I

c LL

@
Da{?no+lon 6t eotl g

@
D?scove,roH
lr-
6t &r t e

! Fimot d?scovehed U6 Robe,rot t{oora i^r, l6Os (oUso*rea

eorrr*).
troea-
eetl ("f*"n Latin c-e.rtul61
rnrrearrring ' Snnott rsooorrn') h h?s boor Micro o6rc,ph?& (r e6s) .

ry
*loneScomb patte_.ron
c-c6l( t^^^aq_o t/q c-toS(4Kr

@ ottreh discov€laia.o s

#lis rnnosF ornnpouof,aob discovo,rc6 t,lrog.the

I arjstancz
of $inEk- - ce\t Om$anishns (P*oboaoer^ r I6T"r.t )
i

t-le. ct?scovaroel tha CaU nuelel,rS cohich het PQd

prov{r6 the cru +rLeorc,6 . (rgo r )

ln the Haqro f8t5 , 'The Dugo,todin .flfoaor ollscove-Lq.i

u^n
the prootopto$an crnd (ros
oarned as "satrcsde_', J.E.
Purux,lie (ts oe) * {f n*t
:

introduepd I urnef Qhz temwt *o+oplasm.i

a

c LL

@
?notlon eoll 3

urni r o( U(a .

@
Dlscovera,r 6t &tl :
! Finst d?scoveroed u6 Robe.rot lfuora t
^ l66s (ous.-rea
;eorrr<-).
Cowx* to oUtaitaed {*n* barc.rc of troer.
Robemt- &loo kg esined {he terarnrr estl (.f *o"n Lati n Cattuta
rrneaning ' snnqu tooorrn' ) (n h?s boon MlceoBnoph?o. (rees) .

9>-
*lonaScomb pa*emn
C-c.tk u.^^aarao t'/q crcsc.gFL

lb othato d?scov erzfa.S g

#tis nnos' innpoto[,a* b di scova,rou c.,ros .the e,j sLancs

of $inflk- - ca\l om6or,ishns (Prooto zo,*, I6Tq ) l

*la et?scova,mel {ha ca, nueleuS crrhich hetped ?o

I-
prov{ng the e-au O*11 . (f 8a r)
i

]n {he qQo\o lg$S , Thp. Duqcrrdin

{f*rF c{iscovexed

Pu'axfnje (rsae) * {r** ?nhoduepa I cnned tha temrn ko$prasm.

i

@ Call lhe c

Pnasentod bU 2 bio to6i shs

I $eh toiderr ( raaa) 'ffll onitp.o.ls ond Planto axz-

? Eehoonrn ( tatg ) I- C-ornposaA tf cells .

' Oasie un?F o[ li{e- 'is eat

t
Rudol{ V?roehot,r (r ass) eatPonded ,
I Cqlls onise {rooun Frre - exis+in6 cltts .

@ Mode."on Cgtt
o
c

rnoodo of celts
ond functionot units 6f crll
Oo
omftonisrns,
I rUt
"t Ihni satls horuo on 6,natcd {"o* oltec.dg crcisgo$ C-all5 .

a Uoro',tq
o
1/l &tls :) Bosed OTI Numberr of eott$ 3

o
o
@ t tu\qn 66115"ct5 g

of a sin6tn, cstl r copobto o[ pevo{orn- rg-U

o

Oroqonigrn $ rnrtqd,q,

oll ,n*..o*n6u u\o "functions indapear&nttu4 '

ExarnnPlos g lbochrn\o" , \o.p.sb , eh\o#bdomonos ' #)rrPqbo..,
Pon otnoaeiurn "

@ Feul " &tted isnns I

Ovgorf,srn$ eorff'Po$ad o[ .[n^" hundvuad to o-

G.
?rnta..rarned,i qta.
.tr- *Hnousond q_ott3 r
.6be-p"oeAslnS*8 On
eoonPtoaeltl .

ErotnpLos 3 Spivtc,Bhm* '"ond Volvo.x-

@ Muttieettuton 0 i srnns s

tn",ttiotrg to btttio",s o[ erlls

O^B*i $f\"r$ 6t ,

ChonachoroiLed U5 eOmpts:x- gfnuekumes and dl$aroenliatiorr -

ExownPtls *turno:',n , fbut\ , fboru'nen troep' ' $po"nrtoco '
e
 o Voroie in cslts 3

> The 'roedL.egd estl CoUnt -i, Snnotle,ra grro.6an?sms doas

rnot h",nde.ra {heiv-o {unctionotih6 '

a

U.^n6 o*[otls*" oroi$notas fronn

, a,r% a' slnSta
o[ erztrs
q$ G'' z33oto
{e^ti\iae-d eE6 edt r K:noton "

P.c \r.*"

@ in Cetls s) I5osed orr slzc 6t epit$ 3

> Srnot lest CPtt '" s hg.cta-roi o (o.t - 0.5 fi,frt',)

2 Rad blood Cstts U /'*)
) Longes t Ca-tt 3 N\orata Ce\l in tha- nacr 6t a gioo[.{o
(> s* ron3 )
) LcrroSes t &t t 3 Os{Y6tch o3t (t+onornn x tgO rt tott)

a Voroiefu 1n Cett$ g) lbosej on shep- a o[ cplts g

)
Glurnr,ovt 3 EP'the\",ol &tts
) $Pharuicot ? Huw,on Ovurn
) Ovot s Fo\ Cg\ts
) fdco'ncq.uo s Red btood c-E'\ls
; $pimot s SPorornn- @tl
>
RoeLongutorot SPrrooflbsoo^
i Rod- $hopad ; lbqetq"rrio^
) C- $hoPcd s earotito6o- Cetls
) Cltfndwicar s Skbrad rnuscto' $iars'" ea-\\s
 o Voroieta in Cetls g) tbosed orr 6hope dt Cu lls g

) lbnonched : trJa-mva Catls

) Spindlo , $hopad Snnooth Muscta? Cetts

> beqn - shoped : Guqro..{ e^t f*ott o. ptont teal

> Inraequl.ara : A*onb*
U
Arn-oebo' {o irortenutoro ?, 6hopa . ft chon6es ib
Shope continuou $tt dtrn to +ho pma-$qmcs 6t Psaudopodio^" ' Tha, :

ehc,rnga
o
u/) shape helps 4rrnoebo' in qnovornanb ard in I

i eopturoi.g M
I

o &'
e, 6)

o S{nuctunol ?
r,SCr tion ot o. Cotl :

Cstl Monnbisaone rn tSucteus

Cstt U]otl
Ce,tt 0 l2.s !

EndoPlosu,.ti s ReticLr I uhr

Mo,toehondro$o, Ctoltr'
fteporsoo.tr.,r.$ r Ribogonno ,

LSpoone , Ploslido .

E Call LrJotl L to plun t , [5qc]q.r",o' & fur'6us Cqtls o'.$'1

o[ ep-\ltrtoso ry?

o-roneo-q.blo ,

Shoength tO cal.'l .
i

I Foc{o obouL Col t o0oll g

> MScoPlosrno" donot eontoirt Cetl tiotl '

Conto-',n C-elI U3o'tI '

o isrnrt Cp-lt tlcrtl CorroPosition

Plornt Celtutogo
Pectin
boc*amio'
Chit-in
Fun6uo

discoverced the eetl ? [eeo NrPc eofrzfzozo 5'd

iq" tu)ho
A" Thoodo"uro $ehtoqnn
Roborot ttooro
-{'
e, Motth",o.s Schterden
I

D, Rudol{ Vinchou)

q" Tha *heonn6 A\u* % 6ch\s^.{on ond Schtoc^nn

is not
Cet I

to cohieh st "tho htro*,ng on6anisms 9

opptieab\s
[eao ClrouP o ozlot!'tt s{
fi. Fun6i ;/u',"u5o$
(b. Adrrrrot D. fll6uo
o! +hz {ottotrfir5l.
i

"ppt to
:

Ce-t \ "{ho-ott'6 doss noh c,lnlch

$.
g. RRtb SSe 2I'l?'20Iq
A. fboc-te..nr,o..

rb. FwrguS {troug

t
I
Mertbrc.no / &lt t.4o*Umolno
.

@ PtqsT,fto.
Cett 'rrrdrnbrt"orre
Fo"mnnns tha outa'rtrnos[. cbtgPlosiYr s fn
w'
t !

Corra,m,ng in ornlnnal eett$ t tuele"u*

callutoso co$
t' -9

ond l.ie$ ,nqt to tlrua"

o
?r.ull /1 J6
{
t

&tt u3q\l "tn P\ont ea-1t$" ch\oroPtaSt

Purrrf Calt
AnlTnal Cett
 @ / eztt
na- Mornbrooaru, 3

s N4o.lin Chonacta-roi stics 3

> 'Th1n

Ltrf,n6 rrnotnlcnouone {hot

Postossos {tny PO.66es.
'the' ouc\c^rs
g. 6hor. i5 '$ro 3ett3 Gt<s, sub Stc(f,€s +ir tad bo'ttoeen
3-tl
and tha cetl 'rnqr'obt'oemo
qstted ! t RRrb Nrpc oaforfar
A, Poo,'top\o$rrn e'
r0uceoU-rg

rb. ChtoraoP\osu /%*P\osnn

B
o
Funetiono o[ Plqsr.to rnornbntborno 0
porornnlts tho onttS ornct odt ol Sonno rrnct?ldols rt1

csll roornbrns'rto ?o caltad o Setrrctivut6

ornd out- o[ {J"ra- c-otl ' The
pe,rawrcololc-'rrqg-nntsroo\trrQ"'
'
i

' $ is rner.d e up gl tipid snd protain "

d Endo togis t
{teribilit,+ o{ tha Q-etl rcr-awrbrsoa:np' qt6o onobl&S ttro.
, - u^
gulf i, {ood ond othe'tt rrnote'vaiol .[eonn iFs
ee.tl 'to 0.r1

?alriroua*ant' Such Ptoeessa$ ona' I(.n0t Sft OS

€"xtq.ronot
qect^^ircQs iFs {ood throunh $ueLr-
endo qtosis. Arnoabo
pnroca $$q$ .

) Di{{usion ond 0srnosi SB

t o Substorres {ro"fL o rneli'on
nis

o[ hi3V, Corrcpntno,Hon to o regiorn of Loto eoneont'cotiorn

Co\rad di$uSion, o't1t*^ carrL
diovJ,do cm
sonnq $ubsbrcgs uru- cqtobcnrt d:!ly:i-'.--" .i
,l0frovo cicjrdo$$ the cat\ 1r.\"91*H93",.,. "
g.._fg.css.?. .cottQl
 @Di $i on crnd OsirrLosls o
o

i > Tha rnnovejnr\es-tb of (r)otQre tnolc-euts5 {hrrouflh CL

i Sernnl p€rrdw€obt9 ortornnbnoqne. oton6 'tha eoncontration

Bn.'o
d ie-nt

i io eo\tad o$rnosis .

Exomp1os r r Un',Cs\lu\ara fre.Shtoota,rc gpgonisroS qnd' anosF ptant

C.atls tond *o Bd* c.oqtela {hnough Ost'nosis.
t hb"oroption o{ coate,rd b6 ptorrt ooots is o'tgo on
axornnpLo- .t osmosi s .
rC
'Sotution 3
U the n radlwn Surcrcoundin6
thq c.ett hqo o- hl3he.n coqkn eoncan
thorn tlne cp-tt r nrneanlrrX thot tha
i

o,$ \'Qft ditr'rho. , the

Oukside $cl.utton
@tt t r,tt 6",i" cootc,n U5 osmnos"o ' $uch
o, $skrtion ts t(s\ot,l}n o.$ o. hgPotootc
$o\r,rt8on .

O
e
'!u Sol.ut{on
If the wrediu$n hos o Lourort
g

Csnce,ntruot{on cootara thon tha eutl,

"t
.rnegrnint 'thof qt ?t$ q va,l/?tY.,

Cpnca.ntrotcd $olrrtisrn , the- csYt untt

to$a trratcro bb O$tnosig ' S'ueh o^
Sotu{ion is Klnou3"o os a hlPe"rctonic
i Sot.rtion "
> lso toni e SollHom g

t{ the rrrraiium hos ttna Sanno

the'tao
i *c'to^ corncpntrcqttso ab $na eotl '
j oi,r 'loe$ no rneb 5nsxoTnernb 6( cr)otova
Isotonie-
, o.c4ros$ ths cp-lt rnermbnnqlna . Suc,tn-o,, soLLr,t?on tclnouSn :
 @ CvtoPto srn I
> fr.)crtufte ona occuT@ence 3

Coarhant 'inside the p(os"cna.

rnoernbroone , orclud';n3 -ttnq nucte-u.s.
> Moin ehonocForaisttcg ;
'Tvoonspavaent -Lira Tno
1utt6
-thc.t Contol"s cl. rnrf,xturoa 4 crfoto-ro ,

So\ubte Otrflcrni e and inc.rogontc

U
CornPcutnds O'crd vonious c!\t o,rr6onQ_\te5
t Moin {uncFions B

o
'rXf it pmhriorn diffovamr, .{umcllc'ns.

orckivi ti o5

e End o$nnic
o
CU
a
o

t t0ot,^rq arxl Oecuromenea- g

'-Ihe endcP\osrnic rroalricu\u:rn
(tq {s c\ \orc64 rta,tu}orsK .l "rnarnb'cot
bound tu bes un d She*s "

Co'n\inuc\-15 t^fuvl 'ths- p\osrnc''

'
rnqTob$cno oT\ {ho oul's?do' ond rrue\
rftano\omono on tht insida-.
' TccO pcr'xot-S '- .$unoothr,

a:r'rdop\osnnia too'liour\ut'rn t SgR') &

Rounh andoP\ostnic rto,liculu'no ( eee;
D
Me>.J,n FuncFtone:
t S*ppontivo ftorne-i"Cer"irx- 6t
thra Ca,\\.
 ER I
" Moo,n FuneFions of
$ER zes $picls
56nr\ha,5i

distr,ibution of +ncrtzrciol
[ndoplost"o?c Reficrrtuwt :
> ,So.coo pnotalns ond tipids haip t', nuL\di2 "tho cott
c[ thooa
rnqmbrsoona. Th?s pTocqgs is Knocob) os "ncrernbrtqna bio6e'nes(s.
> eR Pvoorridos c. suro.foco {o* soo'no of 'lhz b1rchcr-rn'ico! octivlFtes c5[
the cet\ . Tur {ho Uvo.va c-ot\g o[ thc- ftuoutp of on',rncrls co\\a.d
ggrata-b@c{cs SER Ptofl* o. C-&udot tto[e in dstcxiht"B rnan& Por$Ons
ond dnufrs .

q' Riboso-coos TnoKa-- [Reo ro.e" ooJorftr s+l

!
c\ " Fo,t ajr' Praotuin
rb' Lipid D' Stomch
9, cOf,"ct", of the {otrounn6 ono6oneltos ts corrad .tho proLoio i::""U.d
-thz ce{.t 9 ao[ef ia ..r.1
Luno nup & Tac.
-s 'chlonoptast c' M"'iochondni"c-

rb. Lgsormo \2. R'bosorrnag

q, 66hct is. rha bosic un",l o[ t-l{o ? [eoo NTpe zglslzqe s-'m.]
,/
-,r( Gtt c' lissu.q-
I

rb.OrSon D.l$uclauS
;

q,UlhGF Ofs -tha- connP\ox Cotibokrbduotos {hot ,fornr.n c-alt r.o\l$ "(h ptonr
CAued? A t\eso e. Sucroos.q- leuo -r. orfefeore s-u_J
Cott u\ose- D' Loc-tosr*

q. tu3hich eotl $630r atirnlnates *ha toxie e.fiec}s of 4oxins o,nd

rnnediciles [aeo eroupD asf t{e-z s^r]
tndop(osrnic. toeFicu\uro e, q.\A *dh
ro. Rlbosonna o' Mltochondnflc^-
:
a

@
A
q
tu lbo.l
aI'
Di c

U6 Gnnitto Qot6,'
) tOsturbo gnd Oecr,rnarrca- i

6acs,
, Jha Qutg OpParroo-tuS eonsists
o{ G sXstonn o[ trtorrtbtoono 'bound
vesletor ql-iroaon6c, opptooxir'rrobatg
pqtaqlloi {o o-ach otho,rt 4^ $tocK$
Cotlc.d d$tertn$ ,
> Moln Funo[iorrs i
Its {ur,e{ion s ornctudo the
, rY.rodi[ieation orrd Poerqirg
iS\o'66e^ry
o[ produets in vasictos" lrn 6orna
eosa$,Conop\or 6,ttflons rnncfi b-Q-
tnodo ho* g",rnpku s..r3o*Y in thq.
Gotg, oPPo\rottrg '

I' usnict"r of *he- futfoping orgonella$ io rrtespons',bu {"* {k\e Fro 0.nsPo$d|,

rnr,oell[icatio.n on d of prrote.rns ond Upr ds into lestctes

RacroS'ng a',

.A. RER. c. Biboso"roo [eeo orrc lofo+/eozr ""o]

uod6
O. $Ee- -/aoq,
@
Llsotornas o
o
-_{J_--
> D,Ocovem6 e
o ehYui s{iqu da btr,vo- dlscoNa-roed tr6sosomas tn
t9s5"
I lteiturce qnd Occunrue.nca" g

LXsosorrr-aS crTto 'rnruennbrroq'nQ : bound Soes ftf od urityu

f

dlge_sf{va .rrz5r.ns. Theso alnzgrfreo cinrre rrsdo % ReR-.

 > Moln {urrcttons o[ Lrsosonoe's t

Duroi the disturobGnce-

'B
't^^ e-lztlu\an rrrotobotisnn such os
cohorr tho e.etl Ent dowro6ad ,

kl.o
soboas *B burcsL and *he"
anz6roas d
0
t tholru OtD'n c-etl .

'Tho-nofoma
' s Grta- otoo
i

Knoton a$ ' $utcido, b%*'

C\ CO\I ,

"to os Ccl(S
Also Kno(on
' Suie,dol U5 .

! Disposol b*d
' +lh06n Bonnb
3 Ctoaner.s
q. 0rh?eh o[ {he {ot towioS ou3onetlas {o olso catre/ suiei& b"$ 9.
g" Miloehondnno e^ ghloroplo gt [nco \)rPe (state--z) rrf efzz s-x]

rb. 0otgt bod6- ,/rproso'rn a-

@ t litoehond wiei, g

o
iD Distovotut6 o
1.

Discsvercad ou {\t'\rnon
Qaou )
> Mdrt Chorr-aqctonnskics g

Doub\o tootlod , wlthu

-tha_ otf,t:trtolrb
OOtl .[o*""*B foUe
Knoo a$ enistae,.
> Me^f,rn Funet'ion$ i

' Mitoehondnio- GToo olrofta orgonottos i- tho $snsa- *hcrt t*A

,hc*o the.lxo o(oTrDroo and qrfrboso"nnog'
:
 I

q. ulhich of the- fottou,ln a io csttod the PoulQ.rchouso tt {ha ez'tr b

' [*o $tqe'z r+lolat s-m-J

^r?Pc
-^{ra*oehondroio'
o' 8d blosd &Us '

e. oilh\& btcr,d eds

D, Plasma tnarnbtrr,ana '

a Plqsrids (ttr ptont &tls ooq) t

Plosficls oroq doubte tnB*broo
io"rt3one-ttos foun.r in *he cetls of
1 ptonts and oB",
> T6pos t
CH ROMO PLE STS LEOCOPLSSTS

Chroonnoploats conto',rni"l4 Loucopasts Glr6a- P-*"*b

"tho p?grrant ehlmontaptl qrLe OTtflanelteS {rn coh?ch rnnqbratalii
l(notorr oS chlottoplosbs . SUclnr Ob $tqttch , Oits Ond :

C.oloiroed plostids , pfOte.rrr frWOrnuLCS @1,* SUorr"ed- i

tn Pho+os6nthasls o

Plonts TnoK!- {hcin '1oc,d

thnounh rfisiuta- ti6ht .

> ln ulhot +6eo 6| cslom do Ptoots
;

hod tha ryrot[ ?

srroro- thpjs
-+ ohi{e ) eoa ) fStuo-

QoePn .

:
r

', @ ChlorooPlosb s
i It ,rnoln {unction ts to obsovob t?Bht.
: ch\onopios[ lus S p?grnents :
, > ChtovoophXtt 'd : It etslovabs ryed
oncl vioQt qnd q"
littta blrro.
, C.hloroophgrl 'b ' z It obsorobs lolu-c" d Pw

cnd indiSo eotorus '

' Caraobe.noid 3 It qbsembs a6aan}e-

Cnd 1otlotO Calourt "

Y
: Chtovacevr6tt doos rrcF obscreb flecn I
Lc-
,.*o{L*t

[c.\\otc Gnd
o'rdort3a.,

{ot PhotosS'thesis '

@ Plos+ids : (t* Plonhs

"'"t11
)
> Sttoueturce 3 o1"tHd
)
'lhasa p\osdd s P ossls 3 d?sc - "

ti r<a- Staue.turmes Cq\lQd th6\cr ttc'ids

Ccn'tc^inin3 ch\oT to PVtt6\t '

'to {torooras an? {6'd'F5 '

>>r Lqr.reoplq$b$ 6.horroa. Stoweh oI',
{ot crr gotctci n ' 1;#"'-'
g. ehtotuodn6tl p?3ment ots pnneeenF ir" tohich o[ {he .{otbs.rinS-
eirrnPone.nts 6f '[1r1e eotl ? luog QnouP o rsfe/zz s"r-l

cfloraoPtosF er uifochondtoio"
-{ L6sosorno D. Ribo sorna
O.
E tDhcrt qeQ eotoro\zss plostid eotted 9 [ee" qoo1rp o azfafzz s'!
Leucoplost?ds e. Chromoptoskicl
rb. €p?coplosrid D' ChloroPtostid -

g. ohich 6[ *ha {ottounn& pronrs Stouoa$ Shanch,pooteir, ^anrd oil

trcrrnuks "* the c!-tt ? Geo qpuf D nslzlzz t'!
E
A " Ch\otao plosh 6. Ch'rornc^kiq

,-{ Lzucsptosl- o- Pro+oplosrn

;

q. NornQ- t["ra, d,gr.,cr,+ dtrs +9 u3h',&) ptonhs WNa- WQLo eolourr''

A" Corcobanods e. Thlor'di6q Lueg NrPe to.o2'21 s-=]
ch{oraaph6lr D. flcl{rrr
-{
@ Vocr^ots. g
i

D Nofume qnd occr.rnoQ,nep- i

Vo,cuo\as oma sForuBo
Scrce fo* sotld gtto tiqr.rid cornben oI
p.; c
V qctro tes grrrotl 5\ZQd in
O?r6e
{6.c'Ltflq"
Onirrqot Ci-tt$ ulhtta ptorrL- catt3
hor\ra- toqe vae^rbLe$ .
"*ou
> Funcliotn i
hn ptonl- e-e.tts vqcuoLos olLa-
{*u 61 ea.tl saP ond Pcorfrdo-' b G

ornd mr,6.al5 {o the- Cott ^ **r[ sub$be(lrrCa-s 6f inopooohane-o- vn

g pi3mont ots PnnesenF ".- t0hich of {he .{otrounngr
chtotuoHn6tl
'
[eeo QuouP o rsf ef
i
az s"rJ
CdroPornQ,nt$ 6f '{he eetl !
ChlonoP[osl- er Ulfochonc{tzio"
-{ 'D. €i bo sorno
o L6sosomo

E tDhcrf ol5b8 eotoro\aos plcrstid esttod 9 [eeo qoo.rt p az/tfzr s'[

LaucoPlost?ds e. Chromoptoskicl
D ' Chloro Ptoskid
O. €picoplosr{d '

q toh?cl"r ol *ha {ottot :''n6 ptorrts Storcas 6ta?nch,Poote,io ^a"rd oil

ir" "tha cott ? [eeo D aslelzt s-!
a tronutss
C,p,^F

A" Ch\orroP\osF c ' Ch'rornc.kio I

d Lo-ucoptost- o' Pr-otoptosrn

q. Norrtq -t["ra- e-',6roer,+ dus- +o uShi&r ptonta Vw;,Va- eolout-o

t{€2r'
'Thlorrrfirrq t$rPc to"o2'21 s-:r-]
A Cormtendds c. L*no
y chtoma?h6lr D. Qct{rrr

@ o
o i

D Nofumq qnd Occunaonea-:

VOc!',O\aS GlrrrA sFO -B*
Soce 'fo* sotlcl ott6 tiqr.rid con p;e sI
'in
V qcr o \es or6e onnotl 5\zad
{ e"e'{.'etG"'
Oniwlc,t Ci-tt$ trlh?te- ptorrL ea(t$
i horuP- totqe- vocubLa$ .
"arto6
> Funcl{ctr) ?

ln ptonl- e-qtle vqcr,toLos o:1c-

{*tt 6f cztl soP ond Sorfrde- 'tw?Ar

g1nd rn"gla1$ {sr the- c.ott ^ *oo5 s ubSF€rnCa.s 6f
t "rrnpOrrclnanca-
"r"
],frv Li{e. of tho plont eLll 0roa SFoTued '* voeuo\e.$. Jhesa
i inc\t-^de o.tnrfrrro Odds, &^qoros, VoT'rous on'gonie auds
.au{1s
ond 6o'rrp p6. otal .

@ Anooobo,. g ln 5',n3ro - C,\\ad oiroSornisrns Urs- St'noe-bo^ '

'tha'too& vac.uota esrntq?rrrs tt-Le tood ?te,u"s thot
gss the Grrroe.ba hcrs consub.,al .

ln 6oUne un",ce tlr.rto'xu orr"gc'nfisTns, spedoli2qcl vaeuolos olso

','arrporroLum\ taol.as i'n e'rpatt?n3 a-xca63 tr:e;'Eqra <rnd Sotne (o(is tes
f '%
tro* thro Cllt
:

9. toheras- gorr toe- {ind coastz produe*s io {he.- p\ornt ca-tl Shotorn
fl^ tha {6rouSq fi3,r^n I
a ' ln 4he- :g,flPa' shodn bY onUtotl t n
z
rb. tn ilho artea ShaPn bY ara'rod 2 .l

ur{ tn ilho- 6neo Shoarn by awwouJ Q t.1

O. hn *hz afilat st:r;laon by awworo 9

@ Ribqsohftas e

> t rtojn e hA,rOOC,ta.ro1 S4ic5 g

Discova.,vrol bg 4""y,
Ernf,t Polodo"ln 1995 (ncnc",ad
Potodeb &rp"s.,t* )
Jha torrorr " rcib.>son ,e "
toq$ prcoposal % $cieantiet

Rtchomd b- Robemts-

:
 c

&"1t tcsrrrrbroorg l Pooto ptos{ Nuc\ocrs

Plasmo 'rnarnbmono losrn

ea-tt O tta_S
cgtoso t
I

qq6nbrmc^rrQ- bound
N On - Tnetnbrroooc" bound
Cett C,r6onet\c5 e-att Ownonaltes

R.ibosot''e [.eot"6sorY\ es
enrl-+*f*"rn(5
Cs,nhroi
"tu.u /
rboso\ boc\ia$
Micraoh.rbutqs
M'lc,roo tltorncrtnho

Slnqts_ .rnqrobr_ocrn Q-- bound Doun0 T nernkfcoanA

u
eat O'ru6crrnc.lr o$
bourrd eett OloEanettas i

I
I l

'P'r',tochondroio.
0ot6i bodia-$ , Lgsosornrres,
:.

Vqcr,to LQ.g , Ro'*3trt Ohlonro-optasL in ptont

i arndoptosnni c rsoelicr,r\r,rrnn, C.otb "

$rnnoott"r undop\osnnnig
rroeticu\u.rFn I Perl?ro',8 ooTne$

I
 Catl
I

r Paotoflo{
egll t',natnbrSoanA / -l
Nucteus
Pl asrn q "rrno-rnbtmone loarn

U6toso t eott O onat [zs

l

Ngn_.?rnC.Tnbrfoffne, bO t rtd bound

Cett Citr6onet\u5 ed t Oirgoneltas
I

R.ibosoo.rl eS
f
,e"n6oon
Cqnhrd.i o* I &n"'hroiso"mcs

rbosol bodies
Mic.rookubutqs
M?c,roo iltcrrncrinhe

SlnSto- rnnonnbrron Q-- bound Douu0 "rnarrnkru-aanO r

Calt Orrftone"ile$ bourrd ectt O-%onettas

I I

erol6i bodtq-s , Lgsosornrte.$, 'uitochondvdo.

Vo.cug LL$ , Ro,.r-61", ehlmo'optaeL in plont
arndopla$nnt e rsueltcr,t\umo, &lb"
Orrnooth orrdoplosrnic
rraeUcl.rtuenrl r PQrl?rDd ooTnqs
 @ Nucteus s

> t0otuvtq oncl OCeuwrtalnco 3

rnuctousls usuoilB the

Thq_
rsnost Ptoc,rnl ne nt Ot^oflcine tlos in
G 2-*r%otic Clit, Positio'na'd
eotrocrtlq . It ts Catlad the e-all'S
U
Csntno\ eqnba-.n -

The- (orgest eell o6o6c(n atlo .

Naost\ sphorcical and

tha nuclous iS Suronour,ded %
muclqaro 'nn ernb"u-uaTre c.f;tl'r.
pc,vtcs {ho\ ql\oLo SubsF€irrc-o5' to
o'o[a.n at.rc{ UoA/a .
> Nno3n Fumtiorrs g

Ranutotc.s ca-tl {unrcttons.

n l6po. of Cetls s

I tic e, Eu !ic
, plon*S ,
Prro
ontb
ran6o tte
boctorafo
e-el t
t PqS
hovo
.
,Qyr?trna ts

P?uotozoang crand {p';

Po ssoss AuKcLY%ok{o
eell
+yeos -

t g"
 @ Prooko oti Gtts Eu kic &lls g

Fqsturoo i?oororryou"e Cc-llg gurr<r?r3obie Cells

a

Ore
o
'Ttt6trt fbacta,raov ond €o-, ckwPo- #nimals, plants {"
6o protists "&i
,

xlu elour s Abse_nt - Drsa 0x?s[5 i, P'nesent - Dt\)s enclosea

o- me6ion csllrd -tha- -er:i+t"r?n cl rnucleam
rrueLaoid . Qnne?rnh?t! anQ, ,

Slze
I
Gane.*olt,a swtaltoya
('o., -s X" icnwne-vr{s)
h**r% t'myz
toA ,rnic,noryte+Lw5
( lo-
)
i"

P?bosornos Srnatlcm uibosannes Lw"go* wibcrsarne,s

)

Dr$A StrouctunA
o
5I , droe.ularp chtovnosomQ Mulip@, llneaw
"'tU

S'zu
?tt

I
I
1

-.,1

Q' crrhlet". -mc6ulotos thc {unc4ionc^l oetivitios o{ the c-oll ?

o. c. Mlrc,chondrcia [BnO ,le r,lrzlaav]
%nottosncr
b" Nuetaou$ -Z*-Nuetzus

is " 'thq rnostara -{ha e-a\t "? fnuo

i g, crrhich e.etl eotted
"f ' ^*srra<,t1'lJ
zql42o*
A. Erndoplosnni e Rot-icutr,rorr
6" l.Aikoehonckoio-
e" Nluetoous
t {'' tr)uclerrs
q. Ohieh i5 the- lor.6ast cmganetlo PtroescrrL
in CI ca-tt
q

A' EndoPtosnnis roetieottuvn [aeo oE as'os.zolq s'ffi]

D. Nt-r.c\e.ur$
e. Qot6' bodb
D . Mitoehondnfrq, ,

q. olh''eh of the- {ottouinS oruFlonortos is eatred tha- protcJn {"tr%

\'
o['lhe clt ? [eeo, NTPc staga
It 26'oq'2616 s'u]
A" CIoUd rnn',tosiS
, Meio ds or*5
fb

e. Ssth trnitosig ond nrndosis

D. ttejtU,axt trf'ho5i$ ffont rnrreios?s
is ztot in
9. c.oh,ieh of *he- {",t"*[r6 Cellutam Cavnpona-n3 Prud'mb
Trr.ooF
Prol(oaYoFts 1. [ieo ho"r o o'lnlz" s'rl
s
rrlJtoPlastrt
tA. Nuc laaz, rYLQvnAtanu
e " &lt uJat I

D. ??&sowtu

q
Q. tohot is
the- gqst-nn'rt gtn*rczhnne- o poroz,.6ohie t'fiWsorne
"f [ne o ,
orl*lzz s'u)
n" 5Os otrtd kOs Qh"f
6' 6Os ond Q0$
'
,1/so, arn{ @g
D' 0s and 300
t o eill''),
tohl e tho iol\odm3 io eqllad the- potoemhousa of ttT

M?lochotn dwio- leeo n:rPL stof,L 2 s- ,l

b^ ReA atood At e, sjlllle-&bod Qesls
o" Pla arra, ffileznwffiL
 q' (ohot is 'the of eotl 6hrruinr?613 qrrl sporncrkim6 {oo* the. cetli
process
3,f,ort d\r.s to Locr o[
tootq'rt cottad ? [** NrIpo rufef: r 6- t]
A, Di ptosrno C,
c. {sfr,wlrl{,hosis
o. e$ot,ysrs
w ui .glasmol1sis

9. Scvonc choruo.c*erdstics o[ korairg ob' C Cetl a?Fa- meu'rHonqd bgloc,r .

orlol" s'r1
$stqcr the- usrto% sp*on fro* tha- 61van oP*onS" LeeoQwrr7"
o. ptuserw. ,f aYlentrbraarle- botqnd ort6om e-llaS
i

b. Extraerna{g sr'mtl si'ae-

e. Sfn6[11 ehno'nrrO$o6na
D" t{s ir)uclefrm wgio'n '[5 et:,ltrLd nucteus.

*
A. Tha ontX eelt ovffqnotla- 6agn vv, pnroKatt6okie, acll io
o
:

6. M?toehorndrdc' c. Ploskids
'a'/ R?boscrena D Lgsosonoas

,/
9' The octontiflc stud6 s[ o cstt is eorrQd | \rtq\\baJ e, P*tysfol69tt-:
ld,
$" tlislalo91 D.T4
q " L?p?d 'rnotecr-rto s -i* +t^a ealt errq s6trrtha stsed bt
,;/st-* L, Got6i aPPoratus
o ' R€R D' Plostids
i

9' Kitct rarn <sl- Cott .is R, Mihochondw{a ya(ckirorcpto6b

f5. ER o.Qotgir aPporottrs

g" Oro6ona-11.a c,$thcut cr nnorrrbtross- is

o{ruaosaroa.
rb, Quff Lr,dies
!

c. Chlotaoplos F

D' nluelsr.s
g" <ohich eelt oro6onatlo.^ o\a s c\ crouciol rsuoru- i* dotoxi[3in6
*% poisons ond aT"a $ trn C\ Co-II ?
A" Qotgi aPPorotuS ,d
sER

a' LSsosowres n. r/ercu"oLEs .

q. dhidn of the .fottotoing isf arro eatted the "pocoe'rohouse' sf

tha eeg,, ? R" L,hitp_ Erood Cops ,{t'rr?hochourdnfe.
$, Plasma ryrtombta?r,r- D' RdA dood cotls '

q. t,,ch?eh o[ tha {ottouSnS ore ttna co.ttt'rlorr $trcus+ure

9^ e\
rtt) I
"fom pmotoin
"Urr'tmu *. Qotb opporatus
A L6bcsot ,.s
rb. Mitochorrdrio- uPlgiuosorn€s

q" t0Jn,ch oetl Or6ono,ttc is cstted l'+ha nrnostq,rd a[ +nq coril

A' EndoPtosirnie roolfc'u1trt^n G. rOcgotaoLr6
rb' Mitrochortdrta" ,-{ t luetauS .

q. c0ntch o[ "tha totto"sr''6 Cett orrfiaueltm does rroF eontaim

DUR q A. Nucteus e. ChtLoroptooL
t{' LSoosornes D" vitoehon&rla

q' tnhg do Ptonts "seqlfi1rq [Ess enem66 ? Leo,b Cor"F. ltrfe,/rz s-!
t-K &acauge *w4 c-on4afu,t el.lyessivd- de,aa collS "

(b
" fbaes+rso *o6 B?Foco otl?t in ha'6ht'
o" oracor^so- +n"B ["npo"u +Xoir otCIm 4ood'
$ ' BoccrrSP- +hnfr Frrodueo oxt8srr .
E. $orna boctorrio erra- photos6ntho-{ie , tohorae otQ. phohcsgn{he-hie
-t ," 'these cotts f
leng Qtoupo rrf rof ea s-in]
pi6nnents toeahed
n . On Spacnot rnrrcrrbterrQ,s &" f
0" chtorpoFr'6tr
e, Tho StoPl.oswr "t +ku- ecll '
,{ ltn iolo,if"t3 o,f plo.smo rnarnbtnatr)o '

q. Aporct {ro* tha rntreJe-tr5 S^ tna ep-tt, tohich +c,co o$ *ha

{otro.rsinS cotl oro8anatta$ hovo thoirra o(o'rn Dr\)B ornE rpfibo$ornas
wrlhoc{rondqsrfo [*eo Qrcup o ooloz /tz s -w]
-^1;ruUO orrd
o. Plostid snd c1ot6? bdh
o' satrcehondrdo and Qolff bod?es
D " Mttoehondrroia qnd tSsosornes '

g"eohe:r) plocO u plont Ce.ll , {*E"t,.*,tor boctemiol

too , *hq plont eolt
@il in & vemu dituta ox*noe-e-ltutanr mnediurno
o?F {rrn6al Cprl l*rfi,t erlosorcb coctt€ro
bLd- ufitt .o1op buwrst '

COhe.msos thA ctntwrot cgtt

qitt buro's} ' eDhich pcnrt-o$ br flamt
ca.tr holps q[ 1o be.aro tha Fr0,55Ltn6q
6( tncsrrnln3 cDqta'o ?
[eeo crooupo .nlozl'-
s-{
F. r*ruet.t-r5
s" %t"Ptosm '
c " PtcrgtrIcr tY\effibrama
,/
1.Y etr.u c,rrott,
 I

bottoeen Anlrrnol Col\ ond Plont Cell 3

@D1

Ari',rnot estt Plant Cett

Cett roqtl is obSant. Cc,!,'\ crf,ol1 PBesant

Go6, bodies orte- Pnsteselrrb

Crotff bodiaa aros Prrresaoh i
Cclted Dt 50tYro

c.)Ls praesqn t ond

Vo,cuotQ$ Ortq Obeont ' 1[ VoQJ"@ta$

pne-sent , th% CIJLa- stnnotl . torge- t- sizo .

q. tohich o{ {ha iottuo'n6 is {oun e\ Orl%

"* plo:mF CP.llsi.
f,)" Got6i *dB t/ PlosFtcl tero NrPe ralnlu 5-r]
o, Mitochondrcia D' Nuclaus

@ tr\uetauS 3

> Md'rr {unetion 5 e

Con.,.t-"rnS Chmo"mo$ornQ5'
rrnada- d Aqnas , coh'lch ccnLvaol Fc

hq-yled'-tomrb ChorsooeLeroisEtcs .

V Nuelous e

'nn5ide tLra. rrruetq.u6 arlnich olrba

qg,\\o-d ' nuetejc odds l

b,*
()
Johorrnes FnrtedYrich w^,
&
Mtschora. Prutr

e6eus

t. Dt\tA ornd
?. R.Nq
 georois 0rro6Zcr^ Fforno Pon Cqnis
Sperjas Sapien5 Tao3todg tas 1o-l tiqrruis
ba Scitlve^

q t{6 q8 18
ehvaorrosorrp. 2q

€orrrrnon Pound Ricp- *|trrrnort Ch",rrnpOnZe.e Do6

CrfordTn
Norno

c +ti6host ehrtonno$orne g (ogo pd''ns )

o ph"'o6\ottrn tae'lietutotutrr"t

a
Looast Chrrtornobo?r'no : (I Pd*)
MXmrrnecrc" Pi tosu\o^- .

W DNA 3

r.t i
hosc" Oagq

funlo&e
a

PhosPhote.
Qnoup
Nrrcteoslda-
N'o.ctaotlde-
;

boso

fic
 't

trl $ boSas ltr) [otot s

@ Thene ot-oe {iue"

ar xl tt' bqso t

P6rrr,rnldir,a
Purolno
A, Adon,no +). Th6rnrr',no
{b, C2tooinc"
o. Cluoninte-
c. Urood I

@ NI n bosa :

R.NI A
DNA
t, -Adotrrna.
r, QJqm"na
t.
,, C,4ko 5hna.
e, Cato si na Clt o',iro,
b.
b. Gu.o"cr'.no
'Thgrrni'ne- q. Umodt
r{"

(<toubto bond)
fldanir,a = Thgrrol r, e-

Quonltra Cytos?no Ct'aipta- bond)

= rlc -.
 Qic
),q o1ln

2twrt

ona- halix df bNfi e 3'hnnn

(ou n")
o
L*t*',..
a
l$o 6\ "?basa Po,* in ona hallx "( DNo I to

I Rooce,$s6f D$A 'to DroA e Rept?eation

I Pnocess 6t Drse rc R$A ? Jmon5c'roip+ion
! fuocess dt RI$$ to DNFI
g Re^/orcoo Traon scnfiption
Proocoos 6f R-NA +o Prssteen 3
T'mqns\otion '
:
:
> f,elpi^B €nz6raa otr\ P6oCa-$5 6r DNs to D}] a :
Potb**a&, ,

i
hote?r,6 anz3bne-
o
1R ptroc!55 6(- Drr")g +o RIJB 3 Traau,scroip'kesa'

{he , it chonEes {no* Dr$B fo RtoB

tot'&rr virous ad+s bod
B
(rraqngcrdPHort )
'l.he it, chon6es 'fuornn RrrlA 'tO
"o&1.,
DAIA ( Rao"vose- -{rocl n SCrd Ptic"rr ;
@
&tl Dlrfislon t
o
M I tosi 5 ueiooio
a g6 _._.._- Q6*Q 6 , ,"ffn!,rr* ' q6* Q!+Qb

q.. Ae.tO ?n 5 o'rnatic eills . hile irr 3er,a'n'l $px C'dts/3ornetas

atl ott ' Spx Cl1s n;,hich h-ntP '6 t{aa'aloP
.Ex aaPl SLa. CtLll
;

So'rna&ic
S-orccrq\ 3ft6goek-ft "
Cell
. Ex' 01,\l r SpOtarn
€*- Nloso CPlt $rcirrcaJl
' ' hord Cstl
 oio aattad thz pro{e-lr, {"**a
I c,rrr',ch o{ +ha {ottot,r,r"rE onqooet\eS
ro/qlre s-{
o[ ttrorc"tt 9 Ieno r$rPc sta6a'lt
e' Ooth tnihosls & tnaiosts
-4' o"t t'd,lods
rf, Mleosir ontX D, tgol-tha.17-o rrn",tOsis florF'nneiosis'

g 11rplrob6bc(r,o C.t-ot^rd the vau,tota ?s Lr,ocDb-) Qb -

"1ho
e. C6toptosb
'"6.'Torroplosf
rb. t\o,optasF o. Awrgloptost .

e. c6htch sden{ist sc&6 thc.$ 'tho swot'rc*rroq- 6f Drua is doublo- hel?cc,.t?

.-n -t lobon orrd c.nncr

f5' Noucton
o ' cltegom Morrd o I

'D. Srrrrstojrr

q. 'Iho- Srrnollost uri,,U 6( ntrelo'e acid is - J NLrcteotido

o.f0uc\eos?da
c, NQrelsosite-
D. Nitno6an I

ors rrnqdQ uP ol Dt-l6 ond Prroteirrs ColtQ/ hishones')

q. tphot
/. e,, Chrono\i [e
\y chtoowrosorrne
r-b, Chrono Sstna- D. tlone ol {hu obova

q +locD ?rn orb nhont- 6f o[ec,rront- cure- {ound L {he s4tzuetrroe <(

DNB 9 \.d, 5 C q

o. 3 D I

6(
a

Q' ulN eh 6f {olto*",3 ?s no[ {\4o 'tn",\ro"6an bctss DNA '

Uro adl e. lss'lna

o
o. Sdo,riine- o, nQ-
 q. Furt {&* s{- Duei is * y;n dwx6tr,,iUorrrrrctoic Aaid
o. DoorTnbote, T rucloic ocr d
I
e o Diox6cnboouclo,. c odd
D . r$oma 6( ohove-

Q" NucleoLida- is wrqdo- LrP 6f uohs+ ?

'/ +
-f$r3on + rnitno3enout5 bose' PhosPhoto
"

a. $u3arn + mibnogenoue bosa + nitrco6a-n'

c. 5u6arn + friko6enous bqoo + phosphotuouo
o ' $u6om + 616'6sgarnguc bogt + praotcin

q C6toSio is rsootoke.d -to Quornirn than Bdemina

-
c " SlezOtcirnq
I

,nz-rtr6uo'mc
@ . frroorf' na o . 0uorn''no

i 9 " L-on6tn of ono ho'tlx 4 DNA is ,,{g", n* p . $.3 rrrn

o. 2.q $w7 D. 6.1_ nzn

q^ Nurnrbeh Pd'uo d ',", ono tlqlir 6F Dnr* ls-

?i:_ c' tA
fb. lb D. t?.

8. Sonrrre chotaeto:roiottcs d pnonomgo+ie eall off*- 'rnentioned betoo '

rPlaz s'tJ
.xtec* tha .s*o3 oPtion {"t* ttrn-
Sivcn
options. [eero Qtoupo

&esencs "rnambtano - bound otgorrellas,

"(
O. extroerne"Ql $tnott size, .

e. $-.n6to Chrrornogo'rno. '

D. lts rrruclqsnp megion {s eotQd 61q1la'us'