ETHICS COMPRE It lessen the moral character of human act,

consequently diminish the responsibility of

REVIEWER the agent

Refers to a set of guidelines which have been - Modifiers of Human Act

put in place in different countries and It is the absence of knowledge in man of a
communities and have been accepted by all. certain thing expected to have been known
- Regulation by him.

It is the practical science of the morality of - Ignorance

human conduct Inclination to sin
- Ethics - Concupiscence
It is acts performed by human beings without It is refers to a person’s perturbed state of
exercise of free choice mind due to an impending danger or evil that
- Acts of Man might befall him anytime

A deliberate and free act performed with - Fear

motive, an act determined by the free will It is external forces applied by a free cause
- Human Acts for the purpose of compelling a person to
perform an act which is against his will
The name ethics is derived from the Greek
vword , which means a characteristic way of - Violence
acting It is the agreement or disagreement of the
- Ethos act with God’s law and human reason

The actions are judged by their merits, - Morality

allowing societies to develop codes of Which of the following is not a determinants
conduct for behaviour. of Morality
- Normative ethics - Knowledge
It is that quality by which we classity a It refers to the very nature of the act itself.
human act as morally good or morally evil An act is a physical tendency towards a
such quality emanating from the act itself definitive objective or result and its object
- Morality - The act itself and its object
The object of the act refers to the very These affects the performance of the act
nature of the act itself. An act is a physical
tendency towards a definitive objective or - Circumstance
result.
It is the agent’s motive and reason for acting
- Object of the Act
- The end of the agent
An act that begins and are perfected in the
will itself It is a rule, standard, or measure. It is
something by which we gauge the goodness
- Elicited acts
- Norm
It is an act therefore that is control of the
will, an act that the will can do or leave It is the conscience of a person telling him
undone. internally what we ought he to do

- Freedom - Subjective norm

God’s eternal law is the ultimate norm of *Branches of ethics*
human acts
Normative ethics
- Subjective norm
- actions are judged by their merits
He best defined the definition of Law
- dictate, given
- St. Thoman Aquinas
- need to obey
The practical judgment of reason upon the
individual act as good and to be performed Descriptive ethics
or as an evil and therefore, to be avoided. - studies how individuals of societies define
- Conscience their morals

It discerns and dictates to the person what is - define moral in terms of their cultural or
good as good, what is evil as evil personal significance

- Correct conscience Ethical judgement

This is opposite of scrupulous conscience -Ethical philosophy differs form the sciences
because it is normative, or prescriptive
- Lax conscience rather than descriptive
It is sure and firm judgement on act without Areas of emphasis in making moral
a bit of doubt judgements
- Certain conscience *Purpose or motive. - Act,rule, or maxim.-
Results or consequences
It is the opposite of certain conscience
*Four theories of normative*
- Doubtful conscience
1. Aristotle nicomechean
This conscience mistakes that is good as evil,
and what is evil as good - a person who lives a virtous life life will
have a better chance at attaining happiness
- False conscience than who lives wihtout virtue.
Man must maintain moral 2. Aquinas natural law
judgement,decision and action for right
- defined law by st. Thomas aquinas as an
Etymology- Ethos greek word (ethics) means ordinance of reason promulgated for the
characteristics of acting common good by one who has charge of
- practicial science (directly imply rules of society.
directions for thought or action 3. Kant's deontology
- it is a science (systematicaally arranged - example of a deontological moral theory
body of connected data together
- the rightness or wrongness of action does
- science of human conduct (human activity, not depend on their consequences but on
freedom, voluntary) wether they fulfill our duty.
- it is a science of morality of human conduct 4. Betham's utilitarianism
(agreement and disagreement)
- one ought go do whatever will promiote the
Material object - to study ethics greatest good and happiness for the greatest
Formal object- special point of view ethics, is number consequences and result.
the right morality human acts Morality of human acts
Quality by which we classify a human act as - blink of eye
morally good of morally evil
- defined as standards
Human acts
- doing what is good
- deliberate and free
Man as moral agent
- kayang controllin
- moral agent is being capable of acting with
reference to right and wrong. - determined by free will
*3 essential qualities*

Moral dilemma 1. Knowledge- knowledge in intellect of

what is about and what it means
- referring your standard for judging what is
right and wrong 2. Freedom- that is control of the will, can
do of leave undone
Individual dilemma- individual
experiencing with oneself 3. Voluntariness- must be voluntary, must
have voluntariness, will- act
Organizational- ethical in the workplace
Systematic- vague system in the society,
members are misled Determinants of morality

FOUNDATION OF MORALITY, FREEDOM, 1. The act itself and its object

RESPONSIBILITY, CONSCIENCE - object of the act refers to the
Freedom- power or right to act, speak and 2. The circumstances
think
- different circumstances, effects of the
Conscience- inner voice of God, reason performance act.
upon the individual act as good and to be
performed 3. ends of the human act

*Kinds of conscience* - apprehended as good, as desirable

1. Correct conscience- discerned and - motif or reason to act the performance

dictates what is good and bad
What is end?
2. False conscience- mabuti sayo, masama
-Termination and a goal
sa iba
Proximate end- intented as the immediate
3. Scrupulous - afraid of commit evil acts
out come, short term
4. Lax - opposite of scrupulous, they know
Remote end- long term
many excuses
Complete cause of human acts
5. Certain conscience- sure and firm
judgement knows what is good and bad Elicited acts- act itself, will act, began. And
completed with will, pag gawa lamang ng
6. Doubtful- opposite of certain, not sure of
simpleng plano
goodness and badness
Commanded acts- mental, the power,
Acts of man
command, body and mind
- performed by human being wiout the
*ELICITED ACTS*
exercise of free choice
A. Wish
- di na kayang controllin
Commanded act
A. Internal- mental powers
B. External- bodily powers
C. Mixed-
*Relation to reason, human acts are*
A. Good- harmony with the dictates of the
right reason
B. Evil- opposition of good
C. Indifferent- stand no relation of good and
evil
*Six modifiers of human act*
1. Ignorance- absence of knowledge,
Ignorance of law, facts, penalty.
a. Vincible ignorance- diligence and
exertionn of efforts by the subject
2. Concupiscence- used to signify the
frailty or proneness to evil
3. Fear- refers to a person’s perturbed state
of mind

Two kinds of fear

1. Out of fear
2. Act in fear

4. Violence- mapipilitin gawin ang mali

5. Habits- refers to repeatable acts
6. Temperament
Norm- Rule and standard or measurement
1. Eternal law- God's eternal law, ten
commandments
2. Human reason- conscience, based of
human reason