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;fdflhs cWoog tyf

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n]vs
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>L l8NnLk|;fb zdf{

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k|sfzs M g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

;jf{lwsf/ k|sfzsdf

klxnf] ;+:s/0f M lj=;+= @)&^

 k|fSsyg
ljleGg sf/0fn] pko'St pd]/df ljBfno egf{ eO{ cf}krfl/s lzIff xfl;n ug{
gkfPsf kGw| jif{dflysf pd]/ ;d"xsf l;sf?x¿nfO{ nlIft u/L pgLx¿s} cg's"n
;dodf j}slNks dfWodaf6 lzIff k|bfg ug]{ clek|fon] cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 ljBfno
;~rfngdf NofOPsf] xf] . kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|af6 ljsf; ul/Psf] kf7\oj|mdnfO{
;+Zn]if0f u/L k|f}9x¿sf nflu ;~rflnt cgf}krfl/s k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md, @)^&
sf cfwf/df sIff !–% sf] kfFr jif{sf] kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ;+Zn]if0f u/L tLg txdf
ljeflht ul/Psf] 5 . tLg jif{df sIff kfFRf k"/f ug]{ u/L tof/ ul/Psf]
kf7\oj|mdcg';f/ tx Pssf nflu kf7\ok':ts ljsf; eO{ k|of]udf cfO;s]sf]
;Gbe{df tx b'O{sf nflu kf7\ok':ts ljsf; ug]{ s|ddf of] ;fdflhs tyf
l;h{gfTds snf ljifosf] kf7\ok':ts ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
o; k':tsdf ;dflji6 ljifoJf:t'x¿nfO{ l;sf?d}qL agfpg ljleGg k|f}9d}qL tyf
l;sf?s]lGb|t lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fP/ lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng
ug'{kb{5 . lzIf0f l;sfOsf j|mddf ;xhstf{n] l;sf?x¿sf] cg'ejnfO{ ;ª\ul7t
ub}{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ug'{k5{ . o;} s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ kf7\ok'':tsnfO{
lj|mofsnfkd['vL / k|f}9d}qL agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tssf] n]vg sfo{ >L
bLlksf zdf{ / >L l8NnLk|;fb zdf{Nf] ug'{ePsf] xf] . k':ts n]vgsf j|mddf
pkdxflgb]{zs >L r"8fdl0f kf}8]naf6 ljleGg ;dodf ;Nnfx / ;'emfj k|fKt ePsf]
lyof] . n]vg sfo{sf] ;+of]hg tyf ljifoj:t' ;Dkfbg kf7\oj|md tyf ;fdu|L zfvfsf
lgb]{zs >L /]0f'sf kf08] tyf zfvf clws[t >L eLdfb]jL sf]O/fnfaf6 ePsf] xf] .
o; k':tssf] efiff ;Dkfbg >L /hgL lwdfnaf6 ePsf] xf] . o; k':tssf] lrq
tyf n]cfp6 l8hfOg / cfj/0f k[i7sf] lgdf{0f >L ho/fd s'OFs]naf6 ePsf] xf] .
cGTodf o; k':ts tof/Lsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ ;a}k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub}{ cfufdL
lbgdf kf7\ok':tsdf yk ;'wf/ ug{ /rgfTds ;'emfj tyf k|ltlj|mofsf nflu lzIff
tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb| ;b}j :jfut ub{5 .
>L Affa'/fd kf}8]n
dxflgb]{zs
lzIff tyf dfgj ;|ft] ljsf; s]Gb|
 ljifo;"rL
kf7 ljifo k[i7 ;ª\Vof
PsfO ! M ;fdflhs cWoog / l;h{gfTds snf
kf7 ! d}n] ug]{ ;xof]u !
kf7 @ xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ ;fdfg $
PsfO @ M xfd|f] k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf
kf7 ! d]/f] efiff, d]/f] rf8 M /fi6«sf] ;DklQ *
kf7 @ ;dfh;]jL M rGb| 8fS6/ !#
PsfO – # ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg
kf7 ! ;a}nfO{ ;Ddfg / ;xof]u u/f}F !&
kf7 @ ;fdflhs s'/Lltsf] cGTo u/f}F @!
PsfO – $ M gful/s r]tgf
kf7 ! xfd|f k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ @&
kf7 @ xfd|f clwsf/ / To;sf] pkof]u #@
PsfO – % xfd|f] 7fpF
kf7 ! d a;]sf] gu/kflnsf #*
kf7 @ d a;]sf] lhNnf $!
kf7 # gS;f agfpg l;sf}F $%
kf7 $ k[YjL s;/L pTklQ eof] < $(
PsfO ^ xfd|f] l5d]sL b]z
kf7 ! xfd|f] l5d]sL b]z M ef/t %@
 kf7 @ rLg M xfd|f] l5d]sL b]z %^
PsfO & xfd|f] ljut
kf7 ! /fi6« lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] jL/jL/ª\ugfx¿ ^)
kf7 @ xfd|f] ;d'bfosf P]ltxfl;s JolStTjx¿ ^^
PsfO * xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
kf7 ! xfd|f] ufpF / gu/sf dflg;x¿n] ug]{ sfd &!
kf7 @ ldtJolotf &&
kf7 # xfd|f] lhNnfsf] pTkfbg *!
kf7 $ d]/f] ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿ *^
PsfO ( ;h{gfTds snf
kf7 ! /]vfaf6 lrq agfcf}F < (!
kf7 @ /ªsf] sfd (&
kf7 # 5kfO !)!
kf7 $ df6f]sf] sfd !)$
kf7 % sf]nfh s;/L agfpg] < !)*
PsfO !) ;ª\lut
kf7 ! :yfgLo afhfx¿ !!!
kf7 @ xfd|f] /fli6«o ufg !!$
Kff7 # :yfgLo uLt ufcf}F !!^
kf7 $ ljleGg lsl;dsf uLtx¿ !!(
PsfO !! g[To !@!
PsfO !@ clego !@#
 ljifo ;"rL
kf7 ljifo k[i7 ;ª\Vof
PsfO – ! M ;fdflhs cWoog / l;h{gfTds snf
kf7 ! M d}n] ug]{ ;xof]u !
kf7 M @ xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ ;fdfg $
PsfO @ M xfd|f] k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf
kf7 M ! d]/f] efiff, d]/f] rf8 M /fi6«sf] ;DklQ &
PsfO – # ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg
kf7 —! ;a}nfO{ ;Ddfg / ;xof]u u/f}F !@
kf7 — @ ;fdflhs s'/Lltsf] cGTo u/f}F !^
PsfO – $ M gful/s r]tgf
kf7 M ! xfd|f k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ @#
kf7 M @ xfd|f clwsf/ / To;sf] pkof]u @*
PsfO – %
kf7 ! M d a;]sf] gu/kflnsf #%
kf7 @ M d a;]sf] lhNnf #*
kf7 # M k[YjL s;/L pTklQ eof] < $@
kf7 $M ef/t M xfd|f] l5d]sL b]z $%
kf7 % M rLg M xfd|f] l5d]sL b]z $(
PsfO ^ xfd|f] ljut
kf7 — ! /fi6« lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] jL/ aL/ª\ugfx¿%#
kf7 @ M xfd|f] ;d'bfosf P]ltxfl;s JolStTjx¿ %(
PsfO —& xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
kf7 ! M xfd|f] ufFp / gu/sf dflg;x¿n] ug]{ sfd ^$
kf7 @ M ldtJooLtf &)
kf7 # xfd|f] lhNnfsf] pTkfbg &$
kf7 $ d]/f] ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿ &(
;h{gfTds snf
kf7 ! M /]vfaf6 lrq agfcf}F < *$
kf7 @ M /ªsf] sfd ()
kf7 # M 5kfO ($
kf7 $ M sf]nfh s;/L agfpg] < (&
kf7 % M sfuhaf6 ljleGg a:t'x¿ agfcf}F !))
;+lut
kf7 —! :yfgLo afhfx¿ !!@
kf7 –@ xfd|f] /fli6«o ufg !!%
Kff7 M # :yfgLo uLt ufcf}F !!&
kf7 – $ ljleGg lsl;dsf uLtx¿ !@)
g[To !@$
kf7 % M df6f]sf] sfd !@(
PsfO ! M ;fdflhs cWoog / l;h{gfTds snf
kf7 M ! d}n] ug]{ ;xof]u
kf7 kl/ro M k|To]s kl/jf/df dflg;x¿n] cfcfˆgf] sfd ub{5g\ . o:tf]
sfdaf6 cfo cfh{g klg eO/x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf sfdx¿af6 dflg;sf]
hLljsf rln/x]sf] x'G5 . oxL sfdnfO{ k];f klg elgG5 . kl/jf/df x'g]
sfddf PSnf] JolStn] ;a} sfd ug{ ;Sb}g . p;nfO{ kl/jf/sf cGo
;b:osf] ;xof]u cfjZosk5{ . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ Psn] csf{nfO{
cfˆgf] Ifdtfcg';f/ sfddf ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . o;}nfO{ kfl/jfl/s sfddf
;xof]u elgG5 .
d]/f] gfd ;fGgfgL
uf}rg xf] . d d':tfª
lhNnfdf a:5' . d]/f]
kl/jf/ s[lif / kz'kfng
u5{ . d cfˆgf]
kl/jf/sf] ;a} sfddf ;xof]u u5'{ . d, d]/f ;;'/f / ;f;' s[lifsf] sfd
u5f}{+ . v]t / af/L vG5f}F . cfn', sf]bf], kmfk/ /f]K5f}F . xfdLn] :ofpsf
la¿jfx¿ klg /f]k]sf 5f} . d slxn] sfxLF :ofpsf la¿jf uf]8d]n u5'{ .
To;sf xfFufx¿ 5f6sfF6 u5'{ . xfdLn] kz'kfng klg u/]sf 5f}F . e]8f,
Rofª\u|f kfn]sf 5f}F . d]/f >Ldfg e]8f, Rofª\u|f r/fpg] sfd ug'{x'G5 .

1
lxpFbdf xfdL uf]7 a]F;Llt/ ;f5f}{+ . lxpFb ;lsPkl5 k]ml/ n]slt/
n}hfG5f}F . xfd|f] kl/jf/n] ug]{ sfddf d ;xof]u u5'{ . kl/jf/sf ;fy}
l5d]sLsf] sfddf ;d]t d ;xof]u u5'{ . l5d]sLx¿sf] v]taf/L vGg /
cfn', kmfk/ /f]Kg ;xof]u u5'{ . pgLx¿ klg d]/f] kl/jf/sf] sfddf
;xof]u ub{5g\ .
tkfO{F lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ s'g k|b]zdf a:g' x'G5 < tkfO{F cfˆgf]
kl/jf/df s;/L ;xof]u ug'{x'G5 < sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
d]/f] gfd e'lgof xf] . d ;'g;/L lhNnfsf] b'xjLdf a:5' . d]/f] kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿ Jofkf/ ug'{x'G5 . d]/f] a'af ls;fgx¿;Fu wfg lsGg' x'G5 /
rfdn agfP/ a]Rg' x'G5 . cfdf ls/fgf k;n rnfpg' x'G5 . slxn]sfxLF
d cfdfnfO{ ls/fgf k;ndf ;fdfg a]Rg ;xof]u u5'{ . slxn]sfxLF
cfdfnfO{ k;nsf] nflu ;fdfg lsg]/ NofOlbG5' . d]/f l5d]sLx¿ klg
k;ndf cfP/ ;fdfg lsg]/ ;xof]u ul/lbG5g\ . cfk"mn] pTkfbg u/]sf]
wfg xfdLnfO{ a]R5g\ . xfd|f] kl/jf/ klg l5d]sLx¿n] ug]{ s[lifsf] sfddf
;xof]u ug{ hfG5 . l5d]sLx¿ klg xfd|f] kl/jf/sf sfddf klg ;xof]u
ug{ cfpF5g\ . o;nfO{ …kd{Ú elgG5 . olt dfq xf]Og l5d]sdf sf]xL
la/fdL kbf{ d / d]/f] kl/jf/n] c:ktfn k'¥ofpg ;xof]u u5f}{+ .
la/fdLnfO{ e]6\g c:ktfn hfFbf kmnk"mn n}hfG5f}F . slxn]sfxLF l5d]sLx¿
cfk"mnfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] ;fdfg xfd|f] 3/af6 n}hfG5g\ . cfˆgf] vfFrf] -

2
cfjZostf_ k"/f eO;s]kl5 lkmtf{ NofOlbG5g\ . o:tf] sfdnfO{ k}Frf]
-;fk6L_ elgG5 .
l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sf?x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/n] ug]{ sfd, To;df pgLx¿n]
ug]{ ;xof]u jf ;xeflutf, l5d]sLx¿;Fu ;xof]u lng] / lbg] sfo{df k'¥ofPsf]
;xof]u eGg nufO{ pgLx¿lar 5nkmn ug{ nufO{ l;sfpg'k5{ .

cEof;
!= tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/sf] k];f s'g xf] <
@= tkfO{F s'g s'g sfd u/]/ kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'G5 <
#= tkfO{F cfˆgf l5d]sLx¿nfO{ s'g s'g sfddf ;xof]u ug'{ x'G5 <
s;/L ;xof]u u'g{x'G5 < sIffdf clego u/L b]vfpg'xf];\ .
$= tn lbOPsf lrqx¿ cWoog u/L pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .

-s_ tkfO{Fn] dfly lrqdf lbOPsf dflg;x¿nfO{ s;/L ;xof]u

ug'{x'G5 <
-v_ olb tkfO{Fsf] k];f dflysf] lrq;Fu ldN5 eg] l5d]sLn] s;/L
;xof]u u?g\ eGg] 7fGg'x'G5 <

3
kf7 M @ xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ ;fdfg
kf7 kl/ro M xfd|f] ;d'bfodf km/s km/s k];f / Joj;fo ug]{ dflg;x¿
x'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] k];fcg';f/sf ;fdfg k|of]u u5{g\ . ls;fgn]
xnf], s'6f], sf]bfnf] cflb k|of]u u5{g\ . Jofkf/Ln] 9s, t/fh' cflb k|of]u
u5{g\ . ;a}n] cfk"mn] k|of]u ug]{ ;fdfgsf] ;'/Iff / htg ug'k{ 5{ .
d]/f] gfd k"mngb]jL rf}w/L xf] . d clxn] sk8f
l;nfpg] k];f u5'{ . d]/f] k];fnfO{ n]6l/ª klg
elgG5 . d dlxnfx¿n] nufpg] sk8f l;nfpF5' .
n'uf l;pg] s'tf{, ;njf/, rf]nf], n]xª\uf cflb d}n] tof/ ug]{
d]lx';gaf6
sk8f g\ . sk8f gfKg] lkmQf, s}FrL, l;nfO ug]{ d]l;g cflb d}n] k|of]u
sk8f l;nfpFb}
ug]u/] sL dlxnfsf]
{ ;fdfg x'g\ . oL ;fdfgx¿ d]/f] k];fsf nflu clt cfjZos 5g\ .
lrq . leQfdf
To;}ns'] toLf{, k|;fdfgx¿
ms d htg u/]/ k|of]u u5'{ . s}FrLdf wf/ nufpF5' .
e'ml08Psf]
;do ;dodf d]l;gsf] dd{t ;Def/ ug{ nufpF5' . Tolt dfq} xf]Og,
3/leq k|of]u x'g] ;fdfgx¿, efF8fs'8f ;w}F l7s 7fpFdf /fV5' . ;kmf
agfOPsf efG;fsf efF8fjt{g ldnfP/ /fV5' .
d]/f l5d]sL ;Gtnfn /fhj+zL ls;fg x'g\ .
pgnfO{ v]t, af/L hf]Tg xnf] rflxG5 . vGg xnf]
s]bfnf] / uf]8d]n ug{ s'6f] rflxG5 . pgL oL hf]Tb} u/]sf] ls;fgsf]
lrq
;fdfgx¿ lxkmfht u/]/ rnfpF5g\ . v]t, af/L
vGg' cl3 s'6f], sf]bfnf]df wf/ nufpF5g\ . sfd ;lsPkl5 lvof gnfUg]

4
7fpFdf /fV5g\ . pgsf] 3/df xFl;of, v's'/L, aGr/f] klg 5g\ . tL
;fdfgx¿ klg l7s 7fpFdf /fV5g\ . l7s 7fpFdf /fVbf rflxPsf] ;dodf
vf]lh/xg' kb}{g . 8f]sf] / gfDnf]nfO{ klg htg u/]/ rnfpF5g\ .
tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/ s'g k];fdf ;+nUg 5 < tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/n] k|of]u ug]{
;fdfgx?sf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
cfzf/Tg / lx/fzf]efsf] ;fOsn k;n 5 . cfzf/Tg
;fOsn / df]6/;fOsn dd{t u5{g\ . lx/fzf]ef
;fOsn dd{t
;fOsn, ;fOsnsf kf6k'hf{ laj|mL ul5{g\ . cfzf/Tg
ul//x]sf] / lx/fzf]ef 3/sf] sfd u5{g\ . vfgf ksfpF5g\ .
k'¿ifsf] lrq
vfgf vfg] sfd ;lsPkl5 efG;fsf efF8fs'F8f ;kmf u5{g\ / l7s 7fpFdf
/fV5g\ . cfˆgf n'ufsk8f klg w'G5g\ / ;kmf agfP/
/fV5g\ . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ klg cfˆgf n'ufsk8f ;kmf ug{ l7s l7s 7fpFdf
/fVg l;sfpF5g\ . pgsf] 3/df k'/fgf–k'/fgf ;fdfgx¿ htg;fy /fv]sf]
b]lvG5 . ce}m pgsf] 3/df k'/fgf] /]l8of], df6f] / wft'sf k'/fgf efF8fs'F8f
;'/lIft ;fy /fv]sf] b]lvG5 .

l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sf?x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] k];f, k];fcg';f/ k|of]u ul/g] ;fdfg,

tL ;fdfgsf] ;fy} 3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿sf] k|of]u / ;'/Iff ug]{ tl/sfsf ;DaGwdf
k|Zgf]Q/ / cGt/lj|mof u/fP/ l;sfpg ;lsG5 .

5
cEof;
!= s;nfO{ s'g ;fdfg rflxG5 < hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ .
-s_ xnf] -c_ lzIfs
-v_ rs / 8:6/ -cf_ k;n]
-u_ s/f}tF L -O_ ls;fg
-3_ 9s / t/fh' -O{_ ;"rLsf/÷6]n;{
-pm_ l;sdL{
@= tn lbOPsf ;fdfgx¿sf] htg s;/L ug'{k5{ < ;d"xdf a;L pkfo
lgsfNg'xf];\ .
;fdfgx¿ htg ug]{ tl/sf
n'uf sk8f
efF8f jt{g
s'6f] sf]bfnf]
lstfa, sfkL
#= ;d"xdf a;L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ tkfO{F s'g k];f ug'{x'G5 <
-v_ tkfO{FnfO{ cfˆgf] k];fdf s'g s'g ;fdfg rflxG5 <
-u_ tkfO{Fn] cfˆgf ;fdfgsf] htg s;/L ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 <

6
$= tkfO{Fsf] sIffdf s'g} b'O{ hgf ;xkf7L ;fyLsf] k];f, pgLx¿n] k|of]u
ug]{ ;fdfg, To;sf] htg ug]{ tl/sf ;f]w]/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
To;kl5 cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfo{ sIffdf eGg'xf];\ .

7
PsfO @ M xfd|f] k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf
kf7 ! M d]/f] efiff, d]/f] rf8 M /fi6«sf] ;DklQ
kf7 kl/ro M xfd|f] b]zdf w]/} hflt, hghflt ePsf dflg;x¿sf]
a;f]af; 5 . pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} efiff / ;+:s[lt 5 . cnu cnu wd{ klg
5 . oL ;a}sf] cfcfˆg} lsl;dsf] klxrfg klg 5 . lxdfno k|b]zdf a:g]
z]kf{ hflt / t/fO{ k|b]zdf a;f]af; ug]{ yf¿ hfltsf] hLjg k4lt cnu
5 . kxf8L k|b]zdf a;f]af; ug]{ hflt hghflt klg w]/} 5g\ . pgLx¿sf]
hLjg k4lt klg cnu cnu k|sf/s} 5 . of] ljljwtfleq klg xfdL
g]kfnL Pp6} xf}F .
k]Daf l8sL z]kf{ cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] k|f}9 sIffdf cWoog ub}{ l5g\ .
;fdflhs ljifosf] PsfO b'O{ ;'? x'Fb} lyof] . ;xhstf{ lzIfsn] cfˆgf]
ufpF, 6f]ndf af]Ng] efiff s'g s'g x'g\ < ToxfF s'g s'g rf8kj{x¿
dgfOG5 < ;+:s[ltx¿ s]–s] 5g\ < tL rf8kj{df tkfO{Fx¿ s;/L ;xefuL
aGg'x'G5 < efiff, e]ife'iffsf af/]df cWoog u/L 5f]6f] ljj/0f tof/
ug'{xf];\ eGg' eof] . k]Djfn] o:tf] ljj/0f tof/ kfl/g\–
gfd M k]Daf l8sL z]kf{
3/ M ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf, ;f]tfª ufpFkflnsf
wd{ M af}4
d'Vo rf8kj{ M Nxf];f/, b'DhL, dflgl/Gb', uxgf
nufPsL
z]kf{
8 dlxnfsf]
kmf]6f]
 cf]zf] / lªpg -oL rf8x¿ ltAatL
kfqf]cg';f/ dflgG5_
efiff M ef]6 jd]{nL kl/jf/ cGt/ut z]kf{ efiff /
g]kfnL efiff .
rf8kj{ dgfpg] ;do M – Nxf];f/ gofF jif{sf] ¿kdf kmfu'g dlxgfdf
– b'DhL – h]7, c;f/lt/
– dflgl/Gb' – dª\l;/ dlxgfdf
– cf]zf] – v]tLkftL / cGgafnL /fd|f] xf];\ eg]/
– lªpg – kfkaf6 d'lQm kfpg .
y/x¿ M s;]jf], uf]kdf{, kfnbf]h]{, kfªsdf{ cflb .
hGd M hGd]sf] % lbgdf nfdfaf6 Gjf/fg ul/G5 .
;fy} hGd]sf] lbg -jf/_cg';f/ gfd /flvG5 .
d[To' ;+:sf/ M nfdfaf6 d[To' ;+:sf/ ug]{ rng 5 . nfdfs}
lg0f{ocg';f/ hnfpg], uf8\g], aufpg] jf
k+IfLnfO{ v'jfpg] lg0f{o x'G5 . hnfpFbf
HjfFOaf6 bfuaQL lbOG5 .
ljjfx M dfdfr]nf, k"mk"r]nLdf ljjfx x'G5 . dfuL
ljjfx, hf/L ljjfx / rf]/L ljjfx klg x'g] .

9
 dfuL ljjfx ubf{ uf]qnfO{ Wofg lbOG5 . ljjfx
klg nfdfn] g} ;DkGg ul/lbG5g\ .
e]ife'iff M hf8f] If]qsf afl;Gbf ePsf]n] afSnf] pmgaf6
ag]sf sk8f aVv', bf]rf / 6f]kL x'g\ . ljjflxt
dlxnfn] cufl8sf] efudf sDd/d'gL nufpg]
ws]{ sk8fnfO{ kfª\b]g elgG5 . cljjflxtn]
rflxF k5fl8 nufpF5g\ . o;nfO{ …d6]nÚ
elgG5 .
u/uxgf M d7Ln -r'/f_, Ro'¿s -d'uf_, bf]h]{ kmnfd
-lx/f_, dfnL -jfnf_, ~oQmf -l;j|mL_, sp
-dfnf_ cflb d'Vo uxgf x'g\ .

d]/f] ;xeflutf M d]/f] ufpFsf] jl/kl/ /fO{, a|fXd0f / If]qL ;d'bfosf

dflg;x¿ a:b5g\ . d]/f ;fyLx¿ klg tL ;a} ;d'bfosf 5g\ . d
pgLx¿nfO{ xfd|f] rf8kj{x¿df af]nfpF5' . pgLx¿ klg cfcfˆgf
rf8kj{x¿df dnfO{ af]nfpF5g\ . d v'zL / xif{sf ;fy pkl:yt x'G5' .
xfdL ;fyLx¿ aLr s'g} e]befj ub}{gf}F . g]kfndf !@% hft–hflt / !@#
efiff af]lnG5 . oxfF !) eGbf a9L wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ 5g\ . To;}n]
g]kfnnfO{ ax'hflt, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s b]z elgG5 . h'g;'s} hflt,

10
efiff / wd{ dfGg] eP klg xfdL ;a} g]kfnL xf}+ . xfd|f] Kof/f] b]z g]kfn
xf] .
l;sfO lgb]{zg M cfˆgf l;sf? ;d"xnfO{ pgLx¿sf] jf;:yfg, pgLx¿sf] efiff,
wd{, ;+:s[lt -hGd, d[To' ljjfx ;+:sf/, e]ife'iff, u/uxgf, rf8kj{x¿df ;xeflutf
cflb_sf ;DaGwdf eGg nufO{ /fli6«o Pstfsf] clego ug{ nufO l;sfpg' kb{5 .

cEof;
!= tn lbOPsf lrq cWoog u/L tL rf8x¿ s;/L dgfOG5 < ;d"xdf
5nkmn u/L atfpg'xf];\ .

ltxf/df
b]p;L e}nf]
57 k"hf v]n]sf]
@= tkfO{ObF klg ul//x]sf]
dgfpFk]bDjf
} l8sL z]kf{n] h:t} cfˆgf] af/]df tnsf a'Fbfsf
cfwf/df u/]s f]
ljj/0f tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
cfˆgf] gfd M lhNnf, ufpF÷gu/ M
wd{ M efiff M
d'Vo rf8kj{ M dgfpg] ;do M

11
 hGd ;+:sf/ M ljjfx ;+:sf/ M
d[To' ;+:sf/ M e]ife'iff / uxgf M
-cfk"mn] tof/ kf/]sf] ljj/0f sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpg'xf];\ /
;fyLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf] klg ;'Gg'xf];\_ .
#= o; jif{sf] leQ]kfqf] -Sofn]G8/_ vf]Hg'xf];\ . Tof] Sofn]G8/sf]
;xfotfaf6 tn lbOPsf rf8kj{xQAA¿ s'g dlxgf, slt ut] / s'g
af/ kb{5g\ < / s'g wd{;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ < kQf nufO{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
rf8kj{ s'g dlxgf slt ut] s'g af/ s'g wd{
ltxf/
df3L
Ob
a'4 k"l0f{df
57
lj|m;d;

12
$= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf a;f]af; ug]{ s'g} kfFr cf]6f hfthfltsf] cWoog
u/L lgDg zLif{sdf tflnsf agfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
hfthflt af]Ng] efiff e]ife'iff rf8kj{

13
kf7 @ M ;dfh;]jL M rGb| 8fS6/
kf7 kl/ro M dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsf]n] ;dfhdf a:5 . ;dfhdf
a:bf dflg;nfO{ cg]s ;d:of, b'Mv, cfkt\ljkb klg cfpF5g\ . ;dfhdf
To:tf ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/lbg], ;dfhsf] enf] rfxg] / ;dfhsf] pGgtL
ug]{ dflg;nfO{ ;dfh;]jL elgG5 . k|foMh;f] ;d'bfodf To:tf
;dfh;]jLx¿ lqmofzLn eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf JolStx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{,
pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ sfd ug'{kb{5 . o; kf7df klg To:tf ;dfh;]jL
JolStx¿sf] vf]hL u/L pgLx¿sf] sfdsf] sb/ ug'{k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z
lbOPsf] 5 .

k|]daxfb'/ tfdfª bf]nvf lhNnfsf] gfDb" ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= $ sf

afl;Gbf x'g\ . Pslbg pgnfO{ cfˆgf] ufpFkflnsfsf ;dfh;]jL JolStsf]
vf]hL ug]{ OR5f eof] . To;sf nflu pgn] cfˆgf] ufpFkflnsfleqsf s]xL
;dfh;]jL JolStx¿sf] ;f]wvf]h ub}{ uP / ;dfh;]jL rGb| bfxfnnfO{
e]6]/ s'/fsfgL u/] . s'/fsfgLsf cfwf/df pgn] rGb| bfxfnsf] af/]df
o:tf] ljj/0f tof/ u/] –
;dfh;]jL rGb| bfxfnsf] hGd lj=;+= @))# ;fndf
bf]nvf lhNnfsf] sfj|]df ePsf] xf] . To;a]nf ufpFdf
ljBfnox¿ lyPgg\ . k9\g n]Vg OR5f x'g]x¿ ufpFs}

14
kf6L, rf}tf/f]df hDdf x'Gy] . ufpFsf k9\g n]Vg hfg]sf JolStx¿;Fu
ToxLF l;Sg] ub{y] . pxfFn] klg To;}u/L ufpFs} u'ª;Fu k9\g n]Vg l;Sg'
eof] . kl5 gfDb" ufpFdf ldl8n :s"n v'Nof] . ToxfF pxfFn] ;ft sIff;Dd
cWoog ug'{eof] . ufpFdf Tof] eGbf a9L k9fO x'g] cj:yf lyPg . cfk"m /
cfk"mh:t} ;fyLx¿ ldn]/ sf7df8f}F cfO{ ljho d]df]l/on :s'ndf k9\g
yfNg'eof] . sIff !) ;Ddsf] cWoog ;s]/ ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;xfos -
l;=Pd=P=_ k9\g yfNg'eof] . l;=Pd=P=
cWoog ul/;s]kl5 zfGtf ejg
c:ktfndf sfd ug'{eof] . ToxfF sfd
ubf{ ub}{ b'u{d If]qdf uO{ ToxfFsf
hgtfsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf ug]{ OR5f
hfUof] . æhxfF OR5f, ToxfF pkfoÆ
eg]e}+m pxfF b}n]v lhNnfsf] x]Nykf]i6df sfd ug{ yfNg' eof] . ToxfF b'O{
jif{ sfd ul/;s]kl5 cfˆg} lhNnfsf] lh/Ldf c:ktfn v'n]sf] va/
k'Uof] . ca cfˆg} lhNnfdf a;]/ sfd ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy lh/L
c:ktfndf sfd ug'{eof] . lh/L c:ktfndf sfo{/t /xFbf pxfFsf] sfdaf6
k|]l/t eP/ ljb]zL 8fS6/n] cfk"m;Fu} :jL6\h/n}08 hfg cfu|x u/] . Tof]
cfu|x c:jLsf/ ub}{ pxfF ;Kt/L k'Ug'eof] . t/fO{sf] udL{;Fu} ToxfF k}mng]
/f]u;Fu h'lw/x]sf bfh'efO, lbbLalxgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf nfUg' eof] .
To;} qmddf lj=;+= @)#^ ;fndf k~rfotL Joj:yf lj¿4 cfGbf]ng

15
rls{of] . k~rfot Joj:yf /x];Dd hgtfsf] :jf:Yo cj:yf ;'w|g ;Sb}g
eGg] 7fg]/ æ:jf:Yo ;xfos ;ª\3Æ u7g ug{ ;lqmo /xg' eof] . ToxL
;+u7g dfk{mt pxfF klg k~rfot lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf nfUg'eof] . @)#&
;fnkl5 pxfF k'gM cfˆg} lhNnf kms{g' eof] / gfDb' x]Nykf]i6df sfd ug{
yfNg'eof] . ;xsf/L ;+:yfåf/f hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg
æhgd'vL art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfÆ :yfkgf ug'{eof] . hgtfsf]
:jf:Yo ;]jf ug{ cfk}mFn] d]l8sn ;~rfng u/L sltko c;xfo, ul/a,
b'MvL JolStx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns ;]jf klg k'¥ofpg' eof] . pxfFsf] ;]jfaf6
k|efljt eP/ To; ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿n] rGb| 8fS6/ eGg yfn] .
;]jfaf6 cjsf; ePkl5 ædg z'4 eP z/L/ :j:y /xG5Æ eGg] d"ndGq
lnP/ of]u lzIffsf] k|rf/df lj|mofzLn /xFb} cfpg' ePsf] 5 .

l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sfOx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf ;dfh;]jL JolStx¿sf]

vf]hL ug{ nufO{ pxfFsf] of]ubfgsf] ;DaGwdf sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'k5{ /
l;sfOx¿nfO{ vf]h ljlwaf6 l;Sg k|]l/t ug'{k5{ .

16
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ s:tf] sfd ug]{ JolStnfO{ ;dfh;]jL elgG5 <
-v_ ;dfh;]jL aGg s]s] u'0f x'g'k5{ <
-u_ tkfO{FnfO{ klg ;dfh;]jL aGg dgk5{ < k5{ eg] lsg < kb}{g
eg] lsg <
@= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf ;dfh;]jL JolStx¿sf] vf]hL ug'{xf];\ .
pxfFn] ;dfhsf nflu s:tf s:tf sfd ug'{ePsf] 5, ;f]wvf]h u/L
kQf nufpg'xf];\ / To;sf] ljj/0f tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
#= kf7sf ;dfh;]jL rGb| bfxfn / tkfO{n
F ] vf]hL ug'{ePsf ;dfh;]jLn]
u/]sf sfdsf] t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
$= vfk'{gfy ufpFkflnsfsf hoaxfb'/ /f]sfof ;dfh;]jL JolSt x'g\ .
pgL ufpFkflnsfdf :ofp v]tLsf] nflu tflnd lbg], ls;fgx¿nfO{
s[lif C0f lng ;xof]u ug]{, pGgt hftsf e]8f kfng ug{ l;sfpg]
ub{5g\ . hoaxfb'/sf] sfddf tkfO{F s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 <
%= k|b]z g+= @ sL ljlGbof dxtf] dlxnf clwsf/sdL{ x'g\ . pgn]
dlxnfx¿sf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ s] ug'{knf{ <
^= dfgf},F tkfO{F ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ cyjf dlxnf :jf:Yo
:jod\ ;]ljsf x'g'ePsf] eP s;/L ;dfh;]jf ug'{x'G5 < ;d"xdf
5nkmn u/L clego ug'{xf];\ .

17
PsfO # M ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg
kf7 ! M ;a}nfO{ ;Ddfg / ;xof]u u/f}F
kf7 kl/ro M xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljleGg lsl;dsf c;xfo ckfª\utf ePsf
/ cK7of/f]df k/]sf JolStx¿ x'G5g\ . ljleGg jfWotfn] ubf{ tL
JolStx¿ To:tf] cj:yfdf k'u]sf x'g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ dfof, xf};nf,
;xof]u / k|]/0ffsf] vfFrf] x'G5 . pgLx¿nfO{ klg c¿ ;/x ;dfg
Aojxf/ ul/of] eg] pgLx¿n] klg ;dfhdf of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ .
lalGbof e§sf] 3/df pgsf] a'af, cfdf / Ps efO{ 5g\ . pgLx¿sf]
;fgf] / ;'vL kl/jf/ 5 . lalGbofsf] efO pgsf] cfdfafa'sf] cfˆg}
;Gtfg xf]Ogg\ . Pslbg pgsf] afa' clkm;af6 kms{Fbf af6f]df
dflg;x¿sf] le8 b]v] . x]bf{ t ToxfF ev{/ hGd]sf] gfafns lzz'
sk8fdf a]/]/ kmflnPsf] /x]5 . Tof] c;xfo afnsnfO{ lalGbofsf] a'afn]
3/df n}hfg' eof] / jxfFx¿n] p;sf] gfd lbg]z /fVg'eof] . wd{k'q agfO{
x'sf{O{ a9fO{ k9fpg'eof] . clxn] pm c7f/ jif{ k'lu;s]sf] 5 . pm !@
sIffdf k9\b} 5 . o;/L Pp6f c;xfo afnsnfO{ lalGbofsf] cfdf a'afn]
;xf/f lbFbf p;sf] eljio aGof] .
/]0f' ofba Ps ckfª\utf ePsL dlxnf x'g\ .
pgL xfn @# jif{sL 5g\ . pgL ;fg}df a;
b'3{6gfdf k/]/ Pp6f uf]8f sf6\g'k/]sf] lyof] /

18
Pp6f ;+:yfsf] ;xof]uaf6 s[lqd v'6\6f xflnPsf] lyof] olx b'3{6gfsf]
sf/0fn] pgL ;fgf]df cf}krfl/s ljBfno lzIffaf6 al~rt eOg\ .
clxn] pgL 3/ kl/jf/, ;flyefO, lzIfsx¿ / ;ª\3;+:yfsf] dbtn]
glhs}sf] dlxnf ljBfnodf k9\g] cj;/ kfPsL 5g\ / pgn] k9fOdf
/fd|f] u/]sL 5g\ .
/fd nvg t/fO{df a:5g\ . Ps
lbg pgsf] 3/df lah'nL ;6{
eO{ cfunflu eof] . p;sf]
kl/jf/df ;a}hgf 3/ aflx/
lg:sg ;kmn eP t/
;fdfgx¿ aflx/ lgsfNg
EofPgg\ . l5d]sLx¿n] s;}n] kfgL, s;}n] :ofpnf, NofP/ cfuf] t lgefP
t/ 3/df ePsf ;a} ;fdfgx¿ 89]/ gi6 eof] . kl5 ufpFn]x¿ / /]8j|m;
;+:yfsf] ;xof]u åf/f ;fgf] 3/ lgdf{0f eof] . ;fy} nQfsk8f /
vfg]s'/fx¿ pknAw u/fOP .
æwd{ sdfpg s'g} dlGb/ hfg' kb}{g, czQm, c;xfo / ckfª\utf ePsf
JolStx¿sf] ;]jf ug'{ g} 7'nf] wd{ xf] .Æ

19
lj|mofsnfk M tkfO{Fsf] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf klg 5f]/f5f]/Ln] 5f]8]sf h]i7
gful/s, cfdfafa'df ePsf afnaflnsf cflb c;xfo JolStx¿ x'g
;S5g\ . To:tf c;xfo JolStx¿nfO{ tkfO{Fn] s;/L ;xof]u ub}{ cfpg'
ePsf] 5 < jf ug'{x'G5 < sIffdf 5nkmn u/]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg'xf];\ <
cEof;
!= tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ b[li6laxLgx¿n] k9\bf k|of]u ug]{ lnlknfO{ s] elgG5 <
-v_ tkfO{Fsf] l5d]sLsf] 3/df cfunfuL eof] eg] s] ug'{x'G5 <
-u_ ckfª\u ePsf JolStn] lxF8\bf k|of]u ug]{ nf}/LnfO{ s] elgG5 <
-3_ s:tf dflg;x¿nfO{ c;xfo elgG5 <
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ tkfO{F c;xfo, ckfª\utf ePsf tyf cK7\of/fdf k/]sf
dflg;x¿nfO{ s;/L ;xof]u ug'{x'G5 < ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ sIffsf]7fdf ;flyx¿sf] ;d"x agfO{ cK7\of/fdf k/]sf
dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] clego u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ c;xfo, ckfª\utf ePsf / cK7\of/fdf k/]sf dflg;x¿;Fu
;DalGwt ;dfrf/ / lrqx¿ ;ª\sng u/L sIffsf]7fdf
6fF:g'xf];\ .

20
 -3_ tkfO{Fsf] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf sfo{/t c;xfo, ckfª\utf ePsf
tyf cK7\of/f]df k/]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;ª\3;+:yfx¿
vf]lh u/L ;"rL agfO{ s'g} Pssf] af/]df n]Vg'x]f;\ .
#= tn lbOPsf ;fdu|Lx¿ s:tf JolStx¿nfO{ cfjZos kb{5g\
n]Vg'xf];\ .

================== ================ ==================== ==============

l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sf?x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ePsf c;xfo, ckfª\utf

ePsf tyf cK7\of/fdf k/]sf dflg;x¿sf] vf]hL ug{ nufO{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u,
;Ddfg, xf};nf / k|]/0ff ug]{ lsl;dsf e"ldsf clego, gf6s / ljleGg
lj|mofsnfkx¿ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

21
kf7 @ M ;fdflhs s'/Lltsf] cGTo u/f}F
kf7 kl/ro M klxn]b]lv rlncfPsf ljleGg k|yf / k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t
;dfhsf] ljsf;df afwf c8\rg k}bf ug]{ 5'jf5't, cGwljZjf; /
?l9jflb ;+:sf/x¿nfO{ g} ;fdflhs s'/Llt elgG5 . xfd|f] g]kfnL ;dfh
cem} klg o:tf ljs[lt / ;d:ofx¿af6 k|efljt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
logLx¿nfO{ h/}b]lv x6fpg' g} cfhsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .{

tgxF'sf] cgf}krfl/s ljBfno k|f}9

bf];|f] txsf l;sf?x¿n] Pp6f
kl/of]hgfTds sfo{ u/] . To;sf
nflu lzIfsn] ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿
af/] ;d"xut 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'
eof] . To; ;d"xsf] k|:t'lt 5'jf5't
lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
zLif{s M 5'jf5't
k|:tf]tf M /Ltf ljZjsdf{
;xefuL ;ª\Vof M&
kl/ro M hflt, efiff, wd{, k];f, If]q / lnª\usf] cfwf/df ul/g]
e]befjnfO{ g} 5'jf5't elgG5 . of] Ps lsl;dsf] ;fdflhs lje]b xf] .

22
g]kfnsf] ;x/L If]qsf] t'ngfdf u|fdL0f If]qdf cem} klg 5'jf5't k|yf
Jofks ¿kdf rln/x]sf] e]l6G5 .
5'jf5'tn] kfg]{ c;/x¿
!= JolStdf lxgtfaf]w / cfTdUnfgL x'g]
@= ;fdflhs åGå a9\b} hfg]
#= ;fdflhs Pstfdf sdL cfpg]
$= ;dfhdf czflGt em}emu8f h:tf lj|mofsnfkx¿ a9\g]
%= ;fdflhs ;xof]u / ;b\efjdf sdL cfpg]
5'jf5't ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
!= hgr]tgf hufpg]
@= lzIffsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{
#= sfg'gsf] ;xL ¿kdf kfngf u/fpg]
$= ;dfhdf ;a}sf] ;xof]udf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{
%= sfg'gsf] ckx]ngf ug]{nfO{ s8f sfg'gL ;hfo lbnfpg]
;d"x v
zLif{s M cGwljZjf;
k|:tf]tf M alb| uf}td
;xefuL ;ª\Vof M ^
kl/ro M af:tljs s'/f yfxf gkfO{ c¿sf] nx}nx}df nfu]/ s'g} s'/fsf]
ljZjf; ug'{ cGwljZjf; xf] . af]S;L k|yf, wfdLemfFj|mLdf ljZjf; ug'{,

23
la/fnf]n] af6f] sf6]df ;fOt kb}{g eGg' blntx¿dfly 5f]Ol56f] ug]{,
dlxgfaf/L ePsf dlxnfnfO{ 5'g' x'Fb}g eGg' cflb cGwljZjf;sf
pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .
xfd|f] ;dfhdf klxn]b]lv
rlncfPsf o:tf g/fd|f
s'–k|yfx¿nfO{ x6fpFb}
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf
rlncfPsf /fd|f kIfx¿sf] 5fpk8L k|yf
;+/If0f / hu]gf{ ub}{
hfg'kb{5 . ;ef ;df/f]x / e]nfx¿sf] cfof]hgf u/L hgr]tgfd"ns
sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ ljleGg ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿af6 k|rf/–k|;f/
ug]{ ga'em]sfnfO{ a'emfpg sf]lz; ug]{ / a'emL a'emL a'emkrfpg]nfO{
sfg'gL ;hfo lbg'kb{5 .
;d"x u
zLif{s M ;fdflhs s'/Llt
k|:tf]tf M lbns'df/L 3n]
;xefuL ;ª\Vof M &
kl/ro M ljleGg lsl;dsf k|yf k/Dk/f / k|rngsf] gfddf ;dfhdf
rlncfPsf] s'/Lltx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs s'/Llt elgG5 . xfd|f] g]kfnL

24
;dfhdf k|rlnt s]xL s'/Lltx¿sf] pbfx/0f lgDgcg';f/ k|Zt't ul/Psf]
5.
s'/LtL kl/ro
b]psL k|yf ;'b"/ klZrdsf s]xL lhNnfx¿df wd{sf] gfddf
aflnsfx¿nfO{ dlGb/df r9fpg] k|rngnfO{ b]psL k|yf
elgG5 .
cGwljZjf; af:tljs s'/f yfxf gkfO{ c¿sf] nx} nx}df nfu]/ s'g}
s'/fsf] laZjf; ug'{ cGw ljZjf; xf] .
af]S;L k|yf af]S;Lsf] cf/f]kdf dlxnfdfly zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s
oftgf lbg' .
hftLo e]befj Ps hftn] csf]{ hftnfO{ x]nf tyf ckdfg ug'{ .
5fpk8L k|yf ;'b"/ / dWo klZrddf /h:jnf xF'bf dlxnfx¿nfO{ 5fp
-uf]7_ df /fVg] k|rng .

lj|mofsnfk M tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf Kff7df lbOP h:t} ;fdflhs s'/Lltx¿

klg x'g ;S5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] vf]lh u/L ;"rL agfO{ s'g} Pp6fsf] af/]df
JofVof ug'{xf];\

25
l;sfO lgb]{zg M ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆgf] ljBfno j/k/ cfcfˆgf] ;d'bfodf cg'ej
u/]sf ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf s'/Lltx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . clg
l;sf?x¿nfO{ cfkm" klg ;r]t /xg] / c¿nfO{ klg ;r]t u/fpg] lsl;dsf
lj|mofsnfox¿ h:t} Kn]sf8{ agfpg nufpg], e"ldsf clego tyf cGt{lj|mofx¿
ug{ nufpg] .

cEof;
!= tn lbOPsf jfSox¿ l7s eP l7s / a]l7s eP a]l7s n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ bfOhf] lng' / lbg' b'j} ;fdflhs ck/fw x'g\ . -=====_
-v_ la/fdL kbf{ wfdL eFmfj|mLsf]df hfg'kb{5 . -==========_
-u_ cGwljZjf; / s'/LltnfO{ h/}b]lv pv]n]/ kmfNg'kb{5 . -======_
-3_ 5f]/Lsf] pd]/ gk'Ub} ljjfx u/] k'0o ldN5 . -=========_
@= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf ePsf ;fdflhs s'/Lltx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ /
ltgLx¿nfO{ x6fpg] pkfox¿ klg n]Vg'xf];\ M
;fdflhs s'/Llt x6fpg] pkfox¿
!= !=
@= @=
#= #=
$= $=

26
#= 5'jf5't cGwljZjf; / s'/Llt emNsg] gf/fx¿ n]v]/ Kn]sf8{ agfO{
ljBfno kl/;/df ¥ofnLsf] cfof]hgf ug'{xf];\ .
$= tkfO{s
F f] ;d'bfodf ePsf /fd|f / g/fd|f rngx¿sf] 5'6\6f5'6\6} ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ .
/fd|f rngx¿ g/fd|f rngx¿
!= !=
@= @=
#= #=
$= $=
%= 5'jf5't k|yfn] ;dfhdf kf/]sf c;/x¿ n]vL To;sf] ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿ klg n]Vg'xf];\ .
c;/x¿ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
!= !=
@= @=
#= #=
$= $=
%= %=

27
PsfO – $ M gful/s r]tgf
kf7 M ! xfd|f k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿
kf7 kl/ro M dflg;n] cfˆgf] d]xgt / kl/>d gu/L k|s[ltdf cfk}Fm k|fKt
x'g] j:t'x¿ k|fs[lts ;|f]t x'g\, h:t} M jghª\un, df6f], vlgh, hn;|f]t,
hLjhGt' cflb . k|s[ltaf6 kfOg] log} j:t'x¿af6 xfd|f] cfjZostf k"/f
x'G5 . /fi6«n] klg log} ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ ljsf; u/]sf] x'G5 . dflg;
/ /fi6«sf cfjZostf k|fs[lts ;f]tx¿af6 k"/f ul/G5 . k|fs[lts
;Dkbfx¿sf] b'¿kof]u gu/L o;sf] ;+/If0f ;xL ;b'kof]u ub}{ hfg'k5{ .
Pl/hf]gf, cd]l/sf
@& gf]e]Da/, @)!(
Kof/L alxgL zLtn
w]/}–w]/} dfof Û
d oxfF cf/fd 5' . ltdLnfO{ klg ToxfF cf/fd} xf]nf . a'afcfdfnfO{ klg
cjZo cf/fd} xf]nf . pxfFx¿nfO{ d]/f] gd:sf/ ;'gfOlbg' . cfh w]/}
lbgkl5 d ltdLnfO{ of] lr7L n]Vb}5' .
xfd|f] b]z ;fgf] ePtf klg k|fs[lts ;Dkfbfn] wgL 5 . w]/} lsl;dsf jg
tyf jg:klt, ;fgf 7'nf gbLx¿ 5g\ . yl/yl/sf] df6f] kfOG5 . oL
;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ xfd|f cfjZostf k"/f u5f}{F .

28
 xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] hLjgofkg ug{ y'k|}
j:t'x¿ rflxG5 . 3/ agfpg 9'ª\uf,
df6f], OF6f, l;d]G6, 8G8L rflxG5 .
bfp/f / 3fF;sf] ef/L v]tLafnL pTkfbg ug{ df6f] rflxG5 .
af]s]sf] dflg;sf] lrq
3fF;, bfp/f, sf7, h8La'6Lsf] nflu jghª\un rflxG5 . v]taf/L hf]Tg,
ef/L af]Sg, oftfoftsf] sfd lng hgfj/ rflxG5 . /fli6«o lgs'~h vf]Ng
r/fr'¿ª\uL, jGohGt', jghª\un / jg:klt rflxG5 . v]taf/Ldf l;FrfO
ug{, lah'nL lgsfNg kfgL geO{ x'Fb}g . oL ;a} k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ x'g\ .
;Dkbf eg]sf] ;DklQx¿ x'g\ . k|fs[lts ;Dkbf geP xfd|f] cfjZostf
k"/f x'Fb}g . xfd|f] cfjZostf k"/f ePg eg] hLjg rNg ;Sb}g . oL
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ Psk6s dfq k|of]u u/]/ xfdLnfO{ k'Ub}g . xfd|f]
hLjge/ o;sf] k|of]u cfjZos x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf ;Dkbfx¿sf]
hyfefjL k|of]u ug]{ / ljgfz ug]{ sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g . logLx¿sf] ;+/If0f ub}{
k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . hg;ª\Vof x/]s jif{ a9\b} hfG5 . hg;ª\Vof a9]h:tf]
k|fs[lts ;Dkbf a9\b}g . a¿ k|of]u ub}{ hfFbf 36\b} hfG5 . ljrf/
gk'¥ofO{ hyfefjL k|of]u ug{ yfNof}F eg] t Pslbg ;lsP/ hfG5g\ . clg
xfd|f eljiosf ;Gtltn] t cefj} cefjdf afFRg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;a]nf
pgLx¿sf] hLjg slt si6s/ x'G5 xf]nf <
To;}n] Kof/L alxgL, jghª\unsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfd u/f}F . jGohGt'sf]
rf]/L lzsf/ x'gaf6 /f]sf}F . df6f]sf] ;+/If0f ug{ k|fª\ufl/s dn / sDkf]:6

29
dnsf] k|of]unfO{ a9fcf}F . kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿sf] ;+/If0f u/f}F . xfdLn] Zjf;
lng] xfjfnfO{ b'lift x'g glbpFm . olt sfd ug{ ;s]df k|fs[lts ;Dkbf
hf]ufpg ;xof]u k'U5 .
tkfO{F a;]sf] lhNnfdf s'g s'g k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ 5g\ < ltgLx¿sf]
k|of]u s;/L eO/x]sf] 5 < cjnf]sg u/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ / sIffdf
k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;fy} xfd|f] ;d'bfodf ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbfx¿ klg 5g\ . ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf eg]sf] wd{,
/Lltl/jfh, k/Dk/fnfO{ lrgfpg] ;DklQ x'g\ .
dlGb/sf] lrq
wfld{s :ynx¿, kf6Lkf}jf, xfd|f rf8kj{x¿,
rf8kj{df k|of]u ul/g] afhfx¿, xfd|f kf]zfsx¿ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿
x'g\ . oL ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfn] xfd|f] klxrfg u/fpF5 . klxrfg eg]sf]
lrgfpg] sfd xf] . xfdL g]kfnL ;+;f/sf] hxfF k'u] klg o;}af6 Pscfk;df
lrlgG5f}F . ljZjdf xfdLnfO{ lrgfpg] dfWod klg oxL g} xf] . xfd|f] ;+:s[lt
dfl;of] eg] xfdLnfO{ s;}n] klg g]kfnL eg]/ lrGb}g . xfdL klg dfl;P/
hfG5f}F . To;}n] cfk"mnfO{ lrgfpg xfd|f] ;+:s[lt hf]ufpg'k5{ . ;+:s[lt
hf]ufpg ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ .
cfhnfO{ olt eGb} labf dfUb5' .
ltd|f] dfof ug]{ bfh'
lbjfs/

30
l;sfO lgb]{zg M cfˆgf l;sf? ;d"xnfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf k|fs[lts
Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufO{ tL ;Dkbfx¿ s'g cj:yfdf
5g\ < To;sf] ;+/If0f s;/L eO/x]sf] 5 < To;sf] pkof]u s;/L ug'{k5{ < cflb
s'/fdf sIffdf 5nkmn u/fO{ tL ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'xf];\ .

cEof;
!= tn lbOPsf b'O{ ;d"xdf hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M
-s_ jg ;Dkbf -c_ cgf{
-v_ vlgh ;Dkbf -cf_ k~r} jfhf
-u_ hn ;Dkbf -O_ pj{/ hldg
-3_ jGohGt' -O{_ ;'Gb/ lxdfn
-ª_ df6f] ;Dkbf -p_ s0ff{nL gbL
-r_ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf -pm_ rf/sf];] emf8L
-P_ :jR5 xfjf
-P]_ kmnfd
@= tnsf] 36gf k9\g'xf];\ M
xfd|f] ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ ldn]/ jgsf] ;+/If0f ug{ jg pkef]sTf
;ldlt agfP . pgLx¿n] wfld{s :yn j/k/ ;/;kmfO u/] . ToxfF
kmf]x/ ug]{ JolStnfO{ b08 lbg] lg0f{o u/] . jGohGt'sf] rf]/L lzsf/L

31
 ug{]nfO{ kj|]m/ jg sfof{nodf a'emfpg] lg0f{o u/] . kfgLsf ;|f]t
jl/kl/ j[If/f]k0f u/] .
dflysf] 36gfsf] cfwf/df tnsf] tflnsf eg'{xf];\ .
tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf ;+/If0fsf nflu eO/x]sf
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ k|of;x¿
!= !=
@= @=
#= #=
#= sIffsf ;xefuLx¿ ;d"xdf ljeflht x'g'xf];\ . Pp6f ;d"xn]
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ubf{ x'g] kmfObfx¿ eGg'xf];\ . csf]{
;d"xn] ;+/If0f gubf{ x'g] a]kmfObfx¿ eGg'xf];\ .
$= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ k|fs[lts ;Dkbf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfaf6 xfdLnfO{ s] kmfObf x'G5 <
-3_ xfdLn] lsg ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf hf]ufpg'k5{ <

32
kf7 M @ xfd|f clwsf/ / To;sf] pkof]u
kf7 kl/ro M clwsf/ xfd|f] hLjg;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf] .
clwsf/n] dflg;nfO{ :jtGqtf lbG5 . dflg; dflg;lar x'g] e]befjnfO{
x6fpF5 . dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ ;'vL agfpF5 . clwsf/sf ljleGg kIfx¿
5g\ . h:t} M /fhgLlts clwsf/, cfly{s clwsf/, ;fdflhs clwsf/,
wfld{s clwsf/ cflb . oL ;a} clwsf/nfO{ dfgj clwsf/leq /flvPsf]
5 . clwsf/sf] ;xL tl/sfaf6 k|of]u u/] xfd|f] hLjgn] k"0f{tf kfpF5 .
-z'e/fh dfgj clwsf/sdL{ x'g\ . pgL dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+:yfdf
sfd u5{g\ . oxfF kqsf/ / z'e/fhlar ePsf] s'/fsfgL k|:t't ul/Psf]
5_
kqsf/ M gd:sf/, z'e/fhHo" Û dfgj clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
5f]6s/Ldf atfOlbg'x'G5 ls <
z'e/fh M wGojfb, dfgj clwsf/ eg]sf] dflg;n] cfˆgf] hLjgdf
pkef]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ xf] . of] clwsf/ ljZjel/sf
dflg;n] ;dfg ¿kn] pkef]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . ;g\ !($*
df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] cfˆgf] dxf;efaf6 kfl/t u/]sf]
xf] . o; clwsf/leq w]/} clwsf/
kb{5g\ . o;n] ;a} dflg;x¿ a/fa/
5g\ eg]sf] 5 . To:t} hflt, efiff,
g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgsf] kmf]6f]
33
 wd{, lnª\u, j0f{sf cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gkfOg] eg]sf]
5 . csf]{ s'/f s;}n] s;}nfO{ zf]if0f ug{ gkfOg], Ps}
lsl;dsf] sfdsf] Hofnfdf e]befj ug{ gkfpg] eg]sf] 5 .
s'g} klg dflg;nfO{ bf;bf;L / aFw'jf agfpg gkfpg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu # df
df}lns clwsf/ /flvPsf] 5 . To;df klg dfgj
clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/x¿ /flvPsf] 5 . cem xfd|f]
;+ljwfgdf t afn clwsf/ / dlxnf clwsf/nfO{ klg
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
kqsf/ M afn clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf klg :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ g t <
z'e/fh M x'G5, gL . afn clwsf/ eGgfn]
afnaflnsfn] kfpg] clwsf/ eGg]
a'‰g'k5{ . o;cGtu{t afnaflnsfn]
kfpg' kg]{ kf]if0fo'St vfgf, /f]u
lj¿4 vf]kx¿ kb{5g\ . o;nfO{ afnclwsf/
;DaGwL lrq
afn arfp elgG5 . To:t} pgLx¿nfO{ lbg'kg]{ dfof,
ddtf, dhb'/Ldf nufpg gkfpg], b'Jo{jxf/ ug{ gkfpg]
cflb afn ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ xf] . afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo,
lzIff, v]ns'b, dgf]/~hg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{
afnljsf; elgG5 . To:t} 8/ / qf;d'St jftfj/0fdf

34
 afFRg kfpg', cfˆgf dgsf s'/f eGg kfpg', cfˆgf]
OR5fcg';f/sf] lj|mofsnfkdf efu lng kfpg'
;xeflutfsf] clwsf/leq kb{5 .
tkfO{Fsf afnaflnsfn] s'g s'g lsl;dsf clwsf/x¿ k|fKt
u/]sf 5g\ < ;d"xdf a;L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / To;sf] ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ .

kqsf/ M dlxnf clwsf/sf] af/]df klg s]xL eGg'x'G5 ls <

z'e/fh M cjZo atfpg] 5' . dlxnf clwsf/sf
;DaGwdf w]/} klxn]b]lv cfjfhx¿
p7]sf lyP . dlxnf :jtGqtf,
n}ª\lus lx+;f, dtbfgsf] clwsf/,
dlxnf clwsf/
;dfg Hofnf, sfdsf] clwsf/, ;DaGwL lrq
k|hgg\ clwsf/, kfl/jfl/s sfg'g, lzIff / ;DklQsf]
clwsf/ dlxnf clwsf/sf If]qx¿ x'g\ . xfd|f] b]zsf]
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #* df dlxnfsf] xs /flvPsf] 5 .
o;af6 dlxnfx¿ klg cl3 a9\g] cj;/ ldN5 .
kqsf/ M st{Josf] af/]df lg <
z'e/fh M x]g{'xf];\, clwsf/ / st{Jo ;Fu;Fu} cl3 a9\g'k5{ . o;nfO{
cnucnu ¿kdf a'‰g' x'Fb}g . clwsf/sf] s'/f ubf{ xfdLn]

35
 cfˆgf] st{JonfO{ klg 5f]8\g' x'Fb}g . clwsf/ dfq vf]Hg]
t/ st{Jo la;{g] xf] eg] hLjg ;kmn x'Fb}g . h:tf] af]Ng,
n]Vg kfpg' xfd|f] clwsf/ xf] t/ hyfefjL af]Nbf c¿sf]
efjgfdf rf]6 kg{ ;S5 . To;}n] ;+oldt eP/ af]Ng' xfd|f]
st{Jo klg xf] .
kqsf/ M ca cGTodf Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg rfxG5' . xfdLn] lbuf] zflGt
sfod /fVg s] ug'{knf{ <
z'e/fh M lbuf] zflGt eg]sf] :yfoL zflGt xf] . lbuf] zflGt sfod
/fVg] w]/} pkfox¿ 5g\ . klxnf] s'/f t xfdLn] Ps csf{sf]
efjgfnfO{ a'‰g' kb{5 . k|To]s dflg;df cfcfˆg}
cfjZostf, OR5f / ljrf/ x'G5g\ . Pscfk;df To;nfO{
;xL ;"rgfsf] dfWodaf6 a'‰g'k5{ . s'g} ljifodf ljjfb
;'? ePdf Pscfk;df cfˆgf s'/fx¿ k|i6 ¿kdf
/fVg'k5{ . Pscfk;df e]befj / cGofo x'g lbg' x'Fb}g .
cGofo ug'{ klg x'Fb}g . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;a}n]
pkof]u ug]{ cj;/ tof/ ug'{k5{ . lgod, sfg'gdf s'g}
q'6L eP To;nfO{ ;Rofpg'k5{ . ;dfhdf JolSt
JolStlar åGå x'g;S5 . JolSt / ;d"xlar klg
x'g;S5 . ;d"x ;d"x aLr klg åGå x'g ;S5 . olb åGå

36
 x'g] cj:yf ePdf To;sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg'k5{ /
;dfwfg lgsfNg'k5{ .
tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf klg ljleGg ;dodf åGå eof] eg]
To;sf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug'{x'G5 < sIffdf clego u/L
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
kqsf/ M tkfO{Fn] w]/} ljifodf k|i6 kfl/lbg'eof] . To;sf nflu
wGojfb .
z'e/fh M cfˆgf] s'/f /fVg] df}sf lbg'ePsf]df tkfO{FnfO{ klg wGojfb .
l;sfO lgb]{zg M ;xefuL l;sf?x¿nfO{ dfgj clwsf/, afn clwsf/, dlxnf
clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ nufO{ clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug]{ tl/sf,
st{Josf] kfngf ug]{ pkfox¿ eGg nufpg'kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} ;dfhdf x'g]
åGåsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfox¿ klg 5nkmn u/fO{ lgZsif{ lgsfNg nufpg'k5{ .

cEof;
!= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿n] s'g s'g clwsf/ kfPsf
5g\ < s'g s'g clwsf/ kfPsf 5}gg\ < Tof] clwsf/ kfpg s]
ug'{k5{ < tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
kfPsf clwsf/ gkfPsf clwsf/ s] ug'{k5{ <

37
@= tkfO{Fsf ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿n] pkof]u ul//x]sf clwsf/x¿ s'g
s'g x'g\ < ca To;df s'g s'g clwsf/ yk ug'{k5{ < tnsf] h:t}
tflnsf agfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
pkof]u ul//x]sf clwsf/ yk ug'{kg]{ clwsf/

#= ;d'bfodf a;L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ dfgj clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ dfgj clwsf/leq kg]{ s'g} kfFr cf]6f clwsf/x¿ vf]h]/
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ ;dfhdf åGå x'g glbg s] s] pkfox¿ ug'{k5{ < cfk"mn] hfg]sf
rf/ /fd|f pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= Ps hgf dflg; eGb} lyP, ædlxnfx¿n] t 3/sf] sfd ug]{, eft
efG;f, r'nf] rf}sf]sf] sfd ug'{k5{ . afnaRrf :ofxfg]{ pgLx¿sf]
sfd xf] . pgLx¿nfO{ s] sf] dlxnf clwsf/ < of] ;a} dlxnfx¿nfO{
efF8\g] sfd xf] .Æ o;f] eGg] dflg;nfO{ tkfO{F s;/L ;Demfpg'
x'G5 < clego u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

38
PsfO – %
kf7 ! M d a;]sf] gu/kflnsf
kf7 kl/ro M g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfcg';f/ &%# cf]6f :yfgLo tx 5g\ .
ef}uf]lns ljljwtfcg';f/ :yfgLo txsf] ;+/rgf / lgdf{0f km/s km/s
x'g;S5 . l;sf?n] cfk"m a;]sf] :yfgLo txsf] ljj/0f lbg ;Sg]
p2]Zocg';f/ of] kf7 tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
d]/f] gfd jif{ axfb'/ lwdfn xf] . d df]/ª
lhNnf cGtu{t kg]{ pnf{af/L gu/kflnsf
j8f g+= @ df a:5' . d cfˆgf]
gu/kflnsfsf] ljj/0f o;/L lbg rfxG5' .

pnf{
jf/L g=kf=sf] gS;f
gu/kflnsfsf] gfd pnf{af/L
j8fx¿sf] ;ª\Vof (
If]qkmn &% ju{ ls=ld=
;Ldfgf k"j{ bds g=kf=-emfkf_, klZrd ky/L zlgZr/]
g=kf= / n]6fª g=kf=, pQ/ ldSnfh'ª ufpFkflnsf
/ blIf0f /t'jfdfO{ g=kf=
k|b]z k|b]z g+= !

39
 lhNnf df]/ª
c~rn sf]zL
xfjfkfgL udL{ -lxpFb Ct' Gofgf] / 5f]6f], u[id Ct' udL{ /
jiff{_
k|d'v gbLx¿ jj|mf, ;f]N6L, t]nL / ;'gemf]8f
k|d'v hfltx¿ a|fXd0f, If]qL, lnDa", /fO{, lwdfn / g]jf/
hg;ª\Vof %$,^(^ -hgu0fgf @)^*cg';f/_
d[Vo s[lif pTkfbg wfg, ds}, ux'F, kmnk"mn / t/sf/L
k|d'v ahf/ pnf{jf/L, /fh3f6 / dª\unaf/]
z}lIfs :t/ *!Ü ;fIf/ -hgu0fgf @)^*cg';f/_

l;sfO lgb]{zg M kf7sf cfwf/df l;sf?x¿nfO{ cfk"m a;]sf] gu/kflnsf÷

ufpFkflnsfsf] tYox¿ vf]hL ug{ nufO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;
!= jif{axfb'/n] h:t} tkfO{F klg cfˆgf] gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsfsf]
ljj/0f tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

40
@= cfˆgf] gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsf / pnf{af/L gu/kflnsflar
tflnsfdf lbOPsf] cfwf/df t'ngf ug'{xf];\ M
a'Fbfx¿ pnf{af/L g=kf= tkfO{s
F f] g=kf=÷uf=kf=
k|b]z
lhNnf / c~rn
If]qkmn
k|d'v gbLx¿
k|d'v hfltx¿

#= cfˆgf] gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsfsf] gS;f agfO{ rf/} lbzfsf] ;Ldfgf

n]Vg'xf];\ .

41
kf7 @ M d a;]sf] lhNnf
kf7 kl/ro M g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts agf]6 lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ u/L tLg
k|b]zdf afFl8Psf] 5 . /fhgLlts cfwf/df && lhNnf / ;ft k|b]zdf
ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\oj|mdsf] txut p2]Zocg';f/ l;sf?n] cfk"m
a;]sf] lhNnfsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lng'k5{ . To;sf nflu oxfF
;'b"/klZrd -k|b]z g+= &_ sf] s}nfnL lhNnfnfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . s}nfnL lhNnfsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lng k'Ug] tYox¿
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . To;}sf cfwf/df l;sf? ;d"xn] cfˆgf] lhNnfsf]
kl/ro lbg ;Sg'k5{ .
s}nfnL lhNnfsf b]jL/fd eGb5g\, æd
s}nfnL lhNnfdf a:5' . of] lhNnf
;'b"/klZrd cyf{t\ & g+= k|b]zdf kb{5 .
g] of] lhNnf ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf]
kfnsf] gS;fdf s}nfnL
blIf0flt/ t/fO{lhNnf
df /x]sf] 5 . o; lhNnfsf] If]qkmn #,@#% ju{ ls=ld= 5
/ lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd wgu9L xf] . o;sf] k"j{df alb{of, klZrddf
s~rgk'/, pQ/df 8f]6L / ;'v]{t lhNnf kb{5g\ . blIf0ftk{m ef/t kb{5 .
of] lhNnf t/fO{ k|b]zdf kg]{ ePsfn] oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL udL{ 5 .
pQ/tk{msf] s]xL efu r'/] kxf8n] cf]u6]sf] 5 . u[id Ct'df k"j{af6
cfpg] dg;'g jfo'n] oxfF yf]/} jiff{ u/fpF5 . lxpFbdf klZrdaf6 rNg]
jfo'n] lxpFb] em/L NofpF5 . anf}6] kfª\uf] df6f] ePsf] x'gfn] oxfF wfg,

42
ux'F, ds}, t/sf/Lsf ;fy} t]nxg k|;:t pTkfbg x'G5 . jghª\undf
;fn, l;;f}, vo/, l;dnsf ¿vx¿ kfOG5g\ .
o; lhNnfsf] s'n hg;ª\Vof -hgu0fgf
@)^*cg';f/_ nueu &,&%,&)( 5 .
oxfF a|fDx0f, If]qL, yf¿ hfltsf] d'Vo
a;f]af; 5 . g]kfnL, 8f]6]nL / yf¿
s}nfnL lhNnfsf] gS;f
oxfFsf] d'Vo af]nLrfnLsf] efiff xf] . bz}F,
ltxf/, uf}/f, df3L / xf]nL -kmfu'_ oxfFsf d'Vo rf8kj{x¿ x'g\ . u]6f
ljdfg:ynn] o; lhNnfdf xjfO{ ;]jf pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . k"j{–klZrd
/fhdfu{, eLdbQ kGt /fhdfu{n] ;8s oftfoftdf ;]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
o; lhNnfdf ;fgf / demf}nf pBf]ux¿ klg :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . tL
pBf]ux¿ s[lif / jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t 5g\ . o; lhNnfdf /x]sf]
3f]8f3f]8L tfn lgs} k|Voft 5 . l6sfk'/df /x]sf] kfs{ klg k|l;4 5 .
s0ff{nL, df]xgf, lzju+uf, ky/}of cflb o; lhNnfaf6 aUg] gbLx¿ x'g\ .
g}gfb]jL, jgb]jL, nIdL gf/fo0f cflb oxfFsf k|l;4 wfld{s s]Gb| x'g\ .
wgu9Ldf ag]sf] xjfO{ ;ª\u|fxnon] ko{6snfO{ cfslif{t ul//x]sf] 5 .
wgu9Lsf ;fy} l6sfk'/, d;'l/of, nDsL, cQ/Lof / u]6f d'Vo ahf/ x'g\ .
o; lhNnfdf lzIff / :jf:Yosf] ;]jf / ;'ljwfdf ;'wf/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
cfwf/e"t txb]lv pRr lzIffsf] ;'ljwf klg o; lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 .
c~rn c:ktfn, :jf:Yo s]Gb|, :jf:Yo rf}sLx¿sf] ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 .

43
lghL If]qaf6 klg c:ktfnx¿ vf]lnPsf 5g\ . hDdf hg;ª\Vofsf] *#
k|ltzt -hgu0fgf @)^*cg';f/_ hg;ª\Vof ;fIf/ 5g\ . oxfF ljleGg
a}ª\s, ladf tyf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿ klg 5g\ . oL ;+:yfx¿n] oxfFsf
dflg;sf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .
l;sfO lgb]{zg M cfˆgf] l;sf? ;d"xnfO{ cfˆgf] lhNnfsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg
nufpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu ljleGg lnlvt, d'lb|t, ljB'tLo ;~rf/sf] k|of]u u/L
vf]Hg ;lsG5 . l;sf?nfO{ vf]hL ug]{ lqmofsnfktk{m k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ .
cEof;
!= kf7sf b]jL/fdn] cfˆgf] lhNnfsf] kl/ro lbP . tkfO{F klg cfˆgf]
lhNnfsf] hfgsf/L lng ljleGg ;|f]tx¿ vf]Hg'xf];\ . To;kl5 tnsf]
h:t} tflnsf agfO{ cfˆgf] lhNnfsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ M
lhNnfsf] gfd If]qkmn hDdf d'Vo hfltx¿ d'Vo
hg;ª\Vof rf8kj{

@= s}nfnL lhNnfdf ePsf t/ tkfO{Fsf] lhNnfdf gePsf j:t'x¿ s] s]

/x]5g\ < ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ . tL gePsf j:t' pknAw u/fpg
tkfO{F s] k|of; ug'{x'G5 <

44
#= tn lbOPsf] g]kfnsf] gS;fdf cfˆgf] lhNnf kQf nufpg'xf];\ /
To;df /ª eg'{xf];\ .

&& lhNnf 5'6\ofPsf] g]kfnsf] gS;f

45
kf7 # M gS;f agfpg l;sf}F
kf7 kl/ro M k[YjLsf] aflx/L efunfO{ k[YjLsf] ;tx elgG5 . k[YjLsf]
;txdf ljleGg cfs[lt x'G5g\ . h:t} M gbL, kxf8, ;d'b|, tfn cflb .
k[YjLsf] ;txdf dflg;n] agfPsf cfs[ltx¿ klg x'G5g\ . h:t}M ;8s,
/]ndfu{ ljdfg:yn dlGb/ cflb . k[YjLsf] oxL :j¿knfO{ sfuh jf
sk8fdf b]vfOG5 eg] To;nfO{ gS;f elgG5 . gS;f agfpg] sfdnfO{
gS;f sfo{ elgG5 .
e'jg]Zj/ dxtf] / dflngL d08nn]
cfˆgf] gu/kflnsfsf] gS;f agfpg]
gS;f ljrf/ u/] . gS;f agfpg' cl3
pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] gu/kflnsfleq s]s]
5g\, To;sf] vf]hL u/] . ;8s, gbL,
dlGb/, kf]v/L, c:ktfn sxfF sxfF 5g\, Tof] klg kQf nufP . ltgLx¿nfO{
gS;fdf s;/L b]vfpg], To;sf] klg hfgsf/L lnP . pgLx¿n] lnPsf]
hfgsf/L o:tf] lyof] –
 gbL b]vfpg] ;ª\s]t
 tfn÷kf]v/L b]vfpg] ;ª\s]t
 ;8s b]vfpg] ;ª\s]t
 d'Vo 7fpF÷;x/ b]vfpg] ;ª\s]t

46
 /fhwfgL b]vfpg] ;ª\s]t
 kxf8÷lxdfn b]vfpg] ;ª\s]t
 /]ndfu{ b]vfpg] ;ª\s]t
 dlGb/ b]vfpg] ;ª\s]t
 jg b]vfpg] ;ª\s]t
 s[lif If]q b]vfpg] ;ª\s]t
 a; la;f}gL b]vfpg] ;ª\s]t
To;kl5 pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] gu/kflnsfsf] gS;f agfpg] cEof; u/] .
klxnf] tl/sf M cfˆgf] gu/kflnsfsf] gS;f x]b}{ csf]{ vfnL sfuhdf
ToxL agfpFb} uP . gldn]sf] 7fpFdf d]6]/ ldnfpFb} uP .
gS;fdf ePsf tYox¿nfO{ ldNg] ;ª\s]t /fv]/ b]vfP .
bf];|f] tl/sf M Pp6f ;kmf kftnf] sfuhnfO{ gS;fdfly /fv] . To;
sfuhdf tnsf] gS;f k|i6 b]lvof] . b]lvPsf]
sfuhdfly k]G;Lnn] gS;fsf] /]vfx¿ adf]lhd sf]b}{
uP . o;/L pgLx¿sf] gS;f tof/ eof] . tof/ ePsf]
gS;fdf ;ª\s]tx¿ klg /fv] .
t];|f] tl/sf M gS;f agfpg] ;kmf sfuhsf] dfly sfj{g /fv] . To;dfly
cfˆgf] gu/kflnsfsf] gS;f /fv]/ gS;f dfly k]lG;nn]
sf]b}{ uP . sfj{gsf] ;xfotfn] sfuhdf gu/kflnsfsf]

47
 gS;f tof/ eof] . To;df pgLx¿n] cfˆgf]
gu/kflnsfleq ePsf ;8s, sf/vfgf, gbL cflbnfO{
;ª\s]taf6 b]vfP .

tof/ kfl/Psf] gS;f

l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sf?nfO{ cfk"m a;f]af; u/]sf] ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsfsf]

cg'dflgt gS;f sf]g{ nufO{ To;df pko'Qm ;ª\s]tx¿ /fVg l;sfpg' kb{5 .
gS;fsf] yk cWoog ug{sf] nflu Goole Map vf]Hg nufO{ l;sfpg klg ;lsG5 .

cEof;
!= tn gS;fdf k|of]u x'g] ;ª\s]tx¿ lbOPsf] 5 . tL ;ª\s]t lrg]/ gfd
n]Vg'xf];\ .

48
@= sIffsf]7fdf ;d"xdf ljeflht x'g'xf];\ / tn lbOPsf tYox¿nfO{
s:tf] ;ª\s]t k|of]u u/L b]vfpg ;lsG5 < 5nkmn u/L
n]Vg'xf];\ .

gbL

;8s

ljdfg:yn

#= ;'g}gf h};jfnn] o:tf ;ª\s]t k|of]u u/L cfk"m a;]sf] ;d'bfosf]

gS;f agfOg\ .

gS;f

$= tkfO{F ufpFkflnsf cyjf gu/kflnsf sxfF a:g'x'G5 < cfk"m a:g]

kflnsfsf] gS;f agfO{ ToxfF ePsf tYox¿ h:t}M af6f]÷;8s, gbL,
kf]v/L÷tfn, kxf8, v]tL x'g] If]q, a; la;f}gL cflb b]vfpg'xf];\ .

49
kf7 $M k[YjL s;/L pTklQ eof] <
kf7 kl/ro M k[YjLsf] pTklQ slxn] eof] < s;/L eof] < eGg] ;DaGwdf
ljleGg vf]h / cg';Gwfgx¿ eP . ljleGg ljåfgx¿n] cfcfˆgf]
l;4fGtx¿ cufl8 ;f/] . h:t} M tf/f l;4fGt, Hjf/ l;4fGt, r'Das
l;4fGt cflb . To;dWo] cf]6f]l:dysf] l;4fGtnfO{ clxn] ;a}n] dfGg
yfn]sf 5g\ . oxL l;4fGtnfO{ oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
afFs]sf cAb'n cnLn] k[YjLsf] pTklQ ;DaGwL sIffdf 5nkmn ug]{ ljrf/
u/] . pgn] eg], æxfd|f] k[YjL s;/L eof] < slxn] aGof] < tkfO{Fx¿nfO{
yfxf 5 <Æ
s;}n] yfxf 5}g eg] . s;}n] ;"o{ 6'lqmP/ ag]sf]
eg] . s;}n] nfdk'R5«] tf/f 6'lj|mP/ ag]sf] eg] . ;a}
;fyLx¿sf] ljrf/ ;'lg;s]kl5 pgn] eg],
lrq
æa|Dxf08df klxn] ;"o{sf] pTklQ eof] . To;kl5
;"o{sf] jl/kl/ UofF; / w'nf] afbnn] 9fSof] . ;"o{sf] u'¿Tjfsif{0f zlStn]
Tof] UofF; / w'nf]nfO{ cfk"mlt/ tfGb} uof] . lj:tf/} lj:tf/} Tof] UofF;, w'nf]
/ afbn ;"o{lt/ tflgP/ 3'Dg yfNof] . e'd/L 3'd] e}Fm 3'Db} hfFbf ltgLx¿
Pscfk;df hf]l8g yfn] . hf]l8Fb} hfg] / 3'Db} hfg] ultn] ubf{ ltgLx¿df
klg u'¿Tjfsif{0f k}bf eof] . kl5 lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} ltgLx¿ uf]nf] cfsf/df
ljsf; eP/ u|xx¿ ag] . To;dWo] xfd|f] k[YjL klg Ps u|x xf] .

50
k[YjLsf] pTklQ ;f9] rf/ ca{ jif{ cl3 ePsf] xf] . k[YjL pTklQ x'Fbf w]/}
tftf] lyof] . tftf]kgn] ux|f}F kbfy{x¿ kmnfd, lgs]n, cNd'lgod k[YjLsf]
leqL efudf /x] . xNsf UofF;sf] txn] jfo'd08n
aGof] . ;]nfpg], v'Drg] qmdn] xn'sf r§fgsf]
txaf6 ;tx aGof] . ;]nfpFb} hfFbf ag]sf] afbn /
k[YjLsf]
agf]6sf] lrq jfkmn] 3g3f]/ jiff{ eO/x\of] . v'Dr]/ ag]sf 7'nf
7'nf vf8ndf kfgL el/P/ ;fu/, dxf;fu/ ag] . ;'?df hLj /
jg:kltsf] pTklQ kfgLd} eof] .Æ cnLn] cfˆgf] s'/f elg;s]kl5
;fyLx¿n] ;f]w], æk[YjLsf] leqL / aflx/L agf]6 s:tf] 5, t <Æ
æk[YjLsf] ;txsf] jl/kl/ ljleGg UofF;x¿n] ag]sf] cfj/0f 5 . To;nfO{
jfo'd08n elgG5 . To;df gfO6«f]hg, clS;hg, sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 /
cGo UofF;x¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
k[YjLsf] ;tx :ynd08n / hnd08nn] ag]sf] 5 . :yn 08n eg]sf]
hdLgsf] efu xf] . of] l;lnsf / cNd'lgodaf6 ag]sf] 5 . hnd08n
eGgfn] kfgLsf] efu xf] / of] 7'nf7'nf dxf;fu/, tfn cflbn] 9f]s]sf] efu
xf] . k[YjLsf] lar efunfO{ dWod08n elgG5 . of] l;lnsf /
DofUg];odn] ag]sf] 5 .
k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf leqL efunfO{ s]Gb| d08n elgG5 . of] kmnfd /
lgs]nn] ag]sf] 5 . leqL efu Hofb} tftf] x'gfn] tL j:t'x¿ ToxfF
klUnPsf] cj:yfdf x'G5g\ .

51
l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sf? ;d"xnfO{ kf7sf cfwf/df k[YjL ;DaGwL lrqx¿ b]vfP/
5nkmn jf k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwaf6 l;sfpg ;lsG5 .
cEof;
!= ;d"xdf a;]/ ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug'{xf];\ . To;kl5 tL k|Zgsf pQ/
5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ k[YjLsf] pTklQ s;/L eof] <
-v_ k[YjLsf] pTklQ slxn] eof] <
-u_ ;'?df hLj tyf jg:ktL sxfF pTklQ eP <
-3_ k[YjLsf] agf]6 s:tf] 5 <
@= k[YjLsf] agf]6sf] lrq agfpg'xf];\ / o;sf ljleGg efusf] gfd
n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= cfk"mn] agfPsf] k[YjLsf] agf]6nfO{ pl;g]sf] c08f;Fu t'ngf
ug'{xf];\ . s] km/s kfpg'eof] <

52
PsfO – %
kf7 ! M ef/t M xfd|f] l5d]sL b]z

d]/f] gfd dgdfof u'¿ª xf] . d sf:sL lhNnfsf] n]vgfy gu/kflnsfdf

a:5' . lxhf]cfh dnfO{ n]Vg, k9\g v'a dg k5{ . d]/f klt ef/tLo
;]gfdf sfd ug'{x'G5 . d rflxF 3/sf] sfd u5'{ . laxfg a]n'sf ;do
ldnfP/ k|f}9 ljBfno hfg] u5'{ . k9\b} hfg] j|mddf dnfO{ l5d]sL b]z
ef/tsf] af/]df hfGg] OR5f nfUof] . d}n] cfˆgf kltnfO{ kmf]g u/]/
ef/tsf] af/]df atfOlbg cg'/f]w u/]F . s]xL s'/f pxfFn] atfOlbg' eof] .
afFsL hfgsf/L lstfa, OG6/g]6 / kqklqsfdf vf]h]/ lng' eGg'eof] . d}n]
klg To;} u/]F / ef/t ;DaGwL o:tf] hfgsf/L tof/ kf/]F .
If]qkmn #@,*&,@^# ju{ ls=ld=-g]kfn eGbf afO; u'gf 7'nf]_
;Ldfgf k"j{df aª\unfb]z, DofGdf/ / aª\ufnsf] vf8L, klZrddf
kfls:tfg / c/a ;fu/, pQ/df g]kfn, e'6fg / rLg,

53
 blIf0fdf >Lnª\sf, dfnlbE; / lxGb dxf;fu/
/fhwfgL gofF lbNnL
hg;ª\Vof ! c/a !@ s/f]8 nueu
xfjfkfgL k"j{ pQ/ / klZrd pQ/ efudf hf8f] afFsL ;a} efudf udL{

k|d'v gbLx¿ uª\uf, a|Xdk'q, od'gf, sfj]/L, uf]bfj/L, ;tnh cflb .

k|d'v lbNnL, d'DaO{, sf]nsftf, r]GgO{, a+}un'¿, x}b/fjfb,
;x/x¿ hd;]bk'/ cflb
/fli6«o kj{ :jtGqtf lbj;, !% cu:t
d'b|f ¿ko]
em08f tL/ªf -xl/of], ;]tf] / ;'Gtnf /ªsf] w;f{ ePsf] lardf rj|m_

d'Vo wd{ lxGb", O:nfd, lj|mlZrog, l;v

/fli6«o efiff lxGbL / cª\u|]hL
zf;g ;ª\3Lo u0ftGq
Joj:yf
d'Vo k];f s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/ / ;]jf
g]kfn;Fusf] k|frLgsfnb]lv, cf}krfl/s bf}To ;DaGw ;g\ !($& b]lv
;DaGw

54
cfk"mn] tof/ kf/]sf] of] hfgsf/L sIffdf k|:t't ul/g\ . ;xhstf{ lzIfs
/ ;fyLx¿n] tfnL ahfP/ pgsf] k|z+;f u/] . pgn] klg v'zLn] nfdf]
;f; k]ml/g\ .
lzIf0f lgb]{zg M l;sf?nfO{ gS;fsf] ;xfotfaf6 ef/t ;DaGwL kf7sf cfwf/df
l;Sg k|f]T;fxg ug'x{ f];\ .

cEof;
!= tn lbOPsf jfSox¿ l7s eP …l7sÚ / a]l7s eP …a]l7sÚ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ ef/t g]kfnsf] pQ/ lbzfdf kb{5 .
-v_ ef/tsf] tLglt/ ;d'b|n] 3]/]sf] 5 .
-u_ ef/t g]kfneGbf em08} afO; u'gf 7'nf] 5 .
-3_ ef/tsf] Ps ?lkofF a/fa/ g]kfnL Ps ?lkofF
;f7L k};f x'G5 .
-ª_ ef/tLo :jtGqtf lbj; hgj/L dlxgfdfk5{ .
@= dgdfof u'?ªn] ef/t ;DaGwL s]xL hfgsf/L lbg 5'6fPsL 5g\ .
pgn] 5'6fPsf a'Fbfx¿ tn lbOPsf] 5 . ;fyLx¿;Fu / ;xhstf{;Fu
;f]w]/ tL hfgsf/L k"/f ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ ef/taf6 g]kfnn] cfoft ug]{ ;fdfgx¿ M
========================================================================================

55
 -v_ g]kfnn] ef/tdf lgof{t ug]{ ;fdfgx¿
=====================================================================================
-u_ ef/tn] g]kfnnfO{ u/]sf ;xof]ux¿
=====================================================================================
#= ef/tLo tLy{ofqLx¿ g]kfnsf] kz'kltgfy, hfgsL dlGb/, dgsfdgf,
:ju{åf/L, d'lStgfy cflb wfld{s :yndf cfpg] u5{g\ . g]kfnaf6
klg w]/} tLy{ofqLx¿ ef/t hfG5g\ . ef/tsf] gS;fdf g]kfnL
tLy{ofqLx¿ hfg] 7fpFx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 tL 7fpFsf
gfdx¿ ;d"xdf a;L n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= ;d"xdf a;]/ ef/tsf] gS;f agfpg'xf];\ . gS;fdf ef/tsf d'Vo
;x/ gofFlbNnL, d'DaO{, sf]nsftf, r]GgO{ / b'O{ cf]6f gbL uª\uf /
a|Xdk'q b]vfpg'xf];\ .

56
kf7 @ M xfd|f] l5d]sL b]z M rLg

¿s'd k"j{sf wghLt g]kfnL clxn] cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 ljBfnodf bf];|f]

txdf k9\5g\ . ;fgf] pd]/df pgn] ljBfnodf k9\g kfPgg\ . pd]/
9lNsFb} uof] . pgn] lzIffsf] dxŒj a'‰b} uP . pd]/n] k9fO l;sfOnfO{
/f]Sb}g eGg] yfxf kfP . 5f]/f5f]/L ljBfno hfG5g\ . pgL klg cgf}krfl/s
k|f}9 ljBfno hfG5g\ . ToxfF ;~rfng x'g] lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'G5g\ .
pgsf] ;lqmotf b]v]/ ;fyLx¿ klg 5Ss k5{g\ . cfh pgn] xfd|f] l5d]sL
b]z rLgsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbFb} 5g\ . pgsf ;fyLx¿ ¿lrk"j{s pgsf]
k|:t'lt ;'lg/x]sf 5g\ . rLgsf] gS;f b]vfpFb} pgn] ;'? u/]– ;xhstf{
lzIfsHo", tyf d]/f ;xkf7L ;fyLx¿ Û rLg xfd|f] b]z g]kfnsf] pQ/k6\l6
kb{5 . o;sf] If]qkmn nueu (^ nfv ju{ ls=ld=5 . csf]{ zAbdf
eGg'kbf{ of] g]kfneGbf ^% u'gf 7'nf] 5 . rLgsf] k"j{k6\l6 pQ/ sf]l/of,
blIf0f sf]l/of / k"jL{ rLg ;d'b| kb{5 . klZrdk6\l6 shfs:tfg,
sLlu{:tfg, tflgls:tfg, ckmuflg:tfg / kfls:tfg kb{5g\ . pQ/k6\l6

57
dª\uf]lnof / ¿; 5g\ . blIf0fdf leotgfd, nfcf];, Dofgdf/, ef/t,
e'6fg / g]kfn /x]sf 5g\ .
rLgdf ;fgf7'nf w]/} gbLx¿ 5g\ . tL dWo] Xjfª\xf], ofª\T;L, l;lsofª
cflb 7'nf gbLx¿ x'g\ . j]Olhª, ;fª\3fO{, xªsª, u'ghfcf], 5]Gb' cflb
oxfFsf k|d'v ;x/ x'g\ .
rLgsf] klZrd / blIf0f efu k|foM w]/}h;f] kxf8 kb{5 . oxfF ;'Vvf
xfjfkfgL 5 . k"jL{ efu gbLn] agfPsf] d}bfgL efu xf] . oxfF /fd|f] s[lif
pTkfbg x'G5 . wfg, ux'F, lrof, kmnk"mn k|z:t pTkfbg x'G5 . s[lifsf
;fy} pBf]u, Jofkf/, lj1fg / k|ljlwdf 7'nf] k|ult ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
rLgsf] hg;ª\Vof nueu ! c/a #! s/f]8 5 . oxfFsf] /fhwfgL a]Olhª
xf] . rLgdf %^ hfltsf dflg;x¿ a;f]af; ub{5g\ . rLgsf] /fi6«efiff
lrlgofF xf] / oxfFsf] d'b|fnfO{ o'cfg elgG5 .
rLgdf af}4, sGˆo'l;o;, O:nfd, O;fO{ tyf tfcf] wd{ dfGb5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu rLgn] 7'nf] ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}F
rj|mky, sd{rf/L c:ktfn, cGt/f{li6«o ;ef ejg, e/tk'/ SofG;/
c:ktfn, /fli6«o ;efu[x, c/lgsf] /fhdfu{, k[YjL /fhdfu{ cflb rLgn]
agfPsf] xf] .
rLg ;DaGwL d}n] hfg]sf hfgsf/L olt g} x'g\ . wGojfb .
l;sfO lgb]{zg M ;xefuLx¿nfO{ gS;fsf] ;xfotfaf6 rLg ;DaGwL kf7sf
cfwf/df l;Sg k|f]T;fxg lbg'kb{5 .

58
cEof;
!= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAbx¿ eg'{xf];\ M
-s_ rLgsf] /fhwfgL ========================= xf] .
-v_ rLgsf] If]qkmn =====ju{ ls=ld=5 / g]kfneGbf === u'gf 7'nf] 5 .
-u_ rLgsf] d'b|fnfO{ ===================== elgG5 .
-3_ rLgsf] em08fdf ==================== x'G5 .
-ª_ rLgsf] pQ/k6\l6================ / =================== b]z 5g\ .
@= tn lbOPsf] Plzofsf] gS;fdf rLg kQf nufpg'xf];\ / gfd
n]Vg'xf];\ M

59
#= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfsf] cfwf/df rLg / ef/tsf] t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
a'Fbfx¿ ef/t rLg
If]qkmn
/fhwfgL
efiff
k|d'v ;x/
em08f

60
PsfO ^ M xfd|f] ljut
kf7 ! M /fi6« lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] jL/jL/ªgfx¿

kf7 kl/ro
dWosfndf xfd|f] b]z g]kfn pkTosfdf
sflGtk'/, efbufpF / kf6g u/L tLg
/fHox¿ lyP . k"j{ tyf klZrddf afO;L
rf}aL;L /fHox¿ / pkTosf jl/kl/
g'jfsf]6, dsjfgk'/ nufotsf y'k|} ;;fgf
k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx 6'j|]m /fHox¿df ljeflht lyof] .
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 g]kfn PsLs/0f ug]{ sfo{sf] z'ef/De ePsf] xF'bf
pxfFnfO{ /fi6« lgdf{tf eg]/ lrlgG5 .
dlxnf ljBfnodf cWoog/t b'O{ hgf dlxnfx¿ xl;gf vft'g, k]df nfdf
/ u'?cfdf lardf ljBfnosf] af/]df ePsf] s'/fsfgL M
xl;gf M k]df tkfOF{ lxhf] lsg ljBfno cfpg'
ePg <
k]df M dnfO{ cln ;Grf] geP/ cfpg ;lsg .
tkfO{F s] x]l//xg' ePsf] cfˆgf] sfkLdf <

/fh]Gb| nIdL b]aL

zfx
61
xl;gf M P lxhf] ;fdflhssf] u'?cfdfn] /fi6« lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg
k'¥ofpg] jL/jL/ªgfx¿ eGg] kf7 k9fpg' ePsf] lyof] . of]
kf7sf] ;f/fz+ n]v]/ / k9]/ cfpg' eGg'ePsf] lyof] . Tolx
kl9/x]sL gL Û
k]df M xf] / ,dnfO{ klg Tof] kf7sf] af/]df atfpg'xf];\ g .
xl;gf M xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf klxn] pkTosfdf sflGtk'/, efbufpF /
kf6g, k"j{ / klZrd tkm{ afO;L rf}la;L /fHox¿ nufot
;;fgf 6'j|]m /fHox¿df ljeflht lyof] /] o;nfO{ l;ª\uf]
g]kfn agfpg] sfdsf] yfngL uf]/vfsf] /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxn] u/]sf x'g\ /] .
k]df M P, clg pgn] PSn}n] u/]sf /x]5g\ .
xl;gf M sxfF PSn}n] ug'{gl pgn] of]hgf agfP g]t[Tj lbP / ;]gfnfO{
tflnd lbnfpg] sfd u/] . h'g s'/fnfO{ ;a} uf]/vfaf;Ln]
;fy lbP . h;n] ubf{ pgL ;kmn ePsf /x]5g .
k]df M To;f] ePt k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx xfd|f] b]zsf 7'nf dfG5] kf]
/x]]5g x} .
xl;gf M xf]lg, To;}n] t pgnfO{ xfd|f] b]zsf] /fi6« lgdf{tf elgG5 .
k]df M cf]xf] o:tf] /dfOnf] kf7 k9fpg] lbgdf ljBfno cfpg
;lsg .

62
xl;gf M olt dfq sxfF xf] / ;'Gg'xf];\ g, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx ljzfn
g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{ ;kgf lnP/ cl3 a9]sf lyP t/ %@
jif{sf] cNkfo'd} pgsf] lgwg eP5 .
k]df M clg pgsf] d[To'kl5 s] eP5 t <
xl;gf M pgsf] cw'/f] ;kgfnfO{ pgsf 5f]/f pQ/flwsf/Ln] k"/f
u/]5g\ .
k]df M sf] x'g\ / pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿ <
xl;gf M pgsf 5f]/f k|tfkl;+x zfx klg @^
aif{sf] pd]/df cNkfo'd} d[To' ePsfn]
k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf] g]kfn PsLs/0f axfb'/ zfx
ug]{ ;kgfnfO{ pgsf sfG5f 5f]/f axfb'/ zfx / a'xf/L
/fh]Gb|nIdL b]jLn] k"/f u/]sL /lxl5g\ .
k]df M pgLx¿n] rflxF s'g s'g 7fpFnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgfdf ufe]sf
/x]5g\ gL <
-olQs}df u'?cfdf cfOk'Ug' x'G5 . _
k]df / xl;gf M gd:sf/ u'?cfdf .
u'?cfdf M tkfOF{x¿ s] s'/f ub]{ al;/xg' ePsf] lg oxfF rp/df .

63
xl;gf M k]df lxhf] ljBfno cfpg' ePsf] lyPg . To;}n] lxhf] xh'/n]
k9fpg' ePsf] /fi6« lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]
jL/aL/ªgfx¿ kf7sf] af/]df atfO/x]sL gL u'?cfdf .
u'?cfdf M cf]xf] Û slt /fd|f] Ps csf{df hfg]sf s'/fx¿ l;sfFb} x'g'x'Fbf]
/x]5 . tkfO{xF ¿sf] s'/f sxfF k'u]sf] lyof] s'GgL <
xl;gf M P Û n ;'Gg'xf];\ x} k]df Û k|tfkl;+x zfxsf] d[To'kl5 5f]/f
/0faxfb'/ zfx hDdf c9fO jif{sf ePsfn] /fh]Gb|nIdLn]
pgnfO{ /fhu4Ldf /fvL gfoaL zf;g ;~rfng ul/g\ .
k]df M clg of]] gfoaL zf;g eg]sf] rflxF s] xf] lg <
u'?cfdf M /fh]Gb|nIdL t a8f] zfx;L dlxnf lyOg\ . To;}n] t pgnfO{
g]kfnL la/ªgfsf] pkgfdn] lrlgG5 .
pgsf] gfoaL zf;g sfndf g]kfnsf]
;Ldfgf kj{t, nDh'ª / sf:sL;Dd
k'u]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 pgsf] klg d[To'
eof] . clg o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfd
rflxF axfb'/ zfxn] u/]sf x'g\ . cd/ l;+x yfkf

xl;gf M axfb'/ zfxsf] kfnfdf rflxF s'g s'g 7fFp g]kfnsf]

;Ldfgfdf uflePsf] xf] / u'?cfdf . d}n] klg lal;{P5'
elglbg'xf];\ g .

64
u'?cfdf M axfb'/ zfx ajL/ / b'/bzL{ lyP . pgn] kfNkf, u'NdL,
c3f{vFfrL, w'sf]{6, kj{t, bfª, Ko'7fg, ;Nofg, /f]Nkf /
hfh/sf]6 nufot afO;L rf}la;L /fHox¿ g]kfnsf] Ldfgfdf
ufe]sf lyP .
k]df M axfb'/ zfxsf] kfnfdf w]/} 7fpFx¿ uflePsf /x]5g\ x}
u'?cfdf .
u'?cfdf M Tolt dfq sxfF xf] / afO;L rf}la;L /fHo lht] klg g]kfnL
;]gf a8fsfhL cd/l;+x yfkfsf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgf
s'dfp u9jfn xF'b} cnsfGb ;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] .
-olQs}df 306L nfU5 _ hfpF sIffsf]7flt/ afFsL ca sIffdfg} egf}Fnf .
-;a} hgf sIffsf]7flt/ nfU5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk M k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, /fh]Gb| nIdL / axfb'/ zfxsf] t:aL/
;ª\sng u/L sfkLdf 6Ff:g'xf];\ / To;sf] d'lg Pp6f kl/ro / sfd klg
n]Vg'xf];\ .

l;sfO lgb]{zg M /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu of]ubfg ug]{ xfd|f jL/jL/ªgfx¿af6 /fi6«k|]d
/ :jfledfgsf kf7x¿ l;Sg'k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbFb} pgLx¿sf] sfo{af6
l;sf?x¿nfO{ k]|l/t ug]{ lsl;dsf] syf, uLt, ;+jfb, sljtf, clego cflbsf]
dfWofdaf6 lj|mofsnfk u/fpg ;lsG5 .

65
cEof;
!= kf7sf] ;+jfbnfO{ xfpefp;lxt k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\ .
@= /fh]Gb|nIdL / axfb'/ zfxsf] gfoaL zf;g sfndf g]kfnsf]
;Ldfgfdf uflePsf 7fpFx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= tn lbOPsf] vfnL 7fFpdf ldNg] zAbx¿ /fvL eg'{xf];\ M
-s_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx g]kfnsf ==================x'g\ .
-v_ axfb'/ zfx k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf =====================5f]/f x'g\ .
-u_ /fh]Gb|nIdLb]jLnfO{ g]kfnL =========sf] gfdn] lrlgG5 .
-3_ cd/l;+x yfkfn] ======/ ==========nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgfdf ufe] .

66
kf7 @ M xfd|f] ;d'bfosf P]ltxfl;s JolStTjx¿

kf7 kl/ro M Oltxf; eg]sf] klxn]sf 36gfx¿sf] ljj/0f xf] . o:tf

36gfx¿ xfdLn] k|ToIf ¿kdf b]Vg kfPsf x'b}gf}F . klxn]sf dflg;x¿
s:tf lyP, s] sfd uy]{, s] vfGy], s:tf n'uf nufpFy] eGg] ljj/0f g}
P]ltxfl;s ljj/0fx¿ x'g\ o:tf s'/fx¿ yfxf kfpgsf] nflu xfdLn]
ljleGg k':tsx¿, kqklqsfsf] cWoogsf ;fy} ;dfhsf k|ltli7t /
a'l4lhaL dflg;x¿ ;Fusf] s'/fsfgLaf6 yfxf kfpg ;S5fF} . o:tf
P]ltxfl;s 36gfx¿ xfd|f k|]/0ffsf ;|f]tx¿ aGg ;S5g\ .
;fdflhs cWoog k9fpg]
u'?cfdfn] lxhf] æxfd|f] ;d'bfosf
P]ltxfl;s JolStTjx¿Æ kf7
k9fpg' ePsf] lyof] .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] l5d]sL
tyf gft]bf/df /fd|f] sfd u/]/
gfd sdfpg ;kmn ePsf JolStTjx¿sf] af/]df vf]hL u/]/ Nofpg' eGg'
ePsf] lyof] .
xl;gf nfdf M xfn d]/f] dfdf3/ ;+v'jf;efsf] afx|la;]df kb{5 . d]/f]
dfdf3/sf] xh'/a'af Ps ;dfh;]jL x'g' x'GYof] . jxfFsf] gfd led;]g bf;
xf] . pxfF klxn] kfFry/ lhNnfsf] hf]/;fn ahf/df a:g'x'GYof] . pSt

67
7fFpdf af6f]3f6f] k'¥ofpgsf nflu pxfFn] w]/} d]xgt ug'{ePsf] /x]5 .
To;}n] pSt 7fFpdf pxfFsf] ;Demgf :j¿k zflns agfP/ /flvPsf] 5 .
kfFry/af6 a;fOF ;/fO{ u/]/ lj=;++= @)%@ ;fndf ;+v'jf;ef cfpg'ePsf]
lyof] . pxfF afx|lj;]df cfpFbf;Dd ToxfF k|fylds tx;Dd k9fO x'g]
ljBfno lyof] . Tof]eGbf dflysf] k9fOsf] nflu ;b/d'sfd vfFbaf/L
hfg'kYof]{ . d]/f] xh'/a'af uf=la= ;= sf] cWoIfdf la=;+= @)%^ ;fndf
lgjf{lrt x'g'ePsf] lyof] . clg pxFfn] cfˆg} kxn / vr{df dfWolds
tx;Ddsf] k9fO x'g] ;/sf/L ljBfno ufpFd} :yfkgf ug'{eof] . To;kl5
afx|ljz]df ;a}n] dfWoflds tx;Dd k9\gsf] nflu 6f9f hfg'k/]g pSt
ljBfnosf] gfd eLd;]g bf; dfWoflds g} /x]sf] 5 . pxfF % jif{ cufl8
g} ljlt;Sg'eof] t/ klg clxn];Dd ;a}n] d]/f] xh'/a'afnfO{
;lDem/xG5g\ .
lbg]z s6'jfn M d]/f] 3/ sf:sL
lhNnfsf] x+;k'/df kb{5 .
xl/cf]d dNn xfd|f] ufpFsf Ps
c;n JolSt x'gx' 'GYof] . pxfF
afUn'ªsf] a'lb{afªaf6 x+;k'/df
a;fO ;/fO u/]/ cfpg' ePsf]
lyof] . afUn'ª 5Fbf klg pxfF ;dfh;]jL / ldng;f/ x'g'xF'bf] /x]5 .
afUn'ªdf pxfFn] ;fd'bflos jg ljsf;sf] nflu 7'nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'

68
ePsfn] ToxfFsf dflg;n] clxn] klg pxfFnfO{ ;DeFmbf /x]5g\ . pxfFn]
xfd|f] ufFpdf cfˆg} vr{df dflysf] vf]nfaf6 afFw y'g]/ vfg]kfgLsf] wf/f
Nofpg] sfd ug'{ePsf] /x]5 . pSt s'/f vfg]kfgLsf] wf/f;Fu} leQfdf
/flvPsf] lznfn]vdf n]lvPsf] 5 . ufFpsf dflg;x¿ pxfFsf] of]
of]ubfgnfO{ cfh;Dd klg ;DemL /xG5\g .

ldgf la=s= M d]/f] 3/ /f}tx6sf]

h'l8a]nfdf k5{ . kfj{tL /fgfdu/
xfd|f] h'l8a]nf ufpFkflnsfsL cWoIf
x'g'x'G5 . pxfF lj=;++ @)&$ ;fnsf]
:yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rgdf lgjf{lrt
x'g'ePsf] xf] . jxfF t]x|y'dsf] Dofª\n'ª
ahf/af6 /f}tx6df ;?jf eP/ cfpg'
ePsf] xf] . t]xy'ddf x'Fbf ;/sf/L
ljBfnodf k9fpgfsf ;fy} dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu w]/} /fd|f sfdx¿
ug'{ePsf] /x]5 . To;}n] clxn] klg ToxfFsf dflg;x¿n] pxfFnfO{
;lDem/xG5g\ . pxfFn] xfd|f] h'l8j]nfdf cfˆg} vr{df dlxnfx¿sf] nflu
ufFp k':tsfno klg vf]nL lbg'ePsf] lyof] . km';{bsf] ;dodf tL
dlxnfx¿ k':tsfnodf a;]/ kqklqsf / k':tsx¿ k9\g] / b]z ljb]zsf
af/]df s'/fsfgL ;d]t ug]]{ ePsf 5g\ . Tolt dfq geP/ pxfFn]

69
ufpFkflnsfdfkm{t dlxnfx¿nfO{ l;kd'ns tflnd klg pknAw
u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 ToxfFsf dlxnfx¿ s]xL g s]xL k];f u/]/
cfTd lge{/ aGg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . pxfFsf] of]ubfgsf] sf/0fn]
clxn];Dd klg ;fFRr} Tof] ufFp Pp6f gd'gf ufpF aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
lj|mofsnfk M tkfO{Fx¿ klg cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf ePsf P]ltxfl;s
JolStTjsf] vf]HfL u/L pxfFx¿sf] of]ubfgsf] af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .
cEof;
!= led;]gbf; xl/cf]d / kfj{tLnfO{ lsg P]ltxfl;s JolStTj elgPsf]
xf] <
@= Oltxf; eg]sf] s] xf] <
#= P]ltxfl;s AoltmTj eg]/ s:tf JolStnfO{ elgG5 <
$= tkfO{s
F f] ljrf/df P]ltxfl;s JolStTj aGgsf nflu s] s] sfd
ug'{knf{ < n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_

70
%= tn t:AfL/df lbOPsf JolStx¿ xfd|f] b]zsf nflu of]ubfg ug'{ x'g]
P]ltxfl;s JolStTjx¿ x'g'x'G5 < s;sf] t:AfL/ xf] . ;f]wvf]h u/L
gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .

================ ============= ================== ===============

l;sfO lgb]{zg M ;xefuL k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ cfcfˆgf] l5d]s tyf gft]bf/df

;dfhsf nflu pNn]vgLo sfd u/]sf JolStTjx¿sf] ;"RfL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
ltgLx¿dWo s'g} Ps hgfsf] af/]df n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . clg ;dfhsf nflu
pNn]vgLo sfd u/]/ VoftL sdfPsf JolStx¿ g} P]ltxfl;s JolStTjx¿ x'g\ .
To:tf JolStx¿ xfd|f] k|]/0ffsf ;|f]t aGg ;S5g\ . xfdLn] klg kl5;Dd gfd /xg]
lsl;dsf] sfd ug'{kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff a;fO lbg'k5{ .

71
PsfO & M xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
kf7 ! M xfd|f] ufFp / gu/sf dflg;x¿n] ug]{ sfd
-u'?cfdfn] 7'nf] rf6{k]k/ lnP/ sIffsf]7fdf k|j]z ug{'x'G5 . sfnf]kf6Ldf
xfd|f] ufFpsf dflg;x¿n] ug]{ sfd n]Vb} Tof] rf6{k]k/nfO{ leQfdf
e'mG8fP/_
u'?cfdf M -/LtfnfO{ p7fpFb}_, /Ltf of] rf6{k]k/df s] s] n]lvPsf] 5
k9]/ ;'gfpg' xf];\ t .
ufFpsf dflg;x¿n] ug]{ sfd ;x/sf dflg;x¿n] ug]{ sfd
ls;fg, lzIfs, l;sdL{, 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, kfOn6,
8sdL{, ;'rLsf/, s'dfn], jlsn, Jofkf/L, pBf]uktL,
nf]xf/, s'rLsf/, rf]ofaf6 k]G6/, d]sflgS;, gf]s/L, ky
ljleGg ;fdfgx¿ agfpg] k|bz{s -6'l/:6 ufO8_,
8«fOe/, lzIfs

/Ltf M ufFp / ;x/sf dflg;x¿n]

ug]{ sfdx¿ n]lvPsf] 5,
u'?cfdf . -clg rf6{k]k/df

72
 n]lvPsf ;j} k|:6;Fu k9]/ ;'gfpFl5g\ _ .
u'?cfdf M wGojfb /Ltf tkfO{FnfO{, /fd|f];Fu k9]/ ;'gfpg' eof] .
xl/snf ca tkfO{F eGg'xf];\ t . tkfO{xF ¿ 3/df s] sfd
ug'{x'G5 <
xl/snf M xfdL t vf;} 7'nf] sfd ub]{gfF} . u'?cfdf Tolx v]tLkftL
u5f}{F, ufO{a:t' kfN5f}F, b'w a]R5f}F cfk"mx¿nfO{ vfgk'Ug] eGbf
al9 cGgkft a]R5fF} . o;} u/L 5f]/f5f]/L k9fPsf 5f}F, 3/
vr{ klg rn]sf] 5 .
u'?cfdf M clg Tolt v'zL / ;'vL kl/jf/ 5 . tkfO{Fx¿sf] To:tf] /fd|f]
sfd ug'{ ePsf] 5 cem vf; 7'nf] sfd ub]{gfF} eGg] xf] t
sfd slxNo} klg 7'nf] cyjf ;fgf] xF'b}g . sfd gu/L
a:g]nfO{ kf] ;fgf] ;Demg] xf] t sfd ug]{nfO{ t ;Ddfg kf]
ug'{ kb{5 .
/Ltf M xf] t x} u'?cfdf, xfdL cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ;a} sfd cfkmF} ug{
;Dej g} xF'b}g To;}n] t ;a} dflg;n] km/s km/s sfd ug'{
k5{ x} .
u'?cfdf M xf] Û /Ltfn] l7s eGg'eof] . ;fGgfgL ca tkfOF{ eGg'xf];\ t
tkfO{s
F f] >Ldfg rflxF s] ug'{ x'G5 lg .

73
;fGgfgL M d]/f] >Ldfg t jlsn
x'g'x'G5 ;x/df cbfntdf
gf]s/L ug'{x'G5 . pxfFn] g}
dnfO{ k9\g'k5{ eg]/
k7fpg' ePsf] xf] .
u'?cfdf laxfg a]n'sf 3/sf] sfd klg xfdL ;Fu} u5f}{F d}n]
k9\g] ;do klg kfpF5' .
u'?cfdf M cfxf slt /fd|f] ;fGgfgL tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/df, xf] o;/L
kl/jf/df Psn] csf]{nfO{ ;xof]u u/]/ g} 3/ ;'Gb/ x'g] t xf]
gL .
/Ltf M u'?cfdf Pp6f s'/f ;f]wF' x} d]/f] dfdfsf] 5f]/fn] ljb]zLx¿
lnP/ lxF8\5\g\ To;nfO{ rflxF s] elgG5 gL .
u'?cfdf M ky k|b{zs jf -6'l/:6 ufO8_ elgG5 logLx¿n]
ko{6sx¿nfO{ gofF gofF 7fpFdf 3'dfpg] sfd ub{5g\ .
xl/snf M u'?cfdf sfd klg ufFp / ;x/sf dflg;n] ug]{ km/s –km/s
x'G5 / ToxfF rf6{df t km/s km/s 5 t .
u'?cfdf M xf] /fd|f] k|Zg ug'{eof] xl/snf
tkfO{Fn] sltko sfd t ufpF /
;x/df Pp6} klg x'G5g t/ w]/}
sfdx¿ ufpF / ;x/df km/s

74
 km/s g} x'G5g . lsgeg] ;x/df k9]n]v]sf dflg;x¿ al9
x'G5g eg] ufpFdf gk9]sf dflg;x¿ al9 x'G5g . ufpFaf6
klg k9\g ;x/ uPkl5 pt} sfdsf] cj;/ x'g] x'gfn] ;x/d}
a:5g\ .
;fGgfgL M xf] t d]/f] >Ldfgn] d;Fu eGg'x'G5 b]z ljsf; ug{sf] nflu
t 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, kfOn6, lzIfs, jlsn h:tf bIf
hgzlSt dfq xf]Og xfd|f] h:tf] s[lifk|wfg b]zdf ls;fgsf]
klg plQs} dxŒj x'G5 . uf/f] nufpg] 8sdL{, sf7sf] sfd
ug]{ l;sdL{ ;a} k];fsf] ;dfg dxŒj x'G5 lsgeg] ;a}n]
cfcfˆgf] sfd u/]kl5 g} b]zsf] ljsf; x'G5 Pp6} dflg;n]
;a} sfd ug{ t ;Dej xF'bg} lg <
u'?cfdf M xf], ;fGgfgLn] cfˆgf] >Ldfgaf6 w]/} s'/f a'‰g'ePsf] /x]5 .
To;}n] xfdLn] sfd gug]{ dflg;nfO{ sfd u/fpg k|]l/t
ug'{k5{ t/ sfdsf] cfwf/df s;}nfO{ klg 7'nf] cyjf ;fgf]
;Demg' x'Fb}g . ;a}nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 lsgeg] b]zsf] nflu
;a}sf] cfjZostf a/fa/ x'G5 .
-olQs}df 306L nfU5 . n, t 306L klg nfUof] . cfhnfO{
olQ . afFsL ef]ln u/fF}nf n Û wGojfb tkfOFx¿nfO{_
ljBfyL{x¿ M wGojfb u'?cfdf Û

75
lj|mofsnfk M tkfO{Fx¿sf] ;d'bfodf klg s'g s'g k];f canDag ug]{
dflg;x¿ x'g'x'G5 < vf]hL u/L gfd / sfd tflnsfdf n]Vg'xf];\ .

l;sfO lgb]{zg M ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ;d'bfo j/k/ /x]sf ljleGg lsl;dsf

sfdx¿sf] cjnf]sg u/L ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a} sfdsf] cfcfˆgf] 7fpFdf
plQs} dxŒj /x]sf] s'/f ljleGg pbfx/0fx¿ lbP/ dx;'; u/fpg'xf];\ . 3/ kl/jf/
/ 5/l5d]sdf cfOk/]sf ;a} sfdx¿df ;xof]u ug{ k]|l/t ub}{ ;a} k|sf/sf sfd
ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s Jojxf/ ug]{ k|f]T;fxg u/fpg ;lsG5 .

cEof;
!= tn lbOPsf] vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAbx¿ /fv]/ eg'{xf];\ M
-s_ b]z ljsf; ug{sf nflu ;a} lsl;dsf ===========================sf]
cfjZostf kb{5g\ .
-v_ xfdLn] sfdsf] cfwf/df 7'n
' f] cyjf ;fgf] eg]/ ========ug'{ xF'b}g .
-u_ ljb]zL ko{6sx¿nfO{ 3'dfpg] dflg;nfO{===================elgG5 .
-3_ 3l8, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg agfpg] dflg;nfO{ ===============elgG5 .
-ª_ kl/jf/df Ps csf{sf] ;xof]ub|f/f g} 3/ ==================== x'G5 .
@= dfgfF} tkfO{F Pp6f k;ndf ;fdfg lslg/xg'ePsf] 5, To;} ;dodf
csf]{ Ps u|fxs Tof] k;ndf cfP Tof] k;n]n] eGof] æslt k};f lnP/
cfpg'ePsf] 5 / < oL ;fdfgx¿ t dxª\uf 5g\ t/ tkfO{ lsGg

76
 ;Sg'x'Gg . oL ;fdfgx¿ ;:tf 5g\ . n oL ;fdfgx¿ x]g'{xf\;\ .Æ
tkfOF{ pSt Jofkf/LnfO{ s;/L ;Demfpg'x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= tn lbOPsf lrq x]/L s'g s'g k];f;Fu ;DalGwt lrqx¿ x'g\ gfd
n]Vg'xf;\ .

=================== ================ ================= ===================

$= ;a} sfdsf] plQs} dxŒj x'g] x'Fbf ;a} k|sf/sf sfd / sfd ug]{
dflg;nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 egL Ps cg'R5]b n]Vg'xf];\ .

77
kf7 @ M ldtJolotf
kf7 kl/ro M ldtJooL eg]sf] sd vr{ ug]{ :jefjsf] tyf ePsf]
cfDbfgLnfO{ ldnfP/ vr{ ug]{ afgL xf] . h;sf] ldtJooL :jefj 5 .
p;n] hLjgdf slxNo} klg b'Mv kfpFb}g . cfDbfgLnfO{ ldnfP/ vr{ ug]{
afgL nufpg'kb{5 . kf7df xfdL ldtJolotf;Fu ;DalGwt syfsf] cWoog
u/fF} .

cg'hf / k"mndtL b'O{ lbbLalxgL lyP .

;fg}b]lv pgLx¿ b'O{ hgfsf] afgL
km/s km/s lyof] . lax]kl5 cg'hf
la/f6gu/df a:blyg\ . pgsf] >Ldfg
sf/vfgfdf sfd uy]{ eg] pgL klg
df5fkfng
laxfg a]n'sfsf] 3/sf] sfd ;s]/
t/sf/L v]tL / df5fkfng ub{lyg\ . pgsf] :jefj ;fwf/0f lyof] njfO{
vjfO{ klg ;fwf/0f lyof] . cgfjZos vr{ ub}{glyg\ . pgLx¿sf] Ps
5f]/f / Ps 5f]/L lyP . 5f]/f5f]/L glhs}sf] ;/sf/L ljBfnodf k9fpFy] .
cg'hfn] >Ldfgsf] tna, t/sf/L v]tL / df5fkfngaf6 ePsf]
cfDbfgLnfO{ 3/ vr{ u/L afFsL k};f a}ª\sdf nu]/ /fVblyg\ .
k"mndtL klg ljjfxkl5 ;Kt/Ldf a:blyg\ . pgsf >Ldfg glhs}sf]
;/sf/L ljBfnodf lzIfs lyP . pgLx¿sf] klg Ps 5f]/f / Ps 5f]/L

78
lyP . k"mndtLsf] :jefj vrf{n' lyof] . pgnfO{ /fd|f] nufpg] ld7f] vfg]
/ 3'Dg] ;f]v lyof] . pgL 3/sf] sfd afx]s c¿ sfd ulb{glyg\ .
5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ glhssf] ;/sf/L ljBfnodf k9fpFy] . >Ldfgsf] sdfO
ePtf klg pgn] slxNo} klg arfpg ;lSbglyOg\ .
;do laTb} uof] . cg'hfn] 5f]/fnfO{ 8fS6/ / 5f]/LnfO{ OlGhlgo/ k9fP
pgsf] art ug]{ ldtJo afgLn] ubf{ ;lhn};Fu k9fpg ;s] . pgLx¿sf]
ljjfx vr{ klg 5f]/f5f]/L cfkmF}n] sdfP/ u/] . clxn] 3/ agfP/ ;'vn]
a;]sf 5g\ .
ptf km"ndtLsf] 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpg ljjfx ug{sf] nflu ePsf] v]t
a]Rg'k¥of] lsgeg] pgn] slxNo} arfP/ /fv]sL lyOgg\ . >Ldfg klg
cjsf; eO;s]sf sf/0fn] sdfO x'g 5f8\of] . 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fO klg
vf;} /fd|f] gePsfn] /fd|f] sfd kfpg ;s]gg\ . pgn] slxNo} klg arfP/
/fVg klg ;s]sL lyOgg\ .
cg'hfsf] :jefj ;fwf/0f lyof] . njfOvjfO klg ;fwf/0f uly{g\ .
cgfjZos vr{ ulb{glyOg\ . o;/L ldtJooL afgLs} sf/0fn] ;'?df
cg'hfnfO{ b'Mv eP h:tf] eP tfklg pgsf] eljio ;'vL eof] .
km"ndtLsf] cfkm" sfd klg gug]{ clg vrf{n' :jefjsf] sf/0fn] eljio
;'vL x'g ;s]g .
lj|mofsnfk M tkfO{FnfO{ o; syf k9]kl5 cg'hf / km"ndtLsf] afgL
Jojxf/df s;sf] afgL dgk¥of] < sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .

79
l;sfO lgb]{zg M ;xefuL k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ kf7df lbOPsf] cg'hf / km"ndtLsf]
syf h:t} cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf klg ldNbf]h'Nbf] 36gf 5g\ eg] ;'gfpg'xf];\ . To:t}
sfNklgs syf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / ldtJooL afgLnfO{ Jojxfl/s hLjgdf
cg';/0f ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;
!= cg'hf / km"ndtLsf] afgL Aojxf/nfO{ tflnsfdf n]Vg'xf];\ M
cg'hfsf] afgL km"ndtLsf] afgL
!= !=
@= @=
#= #=
$= $=
@= ldtJolotfsf kmfObf / a]kmfObfx¿nfO{ tflnsfdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
kmfObf a]kmfObf
!= !=
@= @=
#= #=

80
 $= $=
#= oxfF tnsf] tflnsfdf ;]tL / lx/fsf] ! dlxgfsf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf]
ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5 .
;]tL lx/f
cfDbfgL – ?= @) |))).– cfDbfgL – ?= @) |))).–
vr{ vr{
vfgfdf –?= %))).– vfgfdf –?= &))).–
5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fO – ?= !%)).– 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fO – ?= @))).–
3/ef8f –?= $))).– 3/ef8f –?= %))).–
:jf:Yo pkrf/ –?= @))).– :jf:Yo pkrf/ –?= #))).–
n'uf vr{ –?= #))).– n'uf vr{ –?= $))).–
uf8L ef8f–?= !%)).– uf8L ef8f–?= @))).–
jrt –?= #))).– jrt – 5}g
C0f – 5}g C0f – ?= #))).–
tkfOF klg ;]tL / lx/fsf] h:t} u/L cfˆgf] 3/sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf]
ljj/0f tflnsfdf n]v]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

81
kf7 # M xfd|f] lhNnfsf] pTkfbg

d]/f] gfd k]df xf] . d]/f] 3/

d':tfª lhNnfsf] dfkmf{ eGg]
7fpFdf kb{5 . d':tfª lhNnf
u08sL k|b]zdf kb{5 . d':tfª
lxdfnL k|b]zdf kb{5 . d]/f]
lhNnf w]/} lr;f] x'g] x'gfn] :ofp v]tL

v]tLkftL Tolt /fd|f] xF'b}g . l;ldt dfqfdf o; If]qdf ux'F, hf}, sf]bf],
kmfk/ / cfn'sf] v]tL ul/G5 . oxfF ljZjd} pTs[i6 dflgPsf] :ofpsf] v]tL
oxfF ul/G5 . :ofpaf6 xfdLn] /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug]{ u/]sf 5f}F . o; lhNnfdf
7'nf 7'nf r/g If]q ePsfn] e]8f, Rofª\u|f / rf}/L cflb kflnG5 . oxfFsf
dflg;x¿n] eF]8f / Rofª\u|fsf] pgaf6 /f8LkfvL unF}rf a'Gg] ub{5g\ .
;fy} b'waf6 5'kL{ tyf lrh agfP/ a]Rg] ub{5g\ . xfdL cfˆg} lhNnfdf
pTkfbg ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u u5f}{F / To;af6 ;Gt'i6 klg 5fF} .
:ofpaf6 oxFfsf dflg;x¿n] ;'s'6L / jfOg agfP/ klg a]Rg] u/]sf
5g\ .

82
 d]/f] gfd 3gZofd Gof}kfg] xf] .
d]/f] 3/ Onfdsf] lkmSsndf kb{5
. Onfd lhNnf kxf8L k|b]z
cGt{utsf] k|b]z g+= ! df kg]{
lhNnf xf] . xfd|f] lhNnf ;fFRr} g}
Pp6f ;'Gb/ k|s[ltsf] a/bfg
lrofaufg
xf] . o; lhNnfnfO{ ækxf8sL /fgL
gub] afnLsL vfgLÆ h:tf] pkgfdn] klg lrlgG5 . oxfFsf] pj{/ e'ld /
d]xgtL ls;fgx¿sf] sf/0fn] of] 7fpF cfly{s ¿kn] klg wgL 5 .
Onfd lhNnfnfO{ ljleGg cf7 …cÚ sf] gfdn] klg lrlgG5 . tL x'g\
cn}FrL, cb'jf, cyf]{8S; -lrof_, csa/] v';f{gL, cf]ng -b'w_, clDn;f],
cfn' / cltly ;Tsf/ . oL afx]s Onfddf wfg, ds}, ux'Fsf] /fd|f] v]tL
x'G5 . oxFfsf dflg;x¿n] ufO{, eF};L, afv|f / 3f]8f h:tf kz'x¿sf]
kfng u/]/ klg hLljsf rnfPsf
5g\ . b'waf6 aGg] kl/sf/ lrh,
klg/, 5'kL{ / nlnkk ld7fO /
l3p agfP/ klg k|z:t dfqfdf
cfDbfgL ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . oxFf
ljZjd} pTs[i6 dflgg] lrof v]tL
lrgL pBf]u
x'G5 . xfd|f] klg lkmSsndf 7'nf]

83
lrofsf] aufg 5 . oxfFsf] lrof ljb]z ;d]t lgsf;L x'G5 . st}st} skmL
v]tL klg ul/G5 clxn] oxfFsf s[ifsx¿ lsjL eGg] gofF kmnk|lt cfslif{t
ePsf 5g\ . xfdL cfˆgf] lhNnfdf pTkflbt / lgld{t ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u
ug]{ ub{5fF} .
d]/f] gfd ¿kf ;fpb xf] . d]/f] 3/ k|b]z g+= & df kg]{ s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf]
u'nl/of eGg] 7fpFdf kb{5 . of] lhNnf dxfsfnL glb kfl/sf] bf]wf/f
rfFbgL gu/kflnsfnfO{ hf]8\g] Ps dfq lhNnf xf] . afx|l;Fu] h/fof]sf]
nflu k|l;4 of] lhNnf gofF d'n'sdWo]sf] Ps lhNnfsf] gfdn] klg kl/lrt
5.
oxfFsf] df6f] dlnnf] ePsfn] k|z:t dfqfdf wfg v]tL x'G5 . ;fy} ds},
ux'F, tf]/Lsf] v]tL klg x'G5 . kmnk"mndf lnlr, cfFk, cDaf, gf;kftL /
pv'sf] klg v]tL x'G5 . Joj;flos ¿kdf t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ dflg;x¿
klg /x]sf 5g\ . oxFfsf dflg;x¿n] kufO{, e}F;L, afv|f kfng u/]/ klg
hLljsf rnfPsf 5g . o; lhNnfdf w]/} OF6f pBf]ux¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ /
ef/tdf ;d]t oxfFsf] OF6f lgsf;L x'G5 . To:t} oxfF lrgL pBf]u klg
;~rflnt 5 . lrgL pBf]u / OF6f pBf]udf w]/} dflg;x¿n] /f]huf/L
kfPsf 5g . ef/tsf] ;Ldfgfdf kg]{ x'gfn] /f]huf/Lsf nflu ef/t hfg]sf]
;ª\Vof klg o; lhNnfdf k|z:t dfqfdf /x]sf] 5 . xfdL klg s]/f v]tL
u5f}{ o;af6 xfdLn] /fd|f] cfDbfgL u/]sf 5fF} / cfˆg} lhNnfdf pTkfbg
tyf lgdf{0f ePsf ;fdu|L g} k|of]u ug]{ ub{5f}F .

84
lj|mofsnfk M tkfO{F klg k]df, 3gZofd / ¿kfn] h:t} cfˆgf] lhNnfsf]
cfly{s pTkfbgsf] af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .

l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sf?x¿nfO{ cfcfˆgf] lhNnfsf cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿sf ;"rL

agfpg nufO{ cfˆgf] lhNnf / csf]{ lhNnfsf] cfly{s pTkfbgx¿sf] lardf
5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cfˆg} lhNnfdf pTkflbt tyf lgld{t ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
k|of]u u/fpg k|]l/t ug]{ vfnsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fpg'xf];\ .

cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ OnfdnfO{ lsg * …c… sf] lhNnfsf] gfdn] lrlgG5 <
-v_ d':tfªsf] d'Vo d'Vo pTkfbgx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-u_ s~rgk'/ lhNnf s]sf] gfdn] kl/lrt 5 <
-3_ t/fO{nfO{ lsg cGgsf] e08f/ elgG5 <
@= k]df, 3gZofd / ¿kfsf] lhNnfsf] pTkfbgx¿ tflnsf agfP/
5'6\6f5'6\6} n]Vg'xf];\ M

85
 k]df 3gZofd ¿kf
!= != !=
@= @= @=
#= #= #=
#= xfdLn] lsg cfˆgf] lhNnfdf pTkflbt / lgld{t ;fdu|Ls} k|of]udf
a9L hf]8 lbg'kb{5 .
$= tkfO{s
F f] lhNnfdf pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

86
kf7 $ M d]/f] ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿

kf7 kl/ro M dfgj Ps r]tgzLn k|f0fL xf] . To;}n] p s]xL g s]xL

gu/L a:g ;Sb}g . dfgjn] cfˆgf] hLjLsf]kfh{gsf nflu s'g} g s'g} k];f
canDag ug'{kb{5 . gub sdfpgsf nflu ;~rflnt h'g;'s}
lj|mofsnfkx¿nfO{ cfly{s lj|mofsnfk elgG5 .
d]/f] gfd kfj{tL nfdf xf] . d
nlntk'/\ lhNnfsf] rfkfufpFdf
a:5' . nlntk'/ k|b]z gDa/+=# df
kb{5 . xfd|f] Pp6f ;fgf] ls/fgf
k;n 5 . d laxfg a]n'sf 3/sf]
sfd u/]/ lbpF;f] >LdfgnfO{
ls/fgf k;n
Jofkf/df ;3fpF5' . xfd|f]
kl/jf/nfO{ Jofkf/af6 /fd|f] kmfObf ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] Zofds[i0f sfsf /
sfsL Joj;flos t/sf/L v]tL ug{'x'G5 . pxfFx¿n] df};dL a]df};dL b'j}
y/L t/sf/L nufP/ k|z:t dfqfdf cfDbfgL ug{' ePsf] 5 . d]/f] ;fyL
nIdLsf] >Ldfg >LdtL ldn]/ Rofp v]tL
u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] >Ldfg ;x/df nu]/
Rofp laj|mL ub{5g\ . kjg xl/n] df6f]sf]
efF8fsF'8f / d"lt{ agfpF5g\ . To;af6 g}
df6f]sf] eFf8f]

87
pgLx¿sf]] k|z:t} cfDbfgL ePsf] 5 . xl/snf lbbLsf >Ldfg >LdtLn]
cdnf, cfFk, sfutL, nK;Laf6 ljleGg lsl;dsf crf/ agfP/ a]Rg]
ug'{x'G5 . ljb]zdf ;d]t crf/ lgof{t ug'{x'G5 . /d]z efOn] lah'nLsf
;fdfgx¿ a]Rg] tyf 38L, /]l8of], l6eL, dd{t ug]{ sfd ub{5g .
wgaxfb'/n] dsjfgk'/b]lv rfkfufpFdf cfP/ ufO{ / e}F;L kfng u/]sf
5g\ . clg b'w, bxL, dlx, l3p
a]r]/ /fd|f] kmfObf u/]sf 5g\ .
dbg >]i7 bfOn] g]kfnL
un}Frfsf] pBf]u ;~rfng
ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf]
un}Frf pBf]u pBf]uaf6 ag]sf] un}Frfx¿
ljb]z ;d]t lgof{t ul/G5g .
lbns'df/ efOn] 5fnfsf] h'Qf agfpg] pBf]u vf]n]sf 5g\ pgsf]
pBf]uaf6 ag]sf h'Qf /fd|f ePsfn] ahf/df lgs} g} dfu /x]sf] 5 . d]/f]
;fyL d~h' pmgaf6 l:j6/, 6f]kL, df]hf, unaGbL h:tf ;fdfgx¿
agfpFl5g\ . pgn] klg o;af6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL u/]sL 5g\ . xl/lagf]b
sfsfn] kl:dgf pBf]u ;~rfng u/]/ b]z ljb]zdf lgof{t ug{'x'G5 . ld7f
/fd bfO{ / efph'n] 9fsfsf] sk8f a'Gg] pBf]u vf]Ng'ePsf] 5 . TolxFaf6
pxfFx¿n] 9fsfaf6 aGg] ljleGg lsl;dsf sk8fx¿ agfP/ a]Rg'x'G5 .
o;/L d]/f] ;d'bfodf w]/} lsl;dsf Joj;fox¿ ;~rfng ug]{ dflg;x¿

88
a:g' x'G5 . xfdLn] klg cfˆg} ;d'bfodf pTkflbt tyf lgld{t ;fdu|Lx¿
g} k|of]u u5f}F .
o;/L xfd|f] ;d'bfodf ljleGg lsl;dsf cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng
ug]{ dflg;x¿ a:b5g\ . oL ;a} Joj;fox¿sf] ;dfg dxŒj x'G5 .
o;af6 g} xfd|f] ;d'bfosf] ljsf; x'G5 . k|To]s ;d'bfosf] lasf;af6 g}
b]zsf] ljsf; x'G5 . b]zsf] ljsf; ug{sf] nflu :jb]zL ;fdfgnfO{ g}
dxŒj lbP/ k|of]u ug]{ afgL a;fNg'kb{5

lj|mofsnfk M kf7df lbOP h:t} tkfO{s

F f] ;d'bfodf klg ljleGg lsl;dsf
cfly{s lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUg dflg;x¿ x'g'x'G5 xf]nf < vf]lh u/L
pxfFxF ¿sf] gfd / sfd tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .

l;sfO lgb]{zg M ;xefuL k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt ljleGg

lsl;dsf cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ ltgLx¿sf]
af/]df n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / cfˆg} ;d'bfodf pTkflbt tyf lgld{t
;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug{ k]|l/t ug]{ lsl;dsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fpg'xf];\ .

89
cEof;
!= tkfO{s
F f] ;d'bfodf pTkflbt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
@= tkfO{s
F f] 3/df ePsf ;fdfgx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . pSt
;fdfgx¿ sxfF ag]sf x'g\, tflnsf agfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
h:t} pbfx/0fsf nflu
;fdfgsf] gfd ;fdfg ag]sf] 7fpF
efF8f s'F8f ;x/df ag]sf]
38L, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg ljb]zdf ag]sf]

#= cfˆg} b]zdf ag]sf ;fdfgx¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ x'g] % cf]6f kmfObfx¿

n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= tkfO{s
F f] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] s] s] sfd ug'{x'G5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
%= k]df cfˆgf] 3/df ! dlxgfdf lgDgcg';f/ cfDbfgL ul5{g\ .
 t/sf/L a]r]/ M ?= $)))
 pgsf] >Ldfgsf] tna M ?= !),)))
 b'w a]r]/ M ?= #)))

90
o;nfO{ pgn] lgDgcg';f/ :tDe lrqdf b]vfOg\ .
k]dfsf] 3/sf] Ps dlxgfsf] cfDbfgL

tkfO{F klg cfˆgf] 3/sf] cfDbfgL n]v]/ k]dfn] h:t} :tDe lrqdf
b]vfpg'xf];\ .

91
kf7 ! M /]vfaf6 lrq agfcf}F
kf7 kl/ro M xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf xfdL ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u
ul//x]sf x'G5f}F . To:tf j:t'x¿ ljleGg cfsf/sf x'G5g\ . h:t} M gfª\nf]
uf]nf] x'G5 . n7\7L l;wf x'G5 . vf6 jf knª coftsf/ x'G5 . 6]a'n
juf{sf/ x'G5 . o:tf j:t'x¿sf] lrq agfpFbf ljleGg cfsf/sf /]vf
sf]g'{kb{5 . tL cfsf/ /]vfx¿nfO{ HofldtLo cfsf/ elgG5 . HofldtLo
cfsf/af6 xfdL ljleGg lrqx¿ agfpg ;S5f}F . ljleGg HofldtLo
cfsf/sf /]vf lvr]/ lrq agfpg' o; kf7sf] p2]Zo xf] .

klxnf] txdf tkfO{Fn] ljleGg cfsf/sf /]vfx¿sf] hfgsf/L lnO;Sg'

ePsf] 5 . h:t} M

!= l;wf /]vf÷;/n /]vf

@= afª\uf] /]vf÷jqm /]vf

#= juf{sf/

$= uf]nf] /]vf÷j[Q /]vf

92
%= lqe'h

^= cfwf uf]nf] /]vf÷cw{j[Q /]vf

&= yf]Knf /]vf

*= cfoft
o:tf HofldtLo /]vfx¿af6 xfdL ljleGg lrq agfpg ;S5f}F . a'6\6fx¿
sf]g{ ;S5f}F . bf];|f] txdf k9\g] gfgL/fdn] HofldtLo /]vfaf6 o:tf
lrqx¿ agfP .
dlGb/ dfG5] 3/

93
 la/fnf] lstfj 6]an

l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sf?x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u ug]{

j:t'x¿sf cfsf/ s:tf s:tf 5g\ < 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} M lstfa –
cfoftsf/, /f]6L÷;]n/f]6L – j[Qfsf/ cflb . s]xL j:t'x¿sf] cfsf/, k|sf/ 5nkmn
eO;s]kl5 To;sf] lrq agfpg nufpg'k5{ . ;fy} xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf cfjZos
kg]{ j:t'x¿ klg agfpg ;lsG5 .
cEof;
!= gfgL/fdn] h:t} tkfO{F klg cfˆgf] jl/kl/ ePsf j:t'x¿sf]
/]vflrq agfpg'xf];\ .
@= udL{ a9\b} lyof] . ;Kt/L lhNnfsL gGbfs'df/Ln] xft] kª\vf
agfpg] ljrf/ ul/g\ . s:tf] kª\vf agfpg] < s'g s'g ;fdu|L
k|of]u u/L agfpg] < eg]/ dgdg} ;f]lrg\ . To;kl5 afF; /
ux'Fsf] 5\jfnL k|of]u u/]/ kª\vf agfpg] of]hgf agfOg\ .
pgn] klxn] HofldtLo /]vfx¿ sf]/]/ kª\vfsf] gd'gf agfOg\ .

94
xft] kª\vfsf] gd'gf

tl/sf
!= ;a}eGbf klxn] afF;sf] rf]ofsf] cfoft agfOg\ .
@= ;/n /]vf h:t} ux'Fsf] 5\jfnLnfO{ a/fa/ gfkdf sfl6g\ .
#= afF;sf] rf]ofdf 5\jfnLnfO{ r]Kb} ljleGg /ªsf] wfufn]
afFWb} nlug\ .
$= To;kl5 /ftf], xl/of], sfnf], lgnf] cflb /ªsf] wfuf] k|of]u
u/]/ a'6\6f lgsflng\ .
%= pgn] o:tf] k|sf/sf] kª\vf tof/ ul/g\ .

95
 tkfO{F klg gGbf s'df/Ln] h:t} xft] kª\vf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
cfˆgf] jl/kl/ kfOg] cGo ;fdu|L k|of]u u/]/ klg kª\vf tof/
ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= af/f lhNnf hLtk'/sf sGx}ofnfO{ gdlsg -lgDsL_ agfpg
OR5f nfu]5 . pgn] o;/L gdlsg -lgDsL_ agfP .
tl/sf
!= d}bf / ux'Fsf] ld7f] Ps rDrf g'g ld;fP / kfgL xfNb}
d'5\b} u/] .
@= :jfbsf] nflu yf]/} hL/f / Hjfgf]sf] bfgf /fv] .
#= s]xLa]/ d'l5;s]kl5 To;af6 uf]nf uf]nf 8Nnfx¿ agfP .
$= d'5]sf] ld7f]sf 8Nnfx¿nfO{ a]n]/ j[Qfsf/ -uf]nf]_ agfP .
%= a]n]/ j[Qfsf/ agfPsf] lk7f]nfO{ rSs'n] 7f8f] / t];f]{ u/L
sf6]/ ;fgf ;fgf cfoft agfP .
^= s/fO{df t]n /fv]/ ttfP .
&= ;fgf ;fgf cfoft agfPsf] ld7f]sf] 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ s/fO{df
xfn] .
*= s]xLa]/ ksfPkl5 gdlsg tof/ eof] .

96
 cfk}Fmn] tof/ u/]sf] gdZLg kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o ldn]/
vfhfsf] ¿kdf vfP .
tkfO{F klg sGx}ofn] h:t} u/L gdsLg tof/ ug'{xf];\ . cfˆgf
5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ vfhfsf] ¿kdf lbg'xf];\ .
$= cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ HofldtLo /]vflrqx¿ agfpg'xf];\ . pSt
/]vflrqsf cfwf/df vfg]s'/f cyjf k|of]u ug]{ j:t'
agfpg'xf];\ . cfk"mn] agfPsf ;fdfg ;xkf7L ;d"xdf
b]vfpg'xf];\ .

97
kf7 @ M /ªsf] sfd
kf7 kl/ro M xfdLn] xfd|f] hLjgdf ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u ul//x]sf
x'G5f}F . tL j:t'x¿ ljleGg /ªsf x'G5g\ . h:t} M kmnfdsf] /ª sfnf]
x'G5 . lxpFsf] /ª ;]tf] x'G5 . kft xl/of] x'G5 . cfsfzsf] /ª lgnf] x'G5 .
slxn]sfxL+ /ªsf] cfwf/df klg j:t' 5'6\ofpg ;S5f}F . kx]Fnf] /ªsf] wft'
eGg] lalQs} ;'gnfO{ lrG5f}F . o;/L /ªsf] cfwf/df j:t'nfO{ 5'6\ofpg
;lsG5 . xfd|f] jl/kl/ ePsf j:t'nfO{ lrq agfP/, To;df ;'xfpFbf] /ª
eg]/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og, ;fbf sk8f, sfuh, 3/sf
leQfx¿df ;d]t of] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} j:t'sf] cfs[lt sf]/]/ To;df
;'xfpFbf] /ª eg'{ o; kf7sf] p2]Zo xf] .
l;Gw'kfNrf]ssL /fddfofnfO{ lrq agfP/ /ª eg{ v'j} dgk5{ . pgL wfuf]
/ªfpg], a'§f eg]{, lrqcg';f/ ;'xfpFbf] /ª eg{ lgs} l;kfn' l5g\ . s'g} /ª
ahf/af6 lsg]/ NofpFl5g\ . s'g} /ª cfk}Fmn] klg agfpFl5g\ . sltko /ª
t Pp6f / csf]{ /ª ld;fP/ klg agfpFl5g\ . h:t} M kx]Fnf] / /ftf]
ld;fP/ ;'Gtnf /ª agfpFl5g\ . kx]Fnf] / lgnf] /ªaf6 xl/of] /ª
lgsflN5g\ . To:t} sfnf] / ;'Gtnfaf6 v}/f] /ª agfpFl5g\ . pgn] ljleGg
k|sf/sf] /ª agfO;s]kl5 To; /ªnfO{ lrqdf nufpFl5g\ . pgn] agfPsf

98
/ª\lug lrqx¿ M

xl/of] /ª\uLg
kftsf] lrq sk8fdf
k"mnsf]
agfPsf lrq
af]6sf] lrq
l;sfO lgb]{zg M cfˆgf l;sf?x¿nfO{ jl/kl/ ePsf j:t'x¿sf] lrq agfpg
nufO{ To;df ;'xfpFbf] /ª eg{ nufpg'kb{5 . To;/L /ª ebf{ cfjZostfcg';f/
uf9f jf xNsf /ª eg{ nufpg ;lsG5 . Ps csf]{ /ª ld;fP/ t];|f] /ª agfpg
;lsG5 eGg] hfgsf/L u/fO{ cfsif{s /ªLg lrq tof/ ug{ k|f]T;flxt
u/fpg'kb{5 . l;sf?x¿n] agfPsf lrqx¿ / k|of]u u/]sf /ªsf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf
/fd|f] lrq 5gf]6 ug{ nufpg'k5{ .

hgsk'/sf /fdbofnn] agfPsf ldlynf lrqx¿ M

99
d':tfªsL wgdfofn] agfPsf lrqx¿ M

cEof;
!= tkfO{F lgDg /ªx¿ ld;fP/ csf]{ /ª agfpg'xf];\ .

# efu
± Ösfnf] ! efu /ftf]

@ ±efuÖ ;]tf] ! efu sfnf]

±lgnf]
Ö kx]n
F f]

± /ftf]
Ö kx]Fnf]

@= cfˆgf] cWoog s]Gb|sf] Ps 5]pdf hfg'xf];\ . ToxfF pleP/ jl/kl/

x]g'{xf];\ / cfk"mn] b]v]sf j:t'x¿sf] lrq agfO{ /ª nufpg'xf];\ .

100
#= tkfO{Fsf] 3/ df6f]] ag]sf] 5 eg] ToxfF do"/, k"mn, xfQLsf] lrq agfO{
ldNg] /ª nufpg'xf];\ .
$= sIffdf ;fyLx¿;Fu a;]/ sfuh jf sk8fdf g]kfnsf] em08f
agfpg'xf];\ / ldNg] /ª eg'{xf];\ .
%= cfˆgf] ufpF÷;x/sf] lrq agfO{ To;df /ª eg'{xf];\ .

101
kf7 # M 5kfO
kf7 kl/ro M 5fk]/ s'g} j:t'sf] cfs[lt agfpg' klg gofF l;h{gf g} xf] .
l;h{gfTds sfo{n] l;k / Ifdtf a9\5 . /ª;Fu v]Ng] x'gfn] dgdf cfgGb
k|fKt x'G5 . ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] 5kfOaf6 klg ljleGg cfs[lt tof/ ug{
;lsG5 . s'g} 5kfO{ xfdL /ª 5s]{/ tof/ ug{ ;S5f}F . s'g} 5kfO{ lyr]/
(Pressure) jf lyrfOaf6 / s'g} 5kfO /ª bn]/ klg tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= /ª bn]/ tof/ ul/Psf cfs[ltx¿

sf7sf a'§fdf /ª\u

@= /ª 5s]{/kftdf
tof/ /ª\ u bn]/cfs[ltx¿
ul/Psf
bn]/ tof/ ul/Psf]
tof/ ul/Psf]

sfuhdf d;L÷/ª\u
5s]{/ agfPsf]
sk8fdf /ª\u 5s]{/
102
ag]sf cfs[lt
#= lyr]/ tof/ ul/Psf cfs[ltx¿

sf7df ljleGg a'§f sf6]/

To;df /ª\u bnL sfuh jf cf
sk8fdf n', d]jf jf cGo s'g} j:t'
l;sfO lgb]agfPsf cfs[ltx¿
{zg M l;sf? ;d"xnfO{ kf7df lbOP adf]lhd ljleGg tl/sfaf6
sf6]/ a'§f agfO{ /ª\u bn]/
sfuh jf sk8fdf /ª eg{ / a'§f agfpg] cEof; u/fpg' kb{5 . o;
tof/ ul/Psf] cfs[lt
sfo{df l;sf?sf] cfˆg} cg'ej klg x'g;S5 . olb l;sf?df o:tf
cg'ejx¿ ePdf pgL¿sf cg'ejx¿nfO{ 5kfO snf ;DaGwL cg'ejx¿
cfbfgk|bfg ug{ nufpg' kb{5 . ;fy} cEof;df lbOPsf sfo{x¿ ug{
nufO{ l;sfO cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 .

cEof;
!= 7'nf] cfsf/sf] cfn'nfO{ b'O{ 6'j|mf agfpg'xf];\ . To;df ljleGg
cfs[lt jf cIf/ agfpg'xf];\ / cfk"mn] rfx]sf] /ª bNg'xf];\ .

cfn'nfO{ sf6]/ b'O{

6'qmf agfPsf]
cfn'nfO{ sf6]/
agfPsf] 5fk lrq
103
@= plgpF, l;l/; cyfj s'g} la?jfsf] kft lng'xf];\ . To;nfO{
pN6f]k6\l6af6 a|;n] d;L jf s'g} /ª abNg'xf];\ . ca ;kmf ;]tf]
sfuh jf sk8fdf 5fKg'xf];\ .
#= sf7sf 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ hf]8]/ ljleGg
cfsf/x¿ agfpg'xf];\ . hf]8]/ agfPsf
pSt 6'j|mfx¿sf] csf]{ efudf :yfoL sk
/ª nufO{ sk8fdf 5fKg'xf];\ . 8fdf sf7sf] 5fkaf6
a'§f agfPsf] lrq
$= Pp6f lkkn jf cGo s'g} la?jfsf]
kftnfO{ ;kmf, ;]tf, kftnf] sfuhd'gL
/fv]/ lj:tf/} xNsf d}g /ª nufO{
sk
bNg'xf];\ . ca kftsf] cfs[lt 5flkP/ tof/ 8fdf
x'G5 sf7sf]
. 5fkaf6 a'§f
%= Pp6f sfuhdf #–$ yf]kf d;L /fVg'xf];\ . d;L /fv]lrq
agfPsf] sf] efunfO{
k6\ofP/ lj:tf/} bNg'xf];\ . ca cd"t{ cfs[lt tof/ x'G5 . o;
tl/sfaf6 ljleGg /ª /fv]/ ljleGg cfs[ltsf lrqx¿ tof/
ug'{xf];\ .

104
kf7 $ M df6f]sf] sfd
kf7 kl/ro M cfˆgf] ;Eotf;Fu} dflg;n] df6f]sf] k|of]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
cfk"mnfO{ rflxg] cGgsf] pTkfbg df6f]d} x'G5 . 3/ agfpg klg df6f] g} rflxG5 .
ljleGg k|sf/sf efF8fjt{g df6f]af6} aGb5g\ . To;}u/L snfTds j:t'x¿, d"lt{x¿
df6f]af6} tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o; kf7df df6f]af6 tof/ ug]{ ljleGg snfsf]
;fdfGo cEof;x¿ ul/g]5 .

!= df6f]nfO{ d'5]/ ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko

cfs[lt tof/ ubf{ d'5]/ lunf] agfPsf] df6f]nfO{ la:tf/} la:tf/}
lyr]/ jf a]n]/ klg ljleGg cfs[lt agfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} M

df6f]nfO{df6f]
@= d'5]/ lunf] agfPsf] a]nn]/fO{÷lyr]
s'g/} rj|m jf ;fFrf]df /fv]/ klg
agfOPsf]
ljleGg cfs[lt tof/ ug{ ;lsG5cfs[lt. h:t} M

;fFrf]df /fv]/ OF6f rqmdf /fv]/ df6f]sf]

agfPsf] lrq efF8f agfPsf] lrq

105
#= df6f]sf] 7'nf 7'nf 8Nnfx¿nfO{ lj:tf/} ldnfP/ sf6\b} uP/ klg
ljleGg cfs[ltx¿ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . d"lt{sf/x¿n] o; tl/sfaf6
klg /fd|f /fd|f d"lt{x¿ tyf ljleGg cfs[ltsf j:t'x¿ tof/
ub{5g\ .

df6f]nfO{ sf6]/ tof/

kf/]sf ;d"
l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sf?x¿nfO{ cfs[
xdfltx¿
afF8]/ df6f]af6 ljleGg cfs[ltx¿
tof/ ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{k5{ . olb l;sf?x¿dWo] df6f]sf] sfd ug{ cg'ejL
JolSt ePdf pxfFsf] cg'ejnfO{ g} sIffdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . l;sf?x¿n]
tof/ u/]sf j:t'x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg :j¿k k|bz{gL klg u/fpg'kb{5 .

cEof;
!= cfˆgf] v]t jf af/Lsf] kfFuf] df6f] jf n];fOnf] df6f] Nofpg'xf];\ .
To; df6f]af6 9'ª\uf, sf7sf, l;;fsf 6'j|mf6fj|mL, 5]:sf cflb
lgsfNg'xf];\ . df6f]nfO{ /fd|/L s]nfO;s]kl5 kfgL /fVb} d'5\g'xf];\ .
d'5]/ lunf] agfPsf] df6f]nfO{ sf7sf] 7'nf] kmNofs, 7'nf] Knfli6s jf
h:tfkftf dfly /fv]/ lj:tf/} lyRb} hfg'xf];\ . lyr]/ km/flsnf]
agfO;s]kl5 To;df df5f, xfQL, h/fof] cflbsf] cfs[lt sf]g'{xf];\ .
cfk"mn] sf]/]sf] efunfO{ sf6]/ 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ . ca tkfO{n
F ] rfx]sf]

106
 cfs[lt tof/ eof] . o;nfO{ tkfO{F 3/sf] leQfdf 6fF:g klg
;Sg'x'G5 .

lyr]/ agfOPsf] df6f]sf]

@= sf7sf] rf/ 6'j|mf hf]8]/ cfs[
Pp6flt -xfQL
;fgf] jfcfoft
r/f_ -OF6f agfpg] ;fFrf]_
agfpg'xf];\ . cfk"mn] d'5]/ tof/ kf/]sf] df6f]nfO{ To; ;fFrf]df /fv]/
lyRg'xf];\ / ;tx ldnfg'xf];\ . ;tx ldnfO;s]kl5 df6f]nfO{
;fFrf]af6 lgsfNg'xf];\ / 3fddf ;'sfpg'xf];\ . ca tkfO{s
F f] sfFrf]
O{+6f tof/ eof] . o;nfO{ cfuf]df kf]n]/ kSsL O{+6f klg agfpg
;Sg'x'g]5 .
#= olb tkfO{F;Fu jf tkfO{Fsf] l5d]sL;Fu rj|m 5 eg] cfk"mn] d'5]/ tof/
u/]sf] df6f]nfO{ rj|mdf /fv]/ rj|m 3'dfpg'xf];\ / cfk"mn] rfx]sf]
df6f]sf] efF8f, jt{g tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
$= d'5]sf] df6f]nfO{ b'j} xTs]nfn] a]Nb} ;]n/f]6L h:t} uf]nf] agfpg'xf];\ .
To:tf] df6f]sf] ;]n/f]6L ;fgf]b]lv j|mdzM 7'nf] agfpFb} agfpFb} hf]8b\}
hfg'xf];\ . sl/a &–* cf]6f hf]l8;s]kl5 leqk6\l6sf] efudf
xTs]nfdf kfgL /fVb} ;tx ;DofP/ ldnfpg'xf];\ . To;sf] lkFwsf]
nflu lunf] df6f]nfO{ lyr]/ yfn jf Kn]6 h:tf] agfpg'xf];\ / lkFwdf

107
 6fF:g'xf];\ . 3fddf /fd|/L ;'Sg lbg'xf];\ . ca tkfO{Fsf] xftn] agfPsf]
udnf tof/ eof] .
%= df6f]sf] 8Nnf] lng'xf];\ . o;nfO{ jl/kl/af6 lj:tf/} xNsf tl/sfn]
v's{b} hfg'xf];\ / cfk"mn] rfx]sf] kmnk"mn -cfFk, :ofp, s]/f, d]jf,
;'Gtnf cflb_ sf] cfsf/ agfpg'xf];\ / 3fddf ;'sfP/ ;'xfpFbf] /ª
nufO{ k]m/L ;'sfpg'xf];\ . cfk"mn] tof/ kf/]sf] kmnk"mn 3/sf] sf]7f
;hfpg k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

108
kf7 % M sf]nfh s;/L agfpg] <
kf7 kl/ro M sf]nfh ljleGg k|fs[lts / s[lqd j:t'x¿ k|of]u u/L
sfuhdf 6fF;]/ agfpg] snf xf] . o; snfaf6 ;+;f/df 36]sf 36gf
b]vfpg ;lsG5 . cfˆgf dgsf s'/f k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . ljleGg sNkgf
/ cg'ejx¿ klg sf]nfhaf6 JoQm ug{ ;lsG5 . sfuhdf k"mn, kft,
sk8fsf 6'j|mf, wfuf], cGg cflb 6fF;]/ sf]nfh agfOG5 . k"mn, kft, cGg,
sf7sf] w'nf], skf; cflb k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ x'g\ . wfuf], sk8f, sfuh
cflb s[lqd j:t'x¿ x'g\ .
h'DnfsL xl/dfofnfO{ sf]nfh agfpg] /x/ nfUof] . sf]nfhsf] kl/ro
kfO;s]kl5 pgn] s]xL /ªLrª\uL sfuhsf 6'jm| fx¿, ;'s]sf k"mn /
kftx¿, xl/of] 3fF;sf 6'j|mfx¿ ;ª\sng u/]/ NofOg . tL j:t'x¿
6fF:gsf nflu clnslt lk7f]nfO{ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ s]xLa]/ cfuf]df ksfOg\ .
glhs}sf] k;naf6 la:s'6 /fv]sf] sfuhsf] 7'nf] a6\6f -sf6'{g_ dfu]/
NofOg\ . Tof] sf6'{gnfO{ ldnfP/ sfl6g\ . To;df sfuhsf 6'j|mf, ;'s]sf
k"mn / kftx¿, xl/of] 3fF; ldnfP/ 6fF:b} uOg\ . pgn] o:tf] cfs[lt
tof/ kfl/g\ .

sf]nfhsf] s'g} lrq

109
k|b]z g+= ! sf cfOtdfg zf/Ll/s ¿kdf ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt x'g\ .
ckfª\utf ePklg lrqsnfdf pgL lgs} l;kfn' 5g\ . pgn] k|fs[lts /
s[lqd j:t'sf] k|of]u u/]/ agfPsf sf]nfhx¿ o:tf 5g\ .

sf]nfh g+= ! sf]nfh g+= @

l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sf?x¿nfO{ ljleGg k|fs[lts tyf s[lqd j:t'x¿sf]
k|of]u u/L sf]nfh agfpg k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug'{k5{ . sf]nfh agfpFbf cfˆgf]
:yfgLo If]q j/k/ k|fKt x'g] j:t'x¿ k|of]u u/]/ tof/ kfg'{kb{5 . o;/L tof/
u/]sf j:t'x¿nfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf k|of]udf Nofpg klg ;lsG5 .

cEof;
!= ;fyLx¿sf] cnu cnu ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\
/ tnsf] tflnsf eg'{xf];\ .
s] sf] cfs[lt s'g s'g ;fdu|L slt ;doleq tof/
agfpg] < k|of]u ug]{ < ul/;Sg] <

tflnsfcg';f/sf] cfs[lt tof/ ug'{xf];\ / ;xhstf{ lzIfsnfO{

b]vfpg'xf];\ .

110
@= s]xL ;nfO{sf] sfF6L, ;'s]sf k"mnsf kqx¿, kmnk"mnsf af]j|mfx¿,
skf; cflb j:t' ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ / afSnf] sfuhdf 6fF;]/ ljleGg
kmnk"mnsf cfs[ltx¿ agfpg'xf];\ .
#= ljleGg /ªsf r'/fsf 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ s'6]/ cem ;;fgf 6'j|mf
agfpg'xf];\ . Pp6f afSnf] sfuhdf g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg'xf];\ / tL
;fgf ;fgf 6'j|mfnfO{ udsf] k|of]u u/]/ g]kfnsf] rf/} ;Ldfgfdf 6fF:b}
hfg'xf];\ . ca tkfO{Fsf] o:tf] cfsf/sf] g]kfnsf] gS;f tof/ x'G5 .

86
$= k'/fgf kqklqsfx¿ hDdf agfPsf]
nfOgaf6 ug{xf];\ .g]pSt
kfnsf]klqsfnfO{
gS;f sf6]/, a6f/]/,
Roft]/ ljleGg 6'j|mf agfpg'xf];\ / To;nfO{ sfuhdf 6fF;]/ ljleGg
cfs[ltx¿ agfpg'xf];\ .
%= tn s]xL cfs[ltx¿ lbOPsf] 5 . To;nfO{ x]/]/ tkfO{F klg To:t}
cfs[lt tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

111
 Uffog afbg
kf7 ! M :yfgLo afhfx¿
nf]suLt h:t} nf]s afhf klg xfd|f klxrfg\ x'g\ . df}lns k/Dk/fdf
cfwfl/t uLt tyf ehgx¿df k|of]u ul/Fb} cfPsf afhfx¿nfO{ nf]s
afhf elgG5 . oL nf]s afhfx¿ xfd|} b]zleq lgdf{0f ul/Psf x'g\ .
:yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u u/L cfˆg} >d / l;kdf tof/ ul/Psf
x'gfn] logLx¿nfO{ :yfgLo afhfx¿ dflgPsf x'g\ . oL afhfx¿ ljleGg
hflt / 7fpFcg';f/ km/s km/s lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . dfbn, ;f/ª\uL,
afF;'/L÷d'/nL, k~r}afhf cflb :yfgLo afhfx¿sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .
dfbn
k"j{ d]lrb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Dd /
lxdfnb]lv t/fO{;Dd nf]slk|o ¿kdf
ahfOg] afhf dfbn xf] . dfbn agfpg
sf7nfO{ vf]k] 9'ª\u|f] h:tf] agfOG5 . of]
kftnf] 9'ª\u|f]nfO{ 5fnfsf] dl;gf] t'gfn] afFw]/ bfofF afofF 5fnfn] df]8]/
To;df sfnf] bfu nufOG5 . h;nfO{ v/L elgG5 . dfbnsf] Psflt/sf]
efu s]xL 7'nf] / csf]{lt/sf] efu s]xL ;fgf] x'G5 . of] afhf ;'?df du/
hfltaf6 k|rngdf cfPklg xfn ;a} hfltsf] nf]slk|o dflgG5 .

112
k~r}afhf
bdfxf, ;xgfO{, 6\ofDsf], gl;{ª\uf, ‰ofnL kfFr cf]6f
afhf ldn]/ ag]sf] afhfnfO{ k~r}afhf elgG5 . of]
afhf klg xfd|f] g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|rlnt afhf xf] .
lajfx , a|taGw tyf ljleGg wfld{s pT;jx¿df of] afhf ahfO{G5 .
;f/ª\uL
sf7 / tf/af6 tof/ ul/Psf] ;f/ª\uL klZrdf~rnsf]
kxf8L If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ uGwe{ hfltsf] k|rlnt afhf xf] .
afF;'/L÷d'/nL
d'/nL afF;af6 lgdf{0f ul/g] of] afhf
g]kfnsf] ;a} 7fpF / hfltdf k|rlnt 5
.
l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sf?x¿nfO{ cfcfˆgf] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ePsf afhfx¿sf] gfd
eGg nufpg'xf];\ / tL afhfx¿ s'g hfthflt;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\, slxn]
ahfOG5g\ / s;/L ahfOG5g\ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / :yfgLo afhfx¿sf] tfndf
nf]suLt ufpg] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

113
cEof;
!= kf7df lbPsf afhfx¿ x]g'{xf];\ / dgkg]{ afhfsf] lrq agfpg'xf];\ .
@= :yfgLo ;d'bfodf tkfO{Fn] b]Vg' ePsf afhfx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= :yfgLo afhfsf] tfndf ljleGg lsl;dsf uLtx¿ ufpg] cEof;
ug'{xf];\ .

114
kf7 @ M xfd|f] /fli6«o ufg

kf7 kl/ro M k|To]s b]zdf cfcfˆg} /fli6«o ufg x'G5g\ . x/]s b]zsf
gful/sn] cfcfˆgf] /fli6«o ufg hfGg' cfjZos x'G5 . /fli6«o ufg xfd|f]
uf}/a tyf klxrfg xf], h;n] ljZj;fd' xfdLnfO{ lrgfpF5 . x/]s
ljBfnodf laxfg k|fy{gfsf] ;dodf / ljleGg cf}krfl/s sfo{j|mdx¿df
;a}n] clgjfo{ ¿kdf /fli6«o ufg ufpg'kb{5 .

;of}+ y'Fuf km"nsf xfdL, Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL

;fj{ef}d eO{ km}lnPsf, d]rL –dxfsfnL .
k|s[ltsf sf]6L sf]6L ;Dkbfsf] cfF+rn
jL/x¿sf /utn], :jtGq / c6n .
1fge"ld, zflGte"ld t/fO{, kxf8, lxdfn
cv08 of] Kof/f] xfd|f] dft[e"ld g]kfn .
ax'n hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt 5g\ ljzfn
cu|ufdL /fi6« xfd|f], ho ho g]kfn .
/rgfsf/ M k|bLks'df/ /fO{ -Aofs'n dfOnf _
;+uLtsf/ McDa/ u'?ª

115
cEof;
!= dfly n]lvPsf] /fli6«o ufg sIffsf]7fdf ;a} ldn]/ no / tfn
ldnfP/ ufpg] cEof; ug{'xf];\ .
@= k|To]s lbg sIff ;'? x'g'eGbf cufl8 lzIfs / ljBfyL{ ldn]/ ;Fu}
ufpg'xf];\ .

116
Kff7 # M :yfgLo uLt ufcf}F

7fpF, kl/j]z / /xg;xgcg';f/ x/]s :yfgdf km/s km/s vfnsf

:yfgLo nf]suLt x'G5g\ . :yfgLo If]qdf ufOg] uLtx¿nfO{ :yfgLo uLt
elgG5 . :yfgLo nf]s uLtn] h'g If]qsf] uLt xf] To; If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj
u/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf :yfgLo uLtx¿ ;'Gg, ufpg / gfRg /dfOnf] x'G5g\ .
h:t} M b]p8f uLt ;'b"/klZrdsf] :yfgLo uLt xf] . d}yln, ef]hk'/L,
lemlemof cflb t/fO{ If]qsf :yfgLo uLtx¿ x'g\ eg] ‰ofp/], tfdfª ;]nf]
cflb kxf8L If]qsf :yfgLo uLtx¿ x'g\ . cfhef]nL o:tf :yfgLo
uLtx¿ /]l8of] g]kfn, 6]lnlehg / ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿af6 ;lhn} ;'Gg
;lsG5 .
oxfF s]xL xfd|f :yfgLo If]qx¿df k|rlnt :yfgLo nf]s uLtx¿ lbOPsf
5g\ . dWot/fO If]qdf k|rlnt xf]/L uLt xfnsf] k|b]z g++= @ df ufOG5 .
of] uLt xf]nL kj{df ufOG5 . o;sf] 5f]6f] gd'gf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
cfh la/fh d] x]f/L /] /l;of,
xf]/L /] xf]/L /] a/ hf]/L /] /l;of .
3/—3/ ;] a|h algtf cfO{ .
sf]O{ Zofdn, sf]O{ uf]/L /] /l;of .
cfh la/fh d] ================

117
OtF] cfo] s'j/ sGxfO{
pt tF] cfO{ /fwf uf]/L /] /l;of .
cfh la/fh dF] ==================
k|b]z g+= & df k|rlnt b]p8f uLt M b]p8f uLt 8f]6]nL nf]s uLtsf
ljleGg e]bdWo ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ uLt xf] . o;sf] pbfx/0f M
jgsf bjf{ ag}, NofpGof sf]O{ gfO, ;'Gof ;a} agsf baf{ ag} .
dgsf s'/f dg} eGof sf]OgfO{, ;'Gof ;j}, dgsf s'/f dg} ..

-c;f/] uLt_
c;f/ >fj0f dlxgfdf /f]kfOF ubf{ ls;fgx¿n] ufpg] uLt
xl/of] 8fF8f dfly
xnf] hf]Tg] ;fyL
xf] xf] tf/] xf] xf],
xf] xf] dfn] xf] xf],
kxf8L If]qdf k|rlnt tfdfª ;]nf] uLt
ufb] h]af emfd] ufb] 5f/lhd xf]O{ k'lª\t gfdzfnf cf:ofª\nf
jfnf jfnf u|fDa} ufb] h]af t]f/ tf]/ nfnf :ofp/ª\af – @
cf] cf:ofª\ cf]O{ cfªL Pnf emfd] lkGafsL xflkGjf
xfª\u]|df h]af uf]O lhGgf gfˆofª\/L OG5} Dxf/ lkGgf

118
ªfn} pd]/ of] lhlGh cfaf;] rfª\ jfvfpm ljlNhlGh
cf]O{ cf:ofª\=========================

lj|mofsnfk M tkfOFsf] cfˆgf] :yfgLo If]qdf klg o:tf nf]s uLtx¿ x'g
;S5g\, ltgLx¿sf] vf]hL u/L tfn ldnfP/ PSn} jf ;d"xdf ufpg]
cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

l;sfO lgb]{zg Ml;sf? k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ cfcfˆgf] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf k|rlnt

uLtx¿ vf]hL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . sIffnfO{ b'O{ cf]6f ;d"xdf ljefhg u/fO{ Pp6f
;d"xnfO{ ufpg nufpg'xf];\ clg csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ bf]x]f¥ofpg nufpg'xf];\ . cfkm"
klg pgLx¿;Fu ;Fu} ufpg'xf];\ . o;/L ljleGg k|sf/sf uLtx¿sf] cEof; ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

cEof;

!= ljBfnfodf x'g] s'g} cf}krfl/s sfo{qmdsf] nflu no ldnfP/ nf]s

uLt ufpg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

119
kf7 $ M ljleGg lsl;dsf uLtx¿

xfd|f] ;d'bfodf ljleGg lsl;dsf k|rlnt uLtx¿ x'G5g\ . h:t} nf]suLt

/fli6«o uLt, afn uLt, ehg, cfw'lgs ult / kk uLt clfb . h'g ;'s}
k|sf/sf uLtx¿ ePtf klg uLt ;'Gbf / ufpFbf xfdlnfO{ dgf]/~hg k|fKt
x'G5 . j[4b]lv afns;Dd ;a}nfO{ s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf uLtn] dgd'6'
5f]Psf] x'G5 .

/fli6«o uLt M
b]zsf] elStefjn] el/k"0f{{ ePsf uLtx¿nfO{ /fli6«o uLt elgG5 . oxfF
Pp6f /fli6«o uLtsf] gd'gf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
/ftf] / rGb| ;"o{ hª\uL lgzfg xfd|f]
lhpFbf] /ut ;/L of] aNbf] of] ;fg xfd|f]
/ftf] / rGb| ;"o{ hª\uL lgzfg xfd|f]
lxdfn em}F c6n of] em's]g of] slxNo}
nq]g of] slxn] hª\uL lgzfg xfd|f]
of] hGdFb} hutdf sofF} k|xf/ cfP
;fd|fHo b'O{ xf/] xf/]g of] zfg xfd|f]
/ftf] / rGb| ;"o{ hª\uL lgzfg xfd|f]

120
lhpFbf] /ut ;/L of] aNbf] of] zfg xfd|f]
/ftf] / rGb| ;"o{ hª\uL lgzfg xfd|f]
ha;Dd rGb| / ;"o{ cfsfzdf /xG5g\
ta;Dd x'G5 cfˆg} /ftf] /ut of] xfd|f]
ufO{ ;/L 5g\ ;fw' hf] hf] oxfF hutdf
;asf] z/0f alnof] hª\uL lgzfg xfd|f]
/ftf] / rGb| ;"o{ hª\uL lgzfg xfd|f]
lhpFbf] /ut ;/L of] aNbf] of] zfg xfd|f]
/ftf] / rGb| ;"o{ hª\uL lgzfg xfd|f]

nf]s uLt
k/Dk/fut nf]snodf cfwfl/t xfd|f] ;dfhsf] oyfy{ cj:yf emNsfpg]
uLtx¿ g} nf]suLtx¿ x'g\ . oxfF Pp6f xfd|f] ;dfhdf k|rlnt
nf]suLtsf] gd'gf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

cf] ==========xf] =====xf cx]d .

xf=========jf/L hd'gf, kf/L hd'gf .
hd'gfsf] km]bLdf dgsfdgf, x'/{ ========
PsfbzL ahf/}df, x] PsfbzL ahf/}df .

121
P sGs] /f]6L yfndf, x] PsfbzL ahf/}df .
xf s;sf] 5f]/f s;sf] 5f]/L ===================@
x] k¥of] dfof hfndf xf]O{, s:sf] 5f]/f s:sf] 5f]/L x'/{ .
xf, l;dl;d kfgL sfG5L gfgL =============@ .
P, leHof] k}tfnf] dfg] nf}p .
xf, k}n] xfdL gfRYof} ufpFYof}F .=============@
P dfof d}tfnf] dfg]nfO{ x'/{=================
sfn] a'ªsf] d}gfr/L, P sfn] a'ªsf] d}gfr/L
xf sd{ d]/f] vf]6L /}5==============@
e'Osf] vh'/LnfO{ g}{ nf}
xf, d/]k5L u+ufhLnfO{=========@
afFr] xh'/LnfO{ g} nf} x'/{ .
P, oxL tn ;'g;/Ldf .
xf, kf]8]xf]nf rdf/ xf]nf ====@ .
ltd|} dfof nfU5 x} .
xf, kf]8] xf]nf rdf/ xf]nf .
xf==== jf/L hd'gf, kf/L hd'gf
hd'gfsf] km]bLdf dgsfdgf ======= $ .
ufos M v]d/fh u'?ª

122
l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sf?x¿nfO{ cfcfˆgf] :yfglo ;d'bfodf k|rlnt ljleGg
lsl;dsf uLtx¿ :yfgLo afhf jf dfbnsf] tfndf ;d"xdf ufpg nufpg'xf];\ /
cfk"m klg ;Fu} ufP/ dbt ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;
!= kf7df lbPsf] /fli6«o uLt / nf]s uLt dfbn jf cGo :yfgLo
afhfsf] tfndf ;d"xdf ldn]/ ufpg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
@= tkfO{s
F f] ;d'bfodf ufO{g] ljleGg lsl;dsf uLtx¿ dfbn jf cGo
:yfgLo afhfsf] tfndf ;d"xdf ldn]/ ufpg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

123
PsfO * g[To

xfdL ;fwf/0f efiffdf g[TonfO{ gfr klg eGb5f}F . g[Ton] xfdLnfO{

dgf]/~hg k|+bfg ug'{sf ;fy} xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ km'lt{nf] klg agfpFb5 . uLt
/ afhfsf] tfndf xfdL gfRb5fF} / o;nfO{ cem ljz]if agfpgsf nflu
j]ze'iffn] dbt ub{5 . g[To b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g .
!= nf]s g[To M ;dfhsf] ;'v b'v, dfof, lk|tL / oyfy{ s'/fx¿nfO{
;d]6]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] nf]suLtsf] efsfdf ul/g] g[TonfO{ nf]s g[To
elgG5 . h:t} ‰ofp/] g[To, df?gL g[To cflb .
@= zf:qLo g[To M k|frLg wd{zf:q / b]jLb]jtfsf] rl/q j0f{g ub]{
gflrg] snfTds g[TonfO{ zf:qLo g[To elgG5 . h:t} e}/j g[To,
d~h'>L g[To, k~rtf/f, k~ra'4 cflb .
tkfO{xF ¿n] cl3Nnf] sIffdf g[Tosf s]xL r/0fx¿sf] af/]df cWoog
ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . ca xfdL oxfF To;kl5sf s]xL yk r/0fx¿sf]
af/]df cWoog ub{5fF} .
rf}Fyf] r/0f M h;/L xfdLn] !, @ ,#,$ uGtLdf g[Tox¿ u¥of}F To;/L
g} xfdLn] ca x'g] r/0fx¿nfO{ klg lg/Gt/tf lbg]5f}F .
xftsf] tfn M ca xfdL ;'?df !, @, #, $ eGb} klxn] l;wf pleg]
b'a} xftnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] clg cfF}nfx¿ rnfpg] .

124
lrq afFsL 5 .
bf];|f]df M olx xftnfO{ v'DRofoP/ k]m/L cf}Fnfx¿ rnfpg] .

lrq afFsL 5 .
t];|f]df M b'a} xftnfO{ sDd/df n}hfg] .

lrq afFsL 5 .

6fpsfsf] M klxn] cfkm" l;wf pleg] !, @, # eGb} ! eGbf bfofF @

eGbf l;wf / # eGbf afofFtkm{ nfg] k]ml/ bf];|f]k6s 6fpsf]nfO{
bfofFaf6 3'dfpFb} !, @, #, $, %, ^ eGb} afofF hfg]

lrq afFsL 5 .

km]/L afofFaf6 3'dfpFb} !, @, #, $, %, ^ eGb} bfofFk6\l6 hfg]

lrq afFsL 5 .

125
 o;/L sDd/sf], uf]8fsf], xftsf] / 6fpsfsf] rfn hflg;s]kl5
xfdL h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] g[To klg ;lhn} ug{ ;S5f}F .
l;sfO lgb]{zg M l;sf?x¿nfO{ cfcfˆgf] ;d'bfodf k|rnLt :yfgLo uLtx¿ ufpg
nufO{ g[Tosf] nflu af/Daf/ cEof; ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . To;df lzIfs cfkm"n] klg
ljBfyL{x¿;Fu ;fy lbg'xf];\ .

cEof;
!= dfly kf7df lbOPcg';ff/ sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿ ldn]/ xft /
6fpsfsf] tfnnfO{ cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

126
PsfO –( clego
clego u/fF}
s'g} klg syf, 36gf, ;+jfb jf s'/fsfgLnfO{ kfqsf] x'ax' gSsn u/L
k|:t't ug]{ snfnfO[{ clego elgG5 . h;nfO{ cg'xf/sf] efj / ;+jfbn]
d'Vo ¿kdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . clego ug]{ klg Ps lsl;dsf] ljz]if
snf xf] . bz{snfO{ dGq d'Uw agfP? cfk"m gxfl;sg c¿nfO{ xF;fpg /
?jfpg ;Sg] agfpg' g} clegosf] d'Vo kIf xf] . clego w]/} lsl;dsf
x'G5g\ . tL x'g\ .
!= cfª\lus clego M cfˆgf] z/L/sf] s'g} klg cª\ux¿sf] ;~rfngaf6
ul/g] cflegonfO{ cfª\lus clego elgG5 . h:t} c¿sf] lxF8fOsf]
gSsn ug'{ .
@= jflrs clego M b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L JolStx¿sf] ;+jfbåf/f ul/g]
clegonfO{ jflrs clego elgG5 . h:t} gf6s
#= cfxfo{ clego M ljleGg lsl;dsf u/uxgf, j]ze"iff nufP/ ul/g]
clegonfO{ cfxfo{ clego elgG5 . h:t} M syfsf] s'g} kfqsf]
¿kdf ;lhg' .
$= ;flTjs clego M syfsf] ;f/nfO{ efjaf6 JoSt ul/g'nfO{ ;flTjs
clego elgG5 .

127
l;sfO lgb]{zg M s'g} Pp6f gf6ssf] nflu l:j|mK6 lzIfs cfkmF} jf ljBfyL{nfO{
n]Vg nufO{ kfqx¿sf] 5gf]6 ul/lbP/ clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . clegosf] nflu
cEof; u/fpg cfkm"n] klg ;Sbf] dbt k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

cEof;
!= tn lbOPsf hgfj/x¿sf] af]nfOsf] gSsn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ s's'/ -v_ la/fnf] -u_ afv|f -3_ ufO{
@= tkfOF{sf] s'g} ;fyLsf]] lxF8fOsf] gSsn ug'{xf];\ .
#= tkfO{s
F f] kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf] s'g} syfnfO{ sIffsf ;fyLx¿ ldn]/
clegosf] dfWodaf6 gf6s agfP/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
$= ljBfnosf] s'g} sfo{j|mdsf nflu afa'n] /S;L ;]jg u/]sf] sf/0f 3/
kl/jf/nfO{ ;tfPsf] cj:yfsf] ;Gb]zd"ns gf6s agfO{ ;flyx¿;Fu
ldn]/ clego u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

128
phone
Dilli : 9851190494
dipika : 9849450403

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