the
development projects the Government has allocated Rs.111.56 billion. Some of
the ongoing projects of NHA are M-4 (Faisalabad- Multan motorway), N-25
(Quetta – Chaman Section), E-35 (Burhan-Havelian Expressway), M-8 ( Gwadar-
Turbat-Hoshab section), N-55 (Sehwan-Ratodero) and E-2 (Peshawar Northern
Bypass) etc. The major completed projects in NHA are Package-1 (Peshawar
Northern Bypass), M-4 (Faisalabad – Gojra section), N-50(Qila Saifullah-Zhob),
N-80 (Khushal Garh bridge), N-70 (Multan-Muzaffargarh), Larkana-Naudero-
lakhi Road, Sarkand-Benazirabad Dual Carriageway, Hyderabad-Badin Road to
Mir Wah Sanjar Chang and Hyderabad-Badin Road to Mir Wah Sanjar Chang etc.
5.13.2 Lahore Metro Bus Service
The growing population in urban centers needs safe and modern
transportation. The Government of Pakistan realized this need of emerging urban
population and planned to develop metro bus service in the country in 1991.
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However, the plan was at first abandoned to support the local bus transits. The
work started on the Lahore Metro service in 2011. The project was conducted by
Pakistanis and Turkish engineers. The project is collaborated with Lahore
Transport Company. The service provides transport system to Lahore and
neighboring suburban areas. The project has four stages. Out of which two stages
are completed and operational. The first stage of Metro us Lahore was
inaugurated on 11 February, 2013. The service covered the area from Gajumata to
Shahadra. After sometime the other 27km stretch became operational. However,
the last two stages are still under planning. At first, the Lahore Metro introduced
Orange Line as bus rapid transit but, due to lack of separate lanes for metro buses
the project was not fully considered as Rapid Transit System. The Metrobus
Service of Lahore consists of 66 buses. Ferozepur Road corridor is used as a
single lane of length 28.7 km. The average speed of the bus is 26 km/h. People
from different sectors of society use them for inter city travel. The metrobus
service is the modern mean of transport which uses e-ticketing system. The
Intelligent Transportation System is monitored by Punjab Metro bus Authority.
Lahore Transport Company reports, that the daily total passengers of metro buses
are more than 180,000 in Lahore. The passenger per hour is estimated 10,000. It is
estimated the number of passengers will increased to 20,000 in 2021.
5.13.3 Metro Bus Service (Rawalpindi to Islamabad)
The twin cities of Pakistan have greatly hit by urbanization. Urbanization
has transformed the way of living in the urban centers. The total population of
Islamabad is estimated 1,095,064 in 2019. In 1950, the population of Islamabad
was 36,466. The rate of annual change was recorded as 3.44 percent. The
population of Rawalpindi has boosted from 233,000 in 1950 to 2,196,000 in 2019.
The statistics predicts that the total population of both the cities will further
increase to 7.0 million. Metro bus Service was inaugurated in June 2015. The
peak ridership of metro bus was estimated as 151,000 per day. Within two year
the transport service was provided to 76 million passengers. The traffic volume
of three corridors around the cities is 210,000 vehicles per day. In terms of
passengers it carries about 525,000 passengers. Around 601,600 people demand
for public transport to do their daily work. The total length of metro bus service of
twin cities is 8.6km. There is a separate lane of 14km in Islamabad for metro
buses. The total numbers of stations are twenty-four. Fourteen stations are in
Islamabad whereas other ten stations are in Rawalpindi. The modernization has
transformed the bus station into e-station. The passengers are facilitated with
escalators, screen doors and automatic collection of fare.
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 Not only local companies are participating in transportation sector but also
international companies as well. The modernization in Pakistan has attracted the
foreign companies like Careem to invest in transportation sector in Pakistan.
Companies like this provide a platform where passengers can connect to riders
easily thought internet. It does not only provide the service to the people but also
large number of employment opportunities. Thus, modernization is making daily
life easy for urban population in the country.
5.13.4 Railways in Pakistan
The development of railway system has been a mark of social uplift and
economic prosperity in a country. Pakistan’s railway system was developed
before its independence. The British constructed effective railway system in 1861
to facilitate their trade. Modern railway system of any country supports the
commerce, trade and national integration. The total railway network of Pakistan is
7,791 km. It started from Karachi to Torkham. It consists of 452 locomotives,
1,732 passenger coaches and 15,948 freight carriers. The negligence of authorities
and lack of funding caused huge crises to Pakistan Railway. The railway is
considered as a better option for the movement of goods and passengers;
especially for long distance. Despite the fact, in the past decades the movement of
freight and passenger decreased substantially. The Government of Pakistan took
initiative to increase the salary and pension of railway employees in 2007. The
government also realized that the sector was not able to bare it son expense
therefore Finance Division took responsibility for its expenditure. In the year
2014, The Government of Pakistan designed the Pakistan Railways Vision 2026.
The vision aimed to uplift the share of transportation sector from 4 to 20 percent.
The vision emphasized the maintenance of old railway tracks and addition of new
locomotives in the railways. The plan also gave importance on the development
of the rail infrastructure to increase the average speed of trains. In 2017, the first
phase of the plan was completed and the second stage in 2021.
About Rupees 39.566 billion was allocated by the government to the
Railway Ministry. In 2010, the earning of Pakistan railway was Rupees 21,886
million. The percent change was in deficit of -14.4 percent. The improvement in the
policies, funding and modern technology helped the railway to cover its deficit. The
earning of railways increased to Rupees 18,071 or 17.0 percent in 2013. The recent
statistics indicates that the Railways of Pakistan has increased from Rupees 49.5
billion to Rupees 54.60 billion during 2018 to 2019. The earning of Pakistan
railways boosted from Rupees 9,889 million in 2000 to 54.60 billion in 2019. It is
the highest revenue generated by the railway sector of Pakistan.
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 In 2012, the total number of passengers was recorded 41,100 million and
freight traffic was 1.323 million, according to Statistics of Pakistan Railway. In
the same year, private sector also participated in the service of Pakistan Railways.
This contribution did not only upgrade the quality of service but also started
generating the revenue. As more areas around the cities became urbanized, the
movement of people and goods increased throughout the country. The change can
be analyzed in the total number of passengers, which was recorded as 41,957
million in 2013. The figure immensely changed within the year in to 47.690
million passengers and freight to 1.610 million. It is estimated that about 60
million passengers traveled through Pakistan Railway in 2018. Since then, the
graph of traffic of freight and passengers is rising because of facilities of modern
trains. Train like Shalimar Express, Business Express and Night couches meet the
requirement of people. These modern trains provide security, comfort, internet
service, food and reach to timely destination. This transformation in the quality of
services indicates the effect of growing modernization in society.

5.14 Modernization of Information Technology and Telecommunications

in Pakistan
In world today no country is considered progressive, unless it has modern
information technology and telecommunication system. In Pakistan the Ministry
of Communications regulates and formulates the policies regarding
communications and transportation. The medians like telephone, telegraph,
internet, radio and television etc. are control by the ministry. Access to
information and communication are the essential need of modern society. The
developed nations had the access to information even in the past. They further put
efforts in the search of technologies. Unfortunately, the poor countries did not
have enough recourses of information. Developed countries transformed their
physical work to mechanical technologies. As these countries progressed,
computers and information-based technologies took over.
5.14.1 Modernization of Telecom Sector in Pakistan
The telecommunication in Pakistan is controlled by Pakistan
Telecommunication Authority (PTA). The authority keeps check on the demand
of consumers and provides them services according to it. Throughout the world,
substantial increase has been witnessed in this sector. The dependence on
technology and growing trend of smart phones are the main reasons of this
advancement.

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 Like many other countries, Pakistan has given due importance to its telecom
sector in past decade. The year of 2015 proved to be the milestone in the history of
telecom sector in Pakistan. Many favorable factors like; trade, investment, effective
policies and competition uplifted the telecom sector in the country.
In 1997, the telecom sector went through de-regulation and privatization.
The participation of private sector in the field boosted the network coverage and
subscriber base of cellular of telecommunication. The policies of government also
supported the sector. Taxes like; activation tax, import duty and tax on import of
mobile phones were also less by the government. According to Business Monitor
International (BMI), Pakistan was considered as the most potential country in the
growth of telecom sector, during 2005 to 2008. Heavy investments from companies
like; Orascom, Etisalat, Telenor, China Mobile and Singtel transformed the telecom
sector to the next level. The collaboration of the companies expended the services
and increased the quality of existing services. The excessive use of mobile phones
and telecom technologies revolutionized the lifestyle of people in the country. The
usage of digital gadgets i.e. tablets, laptops, smart phones and computers etc.
resulted in the more traffic of internet users and GSM. The quality service of
telecom is the main aim of Vision 2020 according to PTA According to recent
statistics of PTA, the total annual cellular subscribers were estimated as 1.61.02
million in 2018. The cellular subscribers jumped from 114.66 million to 133.24
million, during 2014 to 2015. As the country was urbanized, the cellular users
increased. In 2010, the total cellular subscribers were 99.19 million. The ratio was
changed drastically during 2000 to 2018, from 34.5 million to 161.02 million.
The modernization has not only increased the telecom users in the country
but also opened the door of new inventions in the field. Foreign Direct Investment
invested USD 7.14 billion in the telecom of Pakistan during 2003 to 2012. The
total investment peaked to USD 1644 million in 2008-2009. After that the
investment declined in the sector due to poor policies and unstable market
environment in the country. Therefore, the investment decreased to USD 1136
million in 2010. The investment was least recorded as USD 237 million in 2012.
The sector contributed the most in the National Exchequer in the year 2012-2013.
The total investment in telecommunication in Pakistan was recorded the most in
2014 as USD 1814 million. The Foreign Direct Investment in the sector was
USD 116 million, 2017. It further increased to USD 288 million in the recent year
due to advancement in the technology and demand of population.
The analysis of PTA revenues in the last decade also speculates the growth
of modernization in the society. The revenues indicates that the demand of
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emerging population. This demand is the outcome of modernization in the
country. It provided Rupees 57.78 billion to Government of Pakistan in the form
of GST. The total revenue of 2009 was estimated as USD 333809 million. It
further escalated to USD 367328 million in 2011. The total revenue of PTA
boosted to USD 459632 million. During 2017 to 2018, the ratio changed from
USD 464113 million to USD 488750 million. The telecom contribution
exchequer in 2016 was estimates as Rupees 160 billion. The amount rose to
Rupees 161 billion in the next year. The statistics enlightens the growing
modernization in the life style of people.
5.14.2 Broadband Technology in Pakistan
The modernization in Pakistan tremendously grew the internet usage in the
country. The data of International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Bank,
and United Nations Population Division, indicates that the total number of internet
users in Pakistan was 949,717 users in 2000. The population using internet in 2005
was estimated to 9,711,031 users. The figure kept on increasing due to population
explosion in Pakistan. The total population in 2010 was 170,043,918 out of which
13,603,513 were internet users in the country. The statistics of 2016 speculates that
the total internet users were 34,342,400. There was 17.8 percent rise in the internet
usage in the country. Majority of people use broadband internet in the country.
However, the wireless service is taking place in the recent years.
The recent report of PTA highlights the total number of broadband users
in the country is 75 million. There was 35.69 broadband penetration was recorded
in 2019. The broadband speed in the country ranges from 1 Mbits per second to
100 Mbit per seconds. PTCL, Wateen, Cybernet and NayaTel are considered as
the biggest providers of broadband services in Pakistan.
Government of Pakistan has contributed Rs. 22 billion on the development of
rural telecom. In 2013, the sector laid the fiber optics wire on the area covering
7400 km. The government aimed to increase the broadband service in
underdeveloped areas of Pakistan. The stress on the use of broadband service in
Pakistan led to modern broadband technologies i.e WiMAX, EvDO, VDSL2 and
DSL etc. The broadband penetration in 2008 was estimated as 0.11 percent it
raised to 0.55 percent within two years span. It peaked to 1.37 percent in 2013.
Although, the constant uplift in the broadband usage has been witnessed during
past years, still there is some work to be done in the sector. The coordination of
regulator, industry and government is needed the most to resolves the issues
relating to broadband service in Pakistan.

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5.14.3 Wireless Service in Pakistan
As the lifestyle is getting modern more people are using wireless internet.
The modern society takes the benefits of wireless internet because of its mobility,
quick delivery and quality. The trend of using wireless internet increased during
2009 to 2012, from 32 percent to 56 percent. In the beginning, the services like
3G and 4G were considered to be used by urban population of the country.
However, the growing trend reached to all parts of the country due to the
excessive use of smart phones. The mobile subscriber in Pakistan reached to 150
million. The uprising growth of mobile usage is also raising the usage of 3G and
4G in Pakistan. The service proved to be beneficial for government as well to
provide awareness and facilities to rural areas in the field of farming, aid, and
small businesses.
The data collected by PTA estimates that the total number of 3G and 4G
users are 73 million, in 2019. The usage of mobile and fixed broadband was
recorded as 65.1 million and the penetration was about 31.19 percent in the first
month of 2019. The ratio largely changed from 37 million in 2017. The easy
access and economical services and devises sharply uplifted the trend of 3G and
4G in the country. The data further elaborates that the growth of internet
subscribers grew to 25.8 percent during January 2018 to January 2019. The
Hootsuite report analyzed the affordability of devices and services in different
countries. The report gave 56.37 percent marks to Pakistan out of 100. The ratio
is quite large than the other developing countries like, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and
Bangladesh. Pakistan was also ranked on 28th position in term of affordability of
mobile services in the world, by Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) and
International Telecommunication Union (ITU). This report ranked India and
Bangladesh as 35th and 46th on the list. The modernized system of mobile
services has attracted millions of people within short period of time. The mobile
services have made the life easier for the people. People use 3G and 4G services
for leisure and work purposes.
5.14.4 Freedom of Speech
The individual or community right to express viewpoint on anything
without any restriction from government is known as freedom of speech. The act
of expressing opinions and ideas without any fear is freedom of speech. The act
was declared as human right under article 19 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR) and recognized in international human rights law in the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).

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 Modernization in the world highlighted the importance of Freedom of
Speech. With passage of time people realized that freedom of speech is the basic
human right. Article 19 of Universal Human Rights states that ever person has the
right to have his own opinion without any fear of others. The right is further states
that everyone has the right of freedom of expression. This involves the right to
seek, receive and impart information. The freedom of expression can be expressed
through many forms i.e. verbally, written or any source of media. The article was
further amended and stated that this right holds special duties and responsibilities.
The act has certain restrictions and limitations when it comes to the disrespect of
others in any form. These restrictions help to protect the disrespect of any
religion, national security, public order, public health and morals etc. Sometimes
freedom of speech is objected by the harm principle. Especially when the freedom
of speech is related to subjects like; defaming, hate speech, confidential
information; copy right, right to privacy and non-disclosure agreements etc. The
violation of rights of an individual or a group in any form cannot be considered as
freedom of speech.
5.14.5 History of Freedom of Speech
The right to express one’s opinions without government objection is said
to be freedom of speech. The first society which practiced this act was Greece.
The idea initially became popular in modern societies of the world. The right was
first recognized by The United States. The Supreme Court of US classified the
subjects which are protected and are not protected under freedom of speech law.
The Greek society demonstrated the principle long ago. In 5thcentaury B.C, the
word for free speech was first written in the Greek literature. The Greeks were
one of the most modern societies during that era. People belonging to different
classes and occupations exercised the freedom of speech. The leaders,
philosophers, playwrights, writers and members of assembly were free to express
their views regarding; politics, religion and government. In 1791, US passed the
Bill of Rights with ten amendments in it. It provided the freedom to individual in
the form of speech, assembly and worship. The right in the beginning did not
explain that which type of speech comes under freedom of speech. The right
became the Basic Human right as Article 19 in 1987. Modern societies were first
to recognize the importance of freedom of speech. The law became the part of
most of the constitutions throughout the globe. However, developing and under
developing countries are still facing difficulties in the proper adoption of the laws
regarding freedom of speech.

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5.14.6 Freedom of Speech in Pakistan
Pakistan is among those countries which became the member of United
Nations shortly after its independence. The newly independent state became the
official member of United Nations in 1947. The struggle of making the state as
developed country led Pakistan to be the part of carter member of UN. The
country participates actively in all the important UN organizations and missions.
The Constitution of 1956 was the first constitution of Pakistan which gave the
democratic rights like freedom of speech, expression and formation of assembly
etc. The constitution of Pakistan gives this right to its citizen. Like many other
developing countries, Pakistan also faces some struggles to exercise this right
fully. Red tape is the obstacle in exercising this law in the country. Despite the
fact, the trend of expressing opinions is gradually increasing as the society is
moving towards modernization. The right is given to all Pakistanis with some
limitations on subjects such as honor of Islam, law and order and national
security. Sometimes these restrictions exploit the rights of minorities, activists and
journalist etc. In general, freedom of expression is the necessary requirement for
all the people. In today’s world democratic society is considered as modern. The
urbanization in Pakistan not only grew the number of people but also provided
diverse environment to people. This kind of environment encourages people to
understand and respect different opinions. Thus, modernization of a country and
freedom of speech are correlated.
5.14.7 Pakistan Constitutional Right on Freedom of Speech
Article 19 of the Constitution of Pakistan states that “Every citizen shall
have the right to freedom of speech and expression, and there shall be freedom of
the press, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of
the glory of Islam or the integrity, security or defense of Pakistan or any part
thereof, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality,
or in relation to contempt of court, or incitement to an offence."
The constitution of the country gives freedom of speech to citizen and
media of the country.
5.14.8 The Constitutional Development on the Freedom of Speech in
Pakistan
The democratic countries provide both the rights of speech and
information to citizens. The easy access to internet drastically increased the use of
social media. Social media acts as a tool for citizens to exercise these rights in
digital world. It provides the platform where people can freely express their views
and receives information. On the other hand, this freedom sometimes results in
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online harassment blasphemy charges and violation of privacy. In 2017, the
Global Principles on Protection of Freedom of Expression and Privacy further
amended the Article 19. The framework of amendments was based on the
provision of freedom along with the protection of privacy. It was declared that
privacy is necessary for an individual in order to think and speak. On the other
hand, the right of expression is also essential for democratic progress in a country.
Moreover, the right also provides the freedom to seek and receive information in
written and oral forms. In case of abuse of right the law gives the right to offend
to the victims. The continuous change in the society resulted in the amendments
of freedom of speech in Pakistan.
5.14.9 Article 8 of the 1956 Constitution and Fundamental Right No.9 of
1962 Constitution
The Article 8 of 1956 Constitution and Fundamental Right of 1962
Constitution provided the right of freedom of speech and expression. Citizens
were given right to exercise their freedom with restrictions on the subjects like
national security, foreign relations, public order, morality and defamation.
5.14.10 Article 19 of the Constitution 1973 of the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
This constitution further amended the right where the freedom of speech
and expression were restricted on the topics of defamation and the glory of Islam.
5.14.11 Article 19 of Pakistan in 1975
According to the publications of PLD in 1975 gave right to publish to all
the citizens of Pakistan. The law made it clear that any type of mockery and
delusory will not be accepted. The right provided the freedom to all individuals to
publish what they want.
5.14.12 Article 19 of the Constitution 1998 of the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
The amendments in the law of freedom of speech of 1998 further explained that
the right shall not be used to affect the foreign relations of the country. The right
also restricted the promotion of indecency and anything against contempt of court.
5.14.13 The Supreme Court of Monthly Review in 2004
The Supreme Court of Pakistan considered freedom of speech and
expression as the most important needs of democratic state. The Article 19
provides the right of freedom of speech with certain limitations.
5.15. Monthly Law Digest 1462 in 2006
Press exercising the right of freedom of speech but it is also obliged to
keep decency and morality in its contents. Press is not allowed to misuse this
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liberalization. It is supposed to discharge its duty to the society by maintaining the
principle of decency and morality.

5.16 Civil Law Cases in 2010

The Article 19 ensures the freedom of speech and expression of people. The
right does not give the authority to media to defame any person and damage the
political career of people. The right cannot be exercise in all the situations due to
some limitation. Legal action can be taken by the victim in case of abuse of the right.
5.16.1 Yearly Law Reporter in 2010
Freedom of expression is the essential need of democratic institutions. The
right gives freedom of speech to all human interests. The right not only gives
liberalization of speech but also provides the right of publication. People are free
to circulate their ideas and thoughts by publication.
5.16.2 Supreme Court Monthly Review 1849 in 2010
The importance of electronic media is becoming more because Article 19
of the Constitution not only provides the right of free speech but also provides the
right to access information related to public matters.
5.16.3 All Pakistan Legal Decisions 75 in 2013
In 2013, the High Court Bar Association of Government of Balochistan
Sector and Tribal Affairs Department analyzed the unrest and extremist activities in
the country. It was clear that extremist organizations wanted to spread their views to
common people through the misuse of Article 19. Therefore, more limitations were
set to the right on the subjects like glory of Islam, defense, relation with foreign
countries, public order, decency, morality, contempt of court and commission to an
offence. The ban became strict on hate speech and literatures.

5.17 Bureaucracy of Pakistan

Government of Pakistan has the supreme power to control the information
in the country. Although the Article 19 constitution has provided the right of
freedom of speech but still there are some obstacles in the way. The law of Right
to Information (RTI) restricts citizens to ask questions about confidential issues
related to security, foreign policy and religion etc. The governments in general do
not let their public to have transparent information because it is easy to control
unaware people.
The freedom of expression and right to information has greatly benefited
the non-profitable organizations in Pakistan. Many NGOs in the past faced the
problems to exercise the right of freedom of speech. Some NGOs also complained
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about the lack of provision of information from government. In 2014, there were
400 complaints received by the Right to Information Commission Punjab.
According to the Civil society Index the total number of non-profitable
organizations were about 12,000 in 2001. The government system of Pakistan
transformed from dictatorship to controlled democracy, then finally to real
democracy. The steps towards democracy stressed the provision of Basic Human
Rights in the state. The total NGOs were recorded about 150,000 in 2016. These
organizations are working in different fields for the welfare of the nation. Thus,
the right of freedom is the key of this development in the country.

5.18 The Freedom of Speech in Pakistan Parliament

The function of parliamentarians is to design legislature of a country. Their
decisions cause great impact on the lives of people in the country. The members of
provincial assemblies’ posses powers to provide human rights in the province. They
also have the responsibility to represent their communities and their problems to
higher level. The constitution of Pakistan has given them the right to freely express
their point of views in the assemblies. All the parliamentarians exercise this right by
discussing about the important national issues. The debates mostly take place on the
issues like national security, defense and investment. The members enjoy the
benefit of freedom of speech and blame each other on the state affairs. The right is
beneficial for the welfare of the state because it gives opportunity to the members of
parliaments to highlight the flaws of government.

5.19 Evolution of Pakistan Media

Media of any country reflects its freedom of speech. It acts as the
mouthpiece of common people. It also helps to measure the level of democracy
in a country. Pakistani media went through different phases since its emergence.
Since the last decades, the media has transformed greatly. Pakistani media also
faced some objections in the form of political pressure and government bans in
the past. However, the restrictions on the media are gradually lessening with the
expansion of urbanization and provision of rights in the state. At initial stage print
media was the only source to express freedom of speech in the country. There
were strict government restrictions on media till 2002. After that liberalization in
the country caused enormous growth in the electronic media. In recent years,
digital media is use as the medium to express opinions and ideas in Pakistan.

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5.19.1 Print Media in Pakistan
Print media was the only major source of information and expressing
opinions after independence of Pakistan. There were only four newspapers owned
by Muslims at that time. These newspapers were Pakistan Times, Zamindar,
Nawa-i-Waqt, and Civil-Military Gazette. Some of the news presses were also
shifted from India to Pakistan. Dawn, Morning News, Jang News and Anjuman
publication houses were relocated to Pakistan during that time. With period of
time print media expended at large scale in Pakistan. The total number of
publications increased from 3,242 to 4,455 during 1994 to 1997. In 2000, the total
newspapers and journals were estimated as 1,500. After the liberalization of
media in 2002, the print media publications substantially declined due to the
revolution of electronic media in the country. The publications sharply declined to
945, in 2003. Despite the fact, the growing urbanization increased the number of
newspaper readers in the country. The publication increased to 1279 in 2004. The
number rise to 1997 in 2005. Within two years it increased to 1820 in 2007. The
figure sharply declined to 1199 publications in 2008. Journalists freely expressed
their opinions as the country became advance in the freedom of speech. The
freedom of speech in newspapers were expressed in many subjects like politics,
media, law, security, economy, international, sports, international, health,
education and religion. The politics share was 20 percent, security 12 percent and
social 12 percent in the newspapers of 2016. The share of newspaper changed
during 2017, politics as 16 percent, security 18 percent and social 26 percent. The
emphasized topics of newspapers in 2019 are politics and international. As the
country is becoming democratic people are enjoying their freedom of expression
in print, electronic and digital media.
5.19.2 The Trend of Electronic and Digital Media in Pakistan
During 20th century, print media was the main representation of Pakistani
media. The other two significant media entities were Pakistan Television and
Radio Pakistan. The year of 2002 brought liberalization to media. The
liberalization ended the monopoly of government in media sector. Since then,
several private electronic media platforms appeared to freely enjoy the right of
freedom of speech in the country. The modernization shifted the audience from
radio to television news channels. These platforms became the major sources of
news and information in Pakistan. It revolutionized the media industry in both
economies of scale and expansion. Within 12 years, there was a substantial
increase of 91 television channels and 140 licensed radio stations. The market
was expended with numerous networks. Indus Television Network was the first
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network afterwards ARY Digital took the lead. The high trend of television
channels further extended the Jang Media Group and introduced Geo Television.
In the beginning, the channels were transmitted through satellite later on with the
advancement in the technology cable TV system was introduced in Pakistan. The
availability of low-cost TV in Pakistan made television one of the important
commodities of the households. Modernization in Pakistan shifted the audience
from newspaper to electronic media. The industry drastically changed due to
freedom of speech. The industry provided large source of employment
opportunities. The sector gave employments to large number of young people.
The liberalization of speech grew the journalism to the next level. The average
age of the journalist were changed from 47 to 23 years old. Not only this, the
members of Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists (PFUJ) raised from 2,000 to
20,000 members during 2002 to 2015.
The upheaval of urbanization and modernization encouraged the freedom
of speech in the society. The excessive production of goods provided large
opportunities to advertisement agencies. Thus, it increased the role of media in
socio- economic lives of people. The political and industrial growth in the country
contributed to quality journalism. The landscape of media is considered as vibrant
and multi-dynamic. It reflects the different culture of Pakistan. The media in the
country portray the multi-linguistic, multi-ethnic and classes in the society.
Another prominent distinction is Urdu and English media of the country. Majority
of people enjoy Urdu media. The audience of English media is comparatively less
than Urdu media.
During 2002 to 2003, it was recorded that the licenses of cable television
boomed from 900 to 2,224. It further aggregated to 27000 licenses, in 2014.
About 13 million cable connections were installed in the country which generated
46 billion. The right of liberalization increased the circulation of information by
news bulletins, special Interviews and political talk-shows.
The continuous growth of liberalization in the country directed people to
digital media. People got the new platform in the form of internet to exercise their
right of freedom of speech. Digital media has become the main source of
providing information to masses. Digital Media is a combination of technology
and content. Digital media is the result of diverse skills; including technical skills,
artistic skills, analytical and production coordination skills. There are so many
digital products like e-commerce, games, websites and social media etc. Digital
media is playing vital role to exercise freedom of speech. People are using social

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media to give their options about all the topics such as politics, entertainment,
education and e-commerce etc.
People use social media networks, websites and video sets to express their
opinions. The report of Associated Press of Pakistan 2017, the total investment in
electronic media was estimated as USD 4billion during 2002 to 2017. The report
predicted that by 2018 the investment will be raised to 5 billion. The development
of electronic media in Pakistan is the result of national growth of numerous
sectors and most importantly liberalization in the state. The rising funds boosted
the media groups, content production and advertising agencies. The uprising
usage of social media in the country declined the role of electronic media. Many
television networks shut down such as Waqt TV and many print media. The Jang
Group closed its three publications along with two bureau offices. Around 900
journalists quit their jobs in the sector of electronic media. The lowering trend of
television industry can also be analyzed by the firing of 200 journalists from The
Express Media Group and Dunya Media Group. The television networks also
lowered the salaries by 15 to 35 percent. The social media plays very important
role to influence society on socio-economic events in Pakistan. The total social
media users in 2018 were estimated as 35 million or 16 percent of total
population. In 2018, the people exercised their freedom of speech on different
topics like honor killing, women rights, transgender rights, death penalty and
child marriages etc. The highlighted topics of 2019 are climate change; reduce
plastic consumption, water crisis, child empowerment, child abuse and garbage
disposals etc. The evolution of media in Pakistan proves that the expansion in
media is only possible by the right of freedom of speech.
The Urbanization in Pakistan brought numerous advantages for its people
and government. It became the push factor for the social and economic
developments in the country. It accelerated the industrial growth which further
benefited in the form of large employment opportunities. The demand of urban
population also helped in the development of infrastructure of transportation and
communication system in the country. The competitive environment boosted the
growth of education sector. The increasing literacy rate spread the modernization
in the cities of Pakistan. The people became aware of the benefits of small family
system. On individual level, modernization made people independent and
motivated, which became the major block of building nation. In addition, the
provision of Basic Human Rights uplifted the standard of living. The steps toward
liberalization ultimately made Pakistan a democratic country in world.

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References

Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics Vol 14 1998

Pakistan Industrial Growth by Rawalpindi Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Pakistan Employment Trend 2013 by Government of Pakistan Statistics Division
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics
Pakistan Employment Trend 2018 by Government of Pakistan Statistics Division
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics
The Education System in Pakistan by National Education Census 2017
Review of Educational Policies of Pakistan: Planning and Implication flows by
Sayeda Mehvish Dildar, Nazia Noureen Saif and Dr Anjum Naz
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 1 No. 15 2011
Pakistan Economic Survey 2012-13
Public Transport in Pakistan: A Critical Overview by Muhammad Imran
Freedom of Expression in Pakistan: A myth or a reality By: Sadaf Liaquat,
Ayesha Qaisrani and Elishma Noel Khokhar
Reported Case Law Trends on the Freedom of Speech and Expression in the
Pakistan by AGHS Legal Aid Cell Between radicalization and democratization in
an unfolding confliction Media in Pakistan by International Media Support
Gallup and Gillani Pakistan Newspaper Content Analysis Report in 2015 to 2018
A Hostage to Media Economics by Center of Peace and Development

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Unit No. 6

DEMERITS OF URBANIZATION

Written by:
Ms. Rehana Ismat
Reviewd by:
Dr. Amna Mehmood
134
 CONTENTS
Introduction 136
Objectives 136
6.1 Demerits related to Urbanization 138
6.1.1 Unemployment 138
6.2 Causes of Unemployment in Pakistan 140
6.2.1 Greater Supply, Less Demand 140
6.2.2 Lack of foreign investments 140
6.2.3 Lack of Resources allocation 140
6.2.4 Difference in Education System 140
6.2.5 Corruption 141
6.2.6 Merit over Nepotism 141
6.3 Insufficient provisions of services 142
6.3.1 Housing 143
6.3 .2 Health 143
6.3 .3 Low Income 144
6.3 .4 Education 144
6.3 .5 Behavioral issues 145
6.3 .6 Urban crimes 145
6.4 Traffic Congestion of Noise Pollution 146
6.4.1 Transport Congestion 146
6.4.2 Noise Pollution 146
6.4.3 Environmental Issue 147
6.4 .4 Water Pollution 149
6.4.5 Trash Disposal 149
6.5 Pakistan’s Responsibility for Urbanization 149
6.6 Summary 150
6.7 Conclusion 150

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Introduction
Though we have read a lot about Urbanization, however just for a review,
Urbanization is a system in which growth of cities and towns occur and
population of rural areas move to urban areas. It is a natural phenomenon that
increase in population leads to increase in development. The growth in this
development can be seen in the fields of social, economic, educational and
political sectors, thus it has direct effect on the urban areas instead of rural areas.
In this unit will take an account of the impacts and effects of urbanization
in past, present and future of Pakistan. Moreover, we would like to mainly focus
the demerits of Urbanization. Keeping in view we will consider the effects of the
factors producing population flux in the urban areas of Pakistan, and challenges
faced by Pakistan such as health, housing, crime rates, education etc.
Through the course students will be introduced demerits of Urbanization
and the government’s perspective for eradicating Urbanization related issues in
Pakistan.

Objectives
To understand the demerits of Urbanization in terms of;
 unemployment
 insufficient provision of services
 traffic congestion of noise pollution
 environmental issues
The Urbanization is considered to be as a rapid and historic change of
human social culture at a global scale, whereby a people tend to replace their
culture, i.e., rural to urban.
The very common development in this process of Urbanization shows that
in the developing areas a large number of people start living closer to the towns
and cities, in order to get more privileges in social economic services and
financial benefits. They get better business opportunities, better health care,
advance education, good sanitation and quick transportation and raise their living
standard.
Majority of the rural dwellers wish to move in cities because they think
rural areas as are full with hardships with a primitive lifestyle. When the
population is higher in developed areas, the immediate outcome is Urbanization.
Resultantly, development of land for the purpose of commercial use takes places,
construction of institutions, sources of transportation and residential areas
squeezes the land and ultimately we get several Urbanization problems.
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Thousand years ago people move from one place to another in search of food,
water, shelter etc. One of the first immigration patterns comes in the form of
hunter-gatherers who came to villages. Village culture has strong homogeneous
characteristics in common, strong relationships, and interactive behavior, whereas
urban culture is heterogeneous in nature. In the few decades, establishing new
cities unthinkably to sizes and continuously movement of people to the urban
areas has intensified the living situation.
Over 20 Million people are living today in each city of Asia as seen in Tokyo,
Jakarta, Mumbai, Shanghai, Manila, Karachi, Osaka, Seoul and Beijing. In Tehran,
Istanbul, Mexico City, London, Moscow, New York city, Lagos, Los Angeles and
Cairo are soon expected to over 15 million people each (Fig 6.1 a & b)i.

Fig. 6.1a: Urban agglomerations with 15 to 20 million inhabitants by 2018.

Fig. 6.1b: Urban agglomerations 20 million inhabitants or more by 2018.

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6.1 Demerits related to Urbanization
There is a school of thought who thinks that Urbanization brings several
benefits in terms of financial growth, for example, gains/profits in business, some
cultural and social integration etc. However, there are some problems which arise
due to Urbanization. These are pollution in environment, traffic jams and
overcrowding, depleting green areas and public health issues (Fig. 6.2).

CRIME CONGES

HOUSING URBANIZATIO EDUCATI

N
TRANSPO SANITATI

EMPLOY HEALTH

ENVIRONM

Fig.6.2 Problems related to rapid rate of Urbanization.

6.1.1 Unemployment
Unemployment is the main problem in big cities and remains on top even
among the educated class. According to raw calculation more than half of the
youths around the globe are unemployed and their majority is living in urban
areas. So far people living in urban areas are earning more, but the cost of living
is making their income low. People from under developed areas move to urban
areas in search of jobs which becomes leading cause of urban unemployment.
Normally people move from undeveloped areas to urban areas, when the
economy is in progress so that they get advantage of industrialization. In rural
areas cultivation or indulging in agricultural activities is the only source of
138
earning. People in rural areas have also believed that non-farm activities can
eliminate their hardships of living. The rapid change in industry, world’s
population however, has become quickly urbanized. This migration has attracted
so many people from the rural area. They searched jobs to led in better living
conditions. People feel satisfaction with Urbanization because general thought has
prevailed “more Urbanization more jobs”, but now the time has changed, and this
general rule is not applying any more.
It is a bitter fact that the unemployment has become on top around the
world. The effects of unemployment have depicted its shadows not only in rural
but also in the urban areas of Pakistan. Universities in Pakistan are producing
thousands of fresh graduate/post graduates every year, who are failing to get jobs.
This situation is very alarming, especially for the youth, as they wish to become
earning person after acquiring the degrees from universities. Pakistan’s Bureau of
statistics has reported that the unemployment rate has increased to 5.79% and is
still growing, (Fig. 6.3)ii.

Fig. 6.3 Pakistan’s Unemployment rates from year 2010 to 2018

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6.2 Causes of Unemployment in Pakistan
6.2.1 Greater Supply, Less Demand
The Urban population rate in Pakistan is 39.1%, where as the rest 60.9% is
rural. On the whole change in population is 2.4%; but the encouraging factor is
that this increasing rate has a decreasing trend. Keeping in view the job market
labor force is in abundant due to large population, where as jobs are less in the
market. This increase in population has brought forward uneducated labor and
many of them are supposed to work in odd jobs (Pakistan Population, 2017).
6.2.2 Lack of Foreign Investments
For the last few decades Pakistan has been badly suffering with
sectarianism. The country is getting threats from inside and outside terrorists. Due
to unemployment, many of the unemployed individuals become exposed and opt to
earn through various short cuts, like malpractices. This state of uncertainty can
never welcome foreign investment. People are reluctant to invest in Pakistan that
ever been supposed to be "The Golden Sparrow"(a piece of land with enriched
resources). It is the great blessing now, that situation has become under control in
the last few years and we have seen that investors are developing confidence and
they are coming with the investments, which is good sign for the jobless people.
6.2.3 Lack of Resources Allocation
Pakistan is rich in its mineral resources; the problem occurs when these
resources are not used properly as the lack of forecasting seems to be everywhere.
Change of ruling Government bring change in priorities, previous mega projects are
rolled back, and decisions are made as per wishes of the ruling party. Only
exploitation to oppositions and favoritism to Individuals are left that have ruined
our society. If the government takes serious steps to establish small industries the
jobs can be locally generated. Due to shortage of resources, civic facilities, like
electricity, gas, fuel, etc. are not fed to the people because supplies are short as per
demand. Sometimes this shortage of resources has negative impacts and
applications dependent on such resources are stopped thus stopping the industrial
units. In this scenario people tend to find some unconventional sources to kill their
needs, which remain expensive sometimes, like solar energy units, generators etc. It
is to hope that sufficient supply of energy resources will prove a light in the tunnel.
6.2.4 Difference in Education System
The education system in Pakistan is being deteriorating steadily. The
people living in urban areas can afford private schools, where the standard of
education is high as compared to the government school's education. The
Education Boards in the country have been failed to implement a parallel
standards of education in the schools and institutions at public and as well as in
140
private sectors. If the same is implemented nationwide at Primary, SSE and HSE
level, no difference will be remained at least at education level in rural and urban
areas. Keeping in fore vision that will have miracle effects to improve the literacy
rate which gives ultimate results to eliminate unemployment.
6.2.5 Corruption
In our society corruption has got different names like commission,
percentage, share, and so on, it is said `a day in corruption pushes 40 days back to
achieve the targets'. In this curse, not even politicians, businessmen, industrialists
and feudal are involved but also an employee of either sectors is drawing his
share. The politicians are indulged in money laundering, industrialists are seeking
shortcuts and cut shorts in tax paying and remaining servant of either sectors
believes in the phrase” Money makes the mare go". People do not pay taxes
because politicians have lost their confidence over the public, there is no surety
that the revenue collected in the form of taxes would be spent in public welfare.
Moreover, the loans received with heavy markup from different organizations, are
never enlightened to the public and that presumed to be invested in offshore
companies. The end result comes out in the form of monitory burden which has to
bear by the people. If the government develops confidence between the people by
showing check and balances of the loans/revenue collected, through media,
fruitful results in tax collection will come out. None of the previous governments
have dare to show the same but now people and social media is well aware of
everything. An easier rules and regulations are required to formulate so that
people get used to pay taxes and get benefits through active infrastructure that
would create lot of job opportunities to overcome the unemployment.
6.2.6 Merit over Nepotism
In the sense 'Nepotism' means to choose undeserving people over the
deserving people. It is all due to the chosen one's legacy or because of his or her
status or strong references make him/her able over the most able ones. The
individuals who are coming on merit should get the jobs. This is how, a majority
of deserving people would be placed on right jobs. This in return would increase
more jobs, productivity and reduce unemployment.
In Pakistan there are so many causes of unemployment. The general
consensus does not show worst situation of unemployment but still need to do a
lot for the people. To create a stable environment for the people there are some
suggestions to decrease rate of unemployment in Pakistan:
1. To reduce the population growth rate, people in every walk of life needs to
educate on family planning.
2. Strong law and order implementations be made that provides confidence
to the local as well as foreign investments.

141
3. System of education be standardized both at Public and Private sectors and
bring to the mark up at international standards.
4. Natural resources be properly utilized, basic requirement i.e. electricity
and gas be provided at domestic and industrial level.
5. Put the corruption down with the iron hands, this is the root cause of
inflation and other social diseases.
6. Decisions are made on Merits instead of connections.
7. Unemployment benefits should be given to those who are actually seeking
work, rather than they go the wrong way.
8. Public and Private Companies be assured to provide old age benefits on
attaining the age of retirement to their employees.

6.3 Insufficient provisions of services

The insufficient and improper provisions of services are the major cause
of Urbanization. These include a public transport, the poor sewage system,
various educational and free time activities, and above all and more important is
healthcare. If we take account of cities, these may experience traffic jams,
infrastructure breakdowns such as leakage of water pipelines, scarcity of proper
housing and jobs.
Apart from residential the commercial areas of many large cities (Lhr &
Khi) are facing problems such as old, rundown buildings, as seen on December
30th 2019 in Ranchhore Line area Khi iii (The Dawn, January1, 2020) Fig. 6.4.

Fig. The collapse of a multi-story “illegally constructed” residential building in Ranchhore Line Area Karachi

142
 The low standard housing for the downtown population is another cause of
various social problems, including crimes, joblessness, and poverty. Sometimes
cities do not have the resources or political will to save heritage buildings or to
improve life in their downtown areas. In other cases, downtown renewal programs
are having some success, but this in turn may mean that some of the poorer
population can no longer afford to live there. Dealing with the problems of the
inner city remains a challenge around the world.
6.3.1 Housing
Housing is an intense problem caused by the urbanization in Pakistan.
Overpopulation and overcrowding creates the scarcity and unavailability of
houses. This issue is observed more common in areas where there are
unemployed newcomers who were unable to get jobs when they come to urban
areas from their villages. Through different observations it has been seen that the
financial resources are the key issues that lead to accommodation problems. There
are other problems too like lack of accommodations, poverty, joblessness etc.
The rush of people to cities is the cause of increase in population, ultimately
causing a shortfall of accommodations to live in. This is due to the fact that in urban
areas there is lack of space for housing and public utilities. Due to scarcity of
affordable housing the problems such as lack of accommodation, particularly for
poor people is being observed. This resulted in overcrowding of already occupied
places. There are few remedies to overcome housing problems such as, the
cooperative housing organization should be encouraged to build housing societies,
state of the art construction at cheaper rates easy mortgage loans from banks.
6.3.2 Health
Urbanization has positive and negative effects on public health. Positive
effects include easier access to health services in general like hospitals and
clinics. Doctors and other medical facilities can be easily approached if someone
lives close to these services. Urbanization has other advantages too, like the
access to television and radio stations which may be used to transmit and convey
information about health to the general public.
There are disadvantages of urban life too like contaminated environment,
low standard livings are the main reasons for bad health of people. Contamination
of water reservoirs causes epidemics and many waterborne diseases. Congested
living conditions are the cause of spread of many types of infectious diseases.
The congested living is as give birth to slums. Slum areas, have raw
planning, sanitation system is also poor and insufficient water supply, in addition
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there is no particular drainage system due to which there are ponds of contaminated
water which generally make slum dwellers, a target to communicable diseases.
At present another bad impact of urbanization on the public health is the
plenty of use of junk foods (pizza, shawarma, burgers etc.) with frequent use of
beverages, which is spoiling the health of people living in urban areas. This kind
of food is rich in fat, sugar and salt which ultimately develop inclination towards
obesity, diabetes, increased cholesterol level and other chronic diseases.
Another negative impact of urbanization on the public health is asthma, it
has been monitored by authorities that with the migration of people from rural
areas to cities increase their susceptibility to catch asthma. Since the rise in
population density along with traffic related pollution affects the air quality.
Regarding the demerits of urbanization there are factors that contribute to
people’s mental health. These factors can be regarded both at individual and at
large social group levels. Taking into account changes related to urbanization at
individual level, the stress and depression is a common factor which is destroying
the people’s health, whereas at the at macro level the changes related to
urbanization are affecting the whole community like violence, street crimes etc.
It will be important to note that population density or urbanization alone are not
causing the above problems but urbanization in combination with other social
issues is contributing to the public’s mental health.
6.3.3 Low Income
On the whole the process of Urbanization has both positive as well as
negative social and economic impacts. The positive impact includes financial growth,
and the modern system of education etc. On the other hand, considering the negative
impacts, Urbanization impresses social services and their infrastructures. Low to
moderate income, overpopulated urban areas, congested and substandard living
places provide a platform for the growth of violence. The intensity of crimes based on
violence are seen more in urban areas as compared to rural areas and are creating bad
impacts on people’s everyday life, due to which urban citizens feel insecure.
The impacts of Urbanization on poverty at the city stage are considerably
different. As cities develop, a remarkable change which is observed by low
income city dwellers is the increase in property rates, which often displaces poor
city-dwellers who cannot have the funds to stay anymore in the area. This can be
regarded as a deadly consequence of Urbanization on poverty.
6.3.4 Education
Changes in social policies have changed the significance of educational
system, and particular in schools. To determine the affectivity of education there
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some qualitative variables such as standard of schools, classrooms condition,
teacher qualifications, availability of academic technology, curriculum
implementation, availability of academic materials etc. whereas on the other hand
the quantitative variables such as achievements, rankings, results produced by the
schools etc. Both of these show effectiveness of education in urban areas.
In Pakistan we have seen that due to rapid urbanization, the private school
systems have taken a lead over the government schools. People prefer to send their
children to private schools. In urban areas it is difficult to choose the right school
for the children, since there are unrecognized and fake educational institutions
which are merely making business out of education by demanding high fees. In
these institutions the quality assurance may not be guaranteed.
This change of mind set in fact reflects the low quality of education in government
schools. It has also been seen that in government schools in urban areas even the
teachers seem to be less interested in coming to schools on regular basis.
6.3.5 Behavioural Issues
The distinction of lifestyle between the city and the migrants to urban
areas give rise to cultural conflicts. When the newcomers go to urban areas,
originally they may undergo identity issues because they are not familiar with the
city life style and if they do not adapt, it might also lead to insensitivity,
aggressive and disinterested behaviours. Eventually they start creating an
imbalance in the community. These people may also live by setting up their own
rules. This is how they begin setting apart themselves from the pre-existing urban
rules, growing a conflicting environment. On the other hand, they might also lose
their own usual cultural values, and they get very much influenced by the urban
way of living that which may involve unhealthy, selfish and egoistic tendencies.
6.3.6 Urban Crimes
The issue of city crime is a major problem in urban areas due to the fact
that criminals are often back upped by politicians, bureaucrats and leaders of the
urban society. Violent urban crimes such as rape, murder, kidnapping, dacoity,
robbery are more prominent in the urban areas. Even the economic crimes such as
theft, cheating, breach of trust are also common.
The issues related to crimes increases with increase in urbanization. In
fact, the growing vogue in urban crimes tends to upset peace and tranquility of the
cities and make them insecure to live in specifically for the women.

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6.4 Traffic Congestion of Noise Pollution
6.4.1 Transport Congestion
In the modern times due to growth in the size of urban areas, a large
number of people move in and out of the large cities on daily basis. Due to this
movement, there is an overcrowding of traffic, which leads to slow and sluggish
movement in the flow of traffic which start making the movement inefficient and
difficult. Large increases in the use of motor vehicles, in terms of motor cars,
busses, trucks, motor bikes, rickshaws etc. usage have resulted in congestion on
the roads. Congestion within urban areas restricts accessibility.
We see that when more people rush towards towns and big cities, the
major problems faced is in the transport system. More people means increased
number of vehicles which lead to traffic congestion. Many people in urban and
peri urban areas drive to work and this creates a severe traffic problem, especially
during the rush hours. Since the people have to meet their very day needs,
therefore, they move to shop and access other social needs, this daily practice is
also another cause traffic congestion and blockage of traffic.
The growth in the size of cities, the proportional urbanization, and
increasing demand for the means transportation have burdened the urban road
infrastructures. The interplay of variety of vehicles and the available road capacity
determines the level of congestion. Since there exists methods and plans to
modify the traffic congestion problems, yet there is still a need to determine the
demand and capacity of the traffic flux within the urban areas.
6.4.2 Noise Pollution
The noise produces itching problem of mind. No doubt wheel was the first
invention of man, but it becomes the nuisance when bring into use and produced
noise afterwards.
Noise pollution is one of the biggest and concerning issues now a days
which needs to be taken care of seriously by the society. This pollution is seriously
affecting the human health into three ways; one hearing issue, two sleeping
disorder and three create aggressive attitude of human, stress and hypertension as
well. These all types of effects are very prominent in most of the areas of Pakistan
particularly in congested areas, where we have heavy traffic. With the fast-growing
population, noise pollution is also increasing in urban areas.
Noise pollution in Pakistan is considerable issue nowadays. Noise may increase
the problem of hypertension and pre-hypertension instead of medium level, when noise
volume level increases from 81 dB (decibel) chances of hypertension also increase. It
elevates the blood pressure problem. Intensity of sound increases problems as
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hypertension and pre-hypertension caused to expose the people. The abandoned,
unmanageable, and uncontrollable traffic system also create noise pollution in the
urban areas of Pakistan. Increase in urbanization and motorization has great health and
environmental issues, ultimately affect the sustainable development. Noise pollution
also affects the workers of different industries, especially the workers who work in
production areas. Most of the Pakistani workers work for 8hrs/day and six day/week
and the major victims of pollution. They bear excessively high level of noise pollution
as compared to noise exposure limit. Due to the high level of noise they are unable to
hear even shouted voices which result the ill-effects generally throat, BP, and especially
hearing. Studies show that the most populated cities of Pakistan, like Karachi and
Lahore are too much exposed this noise pollution. The noise levels in Karachi have
been enormously increased as compared to previous studies. The traffic authorities
should take some drastic steps to reduce the noise pollution such as affixing of noise
meters at rush places, providing alternative ways to divert traffic rush so that the
permissible noise level i.e 90 dB may not exceed.
It was observed that on a transporter’s strike day, there was remarkable
reduction of the noise level due to the absence of rickshaws and public vehicles. The
noise level recorded on strike day was 75 dB and on other days it 99 dB in Karachi.
This proves that in Karachi the major reason of this pollution is public buses,
rickshaws, trucks, and Lorries. Normally Rickshaw consumes more oil and produces
more carbon and hazardous fumes with high noise. Pressure horns of busses and trucks
produce ear’s outburst noise. In the urban areas noise pollution is also enhanced due to
construction of buildings, the material lifting machines, the hydraulic concrete mixers
and shouting of labourers, altogether becomes the cause of same.
In Lahore, drivers are vulnerable in producing excessive noise on roads and
practically they are suffering hearing loss due to noise pollution. They are bounded
to work for almost half of the day for entire week and are unprotected by noise
pollution that is adding a burden on their ears. Most of them are unaware of this
toxin, but the majority of those who are aware of the consequences of this noise
pollution, are not using any defensive actions. For this about 75% of them sicken
noise-induced hearing loss, and 10% have been disabling hearing impairment.
6.4.3 Environmental Issues
The industrial and urban areas produce and retain heat thus forming urban
heat islands which becomes a growing concern over the years. In rural areas
maximum solar energy is consumed by evaporation of water from vegetation and
soil, on the other hand cities due to lack of exposed soil it is absorbed by
buildings and asphalt. I addition to this vehicles factories, industrial and domestic
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heating and cooling units release more heat. Therefore, temperature in the cities is
always higher than rural areas.
In July, 2013 United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs
(UNDESA) warned in a report that with the addition of 2.4 Billion more people
till 2050, the production of food will have to be increased by 70% in the country
already facing the food insecurities due to environmental changes and massive
increase in urban population growth collectively obstruct sanitation system and
health care thus causing environmental disaster.
The pollutants in the air such as CO2 and other gases are filtered onto the
ground due to rainfall in large cities and these pollutants afterwards stream down
into rivers and oceans creating water quality and marine ecosystem to decline.
Urban food wastes i.e., the disposal of food due to unused products, expired
items/spoliation has created a challenge to the developed world. The increase of
food waste and in landfills increases. The production of methane gases from
garbage humps and vulnerability to the attraction of diseases. The accumulation
of food waste also increases the fermentation resulting in an increasing in rodents
and bug migration, hence causing greater risk of disease spreading.
One of the new challenges in the developed world is rapid growth among the
groups of people that has increased in the waste of food also known as urban food
waste. When the shelf life of food is expired or spoiled being unused then it required to be
wasted at garbage yards. Disposal of food waste causes some fetal effects on life such as:
 Combustion of food waste produces some harmful and dangerous gases
like carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxides (Nox),
and Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Methane etc.
 Environment is badly affected during the process as injurious smokes and
foul smells cause various sorts of diseases in the people.
 Upper atmosphere is also suffered due to damage of ozone lair, which
protects the people from ultraviolet rays of the sun.
 Food waste land becomes the homeland of wild animals not even this, but
some biological changes also occur in that soil, the area is then declared
'no go area' for the public.
 The risk of spreading viral diseases in the people remains there.
At present rising urbanization has caused un-proportional developments in
industrialization and transportation also. These developments have contaminated
the environment, especially suburb of the urban areas. There is no way to get
fresh air or unpolluted drinking water in the urban areas. Mainly the collection of
impurities created by cities which would certainly shock city dwellers. It includes
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Air, water, ground the entire environment. Air pollution has dangerous
consequences which emerge due to urbanization. Cities are the source of several
dangerous gases, particularly vehicles like passenger cars, Lorries, buses which
generate carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2),
nitrous oxides (Nox), benzene, ozone in addition to fine particles released by
diesel motors which create a serious threat to human health.
6.4.4 Water Pollution
Water is a great blessing of the nature and at the same time is a basic need
for every day’s life. In urban areas the extra wastage of water causes what we call
water pollution, which may cause number of serious issues to the health of city
dwellers. Due to congestion and overcrowding in urban areas there is poor drainage
and sewage system there is no proper treatment for surface water runoff, due to
which this stagnant water becomes a source for spreading many diseases, and even
if this polluted water managed to flow to rivers it may also pollute the river water.
6.4.5 Trash Disposal
Urbanization directly or indirectly contributes to waste generation. With
the rapid increase in urbanization the cities tend to grow in number and size
giving rise to the problem of trash disposal which not only become a source of
diseases to the city dwellers, but also at the same time cause serious damage to the
environment. The urban centers produce huge quantities of trash and garbage,
which due to lack of resources and improper solid waste management system
cannot be disposed in time and starts to decay in the open air thus inviting disease
carrying flies, mosquitoes, rats. This filthy, poisonous trash is a threat to the
health and life of the people living near this decomposing trash. Diseases which
may breakout are malaria, plague, jaundice, typhoid.

6.5 Pakistan’s Responsibility for Urbanization

In Pakistan, Urbanization has a long range of complexities that covers
numerous sorts of disorders in social, academicals, environmental, economic and
health sectors. On the other hand, if we see only on the geographical aspects, raw
planning n city expansions and lack of architectural development has pushed back
to the modern urbanization. Advance urbanization can be measured as to the
proportional development in cities and towns with the total population, moreover
sustainable lands and areas are rest in reserve for future development.
In the developing areas cities and towns expand vertically instead of
developing horizontally. Covering all the challenges government of Pakistan has
paid some attention to overcome the issues in this regard. In 2011 planning
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commission of Pakistan put forth some suggestions to the government and
publishes an article about “creative cities”. The purpose of this call was made to
dwell new cities and towns with some by-laws.

6.6 Summary
 At global level, urbanization is a natural but human process of procreation
in the growth of population.
 Urban population develops faster in the underdeveloped countries as
compared to the more developed countries.
 People migrate to the urban areas from the rural areas because they get
different attractions from the life of cities and opportunities to earn.
 Urbanization by itself is a cause of unemployment in urban areas because
of rapid and uncontrolled migration of people from rural to urban areas.
 Urbanization directly affects on environment due to overburden of
population that led to worst effects on the health of people.
 Due to urbanization the situation of law and order, unjust and social
deprivation prevails, as a result the rate of crime in the society remains higher.

6.7 Conclusion
In the process of urbanization both merits and demerits go parallel in hand
to hand with each other. It has multiple reflections on every aspect of life, where
economic development, prosperity and flow of investment give better
opportunities, there would be a lack of resources, inflation, poor health care
problems exist; Therefore ,“Rapid urbanization is neither a crisis nor a tragedy. It
is a challenge for the future.”

Self-Assessment Questions
1. (a) Draw a diagram showing different causes of rapid growth of
urbanization.
(b) What would be the projected population of Karachi by year 2020?
2. Discuss the causes of unemployment and suggest some solutions.
3. Discuss Government of Pakistan’s policies to counter the effects of
urbanization.
4. Discuss the factors related to insufficient provision of services in urban
areas?
5. Discuss the environmental issues related to growing urbanization?

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References

World Urbanization prospects, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs,

2018

(Pakistan’s Bureau of Statistics, March 2019)

The Dawn, January 1, 2020.

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Unit No. 7

URBANIZATION’S CHALLENGES

Written by:
Mr. Ali Imran Shaikh
Reviewed by:
Dr. Amna Mehmood

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 CONTENTS
Introduction 155
Objectives 155
7.1 Housing 156
7.1.1 Housing Development Policies 157
7.1.2 Role of Local Authorities in Housing Sector 158
7.1.3 Karachi Development Authority 158
7.1.4 Islamabad Development Authority 159
7.1.5 Lahore Development Authority 159
7.1. 6 Inadequate Credit Facilities 160
7. 2 Role of Private Authorities 161
7. 3 Transportation 162
7.4 Overcrowded Public Transport 162
7.5 Pollution 163
7.6 Accidents 165
7.7 Measures to Reduce Road Accidents 166
7.7.1 Lahore Transport Company 166
7.7.2 Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metro Bus: 166
7.7.3 Multan Metro Bus 167
7.8 Health 167
7.8.1 Health Infrastructure in Pakistan 168
7.8.2 Management in Health Sector 168
7.8.3 Effects of Urbanization on Healthcare System of Pakistan 168
7.8.4 Common Diseases in Pakistan 168
7.8.5 Respiratory Diseases 169
7.8.6 Hepatitis 169
7.8.7 Malaria 169
7.8.8 Tuberculosis 169
7.9 Urbanization and Spread of COVID-19 in Pakistan 169
7.10 Strategies to Deal with the Urban Health Issues in Pakistan 170
7.10.1 Low Income 170
7.10.2 Causes of Low Income in Pakistan 170

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7.11 Economic Causes of Low Per Capita 171
7.11.1 Poverty 171
7.11.2 Unemployment 171
7.11.3 Lack of Foreign Investments 172
7.11.4 Low Level of Saving 172
7.11.5 Use of Backward Technology 172
7.11.6 Increase in Utility Charges 172
7.12 Improper Income Distribution 173
7.13 Social Causes of Low Income in Pakistan 173
7.13.1 Over Population 173
7.13.2 Low Living Standard 173
7.14 Political Causes of Low Income in Pakistan 173
7.14.1 Law and Order 173
7.14.2 Ineffective Governance 174
7.14.3 Landlordism 174
7.15 Government Plan to Increase Income of Pakistan 174
7.15.1 Development of Food and Agriculture Sector 174
7.15.2 Development of Manufacturing, Commerce and Mineral Sector
175
7.15.3 Development of Information and Communications Technology
175
7.16 Education 175
7.16.1 Educational Issues in Rural Pakistan 175
7.16.2 Educational Issues in Urban Pakistan 176
7.16.3 Measures to Reduce the Problems of Education Sector 177
7.17 Conclusion 177

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Introduction
Urbanization is mostly considered as positive element in developed
countries. However, unplanned urbanization in developing countries brings huge
challenges. Unplanned urbanization burdens the city with large population and
limited resources. On one hand where it provides abundance of facilities to upper
class whereas, on the other hand it burdens the life of unprivileged people.
Modern infrastructure of cities attracts population of small towns. This reduces
the resources per head in cities. This eventually led cities turned into clustered
living settlement.
Similar situation is faced by Pakistan due to recent wave of urbanization in
the country. The major cities of Pakistan do seem twinkling stars from far but
internal realities are completely different than the portrayed picture. Despite of
being country’s biggest hub, Karachi faces serious shortage of water. The people
of the city have to order the basic necessity from companies in order to live their
daily lives. Pakistan is the first Asian country which is hosting large number of
refugees. Most of the immigrants live in the cities. Therefore, major cities have
problems of traffic congestion, inadequate housing, health issues and water
shortage etc.
The situation of Islamabad also proves the reality of urbanization in
Pakistan. Islamabad has been developed on large scale within fifteen years. The
city’s population in 2005 was 676.31 thousand which increased to 1.13 million in
2020. The increasing population in the city makes it difficult to find a suitable
living settlement in affordable cost. In Lahore, the increasing population becomes
reason of traffic congestion and never-ending sound population.

Objectives
After studying this unit, you will able to understand
 to find out the housing development policies and role of local authorities
in housing sector
 to understand about the health infrastructure of Pakistan
 to knew about the social causes of low income in Pakistan

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7.1 Housing
Before developing a city, it is first mapped out according to the need of
population. The infrastructure and foundation of a city is laid down by keeping in
mind the population. But when these cities are flooded with overpopulation the
foundations are affected badly. As we have discussed earlier Pakistan is facing
urbanization culture from the start. It is expanding widely day by day. This
expansion has damaged the foundations of urban areas. Already a country like
Pakistan lack resources to construct an efficient model but with rapid expansion
housing has become the major problem of it. Housing is non-negotiable subject,
as it is a basic requirement of living beings. Shelter is something everyone
requires but it becomes a challenge to provide a facilitated household in
urbanization trend. Due to this, shortage of houses and homelessness is quite
common in Pakistan. People travel from their hometowns to cities in search of
better opportunities but because cities are already crowded they're oblige to live in
confined spaces. Some of them live in shared apartments, on rent, slums, shelter
homes and on streets etc. That's why in Pakistan cities are mostly in bad shapes
and the government can't afford the maintenance of these wear and tears.
According to a statistical report of 2020, there are 20 million homeless people in
Pakistan. This is an alarming situation for everyone.
In developed countries population is considered as human resource which
is the foremost element of economic development. However, the growing
population in Pakistan make huge problem of inadequate housing. Mostly cities
provide economic, social and political benefits to people. The benefits incline all
types of people whether working class or industrialists to turned their faces
towards cities. Hence, more advancement in the cities becomes the reason of
continuous rising demand of housing in urban areas of Pakistan.
Although government and managing authorities are trying to upgrade the existing
slums, but due to continuous new settlers the problem is rising day by day. They
are making more informal settlements in urban areas.
Moreover, the deficiency of housing infrastructure is also main obstacle in this
matter. There are no enough infrastructural facilities to fill the gap between

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demand and supply of housing. Some of the major reasons of lack of housing in
urban Pakistan are:
1) Housing development Policies
2) Role of local authorities in housing sector
3) Inadequate credit facilities
4) Role of Private Authorities
7.1.1 Housing development Policies
Pakistan became the member of United Nations right after its
independence on 30 September 1947. The country also recognized and adopted
“Universal Declaration of Human Rights”. The UN Charter includes the right of
adequate shelter for all the citizens. The need of shelter has been recognized as
the basic necessity of every individual. The UN Act made it mandatory for
countries to provide enough housing for the citizens. It is the utmost responsibility
of the government of any country to take effective measures regarding the up
gradation of exciting settlements and provision of new settlements to its people.
The most essential element of any kind of development project is its policies. The
first step of developing a city is planning and making policies regarding it.
However, the housing policies in cities of Pakistan proved to be inefficient. Many
housing policies were introduced by the Government of Pakistan including the
housing policy of 1992. However, these policies were never fully implemented in
the country.
Housing is considered as the most significant unit of micro economy.
Despite the fact, most of the living settlements in cities lack quality and adequate
housing. Many unimplemented policies made the government to change the
approach to tackle the issue of urban housing. New policies of the government are
focusing on the practical housing policies for cities. The approach has been
shifted from provider to facilitator. The housing policies now revolve around the
provision of basic requirements for the building of houses. Government is
planning to provide micro finance to low segments of society.
The recent government is planning new housing scheme to resolve the
issue. The new plan targets to create five million houses within five years. Low-
cost finance scheme is also introduced by the government for efficient urban
development of Pakistan. On the other hand government is also trying to make

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effective system of property tax collection. Punjab Government has initiated to
estimate property tax on capital bases. This step will help to make optimal use of
land in the country. The approach of spatial planning will help the cities of
Pakistan not grow in size only but also interns of economic opportunities.
7.1.2 Role of Local Authorities in Housing Sector
Local developmental authorities are actively involved in the infrastructural
development in major cities of Pakistan. Construction of housing schemes in
urban areas is the top most priority of most of the local authorities. The local
authorizes of major countries are trying different ways to cop the problem of
housing.
7.1.3 Karachi Development Authority
The large population of Karachi is facing acute issue of housing
deficiency in recent years due to the wave of urbanization. The people have to
face struggle in order to find decent accommodation in affordable price. The
internal and external migration of people has turned the city in to cluster of
buildings. Constructing buildings is the modern approach to control the issue of
over population in an area. However, Karachi has all kinds of settlements from
luxurious villas to congested slums. The population of the city has to go through
many hurdles weather they reside in formal or informal elements.
In addition to this, private builders take the advantage of this situation.
They introduce promising housing schemes to people which are not genuine in
reality. They trap the people in the name of down payment and other formalities
to secure best localities for housing. After the first payment the cycle of
installments keep going on. Often, it exceeds the actual cost of the property.
In such situation local authorizes become active to ensure reliable housing
schemes to the people. Karachi Development Authority is also actively working
on the housing projects of Karachi to decrease the risk of housing frauds. The
authority is also working to provide low-cost housing to its citizens.
The authority has long ago organized a separate department for housing
sector under the name of “Commercial Housing Scheme". In 1979, the local
government of Karachi had approved the Resolution No.246 for commercial
housing scheme. In 1981, the changing trend of market renamed the resolution to
“Public Housing Scheme”. This scheme focuses on the multiple projects for all

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income groups. Although few projects were completed by Public Housing Scheme,
but the quality and designing of the projects made them remarkable. The scheme
worked on total thirty four projects. These housing projects were of different scales.
Some of the completed projects by KDA are KDA Economy flats in North Karachi,
PNSC flats in North Karachi, KDA Overseas Bungalow in Gulistan-e-Jauhar etc.
The authority further needed to construct 5953 residential units and72 Offices. The
local authority is try to help the common people to enjoy the very basic need of life.
7.1.4 ISLAMABAD Development Authority
Islamabad development authority has done numerous projects of housing
in Islamabad. The master plan of the city has organized keeping in view the areas
for commercial and residential purposes. Recently, Islamabad Development
Authority is working on the construction of SSP houses in H-11and Construction
of Houses and sports complex in Police Academy H-11.
7.1.5 Lahore Development Authority
Lahore is the second largest city of Pakistan with estimated population
over 12 million. Lahore has a vast history. It has been initially developed from the
time of Mughal Empire. Lahore has been through various development phases. It
consists of royal touch of Mughal dynasty, advancement of British rule and multi-
ethnic vibe of Sikhism. Due to this, Lahore has a complex structure to work on.
This vast and dynamic history of Lahore fascinates people to shift to Lahore. The
population increases 4-3% each year in Lahore.
Lahore is divided into two regions; the old city and the new city. Many
localities in old region of Lahore are in very bad shape. However, the
establishment of the new city is a commendable work of Lahore Development
Authority. Lahore Development Authority (LDA) has worked on many housing
projects to fulfill the need of overgrowing population. Bahira Town Lahore,
Defence Housing Authority, LDA city, Askari XI, Park Avenue and Lake City are
some of the most developed housing schemes in Lahore.
Despite LDA’s completion of terrific housing schemes yet majority of the
population live in squatter settlement. The ugly realities of urbanization can be
easily seen in slums and shanties. People living in these are exploited for their
basic needs. Some of the slums of Lahore are situated near Allama Iqbal
International Airport, Faisal Town and Shahdara. According to UN office for

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Coordination of Human Affairs 500,000 people are homeless in Lahore. While
considering the current circumstances of the housing affairs of Lahore, It has
become essential for LDA to improvise the housing policies for underprivileged
sector of the Lahore. The fact they are compromising with substandard lifestyle to
provide livelihood to their families.
7.1.6 Inadequate Credit Facilities
Pakistan’s economic condition has never been stable but with ongoing
expansion of urbanization it is getting even worse with the passage of time. It
wouldn’t be wrong to say that Pakistan is facing hard times. The impact of these
up and downs of economy severely affect the lower class of the nation. Lives of
underprivileged are already troublesome with these jolts it becomes unbearable
for them to maintain an ordinary life. Due to these instability thousands of people
are homeless in Pakistan. Acquiring land with high taxation, to pay large amount
to the construction company and maintaining legal notices and documentations,
all of these expenses are unaffordable for middle and lower class. To facilitate
themselves with proper homes, they’re not provided with enough credit facilities.
Passing a loan for a middle class person is also quite burdensome now days.
There are many formalities to clear a loan instead clearing a loan has
become more like a hustle. The urbanization has worked as lighting fuse to this
situation. Now there are many people in need of housing facility. And the ones
who are entitled with some sort of shelters lack prerequisites of life. The
drawback people face for credit facilities is the uprising interest rate of loans each
year. It is not feasible for a common man to endure such heavy loans and pay
them on time. It takes more than lifetime’s savings and assets for an average
person to achieve his dream of living in his own house. Fluctuating economy of
Pakistan is a major obstacle for upgrading the living standards.
Banking system in Pakistan has been formulating various policies to
enhance the housing sector in Pakistan. They are providing numerous types of
housing loans to entertain the public with credit facility. Various banks have
various types of plans with different set of requirements. Some widely known
housing plans offered by banks are:
 HBL Home Loan- Habib Bank limited
 Alfalah Home Finance – Bank Alfalah

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 Saadiq Home Financing division – Standard Chartered
 Faysal Home Finance – Faysal Bank
The criteria of minimum monthly income vary from 50,000 – 100,000 rupees
of these above stated loans. All these banks are lending loans for home purchase,
home renovation and construction purposes. But while drafting the policies of these
loans the minimum requirement have been set so high which has become practically
impossible for a daily wager to afford it. Yet banks are providing home financing
loans to mostly salaried person as they have security to pay back the given loan than
to self-employed people. According to the sources, 60% of the borrowers home
financing debt are paid by the salaries that’s why the prime focus of the banks have
become the employed consumers than entrepreneurs. These hurdles are faced by
immigrants who lead them to adjust in places like hovels.
Pakistan’s Government needs effective and methodical measures in
context of credit facilities. The latest strategies are not suitable. The taxation
system of real estate should be revised, building material in economical prices and
fair distribution of land can resolve this issue.

7.2 Role of Private Authorities

The private housing enterprises have been manipulating general public from
a long time. There are numerous filed cases in National Accountability Bureau
(NAB) of fraud against these enterprises. Private builders have been charging
surplus amount in the name of renovation/maintenance, construction and legal
formalities and in return allocating them illegal land or no land at all with the below
average results of maintenance. Not only local companies but well known co-
operations are also actively involved in this hideous crime. Well reputed Bahria
Town’s multiple projects have been declared illegal for carrying out malicious
crimes o falsely acquiring land and development by Supreme Court in 2018.
This continuous exploitation of builders and developers has not only
affected the economic status of people but put their lives at risk as well. The low
quality of houses in urban areas is quite common. Pakistan ranks on 8 out of 10
countries in the world to have 60% of low-quality housing. With fraud builders
and high-posted bureaucrats at their back along with financial hardships it is more
suitable to dwell in underdeveloped areas of the city.

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7.3 Transportation
Transportation plays a vital role in balancing the business cycle of a
country. GDP of developed countries hold 6 percent to 12 percent from efficient
and advanced mode of transportation. Transportation is the basic requirement not
only for the trading purposes but for the daily life as well. Manufacturing modern
transporting system of quality requires heavy investments and proficient labors.
Advancement of a country is determined through the infrastructure of roads,
railways, airports and sea ports. The direct impart it has on economy is
neutralizing the prices of goods all over the country. Controlled price is favorable
condition for the consumers and the state itself. Through which large scale of
goods are produced and the profit maximizes which results into the industrial
growth of a nation. Unlike Pakistan where the transport system is not fully
sustainable however it has been improved as compared to last few decades.
Sustainable transportation is not achieved through constructing large and better
roads only. It is also to facilitate the urban population of a country by providing
them low budget public transport facility.
Pakistan lack resources and skilled experts to build a model according to
the need of the urban areas. Even though Pakistan has been working on several
projects of means of transportation and they been smoothly functioning. The
Motorway and National Highways are one of the prominent piece of work of
Pakistan. Pakistan’s population is 212 + million roughly, out of which 36.4%
lives in urban areas according to the 2017 Population Census. So in spite the
highways and motorways mostly urban areas are congested. The overly dense
areas have heavy traffic jams and confined spaces. It results into many dangerous
situations. The situation get worse as big cities are always in rush. There is no
time to waste and everyone is trying to utilize every minute in these big cities.
Due to this mindset traffic and transport problems can never be resolved. There
are numerous traffic violations on daily basis in metropolitan cities of Pakistan.

7.4 Overcrowded Public Transport

Public transport is a core of transportation in urban areas. As there are
more users of public transportation, it generates large amount of money to the
state. Usually public transportation is quite beneficial for the government. People

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are inclined towards it as it seems a reliable mean for travelling. Pakistan never
actually had a proper public mode of transport.
Urban areas are highly populated than rural areas which makes the life
tough for the urban people. Public transports are relatively of low price than
private transport that’s why most of the crowd prefers public transport. When
more than required amount of people travel on public transport due to low price
rate it starts to affects the sustainability and durability of the vehicle. Eventually
the standard of public transport starts to drop from the misuse of the asset. For the
smooth functioning of vehicles it is necessary to maintenance them once in a
while. Instead these vehicles are used till they are worn out.
Travelling in a public transport of metropolitan city of Pakistan is
undoubtedly the most exhausting experience. Means of transportation mostly are
of low value with that an immense crowd is torture. People are still forced to use
these services as it is convenient for their budget. Big cities are already quite
expensive for the immigrants. Most of them have to send money back home to
support their families. While keeping the financial crises in mind they adapt the
unfavorable conditions and adjust with the situation. It may not look much of a
deal but it has a great impact when majority are affected.

7.5 Pollution
Pakistan has been ranked as the sixth most populous country of the world
in 2013. If the population grows from the same pace it won’t be long enough for
Pakistan to be ranked as fourth most populous country of the world according to
the sources. It is a well-known fact that as population increases from time to time
increase in pollution is also an obvious certainty. Contamination of natural
environment causes pollution. It is quite obvious that as much as the population
will be, there are more chances to have severe amount of pollution. The impact of
pollution has a long-lasting effect on natural process as well as on the health of
living beings. From Pure Earth, it has been stated that approximately 200 million
human lives are badly affected due to toxic pollution.
Urbanization is prevailing in Pakistan with the rapid speed. It has become
problematic situation for the state. Urbanization has become the main source of
pollution of environment. Mostly people misunderstood the fact with pollution

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being caused by population but it is mostly cause of uneven distribution of
population. Rural areas of Pakistan have quality and a healthy living standard.
There are not living in squatter settlements, hovels, slums, shelters, packed sized
apartments or being completely homeless. Even with less luxurious advantages
they are enjoying the perk of being close to nature. Humans are tend to heal when
they’re in natural environment. But these natural beauties are rarely sighted in
urban areas. And even if they were they no longer exist due to heavy construction
work. Highroads have been built in urban localities with tremendous amount of
vehicles roaming around the city all the time. There 4.3 million registered
motorcycles in Lahore alone, along with 100,000 unregistered. Islamabad’s
registered vehicles have been increased 9.6% in 2018 from previous year. Karachi
comprised of 3.5 million of vehicles in 2014. All these stats have proven that
private sector of big cities are heavily investing in transportation.
This over crowdedness of urban areas was already polluting the
environment at a high-speed. But along with increasing rate of vehicles on daily
basis it has worsen the situation. Pakistan has been ranked as the second most
pollutant country in the world as claimed by the experts. This is an alarming
situation for Pakistan to take serious measures in this regard. Air quality has a
quick reaction to human eyes. Irritation of eye like eye infection, breathing issues
like Asthma, lung problems like lung cancer and heart issues like heart attack are
quite common among people exposed to a low air quality or contaminated air.
Constant noise pollution from honking and traffic jams has largely affected the
hearing ability of most of the people residing in cities. That now it has
unwantedly become the part of their lives. This type of pollution not only has an
impact on hearing ability but blood pressure, sleep disturbance, stress, heart
diseases and loss of tasking performing abilities of the sufferer. Sadly to say urban
Pakistanis are facing these health issues on daily basis due to intense pollution.
Life expectancy of rural areas are way more than urban areas cause people living
in rural areas have benefit of pure and unaltered diet, fresh and spacious living
condition, lack of air and noise pollution, and a calm atmosphere. On contrast to
that urban areas are highly populated due to urbanization, confined and
inadequate space, constant noise and air pollution, and a busy daily life is the
reason of low rate of life expectancy in urban areas.

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7.6 Accidents
As we have discussed earlier problems of Urbanization culture in
transportation sector is causing numerous issues along with them chances of high
rate of accidents also increases. Every year number of traffic accidents in Pakistan
gradually rises up. In context with World Health Organization (WHO), Pakistan
has been ranked first in Asia for the most traffic accidents and further quoted that
1.2 million deaths are accountable each year due to road accidents. Punjab has the
most traffic mishaps after Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
All these accidents; fatal and non-fatal cannot be blamed only on traffic
security. It is not feasible for a single department to watch-over the whole city of
million citizens. Most of the vehicles in Pakistan are filled with more than limited
requirement of passengers. This tears down the condition of that vehicle and by
chance if any mishap or deadly accident occurs it is risks the lives of many people.
Pakistan is a developing country; it is no doubt unaffordable for people in
urban areas to always afford fancy and first rate cars. That’s why mostly public
are keen on buying motorcycles in Pakistan. Motorcycles are cheap and
affordable for almost all the classes. The maintenance and mileage is convenient
for the most of people. Therefore almost every household of Pakistan consist of
two motorbikes at least. With all these benefits of motorbike the one and the main
disadvantage is safety. Motorbikes consist of two wheels with no shade or interior
to cover the driver and the passenger. Already with less safety features in
motorbikes are present, people are prone to carry more than one passenger on
motorbikes with them. In fact more than 50% of accidents are caused by
motorbikes in Pakistan.
But it does not dependent on public. They are prone to these decisions
with no other alternatives. Pakistan has hardly ever provided them with a safe and
secure trafficking system. Accidents are most likely to happen in populated areas
with lack of facilities. Populated areas causes malfunction of the operations of
administration.

7.7 Measures to Reduce Road Accidents

Accidents can be avoided in populated areas by improving transports,
implementing the grading policies of vehicles just like first world countries,

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enforcement of age restriction on drivers, heavy fines on extra seating of
passengers, economical maintenance centers, High skilled engineers, architect and
construction workers should be appointed for building and mapping out the cities
in a legitimate manner. Which on the later stage should be evaluated by the
experts to make sure the quality and the allotted budget isn’t compromised.
Intervention is highly recommended in these policies.
Urbanization has destroyed the bases of transport in urban areas. Mobility
has been greatly affected during the phases of urbanization. During the British
rule in Pakistan the first and the only laid railways were commenced by them. It
was the first public transportation by the state. It is still being used throughout the
country. Along with this Pakistan has Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in six big cities.

7.7.1 Lahore Transport Company

Lahore Transport Company is a public transit bus system. This company
was commenced on 1984 with the vision of emerging other traveling companies
of Lahore into one. Later on in 2001 LTC successfully merged many companies
and became the top competitor of the market. It was at its peak with more
consumers and effective means of mobility. It still lacked the privilege of
dedicated lane and has to roam around in a heavy traffic jams. The initial plan was
to over 53 routes of Lahore but as now only 19 urban routes are operational.
“Green Cards” widely known as student cards were given to students for
affordable trips. From 2017 gradually the company started collapsing and in 2019
service has been completely shut down due to lack of funds to manage buses.

7.7.2 Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metro Bus

Rawalpindi-Islamabad metro bus covered the twin cities of Pakistan in
radius of 22 kilometers. It starts from Pak Secretariat (Islamabad) ends at Saddar
(Rawalpindi). This project has been under Punjab Mass Transit Authority as they
have previously worked on Lahore metro bus system. The work on this project
begun in 2014 and was completed in 2015. The second stage of this project is
currently under process. It has advance e-ticketing method. It was inaugurated by
the Ex-Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Shareef. Even after the launch there were

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development issues in the station such as water drainage issues. Just after the few
months of inauguration a man was killed from a fallen block of newly built station.
7.7.3 Multan Metro Bus
Multan Metro Bus is also commenced by Punjab Mass Transit Authority.
It was more of a failure project than the other projects. It has many flaws and
operational working weren’t smooth enough. It started with 47 buses and left with
18 buses. MMB wasn’t able to achieve their target of 90,000+ passengers. It faced
a huge loss due to this from the Initial phase.
These are the efforts of Pakistan’s government to enhance the transport and
mobility services in urban areas. But as it is very clear know that their planning,
infrastructure and technologies have been failed to cope with the problems.
Separate lanes for high loaded vehicles, the idea of travelling through buses should
be promoted in general public, high fines on wrong parking to avoid congestion,
promoting the healthy lifestyle of cycling, vehicle restraint schemes, public
transport improvement and rail rapid transit are some effective measures to control
the transportation hurdles. Furthermore analyst should observe the CCTV footages
and evaluating the traffic issues so better law enforcing policies can be generated.

7.8 Health
Health is one of the most important sectors of an economy. In modern
time, the country which has large and skilled manpower is considered among the
powerful countries in the world. Manpower can never be efficiently utilized by
the government unless the people have good health.
Health sector should be the prime focus of any country if it wishes to prosper in
all aspects. Unfortunately, the health sector of Pakistan is very deficient as
compared to other developing countries. The government spend no more than 3
percent of gross domestic product in health sector of Pakistan. This reflects the
priority of the government in the country.
Pakistan Human Development Index is estimated as 0.560, by UN. This
ranks the country on 152 out of 189 countries. HDI estimates the long term
progress of basic elements of human development. This includes the analysis of
life expectancy, education and per capita income of a country.

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7.8.1 Health Infrastructure in Pakistan
Good health of population is ensured by the healthcare services provided
in the country. Pakistan’s health infrastructure lacks all kinds of health amenities
such as hospitals, health units, dispensaries, no. of beds in hospitals, equipment,
diagnostic facilities etc. According to Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, there are only
1,279 hospitals in the country. There are only 6,582 dispensaries in all the
provinces. The country has 32,224 available beds for patients. It is not enough for
the population of 230 million.
7.8.2 Management in Health Sector
Health sector of Pakistan can never be improved without the effective health
training of the medical staff. There is an immense need of plan, organization and
evaluation of healthcare sector in the country. Recently, the government has
realized this and initiated the trainings of doctors in public hospitals.
7.8.3 Effects of Urbanization on Healthcare System of Pakistan
Urbanization has caused great impact on the health of people living in
cities. The growing health issues points on the unhygienic conditions prevailing in
the cities. There is scarcity of fresh water and air in so called urban hubs.
Contaminated water and air is the source of many hazard diseases in the cities.
Moreover, the growing violence and accidents on roads is also affecting the health
of urban population. Respiratory diseases are more common in urban areas than
rural. It is mainly because of the chemicals induce in the air by the urban traffic
and industries. The lifestyle of the people is another threat to their health in cities.
The busy life of urban population gives them no time to do physical activities.
Unhealthy life also weakens their immunity by time. All these factors together
destroy the health of people in cities.
7.8.4 Common Diseases in Pakistan
Many researchers have found that transferable diseases are the major
reason of deaths in the country. The transferable disease can spread very quickly
in the environment. In Pakistan, an urban settlement is the ideal environment to
spread the diseases to masses. Overcrowded population, poor & congested
infrastructure of houses, lack of clean water & air, inadequate sanitation and
unhealthy lifestyle all add to the easy transfer of disease.

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7.8.5 Respiratory Diseases
People living in cities are more inclined to respiratory diseases than the
people living in rural areas. The present of pollutants in the air makes the air
unhealthy for living beings. Mostly respiratory diseases cause fever, running nose,
cough, breathing difficulty, bronchitis, congestion and even lung cancer in long
term. Infants and elderly severely get affected by reparatory diseases in cities.
7.8.6 Hepatitis
Hepatitis A is usually caused by drinking contaminated water. The severe
situation of hepatitis A leads to damage liver. Large number of population living
in cities accrues this disease even without knowing it. The symptoms of disease
include flu, fever, fatigue, belly pain, joint pain and vomiting.
7.8.7 Malaria
Malaria is caused by the mosquitoes which sit on the unclean water. It is
widespread in Pakistan due to the poor sewerage and sanitation system. In cities
the people who live in slums get most affected by malaria. It is one of the top
health problems in the country.
7.8.8 Tuberculosis
It is dangerous disease of lungs. Pakistan is among top 5 countries with
high number of TB patients. As the air pollution is more in urban areas of
Pakistan people get more affected by the disease. The symptoms of disease
include fever, blood coughing, chills and weight loss.

7.9 Urbanization and Spread of COVID-19 in Pakistan

Corona Virus is the recent biggest pandemic faced by the world today. It is
a lung disease which is caused by the virus named SARS CoV-2. It is also a
transferrable disease which can spread through the droplets released by the patient
through cough or sneeze. The disease mostly remains moderate respiratory
infection. People with weak immune system are more likely to carry this disease.
The COVID-19 spread more rapidly in the major cities of Pakistan than rural
areas. The main reason behind the high number of corona patients in urban
Pakistan is the living condition. The cities are so crowded that sometimes it
becomes difficult to keep social distance from others. Living settlements are so
congested that people get easily affected by the virus present in environment.

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 The virus is spreading more in cities because most of the corona patients
of rural areas are receiving treatments from urban hospitals. This is not only
stressing the medical resources of urban areas but also increasing the number of
corona patients in the cities of Pakistan.

7.10 Strategies to Deal with the Urban Health Issues in Pakistan

The government needs to take effective measure in order to cope with the
urban health issues in Pakistan. Steps need to be taken on the health
infrastructure. More hospitals, dispensaries and medical labs should be
constructed in the major cities. Government needs to make effective policies for
the healthcare system in urban Pakistan. Heavy fines need to be imposed on the
disposal of harmful gases in the air. Long term planning of health sector is
required to handle the problems of urbanization in future. The focus should also
be given to the environment friendly infrastructure. Regular evaluation of health
standard should be the prime focus of the government only then the health
indicators of the country can become better.
7.10.1 Low Income
It is generally assumed that urbanization brings numerous economic
benefits to the people. However, the reality of Pakistan is completely different.
The unpredicted urbanization has become an obstacle in the way of earnings of
people. Most of the economic opportunities are present only in major cities of
Pakistan. These opportunities fascinate large number of population to cities which
causes reduction of resources per head. Hence, the economic opportunities in
urban areas are less than the available manpower.
According to the statistic of Word Bank, the annual per capita income of
Pakistan is 1196.6 USD. The per capita income means the average income of a
person in a country. The figure is quite small as compared to the GDP per capita
of other developing countries.
7.10.2 Causes of Low Income in Pakistan
The sprawl of urbanization in Pakistan has affected all the aspects of
people’s lives. It has made numerous hurdles in all the faculties of life i.e.
economic, social and political. The problems of all these faculties jointly cause a
setback in the economic development of the country.

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7.11 Economic Causes of Low Per Capita
7.11.1 Poverty
Urbanization has increased the population enormously in Pakistan.
However, the increasing number of population failed to come out from the trap of
poverty. It is estimated that about 24 percent of population of the country lives
below the poverty line. The cycle of poverty goes on in the country because
people just want temporary solutions to their economic problems. Although,
people work very hard but due to unskilled labour and lack of know-how of
technology cause meagre earnings.
The second reason of poverty cycle in the country is the mind set of
people. Mostly people in Pakistan don’t want to invest in business due to risk
factor. Majority of people prefer to have secure jobs rather than owning
businesses. This eventually causes very few emergences of entrepreneurs in the
country. Hence, the economic opportunities become narrow and mostly taken by
privileged class of society. Poor becomes even poorer and rich become richer. In
addition, low literacy rate, lack of motivation and lack of resources all these
becomes the reason of continuing spell of poverty in Pakistan.
7.11.2 Unemployment
Unemployment is a situation where a willing person is unable to find any
job or suitable job. The data collected by Word Bank 2019, indicates the ratio of
unemployment in Pakistan was 4.5 percent.
The very first cause of unemployment in the country is unplanned growth
of urbanization. Cities are burdened with over population. Few job opportunities
male it hard to meet the demand of employments. Moreover, jobs given due to
nepotism take the chance of able candidates.
The constant economic recession in Pakistan not only restricts the development
of new industries but also slows down the working pace of existing ones.
Many modern industries are yet to be establishing in Pakistan. The world-
wide recession has caused great harm to all the economies of the world. However,
Pakistan miserably failed to fight back the crises caused by recession. The burden
of international loans further devastated the economic condition. All the causes
are the reasons of unemployment in Pakistan.

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7.11.3 Lack of Foreign Investments
Another significant factor of low income in Pakistan is lack of foreign
investments. As mentioned above, low risk taking mentality and devastated
condition of economy make it hard for investors to invest in the country.
Pakistan's Foreign Direct Investment was recorded to 0.6 percent of the country's
Nominal GDP, in Jun 2019. Although the FDI of 2019 was better than the
previous years, still the country lacks sufficient amount of FDI.
7.11.4 Low Level of Saving
The population of the country is more considered as a spender rather than
savers. The people are more intended towards owning things and save little for
future. Good amount of savings of people work as a resource for country’s
economy. Businesses flourish in those countries which have the ability to save.
Banks play major role in lending the monetary resources for developmental
purposes. Banks use the money lent by the people in savings account.
Businessman takes this money as a loan from bank and establishes his business.
The depositor also gets his share of profit in business. The fruit of savings is
shared by all. Unfortunately, people in Pakistan don’t have saving attitude which
makes low credit facility in the country.
7.11.5 Use of Backward Technology
Urbanization in Pakistan has only modernized the structures of
institutions. There is hardly any change governed in the working of system. Even
in cities people use backward technology in their economic lives. The industries
in the cities still use old production technology. The method of old production in
industries produce small quantity and low quality products. This is the reason of
slow development in the country as well as, reason of low income of the nation.
7.11.6 Increase in Utility Charges
The urban areas of Pakistan are stressed with population explosion. The
over population of cities has reduced the availability of basic necessities.
Government is facing difficulty to meet the demands of basic amenities of life.
The charges of utilities such as gas, electricity, telephone and internet etc are
tolling in cities. The estimated growth rate in the charges of electricity bill is 0.4
percent. Over pricing of utilities also mean low savings. These all altogether
becomes the reason of low income of the country.

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7.12 Improper Income Distribution
Urbanization in the country is also increasing the differences between
upper and lower classes. In the cities it has been observed that the some areas are
developed in to modern housing schemes and complexes whereas, other parts are
covering by the slums. The pictures of the cities themselves reveal the reality of
income distribution in Pakistan. Urbanization led small segment of population to
rule over the larger number of population.

7.13 Social Causes of Low Income in Pakistan

7.13.1 Over Population
Urbanization has caused the problem of over population in cities. The
rough estimate shows that in 2019 the total population of Pakistan was 204.73
million. Whereas, Karachi alone has the population of 15,741,000. Cities are
becoming crowded due to the population explosion. Rural-urban migration is the
major reason of population crowd in cities.
7.13.2 Low Living Standard
Despite of many benefits of urbanization, the living standard of urban
Pakistan is reducing with time. People in cities mostly live in small apartments
where they have no access to fresh air and water. Although the population of rural
areas is quite large in Pakistan but the large scattered houses help to maintain the
healthy environment in villages. On the other hand, the infrastructure of urban
houses is designed poorly to accommodate large population. Narrow streets with
heaps of trash increases the hazard of diseases. The living condition is inevitable
for contagious diseases to wide spread in people.
The continuous unhygienic situation weakens the immune system of
people. Their immunity becomes fragile and they become prey of many diseases,
which ultimately reduces the efficiency of work. Thus, poor health becomes
another factor of low earning.

7.14 Political Causes of Low Income in Pakistan

7.14.1 Law and Order
Urbanization on the one hand boost development in cities whereas, on the
other it causes the greed of power and resources. Whenever, the law and order

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situation is compromised it affects the cities far more than villages. The reason is
people in the cities often tend to resolve their matters in courts or through legal
processes. Large amount of their savings are wasted in this procedure which
causes negative effect in their income.
7.14.2 Ineffective Governance
The cities of the country have become the urban hubs. It has become a
challenge for the government to plan effective and practical policies for cities.
The continuous change in the government with no firm objective causes great
effect on the income of people. Till now all the policies proved to be ineffective to
increase the earnings of people and to lift the poverty in Pakistan.
7.14.3 Landlordism
The advancement of urbanization failed to change the mentality of
landlordism in Pakistan. Although the effect of landlordism has been more on
rural areas but, it also has huge impact in cities. Due to urbanization the landlords
of rural areas have now become the capitalists of the cities. They cause huge
impact in the policy making of the government. This causes the policies to be
formed on self-interest bases. Therefore, the formed policies favoured small
segment of society.
The above mentioned factors clearly explain the causes of low income and
its relationship with growing urbanization in the country.

7.15 Government Plan to Increase Income of Pakistan

The Government of Pakistan has planned to work on different areas of
economy in order to increase the income of Pakistan.
7.15.1 Development of Food and Agriculture Sector
As Pakistan is an agrarian country the development of Pakistan is not
possible without the development of food and agriculture sector. The per acre
productivity of Pakistan is low as compared to other countries. Government is
taking effective measures to introduce modern methods of agriculture which can
increase the productivity of horticulture, livestock, poultry and fisheries. This will
directly increase the income of the farmers and will also indirectly benefit the
other related industries in cities. Thus, it will increase the exports of the country.

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The government in planning to invest Rs.290 billion in next five years in the
sector to help increase the problem of low income in Pakistan.
7.15.2 Development of Manufacturing, Commerce and Mineral Sector
The government is also planning to expand Pakistan’s mineral industry.
The future projects of the government include exploration of iron ore, coal,
copper and gold. This will create the opportunity to open new industry in the
country which will increase the employment opportunity in Pakistan.
7.15.3 Development of Information and Communications Technology
In modern time no country can boost its economy without the expertise of
Information and Communications Technology. Therefore, the government of
Pakistan is taking effective step to enhance the capacity of Information
Technology sector in Pakistan. Projects like national satellite, Connectivity of
international internet and attainment of CMMI and ISO on software. This will
produce skilled labour in the country on production side and will provide the e-
facility to the people on the consumption side. Hence, the development of this
sector will uplift the income and standard of living in Pakistan.
The government is now determined to do all possible solutions in order to cope
with the problem of low income in Pakistan.

7.16 Education
Education is the base of a nation. It is the most valued asset a nation could
have. This is an evolving era where technologies and scientific advancements are
part of daily life. Education has become the need of 21st century. It is an equalizer
for all the classes of society, giving the lower and middle class to find their
ground. The reason developed countries are where they are, is because of
education. It equips a person with a set of professional skills that allow him to
earn his livelihood and contribute to his nation.
7.16.1 Educational Issues in Rural Pakistan
The reason of backwardness of Pakistan is due to the crippling education
system. Even the most advanced schooling institutes of urban areas in Pakistan
are not up to par with the international education standards. In comparison, rural
areas fare even worse. Rural areas lack many resources to finance advance
schooling system. There are quite a number of issues in rural areas regarding

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education system such as no electricity, incompetent teachers, water drainage
issues, lack of serious mentality required for pursuing education etc.
Many villages still don’t have any schools or colleges. Villages consisting
of schools and colleges are also not provided with the efficient schooling methods
to educate children in a proper manner. Education for girls and women is not
considered valuable in mostly rural areas. That's why they have no education
institutions for girls there. Due to this students and families move to big cities for
better future prospects. Urbanization has already made a great impact on the
economic condition of Pakistan but due to educational purposes it is rapidly
increasing annually. Pakistan needs to stabilize the ongoing situation by
promoting women education in rural areas and facilitate them with efficient
educational institutions. The internal migration can be overcome by giving an
easy access of education to everyone in their residing areas. The literacy rate of
urban areas in Pakistan, according to the statistical report is 76% and 51% in rural
areas. That is why a lot of people are migrating to urban areas from remote areas
in order to have better educational opportunities.
7.16.2 Educational Issues in Urban Pakistan
As many people have been migrating to urban areas, metropolitan cities
have been densely populated. The plethora of students has made the enrollment
process more competitive, which in turn has affected the minimum grade required
for admission. More students result in a heavier burden on the institutes and more
pressure on the teachers. These hosts of problems are decaying the infrastructure
of the educational system in urban areas. Private schools have been hoarding all
the students and generating excessive revenue. Proper attention to students is not
being paid because of the unreasonable amount of students and limited teachers
allocated to them. Poor quality of government schools has led to a massive
increase in private schooling, which has heavily encumbered the resources of
private schools in urban areas.
Due to the massive migration of people to urban areas, there has been a
sharp increase in cost of living. In order to counter that, a lot of people have
started working instead of pursuing education.
The modern thinking of the urban students conflict with the traditional
thought school of students from rural areas. This causes racism and social division

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among students. It can usually lead to discrimination among the rural and the urban
students which can serve as a mental barrier for them. Bullying and teasing for the
rural students force them to have inferiority complex. The urban students think of
themselves as superior and gain a negative aspect of that in their personality.
The shortage of schools is a common issue in urban areas of Pakistan.
They cannot meet the demands of the growing numbers of students wanting to
enroll, due to the migration of students from rural areas to urban areas. This puts
pressure on the government, forcing it to spend more and more on the education
sector. Pakistan’s economy is not developed enough to push out more budget
towards it, even if it wants to.
7.16.3 Measures to Reduce the Problems of Education Sector
Pakistan’s government should implement effective solutions in order to
counter these problems.
The shortage of educational institutes in urban areas of Pakistan can be solved
by using vacant buildings under the possession of government. This will put them to
good use and solve this problem at the same time. In order to counter the racism in
urban schools of Pakistan, there should be adequate programmes that bring awareness
to the students about these sensitive issues such as social division and racism.
Rural areas need to build more schools with an effective system so the
students would be more inclined to study there and not migrate to urban cities.
This will lessen the load on the urban schools.

7.17 Conclusion
The deep analysis of Urbanization in Pakistan has changed the persona of
urbanization. Urbanization not only enhances the economic opportunities but also
causes some great issues in cities. Urban areas of Pakistan face the problems of
lack of housing, poor transportation, health issues, low income and educational
issues. Therefore, it is the crucial need of time to plan and take effective measures
to ensure that urbanization in Pakistan becomes the reason of prosperity rather
than socio-economic problems.

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Self-Assessment Questions
1. What is the role of local authorities in the housing sector in the country?
2. What are the effects of overcrowded public transport?
3. What are the most common widespread diseases in Pakistan?
4. Enlist and explain the causes of low per-capita income of Pakistan.
5. What are the issues of urban education system in the country?

References

Economic Framework-Growth, Investment and Savings by Government of

Pakistan Planning Commission

Health Report 2019 by Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics

Pakistan Vision of 2025 by The Government of Pakistan by Government of

Pakistan Planning Commission Report of World Health Organization 2017
\
]Report of World Health organization 2017.

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Unit No.8

LINKS BETWEEN URBANIZATION

AND VIOLENCE

Written by:
Ms. Mubbareen Imran
Reviewed by:
Dr. Amna Mehmood

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 CONTENTS
Introduction 181
. Objectives 181
8.1 Urban Infrastructure and Governance 182
8.2 Urban Transportation Services in Pakistan 183
8.3 Development of Telecommunication Sector of Pakistan 184
8.4 Infrastructure of Roads in Urban Pakistan 185
8.5 Infrastructural Development in Urban Sindh 186
8. 6 Infrastructural Development in Urban Punjab 188
8.7 Infrastructural Development in Islamabad 190
8.8 Infrastructural Development in Baluchistan 191
8.9 Infrastructural Development in Urban KPK 192
8.10 Demographic Change, Ethnic Divisions and Political Conflicts 193
8.11 History of Ethnic Division of Pakistan 194
8.11.1 Punjabi 194
8.11.2 Pashtuns 197
8.11.3 Sindhi 198
8.11.4 Saraiki 199
8.11.5 Minority Ethnic Groups in Pakistan 200
8.12 Political Conflicts in Pakistan 201
8.12.1 Political Conflicts in Ethnic Groups 202
8.12.2 Socio–Economic Disparities and Unemployment 203
8.12.3 Reasons of Unemployment in Pakistan 304
8.12.4 Political Instability 205
8.12.5 Lack of Industries 205
8.12.6 Inadequate Skilled Labor 205
8.12.7 Nepotism 206
8.13. Recommended Policies for Unemployment 206
8.13.1 Socio-Economic Disparities in Pakistan 207
8.13.2 Legal status of Immigrants in Pakistan 208

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Introduction
Urbanization initiates a chain of consequences which have immeasurable
effects on a country. The growing violence is the most menacing outcome of
urbanization. It is very important to study and highlight the deep rooted
connection between increasing population and high crime rate. Studies have
shown that fast-growing cities give rise to different standard of living within a
country. The struggle of advancing the standard of living with limited resources
has pushed the crime rate immensely high in cities. This violence can be
comprehended as a conflict over resources. The visible disparity of living
settlements in a city is the reason of underlying conflict. Underprivileged
localities in cities become the hubs of crime centers. In most cases the weaker
segment of the society has to face the brunt of this violence which spreads the
financial and social insecurity in urban areas. Pakistan is also facing the struggle
of rising violence with respect to urbanization. Cities like Karachi and Lahore are
suffering the consequences of urbanization in Pakistan. Karachi was ranked as the
highest crime rate city in the country. According to World Crime Index in 2019, it
was ranked as 71in the world.

Objectives
After studying this unit, you will be able:
 to know about the urban infrastructure and Governance
 to highlight the political conflicts in Pakistan
 to know about the urban transportation services in Pakistan
 to highlight the history of ethnic division of Pakistan

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8.1 Urban Infrastructure and Governance
Infrastructure is the basic facilities and structures which a country needs to
carry out all the functions of economy. Roads, bridges, transportation,
telecommunication systems, power and water supplies are the important building
units of an infrastructure. Good governance is responsible to plan the
infrastructure in such a way which not only helps to regulate the economy but also
to facilitate the future needs of a country.
Pakistan’s background infrastructure is very deficient. As the country
lacked the basic pre-requites for a strong foundation. Pakistan still staggered
behind in groundwork as compared to other countries. Although, in recent years
many developmental projects took place in the country but still the number and
the quality of paved roads, airports, railways and seaports is quite not close to
other developing countries. Even some of the major urban hubs of Pakistan still
suffer from power and water shortages. On the other hand, telecommunication
sector of Pakistan has shown progress in last decade. Urbanization in the country
has increased the mobile telephone sector. Even though, the density of fixed
telephone is comparatively low but large number of mobile and internet users
have pushed the telecom industry. According to Pakistan Telecommunication
Authority 2019, the total number of mobile phone users was 161.01 million in
May. Within a month it reached to 161.183 million. There was a drastic change of
0.173 million within a month in the number of mobile phone users.
On contrary, the poor infrastructure of development sector has made the
problem of overpopulation even worst. Every year hundreds of people establish
their settlements in urban areas of the country. The growing urban population
burdens the existing limited resources of the cities which eventually affect the
governance of Pakistan. Another reason which bound the country to have poor
infrastructure is deficit budget. The budget deficit of Pakistan is recorded as 2
billion USD, in February 2020. The highest budget deficit in last thirty years was
recorded as 8.9 percent in the fiscal year of 2018. The huge gap between
expenditure and revenues is another big obstacle in the way of effective system.
Despite all the facts, the past negligence of the governance is also a very crucial
factor in the backwardness of urban infrastructure in the country. However, since
from last decade the role of the governance notably increased in the
developmental projects of urban Pakistan.

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8.2 Urban Transportation Services in Pakistan
In the last half century urban infrastructure of Pakistan has slowly
improved. The progress can be analyzed by the urban transportation system of the
country. Densely populated cities have created numerous hurdles in the mobility
of goods and people. In addition, problems like urban poverty, inequality and
inefficient basic facilities lead to the difficulties of mobility and accessibilities in
the cities. Government have taken initiative and launched new public
transportation projects like metro bus service and orange line train. Despite the
fact, public transportation services in the urban areas are still not meeting the
demand of large population. Urbanization has stretched the boundaries of cities
with the adjoining of nearby towns. As a result, the average daily distance for
urban settlers is lengthening with years. The poor quality of existing public
transportation is causing an increasing the numbers in personal automobiles.
According to Karachi DIG Traffic Dr Amir Shaikh, 30,000 accidents were
recorded every year in the city. The tolling number indicates the situation of roads
in the country’s busiest city.
In 1980, Government of Pakistan deregulated the public transportation
system in the country. The policy gave opportunity to the private investors to
invest in the transportation system of the country. Private operators became active
in the sector for the provision of transport facility to the public. On the other hand,
government took control of the fare and route licensing. In urban areas of the
country there are both formal and informal modes of transportation. Formal
transportations include Wagon with the capacity of 20 passengers, minibus with
the capacity of 30 to 40 passengers and metro bus with the capacity up to 150
passengers. Informal transportations are those transports which are not legally
authorized by the government such as; Qingqi rickshaw and Suzuki etc. Private
transport operators try to maximize their profit by using small and low cost
transports. It lowers the quality and efficiency of public transport even in big
cities of Pakistan. It has been observed in cities public transport is mostly used by
lower class of society. Cluster of people sitting side by side without any personal
space, pocket snatching and rash driving contribute to less use of public vehicles.
Another fact which decreases the usage of public transport in Pakistan is
insufficient network of public transportation stops. Also the hustle of people

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discourages women, elderly, patients and disables people to use the service of
public transportation system. People prefer to have relatively costly and safe
transportation system rather than using public transports. Recent trend shows that
private companies like Uber and Careem are taking the lead in the mobility of
people within cities. In urban Pakistan most of the people prefer to use the
services of such companies because of quality and safety. The notion of safety is
important due to several reasons like family honor, road accidents and street
crimes etc. The above mentioned reasons greatly affect the mobility of women in
the country. It is assumed that using public transport by women can invade their
personal privacy. Therefore, accessible and comfortable vehicles are preferred by
women and families in the big cities for daily usage.

8.3 Development of Telecommunication Sector of Pakistan

Pakistan's telecommunication was started in 1994, under the name of
Pakistan Telecommunications Authority (PTA). The primary services PTA
provided were to supervise and frame the outline for telecom industries in
Pakistan. PTCL also played a vital role in providing telecommunications services
in Pakistan such as telephone, fax, telex, emails, public data network and other
digital facilities. In 1990 Instaphone and Paktel were the first cellular operators of
Pakistan. Paktel and Instaphone merged their companies and monopolized the
market in the late 1990's.
Despite the heavy investments and large amount of users,
telecommunication sector struggled with instability. Even with the lack of quality
service and high rates, users had no option but to stick with those companies. To
control this situation government imposed Deregulation Policy for the
Telecommunication sector in July 2003. It encouraged many foreign investors in
investing and enhancing the telecom sector which stabilized the market for users.
The investment greatly helped to form sound infrastructure of telecom industry in
Pakistan.
Mobilink is the leading cellular company of Pakistan in telecom industry.
It was established in 1990 and has 54 million users according to the current
statistical report of 2018. Telenor, Zong, Ufone and SCOM are other leading
cellular network companies of Pakistan. This maintains the competition in the

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market. Pakistan's Telecommunication Industry became the world's third fastest
growing market, in 2008.
Pakistan Radio Industry's infrastructure has been through many phases.
The first ever Radio station of Pakistan was Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation
(PBC), widely known as Radio Pakistan now. Long before the Internet and TV
era, radio was frequently and widely used as a source of entertainment or for
conveying the important governmental messages to public. After the arrival of
televisions in Pakistan, radio industry suffered a great loss. As all the attention
had been diverted to Television Media audience became reluctant towards radio
industry. After the great loss of audience standards were altered in order to
engage people towards it. Though it has never been revived like the olden times.
In 1994, The Digicom Pakistan (PTV) limited was the Pioneer of Dialed
up Internet service in Pakistan. After a year Pakistan Telecommunication
Company Limited (PTCL) started giving access of internet to general public. As
people weren't aware of Internet and its benefits only 1.3% of population used
Internet in 2001. Gradually the users increased with time. According to 2019
statistics approximately 76 million citizens are facilitated with Internet in
Pakistan. Internet network also enhanced from DSL, to the Wireless local loop
(WLL) networks and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX) networks. Islamabad has fiber optic internet cables provided by
companies like Nayatel.
Pakistan’s telecommunication sector has achieved great heights of success
in recent decades. The data collected by Pakistan telecommunication Authority
estimated that there are 165 million people are cellular subscribers in Pakistan.
There are 76 million of 3G/4G users whereas 78 million people are broadband
users. Even the telephony subscribers are 3 million in the country. The large figures
highlight the infrastructural development of telecommunication sector in Pakistan.

8.4 Infrastructure of Roads in Urban Pakistan

The infrastructural development of a country is clearly evident through its
road sector. In 1947, the total road length of Pakistan was 50,367 kilometers. The
road length included 40,558 kilometers of low type roads and 9,809 kilometers of
high type roads. The infrastructure of Pakistan took drastic change within fifty
years. It is estimated that in 1996 the total length road of the country reached to

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228,206 kilometers. The growth of development was almost 453 percent. The
pace of construction of roads in Pakistan reflects the priority of government in the
strengthening of infrastructure. In 2000, the road length exceeded to 249,972
kilometers. The advancement of infrastructure accelerated the road length of the
country to 263,415 kilometers, in 2012. National Highway Authority has shown
significant contribution in the construction of motorways, highways and
expressways around the country. NHA has successfully completed 47 projects,
which is 12,743 kilometers in length. The organization is currently working on 38
road projects. It is estimated by Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19, the total road
length of completed motorways in the country is 1,944 kilometers. This network
of roads functions as the major arteries to carry traffic throughout Pakistan. The
chain of roads connect the cities and towns like Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi,
Hyderabad, Hazara, Multan,Mansehra, Pindi Bhattian, Faisalabad, Gojra, Shorkot
and Khanewal, Sukkur.

8.5 Infrastructural Development in Urban Sindh

Urbanization in Sindh paved way for further infrastructural development.
Many low and high types roads are built to connect the rural Sindh to Urban
Sindh within last decade. It is estimated byNational Transport Research Centre
(NTRC), the total road length of Sindh was 80,863 kilometers in 2007 which
extended to 81,385 kilometers within six years. The National Highway Authority
also contributed planning and working on some big road projects in Sindh. The
constructions of corridors between from Petaro to Sehwan and between Shikarpur
to Ratodero are of great importance. The authority has also completed some road
projects in Sindh i.e construction of Karachi Northern Bypass, Qazi Ahmed &
Shahpur Jehania Road, Baberlo to PanoAqil Section ,Larkana- Naudero to Lakhi
Road, Hyderabad to Mir Wah Sanjar Chang Road and Lyari Expressway. The
NHA also extended the units of motorways across the country. The motorways
from Karachi to Lahore and from Karachi to Faisalabad are also large scale
infrastructural projects in Sindh.
The piling up road projects in Karachi reflects the active role of
governance in urban Sindh. It has been reported that about 53 billion rupees was
allocated in Karachi for developmental projects, by Annual Development
Programme in 2018. In the year of 2016, there were 365 proposed projects out of

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which 16 projects were completed. The schemes gave importance to the
remolding of Drigh Road flyover, Manzil Pump flyover, and construction of road
from Khairpur Town to University Road, Tariq Road, Mosamyat Road and
construction of bridge in Boulevard. Moreover, reconstruction of Landhi Road
including Jam Sadiq Bridge to Dawood Chowrangi,, Adbullah Haroon Road and
up gradation of road from Malir to Memon. Government is further planning to
speed up the progress of road infrastructure in the largest city of Pakistan. Federal
PSDP 2019-20 authorized the road projects like construction of Flyover at Sakhi
Hassan and Jinnah Avenue. Building of roundabout along Sher Shah Suri Road
and rebuilding of Nishtar & Mangho Pir Roads in Karachi. The completed and
ongoing projects in Karachi mark the rapid urbanization and strengthening
infrastructure in urban Sindh.
The project of Karachi Orange Line Train is another milestone in the
foundation of transportation system in urban Sindh. The total length of Orange
Line is 3.9 kilometers. The BRTS project in the city was first started in 2016. The
project is still under construction and soon to be officially inaugurated. The
Karachi Metro Bus project has a fleet of 18 buses which is expected to carter
around 50,000 passengers per day. The lane track covers the area from AO
Chowk to Nishan –e-HaiderChowk. The project is designed to ensure the smooth
mobility of people around the country’s biggest metropolitan city.
The government has also planned and initiated numerous projects in
Karachi to improve the standards of living and for overall infrastructural
development. Formation of institutes such as Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
University of Law, Bilawal Bhutto Engineering College Lyari, SZB Engineering
College Memon Goth, Sindh Institute of Traumatology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto
Medical Complex, expansion of Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation and
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases. Moreover, establishment of advance
forensic labs, rehabilitation centers and courts in Korangi area are some upcoming
projects of the government. Government has also realized the growing need of
water in the province therefore work is going on number of projects to provide
sufficient supply of water. The developmental scheme also includes projects i.e
pump house of 100 MGD, advancement of Dhabeji pumping station, increment of
water supply from Haleji to Pipri area and renovating of filter plants at Gharo.
To ensure the effective governance in overall city the government

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introduce; Karachi Neighbourhood Improvement Programme. The program is
supported by The World Bank. It focuses on the development of the areas like
Saddar, Malir and Korangi. The program subsidizes the advancement of
educational institutions, building of underground parking, up-gradation of roads
like Shara-e-Kamal Attaturk, Deen Muhammad Road, M.R Kayani Road and Dr.
Ziauddin Road. It also plans to build the more public places and walking paths for
pedestrians in the city. Furthermore, it initiates the remolding of existing public
places, reconstruction of underground water drainage system, installment of
traffic signs, lights and shelters. The project has designed keeping in view all the
prime requisites of developed infrastructure. The government has also established
a department of Directorate of Urban Policy & Strategic Planning Unit. The
department is responsible for the planning of urban infrastructure in Sindh.

8.6 Infrastructural Development in Urban Punjab

Punjab is known as the most populated province of the country. The
outgrown population of the province has made the region economically
significant. Considering this government has designed many developmental
projects in Punjab. The governance in Punjab ensures the adequate connectivity
between rural and urban Punjab. Several highways and road projects in Punjab are
completed and others are under consideration. The government has also rooted
out the problems of delayed projects. It has changed the policy regarding road
maintenance and the involvement of private sector in road construction. The
governance has given importance to the institutional capacity in the sector. The
new road projects are designed keeping in view the road safety measures. It has
also arranged the adequate funds for the development of roads in the province.
The total road length of Punjab in 2007 was 104,115 kilometers which rose to
107,805 kilometers in 2013, National Transport Research Centre.
NHA has contributed to great extend in the road infrastructural
development of Urban Punjab. It has completed multiple projects such as six
Interchanges on Inner Ring Road Multan, 4-lane Underpass at Texila, Multan to
Muzaffargarh Road and Faisalabad-Khanewal to Multan Motorway. The authority
is also working on many upcoming projects i.e. reconstruction of Chitral-Ayun to
Bumborate Road, building of 4-lane bridge between Layyah to Taunsa,
Construction of 4-lane Bridge and 2-lane roads between Kallurkot toD.I.Khan,

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building of 6-Lane Highway from Kala Shah Kaku to Lahore, construction of
Lahore to Multan Motorway, Lahore to Sialkot Motorway and Multan to Sukkur
Motorway. The road infrastructure has made the strong link between rural and
urban parts in the province for easy mobility of goods and people.
Lahore is the most vibrant city of Punjab. It is the center of all the
economic activities in the province. Therefore, the government has done
tremendous work to make a strong infrastructure of the city. Lahore Development
Authority has completed numerous projects in order to provide basic facilities to
the second largest city of Pakistan. The infrastructure of the city has been planned
according to the versatility of the city. Number of roads, bridges, interchanges and
flyovers are constructed to unite the different areas of Lahore. Shoukat Ali Road
is one of the completed projects of LDA. The length of this road is 3.4 kilometers
which connects Moulana Shoukat Ali Road with Multan Road. The authority has
also built an underpass at Muslim Towm to Tokhar Niaz Baig. The government
has given due significance to the reconstruction of old roads and widening of
existing roads in Lahore. The construction of connecting roads to Ferozepur Road
and Multan Road also proved to be very beneficial for public. The authority
claims that everyday about 70,000 vehicles are benefitted by this project. Further,
road development in Lahore can be observed by the building of two U-turns at
Chungi-Amer and Sidhu-Kamahanand striking construction of Khyara Ring for
bike riders of the city. Moreover, constructions of interchange at Azadi Chowk
and Circular Road have also facilitated the enormous traffic of the city. Other
completed projects i.e. junction at Qainchi road, Interchange at Shalimar, Madr-e-
Millat Road and Liberty parking plaza show the role of affective governance in
Urban Punjab. The government has also planned some future developmental
projects such as construction of dual road from Gujaranwala Road to Jandiala
Road, reconstruction of Stadium Road to Ghang Road at Sheikhupura, rebuilding
of Ring Road near Nankana Sahib and rehabilitation of historical sites. The
progress in infrastructural development as given the heart of Punjab entirely
modern ambience.
Lahore Metro Bus Transit reflects the pace of development in the country.
It was the first Bus Rapid Transit service inaugurated in Pakistan, in 2014. The
fleet of the project is consisted of 60 buses. The length of metro track is 27
kilometers consisting of 27 stations. The track covers the area from Gajju Matah

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to Shahdara. The project is benefiting the growing urban population of the lively
city of Punjab.
Faisalabad is another example of urban development in Punjab. The wide
roads of the city explain the priority and work of Faisalabad Development
Authority. The city holds great importance regarding industrial and distributional
sectors. It is estimated that about 20 percent of the GDP of the country is
produced by Faisalabad alone. It is mainly because of its ideal location on the
eastern part of province. The city connects to several other urban and sub-urban
areas of Punjab i.e. Chiniot, Jhang, Okara, Sahiwal, Sargodha, Sheikhupura,
Lahore and Gujranwala. The government has also worked on the overall
development of roads, railways and air transportation of the city. FDA has spread
its wings in different developmental projects of the city such as housing schemes,
roads, flyovers, up gradation of Katchiadabies and buildings etc. The upcoming
projects of FDA are construction of Ring Road, construction of two lane roads at
Satiana Road and Summandri Road up to bypass. Hundreds of housing schemes
in the city have been sanctioned by the government i.e. Green Valley, Sitara
Abban Valley, Meadows Phase-I, Al Raheem Valley, Chaudhari Muhammad Ali
Housing Scheme, CITI Housing, Defense Fort, Eden Garden Phase-II and Eden
Villas etc.

8.7 Infrastructural Development in Islamabad

The capital city of any country represents the infrastructural advancement
of that country. The wavy roads parting the mountains of Islamabad with the
glimpse of natural beauty displays the high level of civil engineering in Pakistan.
The city is known for its broad roads and planned construction of all the sectors.
The Capital Development Authority has completed mega projects in
Islamabad i.e. expansion of Kashmir Highway, construction of corridor from Zero
Point to Faizabad interchange, addition of two more lanes on Kashmir Highway,
building of flyover at Jinnah Avenue, up gradation of drainage system, converting
of Lathar Road into two-way road, building of underpasses at Shaheed-i-Millet
Road and addition of service road at H-11. Furthermore, the government has also
done infrastructural development in the sectors of I-14, I-16, H-11 and G-13.CDA
is also planning to work on many more constructional projects such as widening
of Islamabad Highway, construction of bridges at Islamabad Highway,

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construction of road network for New Islamabad International Airport,
construction of two-way road at E-11, building of overpasses on Nazim-ud-Din
Road and Fazal-ul-Haq Road, Construction of underpass between G-7 to G-8,
bridge at G-10/4, making of Khayaban-e-Margallah, construction of two-way
road at Atta Turk and building of road from Qaid-e-Azam University to Bara
Kahu. In addition, the government has also planned to make pedestrian bridges,
installation of street lights, building of water tanks and up gradation of foot paths
all around the city.
The effective governance in Islamabad can also be observed by its modern
transportation system. Islamabad Metro Bus project is the best example of sound
infrastructure in the capital of Pakistan. The project has connected the twin cities
in the best way. The modern bus transit has provided the public with affordable,
comfortable and safe transportation between Islamabad to Rawalpindi. The length
of metro track is 48.6 kilometers which consisted of two phases. The metro route
links the central locations in both cities. There are total 60 buses working on this
project. Students and working class are the most frequent passengers of Metro
buses. It is estimated that 135,000 passengers get benefitted daily with this huge
project. Phase 1 starts from Pak Secretariat in Islamabad to Saddar in Rawalpindi
whereas, Phase 2 includes Peshawar Morr Interchange to New Islamabad
International Airport. Phase 2 of the project is under construction which consisted
of nine stations. The 12 bridges, 26 culverts and 11 underpasses of Islamabad
Metro Bus project depict the sound framework of the capital city of Pakistan.

8.8 Infrastructural Development in Baluchistan

Baluchistan occupies 44 percent of the total land of Pakistan but the
infrastructural development of the province staggered behind for last fifty years.
The rough estimate indicates that the total population of the province is just 5
percent of the country. Therefore, the government had been neglecting the region
for years. In recent years, urbanization in the country has deeply influenced the
infrastructural development in Baluchistan. Many developmental projects have
been initiated to make a strong structural foundation of the province. The
government is working on multiple projects to provide basic infrastructure to the
people of Baluchistan. Quetta district is the most developed area of the province.
The work is going on the construction of roads in Quetta i.e. Main Hanna Urak

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Road, Panjpai & Aghrab Road, Hazar Ganji Road and Chashma Achozai &
Surrouding Roads. The progress of the governance is reaching out other areas of
the province as well. Some other ongoing projects in the province are construction
of Turbat Pasni Road, Toda Safarzai Road, road construction from Killa Saifullah
to Muslim Bagh Town Road, addition of Gawak Radeeg Road & Mirabad to
Rodbun Road, road construction from Alandoor to Nawano, construction Abdul
Rehman Bridge and Zangiwal Bridge. The initiated developmental projects
reflect the effect of urbanization in Pakistan.
Gawadar holds the most pivotal location in western Baluchistan. The city
is located on the shores of Arabian Sea with only 120 kilometers distance from
Iran border. The government realized the importance of the ideal location for
trade and economic progress of Pakistan. The work on Gawadar Port started
under the huge project of Pakistan-China Economic Corridor, in 2002. The work
on the project is divided into two phases. The work in the first phase included the
construction of three multipurpose berths, channel of 4.5 kilometers, turning
basin, service berth and basic requisites of port infrastructure. The second phase
of the project covers 14.5 meters depth of channel, construction of 6 lane express
way from port to Makran Coastal Highway, construction of Gawadar
International Airport and building of 300 megawatt power plant. The port is
significant due its connectivity with other economic hubs on the economic
corridor. The government initiated this project for economic, technical, social and
infrastructural development of Baluchistan.

8.9 Infrastructural Development in Urban KPK

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa covers 10 percent of the total land of Pakistan. A
decade before infrastructural development of the province was slow and steady
but growing population in Peshawar directed the authority to the repairing of
roads and other foundational structures of the city. Peshawar Development
Authority has completed many development works such as repairing of Jamrud
Road, improvement of Charsadda Road, Ring Road, Afridi Garhi Chowk, Hussain
Chowk and Peshawar Flyover. Moreover, work is going on numerous projects
like repairing of GT road from Zakori Bridge to Surai Pul, building of Hayatabad
Detour, up gradation of Pajjagi Road, repairing of Mill Dalazak Road to Link
Road, repairing of Shami Road, improvement of drainage system, building of

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footpath along Mian Road, construction of green belt along railway line,
improvement of canal road along Kabul Road and building of Bab-e-Peshawar
flyover. All these on-going and completed projects shed the light on the effective
governance in Peshawar. The mega constructional work going on in urban
Pakistan shows the efforts and planning of governance for strong infrastructure.
The urban developmental projects are not only providing modern structures in
Pakistan but also fulfilling the needs of a modern society.

8.10 Demographic Change, Ethnic Divisions and Political Conflicts

The demographic change is a process which shows that the relationship of
high birth and death rates are directly related to the underdeveloped society.
Where there is lack of education, technology and economic progress. On the other
hand, it shows that low birth and death rates are directly linked to economically
developed society. This demographic change has been observed in many
developed countries. The data collected by United Nations indicates that the birth
rate of Pakistan was28.026 births per 1000 people which was 1.74 percent less
than 2018. The history of Pakistan’s birth and death rates shed the light on the
demographic change in the country. In 1951, the birth rate was 0.720 percent
whereas death rate was -3.030 percent. The birth ratio lessens to 0.230 percent
and death rate was -3.170 percent, in 1960. Within next decade the number of
birth rate dropped to -0.470 percent and -2.450 percent of death rate. In 1980, the
birth rate of Pakistan further decreased to -0.100 percent and death rate to -1.520
percent. The statistics shows the ratio of birth and death rates further decreased to
-0.960 percent and -1.760 percent in the year of 1990. In 2010, the birth rate
decreased to -0.820 percent and death rate reduced to -1.560 percent. The data of
birth and death ratios of Pakistan proves the transitional theory. The number of
births and deaths considerably reduced with the advancement of technology and
economic development.
According to United Nations Population Division's World Urbanization
Prospects, the annual growth rate of urban population of Pakistan in 1960 was
4.554 percent. The urban population slightly increased to 3.765 percent in 1970.
Within decade 4.505 percent increase was recorded in urban population of the
country. In the year of 1990, the ratio considerably decreased to 3.773 percent.
The decrease in the urban population was due to economic development. The

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urban population further sharply decreased to 2.782 percent, in 2010. The low
birth rate in the urban centers of the country was mainly due to increase in
awareness and better standards of living. The recorded data shows that in 2019,
the ratio further dropped to 2.669 percent. The continuous fall in the urban
population of Pakistan demonstrates the direct relation of low urban birth rate and
high literacy rate.

8.11 History of Ethnic Division of Pakistan

The groups of people formed on the bases of common racial, religion,
nationality, lingual or cultural background is known as ethnic group. Pakistan is in
listed in the list of most populous countries of the world. It holds sixth position
among highly populous countries. In the past the country has witnessed many
civilizations. Pakistan has beautifully preserved the diversity of different ethnic
groups. Since from ancient times, common language is one of the strongest causes
of the forming of ethic group. According to this division Pakistan have six large
ethnic groups along with several other minority groups.
8.11.1 Punjabi
Punjabi is lingual ethnic group of Pakistan which was the decedents of
Indo-Aryan. Punjabi is the language and the name of the province where majority
of Punjabi speaking people live in Pakistan. It is the largest ethnic group in the
country. Two-third population of the country speaks this language. The rough
estimate shows that about 44.7 percent of the pupation is Punjabi. The name itself
is driven from cultural, historical and geographical elements of sub-continent.
“Punj” is a Persian word which means five and “aab” means water. Thus, the
name means “land of five rivers”. Majority Punjabis out grown near the rivers of
Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej. Therefore the region of Punjab in sub-
continent became the center of rich civilization. Now the region is divided in to
Pakistan and India. Even the most urbanized civilization of 3rd millennium B.C
was situated around Ravi River. The civilization is now recognized as Harappa
and is the part of Pakistan. Although Punjabis are the decedents of Indo-Aryan but
this ethnic group has a blend of different cultures like Persians, Greeks, Huns,
Turks, and Afghans. These are the nations which once ruled the Punjab region of
the sub-continent. Therefore, Punjabis have rich culture and own identity among
other ethnic groups in Pakistan.

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 In ancient days Punjab has some distinctive political benefits in the sub-
continent. Mughal Empire ruled this area in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
A.D. However, in nineteenth century A.D Sikhs took control of the region. After
the separation of 1947, the province was divided to both the dominions.
Therefore, despite the territorial boundary the culture and norms of both sides of
Punjabis are identical. Majority Punjabis work in agrarian sector. The main group
is known as biradaris which is further divided in to zamindars and moeens.
Mostly zamindars are associated with agricultural sector whereas; moeens mostly
do skilled work in Punjabis. They do skillful work such as goldsmith, blacksmith,
potter, cobbler, barber, tailor, launder, butcher and singers etc. The ethnic group
has divided in to several castes or qoums i.e. Jat, Shaikh, Rajputh, Khandowa,
Gujjar, Awan and Arain etc. About 97 percent of Punjabis in Pakistan follow
Islam the rest follow other religions such as Hinduism, Sikhism and Christianity.
However, there is a major difference in the writing scripts of Indian
Punjab and Pakistani Punjab. Punjabis in Pakistan use the mixture of Arabic and
Persian scripts. This distinction shows the great influence of Mughal rule over the
region. On the other hand, Indian Punjabis the written script known as
“Gurmukhi”. Gurmukhi is originated from Landha scrip. There are multiple
dialects of Punjabi spoken by the people of both sides of the border.
Punjabi culture is the combination of dance, poetry, food, weapons,
music, spirituality and values. Folklore is the most widely used mythology to pass
down culture and norms to the next generation. Punjabis have also used the oral
folk tradition to preserve their culture in next generations. Punjabis have different
folk songs and dances for different situations such as birth, marriage, romance,
war and in the memory of past heroes. There are also some traditions in Punjabis
which are mostly observed in Punjabi Weddings. This ethnic group is also known
as the liveliest people of Pakistan. Along with religious festivals, they e have their
own festivals like Basant and Baisakh. They are also deeply rooted with norms
and values. Hospitality, bravery, brotherhood, safeguard of honor and respect of
elderlies are some of the most prominent values in the ethnic group.
Three decades before, most of part of Punjab in Pakistan depicted the real
picture of Punjabi cultural in the form of living settlements. Majority of Punjabis
were settled in the villages. Therefore, villages in Punjab display the original
tradition of the ethnic group. The compact settlements in the villages are usually

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around the mosques. Small veranda along with barn to keep some cattle and cows
are the most common element of the houses in Punjab. Small arched doors and
shared walls were another important feature of the construction of houses in Punjab.
The construction also ensures temperature friendly environment in the living
settlements. High ceiling and many small windows helps the houses to have
moderate temperature in summers. The place for fire space and paved flooring also
help to survive in winters. In Punjabi culture neighborhood is considered asa part of
family. They offer each other economical and domestic services in daily life.
At village level Punjabis are divided in to biradari. Before urbanization in
Punjab it was easy to find the ancestors of Punjabis due to biradari system. All the
members of biradari take decision of the concerning matters of collective
interests. They prefer marriages within their biradaris as it the sign of pride for
them. Punjabis also believe in strong joint family system. Male members of the
house do work in agrarian sector and female members usually look after the
household chores and take care of the animals. The families of the poor farmers
all work in the fields in order to earn their bread and butter. Mostly they get
seasonal jobs which make their lives tough.
Despite the fact, the employment rate of Punjabis is high due to many
agrarian dependent industries in Pakistan. Therefore, the province of Punjab is
considered the most significant agriculture center of entire South Asia. The report
of Federal Bureau of Pakistan confirms that agriculture sector of the country
contributes about 24 percent of GDP. The vales of bravery are also another
distinctive feature in Punjabis since ancient times. Punjabis take pride to serve in
military as it is the part of their tradition from several centuries. The history of
world wars shows that 20 percent of British Indian Army was Sikhs. Till now in
Pakistan, the qoums like Jats and Rajputs are serving the military at different
posts.
The modern Punjab has a new cultural blend of old culture and modern
culture. In 2017, the total urban population of Punjab was 36.71 percent, Pakistan
Bureau of Statistics. The ratio of urbanization is rapidly increasing with years
which are gradually fading way the old Punjabi culture of Pakistan.

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8.11.2 Pashtuns
Pashtun is another prominent ethnic group of Pakistan and Afghanistan.
The ethnic group is famous for their warrior strength and mind. It included 15.4
percent of Pakistan’s population. Their origin goes back to Eastern Iranians. Their
mother tongue is Pashtu. For being Pashtun two things are usually considered,
first to be Muslim and second to be born along Pashtunwali code. In Pakistan,
majority of Pashtuns live in the province of Khyber Pakhtun Khan. The culture of
Pashtuns is defined by the Pashtunwali code. Pashtunsbelieve in strong tribal
system consisting of several families. The tribal system takes authority of all
kinds of decisions for its people. Some of the famous Pashtun tribes in the country
are Lodi, Suri, Hotaki, Durrani and Barakazi. The tribes are further divided in to
classes i.e. Mian, Gujar, Rangi and Kulal.
This ethnic group greatly emphasized the values of helpfulness towards
guests. They also have deep value of honor and dignity. They have special types
of poetry and songs to express their joy and grief. They have great sense of poetry
because of patriotic and sentimental values. Pathun culture has many types of
poetry such as Tappa, Charbeta, Neemakai, Loba, Shaan, Badala and Rubayi.
Tappa is the oldest kind of poetry in Pashtun culture. The first line is usually short
but full of emotions which makes it unique than other types of poetry. Tappa has
16 models which are sung in happiness as well as in sadness. Pashtuns mostly
make this poetry more mystical by the use of traditional musical instruments i.e.
rubab and mangai. The second eminent kind of poetry is Charbeta in Pushtuns.
This poetry has four to eight lines. It mostly sheds the light on all the aspects of
life. Mostly it is written to pass down the stories of heroes. Pushtun culture also
has Neemkai poetry. This kind of poetry is usually written by women. The first
lines keep on repeating in the middle of Tappa. Loba is an entertaining form of
poetry which is sung in Pushtun. It narrates a story by two singers. Pashtuns also
have different kind of dances such as Attan, Khattak dance, Mahsud dance and
Waziri dance.
Pashtuns also have a traditional sport known as “buzkashi”. The sport
became the part of Pashtun culture during Mughal rule. Now people of the
province mostly enjoy playing football.
With the passage of time urbanization is also taking place in KPK and
influencing the traditional culture of Pakhtuns. According to Pakistan Bureau of

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Statistics, the urban population of KPK was estimated as 18.77 percent in 2017.
The urban ratio was 16.87 percent in 1998. Although the growth of urbanization
in KPK is steadily increasing but it is causing considerable effect on the Pashtun
culture.
8.11.3 Sindhi
The other predominant ethnic group in Pakistan is Sindhi. Majority of
Sindhi population lives in the province of Sindh. It constitutes about 14.1 percent
of the population in Pakistan. Sindhi culture has its origin to the Indus Valley
Civilization. The province has vast desert which is full of natural resources. The
Indus River in the Sindh provides a pathway to Arabian Sea. The rich natural
resources and access to sea enabled many invaders to invade on the land of Sindh
in ancient times. During the invasion of Muhammad-bin-Qasim in 695-715 A.D,
the spread of Islam in the sub-continent caused great influence in Sindh and its
culture. Many Hindus in Sindh converted to Muslims at that time. The culture
also got its blend from Persia and Afghanistan.
Sindhi culture mirrors the impact of neighboring regions in its language,
folklore, traditions, customs and lifestyle. The ethnic culture is very famous in
Pakistan due its own style clothing i.e. topi and ajrak. Sindhis give high
importance to hospitality, peace-loving attitude, strong cultural and social values.
Even the agricultural practices, traditions and art & craft of Sindhis shed light on
the great impact of Indus Valley Civilization in the region. The discoveries of
Archaeologists proved to be very helpful to understand the roots of this ethnic
culture of Pakistan. The remains of Mohenjo-daro reflected 7000 years old culture
in Sindh.
Sindhi language has its roots from Prakrit. It was the language of Indo-
Aryan. The language also has some words of Arabic due to the trading of Arabs in
the region in ancient time. The wording of Sanskrit is also the part of this
language. Sindhi language is not only the oldest language of Pakistan, but in the
past it had been spoken in other parts of the world as well. Due it vast enriched
vocabulary many writers in Pakistan write in Sindhi. It is written in the Arabic
script.
Sindhi culture also gives importance to poetry. The culture also gives
importance to great Sufis. Sometimes their teachings are beautifully embedded
with folk songs. Sindhis have music style known as "Baits". Sindhis lifestyle is

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also influenced by nomadic life. It is mostly observed in the region of Thar. The
people living in this area travel from place to place for water sources. On the other
hand, many Sindhis depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Along with that
fishing is another profession widely adopted by the people living in Upper Sindh.
Some of the famous sports of Sindh are Kabaddi, Malakhra, KodiKodi and
WanjWatti.
The land of Sindh has always been huge attraction for people since ancient
times. Even today Sindh has the high rate of urban population of about 52.02
percent. The large urban population in the province reflects the fast
developmental changes. The costal to Arabian Sea has made Sindhi culture the
most advanced culture of Pakistan. This is mainly due to the interaction of the
people of Sindh with other nations for trading purposes. The real culture of Sindh
can only been in rural areas of the province. Urban hubs of Sindh have entirely
changed the dynamics of old Sindhi culture in Pakistan.
8.11.4 Saraiki
The ethnic group of Saraiki is the subgroup of Punjabis in Pakistan. About
8.4 percent of the population is Saraiki in the country. The culture is the mixture
of Indus Valley, Muslims and Persian cultures. The culture has its roots way back
to 40,000 years. It was the part of Indus Valley Civilization. This region came
under the influence of many people such as Aryans, Persians and Greeks. Till
today the impact of Persian culture in Saraikis can be seen in their art architecture
and poetry. After the Islam was spread in the region it was turned into main
Islamic center in the sub-continent. The group has many religions such as
Hinduism, Sikhism and Islam. After the partition of 1947, majority of Muslims
Saraikis got settled in West Pakistan. Today about 99 percent of Saraikis are
Muslims in Pakistan. Saraikis mostly belong to Arain, Ansari, Dhareja, Khosa,
Rajput and legari etc.
Saraiki culture gives utmost important to Sufism and has devotion towards
shrines of saints. The language of Saraiki it originated with Indo-Aryan
languages. It is the softest spoken language in Pakistan. The majority of Saraikis
live in the Southern and Northwest of Punjab, districts of Dera Ismail Khan and
also in areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhua. The language is also spoken in some parts
of Sindh and Baluchistan. Jhoomar is the traditional dance of this ethnic group
which was originated in Multan and Balochistan.The essence of Saraiki culture

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can be seen in Multan. The city has old and new architecture which represents the
Persian influence in South Asia. There are number of tombs, shrines and mosques
which reflect the rich cultural heritage of Sarikis.
8.11.5 Minority Ethnic Groups in Pakistan
Balochi is the minority ethnic group of Pakistan. Only 3.6 percent of
Pakistanis belong to this ethnic group. Despite the fact of small ethic group it has
beautiful culture with many traditional art & craft. The majority of Balochis live
in the Baluchistan province in Pakistan. The region is known for its vast dessert
and mountains. Balochi culture has beautiful art of hand embroidery. The group is
also known for its traditional festivals. Storytelling is the most eminent feature in
this culture. Therefore, storytellers and poets are given due respect in Balochis.
The origins of Balochi language belongs to Iranian branch of Indo-European
family. Balochi is similar to the Sansikrat, Avesta, Old Persian and Phalavi
languages.Balochis believe in strong tribal system. Sardar is considered as the
head of the tribe. Different tribes have their own sub heads known as “Malik” or
“Mir”. The tribal heads are the members of district councils and local council i.e.
Jirgas. Some of the famous Balochi tribes are Rind, Lashar, Marri, Jamot,
Ahmedzai, Bugti, Khosa, Rakhashani and Khidai etc. The famous sports of
Balochis are “Chauk” and “Ji”. Balochi is the most preserved ethnic culture of
Pakistan. It is mainly because slow development of the Baluchistan province. The
collect data by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics depicts that the urban population of
the province was only 27.55 percent in 2017. Hence, Balochi culture is still
prevailing in the province due to slow urbanization.
Mahajirs contributes to 7.6 percent of Pakistan’s population. They were
the people who migrated to Pakistan from different parts of India during
independence. Muhajirs in Pakistan speak multiple languages i.e. Dakhani,
Khariboli, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Hyderabasi, Mewati, Sadri, Marwari, and Haryanvi.
However, the most prominent among them is Urdu. Therefore, Muhajirs are also
referred as “Urdu Speaking” in Pakistan. Most of Muhajirs settled in Sindh and
Punjab. Karachi, Hyderaabd, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas and Lahore are the major
settlements of Muhajirs in Pakistan. The conflict of political rights in the past
made the minority ethnic groups the sense of unity among them. Other minority
groups contribute 6.2 percent of country’s population.

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 The history of all the major ethnic groups of Pakistan elaborates the fact
that Pakistan is the land of several civilizations. Each civilization gave its own
color which ultimately made the culture of Pakistan so diverse. On the other hand,
Urbanization is molding the different cultures of the country to one modern
culture. It is also very important to understand that the urbanization is also
causing some major conflicts between different ethnic groups of the country.

8.12 Political Conflicts in Pakistan

Since independence Pakistan is facing numerous political conflicts. The
political instability in the country is causes by the drift between civilian, military
and Islamists. All three wings of governance have their own codes and ideologies.
Pakistan emerged on map with a lot of struggles and sacrifices. Therefore, strong
defense became its crucial need to safeguard the country from external threats. It
eventually led military wing the domination on the state matters. The history of
martial laws in Pakistan highlights the role of military in the governance of
Pakistan.
On one hand, where long years of military rule safeguarded the country,
on the other side, it weakened the democratic institutions and principles. Many
political conflicts in Pakistan are the fruit of struggle between Pakistan and India.
Kashmir issue eventually led to the partition of West and East Pakistan. The
internal political tensions in the state are also because of the involvement of
Pakistan in US-Afghanistan war. War on terror had deeply affected the
international and domestic politics of Pakistan. Many Afghani refugees got
settled in Pakistan due to this war. The large number of migrants also increased
the political problems of the country.
The long military rule also immensely affected the policies and strategies
of the state. Four times The National Assembly of Pakistan was dissolved by the
military. The first started by General Ayub Khan during 1958 to 1969. In his rule
the powers of parliament reduced which made it an ineffective institution. Then
General Yahya Khan took control during 1969 to 1971. He renamed the
parliament as Advisory Committee. This step also lowered the status of the
parliament and most importantly gave the power of legislation to president. Since
then several amendment were made but the political system of Pakistan is still on
secondary position. Afterwards, General Zia ul Haq imposed martial law in

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Pakistan during 1978 to1988. The last military head of the country was General
Pervaiz Musharraf who ruled from 1999 to 2008. During his rule he introduced
PCOs which made it compulsory for judges to take oaths. Another step which
greatly affected the democratic dynamic of the country was the dissolution of the
judges of National Assembly.
Although the military power took all the anti-democratic steps in Pakistan
but still strong opposition have been seen as a reaction to their policies. First
advocates raised their voices for the revival of the constitution of Pakistan. This
group of opposition includes lawyers, political leaders, party workers, liberals,
students, trade unions, and media. The second group which showed strong
resistance towards military actions was political parties of Pakistan. Political
parties were also favored by common people as they were familiar with the
concept of campaigns, voting and election. By passing years, public started to
show open criticism on dictatorship over democracy.
8.12.1 Political Conflicts in Ethnic groups
The diversity of ethnic groups in Pakistan also contributed to the political
problems of the country. The governance failed to bring closer the differences of
ethnic groups. The major problems are the lack of resources and income disparity
which causes drift among different groups. The situation becomes worst when
political parties use this weakness for their personal gains. It is often seen that the
political parties represent themselves as the leaders only for one particular group
rather than a nation.
Multiple ethnic groups in the country eventually promoted the biradary
system in Pakistan. It is commonly seen that ethnic conflicts occur mostly in the
atmosphere of elections. Some ethnic groups only cast their votes within their
own ethnic group. The politics of cast system not only prevails in rural but urban
areas as well. Politicians get the maximum benefit of this situation. Most of the
political parties also provide political tickets only to the people of well-known
caste. This often gives chance to incompetent persons to win election even
without any clear manifesto. The practice of caste system is the major cause of
problems among different groups of people in Pakistan.
Another political conflict in Pakistan is due to the tension between Sunni
and Shia groups. The ideology of Pakistan is based on the religion therefore;
religious groups are also very active in the political matters of the state. This had

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caused huge obstacle in the formation of constitution based on single Islamic
ideologies. Basic principles of Islam were first approved by the scholars of all the
sects then they became the part of constitution of Pakistan. Even during the
military rule religious groups like Jamat-e-Islami and Jamiat-ul-ulema-e-Islam
were given due importance in the internal politics.
It is the common practice of rulers to create the problems between
different group for their own benefits. During the rule of General Zia-ul-Haq the
differences between Shia and Sunni widens. He tried to infuse religion in politics
which caused many non-Muslim minorities to lose hope in political system of
Pakistan. Zia-ul-Haq strongly believed in sectarian ideology which gave
encouragement to other extremist sectarians in the country. The Several serial
killings and violent attacks on Sunni and Shia became common in Pakistan. The
violent atmosphere prevailed in Pakistan till 1990’s. It was very difficult to handle
a situation in a state where multi-cultural groups exist which has same religion.
He also gave high status to Ullemas. Most of them had very narrow views about
other religious groups. General Zia’s policy gave more favors to Sunni as
compared to Shia. Such minor disparity caused major disparity among them. This
opportunity led the foreign enemies to widen the gap between them.
The political conflicts In Pakistan increased due to the war and terror in
Afghanistan. In the regime of Pervaiz Musharraf many policies were formulated
to handle the extremist group of the country. However, the policies proved to be
ineffective as the ratio of suicide bombing became common in Pakistan. Since last
decade Law enforcement agencies have efficiently working in order to ensure the
security of Pakistan. The extremism of last decade compromised the image of
Pakistan in international community. However, now the governance of Pakistan is
combating the political conflicts with strong and effective policies to ensure
political stability in the country.

8.12.2 Socio–Economic disparities and Unemployment

Unemployment is a situation where one remains jobless for a long term. If
more than half of the population of a country remains unemployed. It creates a
disastrous situation. Pakistan ranks in one of the highest unemployed ratio
countries. Pakistan is a developing country which still needs a lot of working in
order to surpass its current situation. The reason behind its failure is building of

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inaccurate economic policies which fail to create job vacancies for the public.
When majority of population is out of work, it not only creates an impact on the
economy but it also causes rift among public. Their constant free time and
substandard life turns their activities into criminal affairs. The reasons behind this
chaotic situation are employments given without the concern of merit rather
nepotism or favoritism is considered reliable for the selection. Political unrest and
terrorism restrain investors in investing in Pakistan, which hinders the business
growth of the country. Government should not only promote employment of
agriculture sector, but also should work to increase the employment in industrial
sector of Pakistan.
Pakistan is an agrarian country. Most of its resources are utilized in
agricultural activities. While industrial areas are still under-developed. This is the
one of the main reason of unemployment in Pakistan. 43 percent of labors are
invested in agricultural activities which makes their job seasonal.
Available data from June 1980 to June 2018, the lowest record of
employment was of 3.04 percent in June 1986. However, the all-time highest
record was 8.27 percent in June 2003. This data is reported by Pakistan Bureau of
Statistics. Other than that rapidly increasing population is a major drawback as
well. Political instability in Pakistan is another reason of rising unemployment in
the country. Although, urbanization has opened many doors for businesses but
political instability in Pakistan makes investors reluctant to invest in industries.
After the Nationalization began in Pakistan in 1972, many industrialists
were hesitant in investing more. This caused a great impact on the Pakistan’s
economic growth. As a result, many people suffered and still are suffering from
unemployment. Pakistan has also faced terrorism for more than decades. Even
International organizations never actually approached Pakistan for this matter. In
short, Pakistan’s business community is still progressing and many of its labors
are still unemployed.
8.12.3 Reasons of Unemployment in Pakistan
Since Pakistan came into being unemployment rate has been gradually
increasing day by day. There are many reasons behind it. Due to which Pakistan’s
economic status has been adversely damaged. Pakistan as a country suffered a lot
with wastage of its human resources. It is important to understand the facts that
why Pakistan’s unemployment rate is severely affected.

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8.12.4 Political Instability
Pakistan as a country always lacked in forming the vision for utilizing its
human resources for productivity. Constant political instability demoralized the
public. Not only that, Pakistan has been constantly switching from Nationalization
to Privatization. This switching time to time created a rift among investors and
they gradually inclined towards foreign countries. During the Nationalization era
Pakistan faced a loss of ₨.254 million. If Pakistan had been politically stable
unemployment had been eliminated by now.
8.12.5 Lack of Industries
Pakistan is an agrarian country. It primary focus is on agriculture sector.
This causes negligence towards industrial sector. A lot of investment and working
needs to be done in order to establish smooth working of Industries. As Industrial
sector is not fully developed, many potential employees remain jobless. In
addition, lack of industries creates a situation where a country has to import more
than its exporting ratio. This also weakens the economic growth of the country. In
2019, Industrial production decreased to 7.92 percent in Pakistan. As compared to
the industrial production of 1991 was estimated as 35.15 percent. The fact
highlights that twenty-eight years ago Pakistan reached its prime in Industrial
field. Yet, Government of Pakistan has failed to analyze the intensity of the
situation.
8.12.6 Inadequate Skilled Labor
Pakistan has inadequate skilled labor. Labors are not highly skilled. They
are hard-working but still they lack skills. Professionally trained labor can
accommodate themselves with their expertise and can earn livelihood without any
employment. However, the industrial system of Pakistan still lacks the
infrastructure where workers can professionally be trained. Even the country’s
education system is more theoretical than practical. In education system the main
motive is to cover the due course rather than teaching practical work, which could
be helpful for them later in life. Training of skilled work is also not common in
educational institutes. Neither mentors nor families give importance to the
development of technical abilities in young generation. Therefore, in the country
students are unable to gain any useful skills which could have helped them in
professional lives.

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8.12.7 Nepotism
Nepotism culture is highly popular in Pakistan. Criteria of hiring
employees are usually based on nepotism and references. This makes deserving
candidates jobless. They lose their work potential due to these circumstances.
Nepotism has taken over Pakistan. As potential workers are out of job due to
favoritism they lose their enthusiasm for work. Even in government sector mostly
hiring is based on nepotism. Deserving candidates from under-privileged families
are usually set aside in the job appointment.

8.13 Recommended Policies for Unemployment

To control the current situation of unemployment the government needs to
organize a proper scheme to handle future planning of the country. While creating
this scheme every aspect should be considered. Measures should be properly
implemented so that Pakistan could get rid of unemployment. It should organize
their business affairs in a way that upcoming and current generation can have a
long term employment. Favorable policies needed to be form which invites
foreign investors and over-seas Pakistanis to invest in Pakistan. Better policies
and incentives should be implemented so that entrepreneurs and freelancing can
be promoted. Efficient schooling system, vocational centers and modern means of
farming can also help to increase the employment rate in Pakistan. Awareness of
family planning programs need to be organized for the public to guide them about
the upcoming situation of their economy. In short, Pakistan is failing to provide
its citizens a reliable source of income, and reasons behind this situation.
As most of the business is through agricultural activity in Pakistan, many
workers are employed for certain period of time. Government should introduce
modern method of farming. Pakistan’s farmers mostly grow only one type of
crop. Government should introduce mixed type of cropping. This will not only
help in increasing the variety of exports but it will engage workers on job for the
whole year. Other than that, farmers should be properly trained for horticulture,
pisciculture and apiculture etc. This can maximize the growth of field in
agriculture. It will indirectly engage many more labors in the work field.
The deep analysis of unemployment in Pakistan sheds light on the root
cause of unemployment. It can be concluded that skilled education of Pakistan is
deficient and backward. It hasn’t been revised in many years, pattern and ways of

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our education system is still the same as it was in 90’s. New methods of teaching
should be implemented for practical work and experiments. If Vocational
Training Institutes are established all over the country, then workers can also
become proficient in earning bread and butter for their families. They can be self-
employed rather than waiting for an opportunity.
This situation can also be tackled down by controlling the ratio of
Population. Pakistan’s population is rapidly growing which is creating an
unbalance between unemployment and job vacancies. Statistically speaking
Pakistan’s population is increasing at a rate of 2.2 percent per year. If government
impose any policies regarding family planning, it can be beneficial for both ends.
Not only unemployment ratio can be controlled but life will become easier for
families to make both ends meet.
8.13.1 Socio-Economic Disparities in Pakistan
Pakistan has faced socio-economic disparities ever since it came into
being. The class difference has always been a major problem in the stability of the
country. It divided the nation into many levels. This unequal distribution of
income among the four provinces of Pakistan is the major cause of conflict.
Despite being rich in minerals and land, Baluchistan is never given its due
significant importance. Among the other provinces Baluchistan and FATA faces
backward problems in terms of infrastructure and development. On the other
hand, Sindh and Punjab have always been more advanced by every mean.
This unjust and unequal treatment with Balochistan and FATA caused a
sense of deprivation and alienation among Balochis and people of FATA.
Pakistan has been a victim of an unspoken rivalry as a nation caused by socio-
economic differences.
From provinces this difference is passed down to economic statuses such
as upper class, middle class and lower class. Which is further divided into
religious groups. As Pakistan is a Muslim majority country, Non-Muslims like
Hindus, Christians and Sikhs etc sometimes face difficulties fin their social lives.
Although the current situation of Pakistan is economically not stable, still
government is making keen policies and measures to resolve this inequality in the
society. Developing countries like Pakistan has undeveloped and unstable
business sector. Therefore, it is major drawback for the government to provide
jobs to every citizen. According to the stats, one-third of the male youth is either

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idle or unemployed in Pakistan. When majority of population of the country is
unemployed it creates further difference among elite class and lower class. This
situation often leads to high crime rate. To control this scenario current state
government is providing the youth more business opportunities to restraint them
from deprivation. Rights of all kinds of minorities are also given consideration to
resolve the issue of disparity at all the levels in Pakistan.
8.13.2 Legal status of Immigrants in Pakistan
The relation between the Immigrants and Pakistan has never been cleared.
Pakistan had hosted many nations as refugees still it had failed to give them a
proper legal status. There are many reasons behind it such as discrimination,
racism, economic crisis and lack of funds etc. Despite all this, Pakistan was
ranked as second largest refugee hosting country in 2017.
The first ever wave of Immigrants were Muhajirs - widely known as “Urdu
Speaking”. They fled from India during the partition of Sub-continent, in 1947.
Pakistan lacked resources and funds to provide jobs and facilities to every
immigrant. The second wave of Muhajirs shifted to Pakistan during 1947-1971.
There were approximately 6.3 million Muhajir immigrants moved to Pakistan,
according to 1951 census .Pakistan provided them with legal and social status in
the society and embraced them as a part of nation.
After the separation with the East wing of Pakistan in 1971, Bangladesh
was founded. This separation caused a severe impact on the economic stability of
both the countries. When situation became worst in Bangladesh in 1980s,
thousands of illegal immigrants migrated to Pakistan. It reached at the peak of 2.5
million population. It became unacceptable for the state to declare them as the
citizen of Pakistan. However, those illegal immigrants got stuck in Pakistan
forever as Bangladesh also required the legal documentation of their Bangladeshi
citizenship. These immigrants are still residing in Pakistan with a fear of facing
the consequences of not having any legal identity proof. They have been living in
Pakistan more than 4 decades yet, they have no legal identity in Pakistan.
Pakistan hosted Afghan refugees from the Soviet -Afghanistan's war ,during 1970
to 2017. They were provided with rehabilitation centers, camps, medical facilities
and schooling. NGO's like UNHCR funded Pakistan in order to help Afghan
refugees. Unfortunately, Pakistan had its owns obstacles like internal terrorism,
economic instability, political unrest etc. It became unbearable for the state to

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look after the refugees anymore. Even with these scenarios Pakistan fulfilled the
commitment of hosting them. They weren't given citizenship of Pakistan but all
the possible aid was provided to them. According to statistics of UNHCR in 2017,
1.3 million Afghans were registered in Pakistan.
The citizenship Act of Pakistan was amended several times. The last
amendment was done to the Act was in 2000. Citizenship Act was first introduced
in 1951. Pakistan Act of citizenship by migration declared that “If a person
migrates from Indian territory before 1 January 1952, with the intention of
permanently residing then they may receive citizenship”. At the time of
independence many immigrants fled to Pakistan due to its ideological emergence.
The Islamic ideology united different ethnic groups of Sub-continent as one
nation. The state of Pakistan provided citizenship to all those immigrants who
moved to Pakistan after the initial years of independence according to this Act.
Some of the immigrants also got legal Pakistani identity because their ancestors.
Recently the government is also planning to amend some citizenship laws for
Afghanis born in Pakistan.
Pakistan’s current economic and social dynamics are deep rooted with its
history. Multiple ethnic groups, blended cultures and belief on one ideology is
what make Pakistan today. Unlike any other country in the world, Pakistan is the
home of several ethnic groups and also hosts large amount of immigrants. Each
ethnic group in Pakistan resides in separate territory, with own language,
tradition, custom, literature, music etc. Despite their differences they are
considered as one nation because all the groups value the ideology of Pakistan.
However, recent trend of urbanization is fading the cultures of all the ethnic
groups in some form. Urbanization is spreading the culture of modernization
which is homogenous around the world. In some parts of Pakistan the process of
urbanization is slow and steady whereas, on some other parts its rapid. The
imbalance of urbanization has also created some socio-economic problems for
people. The race of collecting more resources made people more violent in
modern days. The sense of ruling over physical and human resources has created
rift in the form of political instability. Urbanization on one side is making the
upper class more privileged and lower class more suppressive. In spite of all its
drawbacks, Urbanization is the most crucial need of Pakistan. Planned
urbanization can help to predict and achieve goals which have never been

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achieved by the country before. The spread of urbanization especially on under-
developed parts of Pakistan can be useful to narrow the disparity between
different ethnic groups. It can also boost the infrastructural development all over
Pakistan. The only thing which needs to be taken care of is effective planning and
measures which ensure slow but steady progress of the country.

Self- Assessment Questions

1. What are the major contributions of urbanization in the infrastructure of
Pakistan?
2. Name the ethnic groups of Pakistan.
3. Identify political conflicts in the country.
4. What are the major reasons of unemployment in the country?
5. What is the legal status of immigrants in the country?

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References

Determinants and Implications of Major Conflicts in Pakistan by Usman Mustafa

Journal of Political Studies, Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan by Gulshan

Majeed

Report of Economic Survey of Pakistan 2006-2007 by Pakistan Bureau of

Statistice

Report of Economic Survey of Pakistan 20012-2013 by Pakistan Bureau of

Statistics

Towards an inclusive Public Service Transport in Pakistan Muhammad Adeel,

Anthony G.O Yeh and Zhang Feng

Public Infrastructure Trends and Gaps in Pakistan by Norman Loayza and

Tomoko Wada

The report of Karachi Infrastructure and Institutions Modernization Underway by

World Bank

Pakistan: Punjab Road Development Sector Project by Asian Development Bank

Public Sector Development Programme 2019-20 by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

Federal PSDP 2019-20 by Pakistan Bureau of Statistice

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Unit No. 9

TRACKLING URBAN CONFLICTS

Written by:
MR. Mubbareen Imran
Reviewed by:
Dr. Amna Mehmood

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 CONTENTS
Introduction 215
Objectives 215
9.1 Opportunities of Urbanization 216
9.2 The Role of Natural Growth of Population in the Urbanization of
Pakistan 216
9.3 Role of Rural-Urban Migration in Urbanization of Pakistan 217
9.4 Role of Immigrants in the Urbanization of Karachi 217
9.5 Natural Disasters and Trend of Urbanization 218
9.6 Social and Economical Problems 219
9.7 Poverty in Rural Areas of Pakistan 219
9.8 Rural Education System of Pakistan 222
9.9 Rural Unemployment in Pakistan 223
9.10 Healthcare System in Pakistan 225
9.11 Development of Healthcare System in Pakistan 225
9.12 Life Expectancy in Pakistan 226
9.13 Government Expenditure on Health Sector 227
9.14 Urban Conflict Reduction Approaches 228
9.14.1 Effective Transportation System in Urban Areas of
Pakistan 230
9.14.2 Reduction Approaches to Housing Shortages 230
9.14.3 Provision of Water in Urban Pakistan 232
9.14.4 Construction of Underground City 233
9.14.5 Measures to Control Urban Pollution 234
9.14.6 Uplifting of Rural Areas 235
9.14.7 Collaboration of Private and Public Sectors 236
9.15 Strengthening Public Order 237
9.15.1 Police Reform 238
9.15.2 Enforcement of Laws 239
9.15.3 Role of Federation in Public Order 239
9.15.4 Role of Volunteer 239
9.15.5 Effective Complain System 240
9.16 Employment Creation Programmes 240
9.17 Ensuring the Participation of Women 241
9.17.1 Obstacles in the way of Women Employments 242

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 9.17.2 Approaches to Increase Participation of Female Labour Force 242
9.17.3 Befits of Jobs for Women 243
9.17.4 Promotion of Women Empowerment by Media 243
9.17.5 Provision of Safe Work Environment 243
9.17.6 Provision of Education for Opening Doors of Occupations 244
9.17.7 Encouragement of Female Entrepreneurships 245
9.18 Role of Women in Politics 245
9.19 Self-Assessment Questions 246

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Introduction
The data collected by United Nations in 2018, indicates that about 55
percent population of the world lived in urban areas. The ratio is predicted to
increase further to 68 percent in 2050. In other words, 2.5 million population will
form their settlements in urban lands by 2050. It is said that about 80 percent of
Global Domestic Product is generated by urban population of the world. The data
further sheds light that about 90 percent of urban population will sprawl in the
continents of Asia and Africa. Urban population has enormously in South Asia.
Pakistan’s total population is estimated about 216,565,318 in the mid of 2019.
The urban population is 34.9 percent in the country. The uprising urban
population in Pakistan is the major reason of growth of economic opportunities in
the country. Cities have given ways to elevate poverty, improving infrastructure
and tackling pollution.

Objectives
After studying this unit, you will be able:
 to know about the role of natural growth of population
 to find out the role of rural – urban migration
 to know about the employment creation programmes

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9.1 Opportunities of Urbanization
Natural expansion of population and internal migration within the country
are the vital elements which give way to urbanization in any country. It can take
place in all kinds of settlements ranging from small villages to cities.
Urbanization changes the semi urban areas into cities and cities into metropolitan
cities. In Pakistan, large natural population, rural to urban migration and socio-
economic problems were the major reasons of urbanization in the country.
Insufficient incomes of individuals, backward education system, poor healthcare
and lack of basic necessities have forced people to turn their direction to nearby
towns and cities. Cities like Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar and Quetta have become
the urban hubs and economic centers of the country. This is due to the joining of
peripheral regions around them which further extended the size of these cities. In
addition to this, the industrialization and government policies helped the
economic development which ultimately contributed to urbanization in Pakistan.
Greater life expectancy has decreased the death rate in the country, which resulted
in the population explosion. The trend of urbanization also accelerated because of
natural processes i.e. floods, environmental changes, droughts, and earthquakes.
Costal zones have always been attractive regions for human settlements because
of natural resources and trade routes. However, these areas also easily get affected
by floods. This is another reason of internal migration in Pakistan.

9.2 The Role of Natural Growth of Population in the Urbanization of Pakistan

Pakistan total population is estimated about 216,565,318 in the mid of
2019 according to UN statistics. This population is equivalent to 2.81% of the
total world population. It ranks on fifth position on the list of most populous
countries in the world. . According to recent data, Pakistan has 34.9 percent of
urban population in 2019. The population of the country is grown to 6 times since
independence. The main reason of this outgrown population of Pakistan is the
lowest usage of contraceptive in South Asia. Despite of several family planning
programs launched by the government, the rate of contraceptive usage remained
below 35 percent in last decade. According to World Bank Development
Indicators Database, the population of the country increased from 50 million to 78
million during 1970 to 1980. The population further increased to 108 million in
1990. The population kept on increasing to 138 million in the next decade. In
2015, the population exploded to 189 million. For the accommodation and the

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provision of basic necessities of large population turned the semi-urban areas into
fully urban areas.

9.3 Role of Rural-Urban Migration in Urbanization of Pakistan

The dependence on industrial sector and large scale manufacturing gave
way to rural-urban migration. This ultimately led to the opportunity to
urbanization. It has been observed that population increase in urban areas is
double than overall population increase in the world. The data collected by
Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe indicates that about 29 percent of total world
population was settled in urban lands, in 1950. The people living in urban regions
further rose to 43 percent within 40 years. The figure drastically changed to 50
percent in 2000. The statistics of World Health Organization 2015 depicts, about
54 percent of the total world’s population was urban. It is predicted that world’s
urban population will expand to 60 percent by 2030. The trend of urbanization in
Pakistan is becoming common. The number of people living in rural areas of the
country is shifting to urban areas. In Pakistan certain areas are densely populated
whereas, in other areas population growth rate is declining. The situation is the
result of free movement within the country and settlements of immigrants. An
economic opportunity is another underlying cause of rural-urban migration. The
census of 1972 and 1981 indicated that urban population staggered at 4.4 percent.
During this time growth rate of rural population was 2.6 percent. However, the
census of 1951 shows substantial increase of 18 percent in urban population. The
figure kept on escalating from 18 percent to 28 percent, during 1951 to 1981. The
people living in urban areas of Pakistan reached to 32.52 percent, in 1998. More
people are directing towards cities thus, urbanization of Pakistan is expanding.
Urbanization is spread out unequally in Pakistan. The trend of urbanization is
growing fast in some cities due to the migration of people from nearby towns and
villages. According to Pakistan Educational Cell, Karachi has the urban
population of 21.7 percent on the other hand, Lahore has 12.7 percent. The rest
54.6 percent of Pakistan’s urban population is accumulated in the big cities; i.e.
Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Hyderabad, Gujranwala, Peshawar and Quetta.

9.4 Role of Immigrants in the Urbanization of Karachi

The emergence of urbanization in Karachi is mainly because of its ideal
position at costal line. The sea port connecting to Arabian Sea has made the city

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more significant in terms of economic activities. Karachi is the most populated
city of Pakistan. Its ideal position on the coastline has drawn attention of millions
of people since 18th century. The population of the city is estimate as 15,741,406
people in 2019. Statistics shows that in 2016 it was the biggest city in all the
Muslim countries. It was 7th largest urban center of the world. The trend of
urbanization was initiated through migration of people belonging to multi-ethnic
and linguistic backgrounds.
At the time of independence, most of the population of the city was
consisted of Sindhis and Balochis. Sikhs and Hindus were also the small part of
the population. Gujaratis were another group of people who formed their
settlements in Karachi long ago. Even today most of Gujarati community lives in
Saddar area of Karachi. During 1950’s majority of non-Muslims left the city and
shifted to India. However, there are still some Anglo-Indians, Parsis, and Goan
Catholics people in Karachi. The massive urbanization in the city is mainly due
to large scale migration of Muslims Muhajirs from India. During 1980 to 1990,
about 2 million Biharis and Bangalis also took refuge in Pakistan and started their
livelihood in Karachi. Not only this, the city of light have also given shelters to
number of Burmese, Ugandans, Iranians, Arabs, Philippines and Sinhalese.
Pakhtuns are considered as the second largest ethnic community in Karachi. The
Pakhtuns originally belongs to Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Collected data
indicates that the city holds the largest urban Pakhtun population in the world. Out
of which only 50,000 Afghanis are registered refugees. It contributes to 25
percent of the total population of Karachi.
The large scale migrations of nearly 5 million people to the city have
swiftly grown the urban trend. The blend of different groups of people and their
economic activities made Karachi one of the largest economic centers in South
Asia.

9.5 Natural Disasters and Trend of Urbanization

Pakistan has no different fate than other South Asian countries in terms of
occurrence of natural disasters. Pakistan is hit multiple times by different natural
disasters such as; floods, earthquakes, landslides, cyclones, and drought. The
causalities of these disasters are more severe in countryside than cities. According
to the World Disasters Report 2003, 6,037 people lost their lives and 8,989,631
got affected by natural disaster in Pakistan, during 1993 to 2000. In one report of

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Pakistan disaster risk index reports that the country is mostly hit by floods. The
data shows that number of floods faced by the country was 144 and number of
earthquake was 99 (1947 to 2016). The highest natural disaster is flood which
affects the large portion of rural population of the country. In 2013, the floods
caused 333 deaths, 173 injuries and 79,943 damaged houses. In 2014, the tornado
in KP killed 49 people and 267 injured. Pakistan also faced floods in this year
which took the lives of 367 people, injured 673 and 107,102 damaged houses.
Earthquake hit hard on KP in 2015. It caused causalities of about 272 people,
injured 852 and affected 96,152 housing. In the same year Pakistan again
witnessed life threatening floods which killed 238 lives, injured 232 and damaged
the 10,716 housing. The hazard of floods continue to strike Pakistan in 2016 and
2017 as well resulting in deaths of 424 people and injured 472 and affected 2,448
houses (National Disaster Response Plan 2019). The statistics clearly
demonstrates that floods in the country destroyed the lives of hundreds of people
especially belonging to under developed parts of Pakistan. Another data of
National Disaster Response Plan 2019 further elaborates the number of affected
villages by floods. It is reported that about 17,553 villages got affected, in 2010.
The next year the number of villages increased to 38,700. In 2012, there was a
slight decline in 14,159 villages. The continuous floods in rural lands of Pakistan
have caused large scale destruction of properties and lives. The natural calamities
pushed large rural population to cities thus it contributed to urbanization f
Pakistan.

9.6 Social and Economical Problems

Socio-economic problems are those issues which affect the social and
economic behavior of people. The relationship between them is correlated. Social
problems include illiteracy, poverty, overpopulation, unemployment and
corruption etc. These issues lead to economic problems like inflation, energy
crises, and income disparity etc.

9.7 Poverty in Rural Areas of Pakistan

Poverty is the serious issue prevailing in the country. It affects the
economic status of people.
About 80 to 90 percent of large cluster of population is settled in rural
areas of Asia and Africa. To study the poverty trend in a country it is important to

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know that there are mostly two types of poverty in developing countries. One is
transitory and other is chronic poverty. Transitory poverty is said to be temporary
poverty in which people became trap and escape from poverty within two periods.
Those people face both sides of poverty; fall in and move out from it. On the
other hand, in chronic poverty people spend most of their lives in the misery of
poverty. Therefore, studying of standard of living is not enough to determine the
stability over time. The analysis of poverty rate of Pakistan speculates that the
poverty reduction in the country is not stable and keeps on changing. Another
important fact is that large population is clustered around the poverty line. Any
slight changes in the micro and macro economics affect this portion of population
greatly. This fact is neglected completely in the poverty reduction strategies
leading to rural-urban migration.
Poverty is spread more deeply in rural than urban areas. The households
which are dependent on agriculture, informal business and labor are more poverty
stricken. Poverty is mushrooming more in the provinces of Punjab and
Baluchistan. The foremost reason of this misery is the backward agricultural
system. Although, the development of agrarian sector had been the prime focus of
the government since the independence of newly born state. In 1960s visible shift
was witness from traditional low quality inputs to technological based inputs. The
change uplifted the sector in the form of usage of high yield varieties of seed,
fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation system. Thus, the growth rate of the
agriculture sector was raise from 1.8 percent to 5 percent, during 1950s to 1960s.
The contribution was marked as “Green Revolution” in the history of Pakistan.
Despite the fact, the development in rural areas could not keep up the pace with
developed parts of the country. Although the growth of population was high, there
was a substantial decline in rural poverty in 1963-64. According to Gilani et al.,
1981, the evident decrease in the poverty was due to large migration to Middle
Eastern countries. The overseas migration played vital role in the rural parts of
Pakistan. The survey indicates that 63 percent of migrated labors belonged to
rural areas. They sent their remittances to their households, which ultimately
became the reason of poverty reduction in Pakistan. It is reported that during 1964
to 1970, rural poverty leaped from 41 percent to 55 percent.
The poverty was at its peak in this period due to the replacement of labor
with machines and decline in the tenants. The widespread of rural unemployment
pushed people to move to nearby towns and cities. The poverty line was

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considerably low in 1970s to 1980s. The poverty trend in Pakistan increased
again in 1990s. During the period 1993 to 1999, rate of poverty raised from 26.6
percent to 32.2 percent. There was an increase of 12 million poor people in the
population. Inefficient policies and large scale corruption were the utmost reasons
of the uprising poverty in the country. International Monetary Fund provided its
assistance in 2001 to the Government of Pakistan in the planning of Interim
Poverty Reduction Strategy. During this period about 29.5 percent poor people
were the part of total population of Pakistan. In other words, about 55 million
people were poverty stricken. Since 1991, large number of population falls on
poverty line. The economic instability is the biggest contributor in the increasing
poverty rate of Pakistan. The affect is much severe in the countryside. The rural
poverty was marked as 36.3 percent whereas urban poverty was 22.6 percent, in
1999. Income inequality is another significant factor behind the spread of poverty
in all the areas of the country. Majority of rural population of the country is
directly or indirectly is dependent on agriculture sector. On contrary, about 40
percent of rural population is not working at farms. Low economic growth pushes
this group of people in to poverty. Not only this, it lowers the pace of
development of public sector and reduces the wage rate of labors. The uplift of
poverty during that period can be analyzed by the data of provinces. During 1993
to 1999, the poverty extended in Punjab from 25.2 percent to 33 percent. In the
province of Sindh the number of population were increased from 24.1 percent to
26.6 percent. The ratios also raised in KPK from 35.5 percent to 42.6 percent.
After 1999, the spread of poverty again started to reduce. The data collected by
the Planning Commission of Pakistan, indicates that in 2001 the rural poverty rate
was 70.2 percent whereas urban rate was 50 percent. These ratios were further
reduced and reached at 57.4 percent rural poverty and 36.6 percent urban poverty,
in 2005. The poverty line declined drastically within five years. As a result, the
poverty rates of rural and urban poverty were 42.1 percent and 26.2 percent. In
2019, statistics shows that the poverty rate of rural was 31 percent and urban
poverty was 13 percent. The continuous variation in the rates of rural and urban
poverty clearly depicts that rural areas of Pakistan have always hit harder by
poverty than urban. The population living on the rural land faces numerous
problems which force them to leave their settlements and shift to cities.

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9.8 Rural Education System of Pakistan
The defective rural education system is another major socio-economic
issue prevailing in the country. Pakistan is one of the most populated countries in
the world. It is estimated that Pakistan has the second largest population of
children not going to school. According to UNICEF 22.8 million children are out
of school age limit from 5 to 16 years. In other words it consisted of 44 percent of
total population. About 5 million children of age group 5 to 9 are not enrolled in
school. The ratio of out of school students doubles after the level of primary
education. The estimated out of school teenagers are 11.4 million. There is a
regional disparity in the country regarding rural-urban locations, gender, income
disparity, difference in syllabuses, types of school and types of education have
created disparity in socio-economic statuses of people.
Gender inequality in education system is more in underdeveloped parts of
the country. The disparity can be analyzed by the fact that 52 percent unprivileged
children are not enrolled in schools. Out of which large majority of about 58
percent consists of girls. The situation is even worst in Baochistan, where 78
percent girls are not going to schools. It is further estimated, that the total
enrollment of girls in 2018, at primary level was 8.6 million which drops to 2.8
million to lower secondary level and boys enrollment was 10.7million which
reduced to 3.6 million by reaching lower secondary level.
The gap between rural and urban literacy rates proves the prevailing
regional disparity in the country. The data collected by UNESCO depicts that the
literacy rate of Pakistan was just 16.40 percent, in 1950. The literacy rate
increased to 21.70 percent, in 1972. The census of 1981 indicates, the total
literacy rate of the country was 26.30 percent. This consisted 47.10 percent urban
rate and 17.30 percent of rural rate. The geographical disparity in education kept
on widening even in 1998. The total literacy rate of Pakistan during this year was
43.90 percent. Out of which urban rate was 63.08 percent and urban rate was
33.64 percent. The literacy rate stood same at 57 percent, during 2012 and 2014.
The literacy rate rose to 58 percent in 2018 (According to the Pakistan Economic
Survey). The total admissions at primary level were 59 percent in Punjab, 48
percent in Sindh, 53 percent in KPK and 33 percent in Balochistan. The provision
of education facilities vary with provinces. The educational opportunities are least
in Baluchistan due to underdeveloped education system. It is estimated that about
70 percent of children are out of school in Baluchistan. Many schools in rural

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areas of the province are not even functional. The situation is even worst because
in some schools there is unavailability of teaching staff. Dasht is a live example of
this regional disparity. It is a district in Balochistan which has the lowest literacy
rate. Awaran is another district of the province which hit hard by the earthquake,
in 2013. The large scale destruction affected the school buildings which
contributed to the number of out of school children.
The growing trend of private schooling has also increased the educational
disparity in rural and urban areas of Pakistan. The schools with high tuition fees
add up the class differences in society. Rather than becoming the reason of social
mobility. Large cities have number of private educational institutes which provide
quality education. On the other hand, majority of the children in rural areas are
enrolled in public schools. There are two major reasons behind this enrollments;
one the public schools out number private schools in rural areas. Second, public
schools are much more affordable than private schools. The quality of education
in public schools is not up to the mark thus, people move to cities for quality
education especially after higher secondary level. Not only this, it also affects the
recruitment of teachers. The negligence of administration in rural areas ultimately
lowers the standard of education. Medium of instruction is another factor which
increases the gap between rural and urban education systems. There is lack of
English-medium schools in rural areas as compare to urban areas. The lack of
implementation of educational policies in rural areas is also another element
which results in educational backwardness in Pakistan. Moreover, urban public
schools are allotted more funding than rural public schools. All these factors
combine to form major reason for population to shift in search for better
educational opportunities.

9.9 Rural Unemployment in Pakistan

Unemployment is another economic issue which causes enormous impact
on the progress of a country. It is a situation in which the manpower of a country
is not fully utilized. Sky-scraping unemployment causes wastage of resources.
The labor force and the resources are not optimally utilized in this situation. It
results in the suffering of a country’s economy. This socio-economic issue not
just only affects developing countries but also developed countries. There are
different types of employment. Unemployment is a situation where able-bodied is
unable to find a job according to his skills. In another situation it is also

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considered as unemployment when a person wants a full time job but only able to
find a part-time job. Although the roots of unemployment are spread everywhere,
but most developing nations are the prey of this problem. The issue is crucial
because it gives rise to other social problems like increase in crime rate, suicide
rate, threat to national security and poverty etc.
The economic crises have stretched out around the world and it also
affected Pakistan. Although urban and rural labor forces have risen with time but
it is mainly due to population explosion. The total labor force of Pakistan is
estimated as 75,143,660 million, in 2019. The total labor force of Pakistan was
11.6 million and unemployment rate was 1.4 percent (1960-1980). The total labor
force was 31.2 million and unemployment rate rose to 3.1 percent (1989-90). The
total labor force and unemployment increased to 40.4 million and 6.0 percent
(1999-2000). As the population of the country grew, the labor force also
expended to 54.9 million and unemployment decreased to 5.6 percent (2010-11).
The unemployment rate was 5.8 percent (2015-2016). The unemployment rate
slightly declined to 5.790 percent, in 2018 (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics).
However, numerous socio-economic factors have pushed labor force to the curse
of rural unemployment. The biggest problem with labor force in rural areas is
mismatched jobs according to skills. Educated individuals find difficulty to find
suitable jobs in rural lands. The other major factor which motivates people to shift
to urban land is low wages. Not just the literate people, but also agricultural labor
force faces hardship in finding secure jobs in villages. Some landlords do not give
secure employments to labors. Small portion of rural labor force has seasonal or
pat-time work which causes financial instability in their lives. The unemployment
causes great impact on rural areas of Pakistan.
The active labor force in Pakistan is above ten years of age. Traditional
unemployment graph demonstrates U-shaped pattern. The pattern shows the high
rate of unemployment in youngsters which gradually reduces among middle aged
group, then again the rate of unemployment goes high among old aged group.
The unemployment graph of Pakistan is similar. It is also observed that there is
large scale female unemployment prevailing in the country. Government has
launched several programs to control the practice of child labor around the
country. The policies have proved to be effective to control child labor to some
extend. This has resulted in the increase in employment rate in males. However,
female employment rate is low throughout the country. The reasons behind high

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level of female unemployment rate are lack of job opportunities and traditional
norms. Despite the fact, employed females are more in rural areas as compare to
urban areas of Pakistan. Keeping in view the growing trend of rural poverty in the
country, the high rate of female rural employment is quite oblivious. Majority of
working female labor force in rural areas work to make theirs ends meets. This
serious socio-economic issue makes a way for low-income families to move to
towns and cities for better living.

9.10 Healthcare System in Pakistan

Public and private sectors work together in healthcare system of Pakistan.
The sector comes under the authority of Ministry of Health which is responsible
to form strategies and policies for the wellbeing of the population. The policies
predominantly focus on the maternal healthcare, infant healthcare and
vaccinations. To make public health sector more efficient the administrative
authority of the sector is given at district level. In Pakistan healthcare system is
run by three units. The early basic structure of the health sector was composed of
Basic Health Units (BHUs) and Rural Health Centers (RHCs). For more intense
health problems Tehsil Headquarter Hospitals (THQs) and District Headquarter
Hospitals (DHQs) were formed. Separate units were design to work for maternal
care and child care. The total hospitals in the country are 1,279 and maternal &
childcare centers are 747for 216,565,318 million population. The number of
hospitals is quite less as compared to vast population of the country. This is
mainly due to the hardships of the newly born state, which took time to form the
basic healthcare structure in Pakistan.

9.11 Development of Healthcare System in Pakistan

At the time of independence, Pakistan had limited healthcare resources in
terms of both, equipments and manpower. Nation needed the health services more
crucially during that time. The bloodshed caused by the riots increased the
number of injured and killed population. Adding more to the severity of the
situation, there was widespread of infectious disease because of poor sanitation
and housing system. Although the Government of Pakistan took initiative to
provide free basic healthcare to the citizen but still large number of population
suffered wit different diseases. There were only 292 hospitals, 91 Maternal &
childcare centers and 727 dispensaries in the country. To promote the importance

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of hygiene and to provide protection from contagious diseases the government
formed in Lahore the “Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine”, in 1949.
Keeping in view the need of research centers in the country institute like “College
of Physicians and Surgeons” was established in Karachi, during 1962. The
development of “Federal Government Services Hospital” took place in Islamabad,
in 1966. The coming year bough eminent achievements in the health sector of
Pakistan. Multiple Institutes were developed such as; “National Institute of
Health” , “Vaccines and Sera” , “Drugs Control & Traditional Medicine” and
“College of Medical Laboratory Technology”. Majority of health institutes were
developed in the cities. Cities like Karachi and Lahore and Multan etc had few
hospitals which were not enough to treat the patients of cities and villages.
Therefore, government took steps to provide basic health facilities to districts and
villages. In the year of 1980’s work was done to extend the policies regarding first
level healthcare facilities. The policies were formedto establish Basic Health
Units and Rural Health Units in Pakistan. In 1985, Pakistan Institute of Medical
Sciences was established in Islamabad with the facility of 800 beds for patients.
The decade of 90’s focused more on development of health departments at
provincial and district levels and Family Planning & Primary Healthcare
programs. It is estimated that about 43,000 lady health workers were trained to
provide services and awareness in rural areas. The work was done on the
formation of Public Health Institute in Balochistan. According to National Health
Report 1996, the total number of health facilities was 1108, in 1947 which
escalated to 12000, in 1997. The total hospitals in Pakistan are estimated as 1,279,
and maternal & childcare centers are 747, Pakistan Statistics Bureau 2018.

9.12 Life Expectancy in Pakistan

Life expectancy means the average number of years an infant would live
in current mortality situation at the time of its birth. In other words, if health
indicator at birth remains same throughout the life of a person then it is expected
that he would live up to certain age. The mortality rate in Pakistan reached to
67.17 years, in 2019. The journey of healthcare sector in Pakistan can also be
studied by average life expectancy. In 1960, the life expectancy of Pakistanis was
45.40 years. The figure speculates the crucial reality of health indicator during the
first decade of the country. The work in the medical field, in terms of manpower
and institutes helped a great deal to increase the life expectancy. The mortality

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rate was 52.65 years, in 1970. Within a decade the expected lifespan increased to
56.86 years, in 1980. The next decade further added the mortality rate to 60.10
years. In 2000, the ratio increased just to 62.82 years. Despite the fact of
inadequate provision of medical facilities, the life expectancy increased to 65.26
years, in 2010. Currently the mortality rate in Pakistan reached to 67.17 years
(United Nations Population Division and Report of National Statistics).

9.13 Government Expenditure on Health Sector

The economical instability and inefficient governance of the country can
clearly be analyzed by the budgeting and expenditure of health sector in Pakistan.
Although the percentage kept inconstant with period of time but the annual
expenditure on health sector in Pakistan remained deficient to fulfill the needs of
its citizens. The total expenditure in 2018 on health sector was 0.49 percent of
GDP. The statistics of Pakistan Economic Survey 2015-2016, estimated that the
total expenditure on health was 0.58 percent during the period 2000 to 2005,
which was bit more than the current expenditure on healthcare. The expenditure
on heath sector staggered at 0.56 percent, during 2007 to 2008. The data further
estimated that in 2009 the percentage reduced to 0.53 percent of GDP. The
expenditure of the most vital sector of the economy even dropped to 0.23 percent
of GDP, in 2011. The expenditure sharply raised in 2015 to 0.77 percent. In the
year of 2017 uplifted the health budget and the total expenditure on health sector
was 1.12 percent of GDP. The expenditure again decreased to 0.49 percent in
2018.
Although the health sector in Pakistan has progressed with time but still
the healthcare system is inefficient to provide basic medicalfacilities to the
outnumbered population. The condition is even worst in rural areas .Those areas
still lags behind in human development indicator than developed parts of the
country. Not only the public hospitals are limited there, but also the contribution
of private hospitals is very less in rural parts of the country. Private hospitals do
not find villages as a good source of income. Even the public setups like Basic
Health Units and dispensaries are not working properly. Some of them are even
without doctors. Most of the qualified doctors resist working in rural settlements
because of poor infrastructure and facilities. The condition of public hospitals
and dispensaries in rural lands is so devastated that the majority of setups lack
basic machineries i.e x-ray. Another element which adds to the miseries of rural

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population is poor hygiene in hospitals and BHUs. Covers of medicines, stained
cotton and open disposal of syringes make public hospitals most contagious place
than any other place. Inadequate beds in hospitals often lead to early discharge of
patients. Sometimes the quality of medicines is also compromised which becomes
the reason of high mortality rate and spread of diseases. The most common
diseases in rural population are water borne diseases. Poor sanitation and
improper sewerage system in villages has increased the water borne diseases.
Therefore, large amount of rural population do their treatments in cities and most
preferably in private hospitals. It is estimated that about 71 percent of Pakistan’s
population visits private medical units for the treatments of general health
problems.
On the other hand, private sector of healthcare includes doctors, nurses,
pharmacists and quacks etc. Majority of private hospitals are established in cities.
They are run as sole proprietorship or in a partnership. Clinics in Pakistan serve
large population of the country. The data collect by Economic Census of 2001-
2003,indicatesthat the total private health centers were 96,430. According to law
all the working medical staffs needs to register themselves to the medical
institutes to whom they are working with. Unfortunately, this law is not practiced
often. The overall deficiencies in the health sector are majorly because of lack of
legislation and quality checked mechanism. There are no strict rules for licensing
especially in small localities and villages. All these inadequacies in the health
sector added to the socio-economic issues of Pakistan.

9.14 Urban Conflict Reduction Approaches

Since last decade the world has become more urbanized than ever. The
recent World Bank report has speculated the fact that about half of world’s
population is urban. It is interesting to know that the 90 percent of urban growth
in sprawling in developing world. The report has predicted that within 20 years
2billion population will reside in urban areas. The continents which will be more
affected by this change will be Africa and South Asia. The urban population is
expected to be doubled in these regions. It is estimated that about 53 percent of
world’s population will form their settlements in 500,000 cities. Another
compelling fact is that the small and medium sized cities will face the tremendous
urban growth. It is because of insufficient governance in rural areas of small and
medium sized cities. Pakistan is one of the countries facing the whorl of

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urbanization. It is the need of time to tackle this situation through best reduction
approaches before it gets unmanageable. The growing trend of urbanization has
become the global issue which requires appropriate strategies to overcome it in
advance for better future. The reduction approaches are designed for local and
national government to work on the management of current urban patterns and to
plan for the consequences of future urbanization.
There are three basic urban reduction approaches which can prove to be
useful tool to ensure the planned urbanization in the country. The first approach is
forming policies and institutions that will help to control the effects of
urbanization. The policies related to macroeconomic subjects like; promotion of
trade and capital, the outline of land and labor markets and management of
budgets for development of cities. In terms of city planning reduction approaches
emphasize on the efficient use of land, reviewing of existing urban planning and
work on their practical implementation. It also includes effective capital
investment planning in the city. The second approach framework the system
which ensures the smooth coordination between national, regional and local
policies. It also deals with the planning of investment, collection of authentic data
and its analysis. This approach works with the joint work of institutions i.e.
Urban Commissions and Urban Forums. The effective transition of policies also
requires the work of universities, NGOs and private organizations. These
institutions assist the system by collecting reliable data for analysis which helps in
forming constructive approaches. The third approach deals with the idea of
international framework and their measures in tackling the situation. It requires
assistance of international organization like United Nations and World Bank etc.
The organizations provide data which includes the data of client country, regional
data and the data of other countries. The information gives the clear idea of
development indicators in the world. The organizations help to provide strategies
in the form of The Urbanization Review. The review is designed in three
modules. First module collects the data regarding basic indicators such as;
demographics, housing and land, and transport and services etc. The second
module interprets the data through analytical tools and metrics. Finally, the last
module layout the general review and action plan. By keeping in view the trend
of urbanization in Pakistan the study has formulated the recommended strategies
to combat the problem based on long term and short term benefits.

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9.14.1 Effective Transportation System in Urban Areas of Pakistan
All the urban hubs suffer from the traffic issues. The traffic problems not
only make the lives of people burdensome but also largely contribute to emission
of greenhouse gas. The most simple and widely used strategy to control the flow
of traffic is the provision of mass public transport in cities. The initial investment
on the mass transit is huge, but it provides long term benefits to both public and
government. Car centric transport is another strategy which could help the cars
and pedestrians on roads to reach to their destinies safely and timely. Most of the
cities extend their road network to tackle the traffic congestion. However, the
wide roads attract more people to cities and ultimately increase the traffic
congestion. The investment on this is less than mass transit. Even in long term
the car centric system is much more beneficial than expansion of roads. The over
flow of traffic in Pakistan is also because of poor enforcement of traffic laws. All
the traffic authorities of the country should enforce traffic laws. Especially in
cities regulatory authorities should keep check of illegal parking, crossing signals
and blocking of routes etc. it should also look for the safety of pedestrian by
enforcing strict rules on underage drivers, breaking speed limit, and driving
through restricted places etc. All these problems can reduce simply by enforcing
the traffic rules in cities. In Pakistan, the flow of traffic includes all types of
transports i.e. cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and carts etc. The
situation is even more severe in cities because of the blend of rural urban
populations. Such type of traffic flow becomes difficult to handle due to diversity
of transports. Animal carts need to be band in urban parts of the country for daily
use. The traffic of high vehicles in the city should only be permit during night
time. The construction of cycling infrastructure can also encourage the residents
of cities to cycling. The cycling lanes need to be distant from roads and bus
routes. It can greatly help the students to travel safely within cities. These
approaches can help to deal with urban conflict.
9.14.2 Reduction approaches to Housing Shortages
Urbanization has created another huge obstacle for the people in the form
of shortage of housing in large cities. It is very important to control the effect of
inadequate housing in Pakistan. Slums are the main focus when it comes to
shortage of housing in the country. The urbanization effect on housing can only
be reduced by the provision of basic facilities to slums located in large cities of
Pakistan.

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 Some countries have tried to deal with the same problem by relocating the
slums to the outskirts of cities, where the lands are affordable. But this turned out
to be ineffective in terms of lack of economic opportunities. The centers of the
cities provide better work and affordable transportation for the residents of slums.
The Iniciamos Tu Casa program in Mexico, have tried to shift the slum to outside
of the city. After one year of the program most of the people living in slum moved
back to the city. They preferred access to urban facilities than better housing at
the outskirt. In long run shifting the people of slums to another area is not a good
approach to deal with this urban conflict. Government should take step to
transform the slums into better accommodations. The construction should be
keep nature and facilities side by side. It should provide the direct exposure to
sunlight and fresh air. Provision of water access is another essential requirement
of these settlements. Separate funding needs to be allotted to upgrade the current
slums in Pakistan. Cleaning and hygienic campaigns need to launch in these area
to improve quality of life.
Public housing project can also help the up gradation of urban housing.
Chile has launched an effective plan The Quinta Monroy public housing project,
this program was initiated by the joint venture of government-contracted firms.
The firms built the basic infrastructure of houses in the country, which were
completed by the families over time. This reduction method helped the low-
income group to make suitable housing in short time and with less cost. This
approach is named as “half a good house”. Thailand also used a similar program
Baan Mankong program. The public program provided subsidies and loans for
housing and land to the people. This proved to be effective for the people of
Thailand.
Government should also take step to increase rental capacities in cities of
Pakistan. The work is needed to increase space and institutional mechanisms.
Renting cheap accommodations is risky for landlord and tenants. Landlords feel
hesitant to rent housing to tenants. The insecurities of landlords are related to rent
defector, damage to property, illegal activities and reclamation of the properties
from tenants. On the other hand, tenants also face difficulties because of sudden
evictions and imposed restrictions. In addition tenants also want permanent
housing solution especially in urban areas. Authorities of cities should provide
legal documents between landlords and tenants. The legal contract between both
the parties should clearly demonstrate rental terms. In Pakistan, the legal process

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is slow therefore this situation can be tackle by counseling institutions. The
counseling institutions can provide facilities like legal counsel, property
inspection and eviction.
Cities need to design in such a way that the space is utilized in best
manner. Constructing buildings can help to accommodate large population under
one roof. Country like Pakistan needs to construct earthquake resistant buildings
in urban hubs. This kind of infrastructure can greatly help to face natural
calamities than normal housing. Buildings are also effective solution for energy
crises in the country. The consumption of energy by buildings is less as compare
to houses. Buildings also provide security to residents. They are best suitable for
working people in terms of sustainability and maintenance. Buildings are ideal
structures for parking lots, schools and hospitals etc. Japan is effective using its
space to accommodate its population. The total area of Japan is 377,915 square
kilometer which is inadequate for the population of 126.5 million. However Japan
has constructed buildings for multiple purposes. These buildings do not only
provide shelters to people but also provide all the essentials of lifestyle in the
form of gym, swimming pool and grocery stores etc. Even the internal designing
of the housing are designed keeping in view using each and every inch of space.
Unnecessary space is avoided. Multi usage furniture is set in Japanese houses.
In developed countries the concept of “green building” is also introduced
which is not only benefiting the people but also the environment. Green buildings
create their own energy resources and reduce the harmful effects on the
environment. They also provide economic benefits to people. It reduces the utility
bills to large extend. Government should work on this kind project in cities to
reduce the effect of urbanization.
9.14.3 Provision of Water in Urban Pakistan
Water scarcity is the prevailing problem of urbanization of Pakistan.
According to the IMF report 2019, Pakistan is ranked third in the world facing
severe water scarcity. The major direct cause of this water shortage is climate
change which is linked to the urbanization of the country. It has affected the
annual rainfall of the country. The water per head is decreased from 1,500 meters
to 1,017 cubic meters, during 2009 to 2019. The water scarcity in Pakistan is 47
percent which is quite alarming situation. Life is nonexistent without water. It is
not only the problem but a dire need of the country. There are various ways to
prevent scarcity of water.

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 Efficient ways are required for storing of water which can help to utilize the
water in best manner. Infrastructure of pipelines, dams, wells and pumps etc
should be design in such a manner that it gives optimum results. It is also
necessary to build efficient infrastructure to prevent any leakage. Water leakage in
the city causes massive wastage of water especially in large cities. Government
needs to take effective measures on the desalination technology. Desalination is a
process where salt is extracted from saline water and then it is converted into
fresh water. Desalination is an expensive method to be adopted on a large scale.
That's why it should be carried out in a small scale. Along with that agricultural
activities use more water than any other activity. Therefore, it is essential to use
modern means of irrigation and agriculture. Rural areas of the country also need
to extend support to handle the issue of water scarcity in Pakistan. The country
should increase the harvesting of those crops which require less water intake.
Rainwater and recycled water should be use in agriculture. Reusing the used
water in the fields will not only provide natural fertilizer but also helps to filter
the used water by absorption. When the surface water reaches to the ground water
it greatly prevents scarcity of water. If this prevention strategy is adopted in rural
areas the consumption of water will drop to some extend which will help the
water shortage of the cities. Proper sanitation is also very important to the issue.
Lack of sanitation system causes water pollution and spread of diseases.
Especially in cities, sewage system needs to be improved. Clustered areas of large
cities often have poor sanitation and sewerage system. Open drains and gutter fill
up the streets and grounds. The situation becomes even worst during rain. Urban
hubs need special attention regarding the problem of water scarcity. Pakistan has
taken initiative to build more dams in the county. The two ongoing dam projects
are Diamer Basha and Mohmand Dams. The building of dams will be long-term
solution for water scarcity.
9.14.4 Construction of Underground City
Most of the world’s advanced countries have built underground railways,
tunnels, transits a roads, parking lots, shopping centers and logistics etc to control
congestion of the cities. Pakistan needs to build such infrastructure especially for
railways to control the urban population in cities. Building underground tunnels
and roads will effectively help to control traffic as well as space for pedestrians in
the cities. Euro Tunnel is the best example which provides underground railway
line to the people from Britain t France. This approach can also contribute to the

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economy of the country. In Paris, the project “Grand Louvre” has applied this
idea and formed all the underground administrative offices.
The advantages of building underground cities are numerous. Land space
is use in the optimal manner. Underground construction of cities also gives boost
to development of the cities on the surface. Underground infrastructure also
decreases the harmful effects on the environment. The emission of green houses
gases substantially decreases because of suitable temperature in underground. The
cost and energy is saved for cooling and heating. The investment on this kind of
project is huge but it can prove to be very beneficial for the economy in long run.
9.14.5 Measures to Control Urban Pollution
Urbanization also becomes the root cause of all types of pollutions.
Population stress on cities results in degradation of environment. Among all types
of pollutions, air pollution is major conflict of all the urban areas of Pakistan.
According to one survey Lahore ranks as fifth most air polluted cities in the
world. Like other under-developing countries, Pakistan is also going through the
crucial problem of air pollution. Urbanization gives way to industrialization
which further stresses the population in cities. The situation gives rise to emission
of green house gases in the environment. The total increase in the registered
vehicles in the country is estimated as 9.6 percent, in 2018. The total vehicle rose
from 21,506,641 to 23,588,268, during 2017 to 2018. The uprising number of
cars is emitting Carbon mono-dioxide gas which is affecting the urban health and
environment. Majority of Industrial zones of Pakistan are situated in Karachi,
Lahore, Faisalabad and Sialkot. The industrial units make the cities more
congested and causes massive air and water pollution. The growing economic
opportunities attract more labor force t cities which results in land pollution of the
cities.
Government needs to take serious action against the factories which are
releasing hazard substances into the environment without any proper disposal
procedures. Government should provide more free zones on the outskirts of the
cities to protect the environment. The free zones should provide good incentives
to investors. Modern technologies needed to be installed in manufacturing plants.
Government should encourage the use of green energies in Pakistan. Less tax
should be imposed on the factories using green energy.
On city management level, regulation authorities need to do vehicle
assessing on annual bases. The aim of this testing is to ensure that the cars in the

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city do not harm the environment to certain limit and to check the major faults
which can lead to accidents. On individual level, carpooling needs to be
encouraged to lessen the emission of harmful gases. All the offices and schools
should provide transport facilitates to their employees and students. Cleaning
campaign needs to be initiated by educational institutes to spread awareness in the
urban society. Government can also involve private sector for municipal work of
the cities. Disposal of wastage on open grounds should strictly be restricted.
More recycled products need to be introduced in markets. The study of The
Pakistan Forestry Outlook indicates, the total forest area added to 4.34 million
hectors which contributed about 5.01 percent. Government has successfully
completed planting trees project in KPK. Campaigns like planting trees should
also be launched by the NGOs and residents of cities. The combined efforts of all
the parts on institutions of society can prove to be fruitful to combat urban
pollution in Pakistan.
9.14.6 Uplifting of Rural Areas
Uplifting the economy of rural areas of Pakistan is another approach to
resolve the urban issues. This approach can decrease the sprawling urban
population and poverty. Government needs to take drastic steps to provide
economic opportunities in villages. Productive developmental rural programs will
not only help the rural residents but it will also cause positive effects on urban
residents. Improving standard of living can sharply decline the internal migration
in Pakistan. The abundance of manpower in villages of Pakistan needs to utilize in
best manner in order to generate financial stability in the country. China is using
this model to narrow the gap between villages and cities. China has the clear
picture of harmful effects of urbanization of such a large population. It has taken
good steps at initial stage to stop the rural-urban migration. Farmers in China have
provided with all the basic amenities of life. The employment contracts give them
health insurances. The modern agriculture is adopted in such a way that the labor
force and technology is blended to make optimal use of all the resources of the
country. China has given importance to villages in its policymaking. They greatly
emphasized on the uplift of rural per capita income. In 2011, the net per rural
capita was estimated as 6,900 Yuan. The ratio increased sharply and added more
4,400 Yuan in the per capital income of rural China. Pension insurance is also
given in China to villagers. Pakistan should work for the provision of clean
drinking water, construction of paved roads and building of cemented houses in

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villages. Provision of social services is also very important in underdeveloped
areas. Although the government is providing free education and medical facilities
in rural Pakistan but more work is required on the quality of services. When the
population of rural areas will get the better standard of living the movement to
urban areas will be reduce significantly. This reduction approach can help to
control clusters of population in cities.
9.14.7 Collaboration of Private and Public Sectors
In today’s world no modern city can reach the heights of development
unless the collaboration of private and public sectors. The Private-public
partnership model can also prove to be a good tool to face the urban conflicts.
Both the sectors in the cities need to layout urban challenges and strategies to
resolve them. It needs the contribution of numerous innovative companies to draft
solutions for growing urban problems in Pakistan. As the cities are growing
enormously larger in sizes, it is almost impossible for one company to resolve the
issues of a city. It needs collection and analysis of authentic data by educational
institutes and statistics of public sector. The future goals of the city are need to be
set, based on the data analysis. This vision is needed to move forward by civic
leaders and executives. The private-public model is practiced by Seoulin South
Korea; the three lane road was replaced by walking path for pedestrian. The
project was completed with the joint efforts of citizens, city administration,
educationalists and private companies. The outcome of the project was very
beneficial for the people of Cheonggyecheon. It helped successfully to decrease
the city’s temperature by three degrees and by providing more employment
opportunities. The ultimately gave rise to the number of working people which
resulted in the excessive use of public transports. The project uplifted the
economy and also helped saving ecosystem. Another significant example which
adopted the same approach is the state of Michigan in US. The people of Detroit
needed the public transit for many years but the Department of transportation of
the city was unable to fund such project. The private companies step in as public-
private partnership with local government and completed the project. Sometimes
for larger urban conflict only the role of governmental bureaucracy is not enough.
Collaboration of different groups of the economy is needed to tackle the situation.
For national development sometimes the competition of the companies needed to
be avoided. It also requires free allocation of resources without any government
restrictions. The suggestions of talented individuals need to be put forward in this

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kind of situation. Pakistan is using this approach to fund some developmental
projects in the country, but it needs more share of public-private partnership
during economic crises. Some of the completed projects with the joint ventures of
the sectors are; Lahore-Islamabad Motorway, Lahore-Sialkot Motorway and
conversion of 4-lane super highway into 6-lane Karachi Hyderabad Motorway.
The Government of Pakistan is further strengthening this partnership and working
of the future projects like Pakistan Post Reforms Agenda, National University of
Science & Technology Science & Technology Park and Sukkur-Hyderabad
Motorway.

9.15 Strengthening Public Order

Public order is the situation which controls the criminal activities in a
society. Public order reduces all types of crimes. The strong public order in a
country not just only helps to reduce the illegal activities but also arrests the
culprits and gives them punishments according to law. Prevalence of public order
acts as a source of justice provider to the citizens. In contrast, the absence of
public order in a society profoundly violates the rights of people. it gives rise to
instability and injustice. The strong public order is the vital element for national
integrity and defense. Government machinery plays an important role in this
regard. All executive members of the government work to maintain public order
in country. Police has the direct responsibility of public order in any country.
However it needs to work in a system which involves courts and prospective
services. Police maintains law and order by reduction, inspection and
investigation of crimes. The department also manages emergency situations in
cities. It provides all the public services for the protection of civil rights. The
public order situation in Pakistan is unsatisfactory. The situation is becoming
worst with time as the population of the country is piling. The public order is very
weak especially in urban Pakistan. It is the crucial need of time to give attention
to this issue before it gets more complicated.
Karachi was ranked as sixth in 2014 as the world’s most dangerous city.
The Law Enforcing Agencies have worked hard to strong public order in the
country’s largest urban hub. The crime rate in the city has considerably declined.
The list of Safe City Index of World2019, listed Karachi on seventh position in
the list of dangerous cities. The public order situation has now shown some
improvement in the city of lights.

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 The largest city of the country has faced multiple urban conflicts and poor
public order. The period of 1985 to 1999 was considered as the dark age for the
city. The spread of bloodshed was very common during this time. Illegal activities
such as killing, robbery, kidnapping, extortion and property theft have made the
city insecure for everyone till late nineties. The year of 2010 bought other
challenges in the form of extremism and communal riots. To control the law and
order situation in Karachi, Supreme Court took an action known as “Karachi
Targeted Action”. The action plan strengthened the public order to large extend
in the city. There was a sharp decline of 80 percent in the crime rate. Since 2014
the public order in Karachi is becoming stronger and active. It is very important to
implement different approaches for the strengthening of public order in Pakistan.
9.15.1 Police Reform
Public order in the country can be improved by the police reforms.
Considering the numerous urban conflicts it is essential to upgrade the department
of police for more efficient work. It needs to start from the recruitment of the
officials by Public safety commission. Nepotism is the one of the most wrongful
practice prevailing in the country. To cope with this issue recruitment of police
officers should be done on merit. To deal with the terrorism and street crimes
police officers are required to be trained by army. Local residents should be given
importance in hiring because of their awareness about the city’s problem. Mayor
of the city also needs to have direct involvement in the matters related to public
order. More institutions of police committees are needed to be founded which
help greatly to restrict the direct political interference. The high achiever
servicemen should also be position in the police department. These individuals
should function as trainers and advisors. The promotions of the police should be
done on merit. The government needs to provide basic facilities to the
servicemen. The duty timings should be design keeping in view the mental and
physical health of police. There should be no segments of police in terms of
traffic and patrolling etc. The appointed offices need to have authority to action
according to law against violators. The police force need to be utilized according
to the law and order situation of the city. Severe penalties need to be implemented
for corruption. Well organized and trained police department can insure better
public order in Pakistan.

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9.15.2 Enforcement of Laws
Implementation of laws is necessary for maintaining public order in the
country. Breaking of any law should have high penalties. Law Enforcement
Agency should enforce the laws not only on the citizens but also on the
governmental departments. In Pakistan, following of laws cannot be fully possible
without the prevention of corruption. Eliminating corruption at all levels thus
enforces law to great extend in a society. Installment of cameras, speed meters,
organized fine system and check posts etc can also be useful in enforcement of
laws. It is important to see practical implementation of laws by lawmakers. The
laws that are easily to follow by mass population are considered to be most
practiced laws. Law enforcement should be done in such a way that it creates
change in society. Pakistan’s Law Enforcement agencies need to work more on
the awareness of updated laws according to the emerging conflicts in the country.
This is only possible when they build trust among public. Awareness of laws
should be provided to public through mass campaigns and education system. The
significance of laws should be taught from early ages through syllabus. The
syllabus of the nation should be designed with the deep embedment of laws
following. All the mentioned strategies can resolve the law enforcement issue in
Pakistan.
9.15.3 Role of Federation in Public Order
The Federal Government can greatly help to reinforce the public order in
Pakistan. The local law enforcement agencies can not work indecently for the
security of the people. It needs the financial support of Federal Government in the
recruitment of servicemen and for the provision of the services. Justice
committee needs to be designed at federal level for funding and for the building of
trust among police and public. The government should provide training to any
willing law enforcement agency for procedural justice. It needs to form research
committee for the analysis of public order in the country.
9.15.4 Role of Volunteer
The role of volunteer can also be fruitful to improve public order in
Pakistan. At individual level citizens can help police in civil maintenance tasks.
They can do work like desk jobs, rescuing work, enforcement and in emergency
situations. This can greatly help enforce law & order in the cities of Pakistan.
Traffic signals in cities are often un-operational due to weather and technical
faults. Managing traffic during office and school timings become troublesome

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work for police. Volunteers can extend their hand to the traffic police to ensure
smooth traffic in the cities. Universities of students should be given first aid
training so that their assistance can be utilized in emergency situations. Citizens
can also help the police in patrolling for improved public order. In return,
administration of cities should provide certificates of social services to the
volunteers who would help to seek admissions in higher education and for
suitable jobs.
9.15.5 Effective Complain System
The best way to improve law and order in Pakistan is to have simple easy
complain system. Developed countries are using the technology for the provisions
of instant complain system to their citizens. Good relationship of policemen and
citizens is necessary for the betterment of public order. Citizen should feel free to
complaint to police regarding any violation of laws. The Government of Pakistan
has realized the need of society and provided the facility of Pakistan Citizen
Portal for the people of Pakistan. People have access to it all time. Any complaint
related to social services can be done trough this portal. Government is
responsible to react to it within few days. The matter is given importance based
on its severity. The complaint directly receives to concerned authority. It is
another good approach for strengthening of public order.

9.16 Employment Creation Programmes

Pakistan has large population of about 216,565,318 million in 2019. It
means that Pakistan has abundance of human resource. It is the responsibility of
the state to provide suitable employment opportunities to its citizens for their
living. The country can progress on fast pace if its human resource is utilized in
best way. In 2019, Labour Force Participation Rate is estimated as 53.4 percent.
The rate increased from 53.3 percent, in 2018. Provision of employments to
public is beneficial for incomes of households and GDP of the country. The
availability of suitable jobs helps to narrow the gap between social classes. For
this purpose government had designed Five-Years Plans, since 1950. The main
purpose of these plans is to provide economic prosperity. Training of skills is also
another focus of government to create more jobs in Pakistan. Employment
creation programs effectively helps in poverty reduction, increase in tax payers
and economic stability.

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 The best way that the government can use to provide employment is
through creation of low interest rate schemes. Launching program which makes
effective monetary policies for small businessmen increases employment rate in
the country. It increases the money supply in the economy. Low interest rate
attracts more business in market due to low monetary risks. Development projects
in Pakistan can also be merged with employment creation programs for the
creation of modern infrastructure and provision of jobs in the country. According
to one study of University of Massachusetts, public projects like building roads,
bridges, railway and flyover etc proved to be more cost effective in terms of jobs
creation. It is a direct approach to create jobs in Pakistan. Another employment
program can give unemployment benefits and subsidies to unemployed people. It
is the modern approach which is adopted by most of the developed countries. This
kind of financial support to un-working people gives them opportunity to buy
houses, cloths, foods and daily necessities of lives. This stimulates economic
activities in the country thus, it creates more jobs. Pakistan cannot fully adopt this
strategy because of lack of resources. But government can initiate half sponsored
housing program to help unemployed population of the country. Government has
taken initiative in the form of ongoing employment creation programs such as
Youth Skills Development Program, Kamyab Jawan, National Business
Development Programs for SMEs and internship opportunities in postal services
and National Highway Authority. The government has also introduced Ehsaas
Program for the welfare of the state. Some of the under progress developmental
projects are Green line Bus Rapid Transit System in Karachi, Construction of Fly-
over in Karachi and China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Baluchistan etc.,

9.17 Ensuring the Participation of Women

Women are considered to be best caretakers whether it comes to handle
households or governance of a country. Many studies prove that when there is a
change in political and economical systems then women often takes lead to help
nation. All the developed countries of the world give equal opportunities to
women take leadership roles. Political partition of women is important for true
democracy and gender equality in Pakistan. The country has been undergone
urbanization very fast since last decade. Despite this fact women’s participation in
the country is very low at all levels. The employment rate of women is estimated
as 22.87 percent, according to World Bank 2019. The rate is very less as compare

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to other developing countries. Numerous factors are the reasons for the less
participation of women in economic activities; such as old traditions, mobility
restrictions, safety of women, less opportunities, family restrictions and lack of
education etc.
9.17.1 Obstacles in the way of Women Employments
The mobility restrictions are the major set back for women for perusing of
good jobs. Cultural and social norms create trouble for women to work in
Pakistan. Around 77 percent of women of the country is not working and are
financially dependent of male members of the families. Majority of women are
not working because of theirs families do not allow them to step outside for work.
Another segment of women are those who do not wish to work. Some women
also prefer to work within their houses. Most of the women do not drive cars and
travel alone which makes it difficult for them to cover long distance to reach their
workplaces.
Low wages of women is also a factor which discourages women to work.
The wage rate of women in most of the professional fields is less than men. The
reason of this wage discrimination is that the mindset of society that incomes of
males are considered primary financial source. Because of this majority of
economic units give higher wages to males than females. The risk of temporary
working of women also discourages employers to hire them on high positions.
Discrimination is the segregation of occupations according to genders. In Pakistan
the technical and construction sectors have almost no participation of women. The
wages of females in education department reflects the disparity of wages.
Teachers are still the most underpaid occupation in primary and middle levels in
the country. However, there is a substantial increase in salaries of teachers at
secondary and tertiary levels. Although the urbanization brings economic
opportunities for urban residents but still the rate of women participation is less as
compared to rural areas of Pakistan. The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics indicates
that about 22.87 percent of rural female population was working out of 57.26
percent. As compared to the working urban female population was estimated as
8.12 percent out of 42.48 percent, 2018.
9.17.2 Approaches to Increase Participation of Female Labour Force
Female labor force participation in Pakistan can be increase directly or
indirectly by applying number of approaches. More studies are needed to be done
to inform and design policies regarding women’s employment and allocations of

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resources. Applying short term strategies to tackle this issue can be more fruitful
for long term. Persistent efforts are required to boost the rate of women’s
employment in the country. The small factors can lead to change the norms of the
society in long term. Following are some of the approaches which can ensure the
leading role f women in the development of the nation.
9.17.3 Befits of Jobs for Women
Female should be given better wages to encourage them to work and
contribute to the GDP of the country. Another important factor which can attract
more women to work in Pakistan is the flexible working hours. Females have
multiple responsibilities at their homes which restrict them to work for their
professional careers. Firms can help in order to provide number of working time
slots according to their flexibility. Firms should have proper policies for maternal
leaves. In addition, public and private sectors should take initiative to provide
daycare facilities for working mothers. For further assistance provision of part
time jobs should be given to female students. The better working environment not
only eases the burden of responsibilities on women but also helps them to
demonstrate their potentials and produce generate revenues.
19.4 Promotion of Women Empowerment by Media
Media is causing deep effect on the mindset of people these days. It is
human tendency to adapt to certain things due to constant reinforcement.
Pakistani media can step in to promote the positive side of women employment in
the country. Women need to be portrayed as independent individuals who are
capable of taking leading roles in all types of economic sectors. Television
industry is the most widespread media in households of Pakistan. Watching
television is the part of routine of most of the house stayed women and children.
The average time Pakistani women spent watching television is 131 minutes,
Gillani Research Foundations. Especially it creates a deep affect on the mid of
rural population. Many underdeveloped countries have taken the assistance of
television to promote the ideas in public i.e. addressing domestic violence, gender
discrimination and promotion of nationalism etc. The approach can be
implemented in Pakistan to encourage women to work at reputable professions of
the country.
9.17.5 Provision of Safe Work Environment
In 2019, Pakistan positioned at 164 out of 167 countries for Women,
Peace, and Security Index. Female security is the major issue prevailing in the

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country. The assurance of safe working environment for women employees can
greatly increase the number of working women in Pakistan. For this employers
should form harassment policies in their firm to provide security to female staff
members. The policy should not be thought of piece of paper but as a code of
conduct for everyone. The policies need to be review on daily bases for better
implementation. Reputable firms give training to their employees once in a year
for clear briefing of harassment laws. Administrations should take immediate
action in case of any complaint at workplaces. In 2010, Government of Pakistan
introduced a program which was related to sexual harassment in the workplaces.
Unfortunately, the program did not get popular among people which lessen its
impact on the employments of women. Firms can also take assistance from
International Labour Organization and NGOs for safe working environment for
women. It is also recommended to appoint female supervisor on female staff
members and especially the harassment issues should be given to experienced and
qualified female heads. The approach can help a great deal to encourage more
women of the country to work in safe environment.
9.17.6 Provision of Education for Opening Doors of Occupations
It is very important to change the mindset of people regarding
discrimination on occupations for women. In Pakistan occupations are divided
into two categories; suitable and unsuitable occupations for women. Education,
designing, textile, medical and culinary etc are some of the women oriented
occupations in Pakistan. Whereas there are numerous occupations in which
women are not even contributing half as much as men. Mechanics, sports,
construction, machinery and commercial drivers and gardeners are some
examples of unsuitable occupations. The outlook of people needs to be change.
Women should provide education in homes and institute which build their
personality as independent thinker. They should be given education which helps
to think out of box and adopt professions for which they have passion. More
efforts need to be put in raising a confident female child. At individual level,
parents should encourage the female children to take their own decisions and to
take stand for their rights. Make them involve in all the work without any
discrimination based on gender-oriented work. These small factors can help
females to become confident from early age. Education institutes should open
doors for all types of courses available for female students whether it’s a civil

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engineering or any technical course. The combined effort of society can bring
change in the thinking of female oriented compassions.
In 2018, the female literacy rate in Pakistan was estimated as 51. 8
percent. Female education should be given more priority to raise number of
educated females in the country. Government can introduce female education
schemes for more enrollments of female students in education sector. Along with
academic education female should be given vocational training to take part in all
occupations. The provision of equal education opportunities to women can boost
the economic participation of women in the country.
9.17.7 Encouragement of Female Entrepreneurships
The participation of female labor force is not even half of men’s
participation in the economy. Government needs to give more encouragement to
female entrepreneurs in terms of funding and low taxation. Businesswomen
should be given support from society because they create more employments
opportunities for other women. Government can launch scheme which can
provide low interest rate lawns to struggle female entrepreneurs. It is a fact that
most of the banks don’t hesitate to lend lawns to females borrowers for SMEs. It
has been observed that number of women being defectors is considerably less
than men. Despite the fact, female entrepreneurs face hardship to arrange capitals
their businesses. The article of Harvard Business in 2017 reported, organizations
owned by females just attract 10 percent of global funding. The ratio
demonstrates the harsh reality of lack of availability of funds for businesswomen.
Growing female entrepreneurships in the country is the sign of social and
economic development of the country. Government can support the women
empowerment by providing more business platforms to women and effective
policies to uplift the contribution of women in country’s progress. This can be
done through provision of vocational training, funding and support services.
Government has taken initiative for vocational training of rural areas such as
Business Skill Development Center for Women in Daira Ismail Khan. The
support of government to female businesswomen can help to provide positive
outlook of working women in society.

9.18 Role of Women in Politics

History has witnessed that women have ruled successfully over the world.
Participation of women at community, local and national level is the crucial need

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of modern state. In Pakistan, the participation of female candidates was highest in
the General Election, held in 2018. The total female candidates were 183, out of
which only 8 won the elections and became the members of National Assembly.
This 4percent representation of women in assembly shows the patriarchal political
culture. Modern political structure needs the leadership of women for state
governance. The role of women in Pakistan further needs to be extended for
betterment of the country. Women participation in politics reflects the democracy
of the country. It also helps to promote gender equality which further helps to
design dynamic policies for the country. Numbers of reaches have proved that
women in governance give more importance to the subjects like quality of life,
role of women in society, rights of minorities, family policy and childcare etc.
Women by nature are more sensitive thinkers. They give more emphases to small
factors which ultimately contribute to big changes in society. Female politicians
often adopt diplomatic manner to run government. They are more responsive to
changes in constitution. All these aspects urge the female participation in politics
to deal with the problems of modern state.
The rapid sprawl of urbanization in Pakistan has given rise to enormous
urban conflicts. All the above mentioned effective strategies need to be adopted
carefully to handle the situation and to ensure the organized urban trend in the
country.

9.19 Self-Assessment questions

1. Highlight the factors behind the internal migration in Pakistan.
2. Elaborate the life expectancy in Pakistan. Give detailed reasons.
3. Highlight the Social and economic problems of Pakistan.
4. How can we reduce the poverty in rural areas of Pakistan? Discuss in
detail.

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Waris, Maria Ismail, Ayesha Naseer
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Shujaat, Nadeem A. Syed and Syed Nayyer Ali
The Struggle of Education Stories By Rural Pakistan by Alif Aliyan
Rural Urban Divide of Education by Kiran Javed
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