TERI-KAS RESOURCE DIALOGUE V

On
The Emerging Global Maritime Order -
India’s Strategy

In association with
Madras Management Association (MMA)

March 7-9, 2019

Mamallapuram, Chennai

CONFERENCE SUMMARY
Introduction
With 70% of the earth’s surface covered by ocean encompassing 97% of its water, the vast oceans
are formidable space with places and depths that are still unexplored. While the ocean covers most
of the earth, yet around 95% of the deep sea bed remains largely unexplored. Historically, the
oceans have been the gateway for explorers, invaders, crusaders and traders to new continents and
shores, bringing the world closer. Maritime history provides evidence of trade via sea routes
occurring at least two millennia back. Romans, Egyptians, Mediterranean’s, Persians, Scandinavians
and Sumerans all have contributed to ancient maritime history and it`s growth. The Indian
subcontinent has been central to the growth of maritime history with the first tidal dock being built
in the Harappa Civilisation around the Gujarat Coast. The Chola Empire in the south of India is well
known for its establishment of the largest naval force during its time which enabled it to establish its
ruling until South East Asia. The strategic relevance of oceans, waterways and navies is well
discussed in Kautilya’s Arthashastra as well, highlighting the significance of ordained for securing and
utilising waterways and the oceans.

In the beginning of 20th century history of

international relations, the role of the seas fell
Maritime security is essential to ensure a
within the purview of traditional security with
holistic approach towards the governance,
naval presence to safeguard borders and port
use and maintenance of Oceans.
security being the core of the maritime security
architecture. The 1956 United Nations
Convention on Law of the Seas conference was
the first step towards addressing the territorial
water claims on a global level and going beyond the discussion on naval presence to include access
to resources as a major aspect. The establishment of rules by the UN was to ensure the access to
natural resources was feasible and accessible to all countries. The demarcation of territorial waters
and the subsequent necessity to guard them are at the heart of maritime security. The UNCLOS has
been a catalyst in ensuring a fundamental form of ocean governance and its significance on
international law and framework for maritime governance is indisputable.

India’s maritime security strategy focuses on all aspects of the challenges that are affecting the
health and the future of oceans and countries. As it combines the traditional and non-traditional
security paradigms of maritime security, it provides a cohesive definition that is apt to address
prevalent challenges such as environmental degradation, migration, climate change, energy security,
human trafficking and piracy among other non-traditional challenges. With Indian Navy playing a far
bigger role in Humanitarian and Disaster Relief (HADR) and Non-Combatant Evacuation Operations
(Neo), its importance as an essential actor in non-traditional security is well established. The role of
navies and the definition of maritime security have changed especially in the Indian context,
highlighting the myriad challenges and opportunities of the current maritime global order that
would be faced by India in the coming decades.

Climate change, environmental degradation, access to resources and expanding sea lanes and the
evolving international ocean regime highlight the need to focus on maritime security. With nations
committed to fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the role of oceans in this is
significant. Addressing the strategic, environment and ocean ecosystem challenges are one of the
greatest challenges for India and the world.

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The `TERI-KAS Resource Dialogue V- Global Maritime Order- India’s Strategy´ aimed to understand
the changing nuances of the high seas and the evolving definition of maritime security that moves
beyond the realm of traditional security approaches. The 2-day conference began with an inaugural
session on 7th March 2019 followed by a one and half day of intensive panel discussions with closing
on 9th March 2019 in Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu. The major focus areas of maritime security that
were discussed are as follows:

 Global maritime order and the changing strategic environment

 India’s status as a global maritime power
 Accessing resources- strategic, economic and scientific challenges
 Blue Economy and its significance for India
 Health of the ocean- role of climate change and environmental degradation
 Ocean governance- role of the polar regions and significance of international law
 India’s maritime governance architecture and the future needs
 Non-Traditional security and maritime order
 Global maritime order: opportunities and challenges for India

Global maritime order and the changing strategic environment

Since the 50th and 60th century, sea routes have been
used for colonisation which leads us to a question on
our resource security and maritime issues. Political
realism postulates that states are obsessed with
security and territorial expansion, thus landing us to a
history full of war. The security threats that a nation
can face are divided into traditional and non-
traditional threats, wherein the major challenges to
well-being of people arise from non-military sources.
For example countries like UK and the US’s war
fighting and non-traditional maritime issues are always kept separate, traditional defense being
handled by the naval forces while piracy being overseen by coastguards or other ancillary units. Out
of these, maritime security tends to protect sovereignty and maritime resources counter non-
traditional threats. But under the maritime strategy of India, maritime security has been considered
as an umbrella function involving the safeguard
of national maritime interests. American
strategic Mahan rightly said in 1890 “War has
ceased to be the natural or even normal “Blue Economy envisages the integration of
conditions of nations, and military ocean development, principles of social
considerations are simply accessory and inclusion, environmental sustainability and
subordinate to other great interests which are innovative business models, emphasising on
economic and commercial”. The underlined fisheries, aquaculture, renewable ocean
theme is that navies exist only to safeguard energy, ports and shipping, sea bed
commerce, trade and sea link. exploitation and maritime tourism.”
Today the key agenda of navy includes both
maritime security and oceanic resource

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sustainability. With limited land based resources under stress and with advancement of technologies
opening new frontiers of maritime, India should be progressively turning towards oceans to meet
our sustainable development goals, including clean energy from wind, wave and tidal resources.

The Indian Ocean nations have made a strong case for Blue Economy and have an important role in
the development of the national maritime strategy and look expectedly at India for the financial and
technological resources. Other oceanic countries like Bangladesh, Maldives and Sri Lanka despite
knowing that they have abundance of natural resources but could not exploit these resources due to
lack of required finances and technology. Despite being rich in oceanic minerals and resources, the
pursuits of Blue Economy in India have been hindered by the absence of a unitary government
agency that could take up the responsibility and emerge as the focal point for all maritime issues.
Therefore, two critical requirements for the progress of Blue Economy in India have been identified,
first the formulation of a comprehensive national maritime strategy and second the creation of an
umbrella maritime commission or an authority that could synergise the endeavours of all the
government agencies. Climate change also has serious bearings on maritime security as Global
warming and fossil fuel emissions have accelerated the melting of Arctic Sea ice causing a rise in sea
levels and more acidic oceans. Since changes in the Arctic can dramatically influence global weather,
its impact on maritime security and trade would be significant specifically in context to disasters and
disruption of business as usual at sea. This climate instability has two major implications; firstly,
mankind’s increased dependency on the oceans will become hostage to uncertainties as around
one-fifth of the world consumes four-fifth of the finite resources. Secondly natural disasters in low
lying regions are increasing due to these climatic changes which could cause social upheavals and
crisis.

As a part of its 2001 Russian territorial Claim, Russia

took a submarine Arktika to the depths of the Arctic
Pole region in 2007. They also planted a Russian Flag
in a Titanium tube to seal their claim on the arctic
region. This incident ensured the grip of Russia on half
million square miles of Arctic Sea bed which is
supposed to carry 10 billion tonnes of oil and gas. This
incident has triggered a risk of contention among the
eight members of the Arctic council. Each of these
nations has taken an estimated area of 300-400 thousand sq. km holding oil prospects and therefore
large oil companies are racing towards these
areas hoping to gain resource access. This
It is a vicious cycle which starts from the
exploitation of Arctic’s oil and gas is possible
consumption of fossil fuels causing large
only because of current environmental changes.
amount of emissions of carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon deposits which were locked
triggering global warming, leading to the
beneath ice are now commercially accessible
melting of Arctic ice and hence providing
due to global warming and ice melting has given
access to these hidden resources.
access to more areas of fossil fuel
exploitation. This is a self-perpetuating and
It is a vicious cycle which starts from the destructive cycle of global damage unless
consumption of fossil fuels causing large amount we switch to other cleaner forms of energy.
of emissions of carbon dioxide, triggering global

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warming, leading to the melting of Arctic ice and hence providing access to more areas of fossil fuel
exploitation. This is a self-perpetuating and destructive cycle for global damage unless we switch to
other cleaner forms of energy. The melting of the Arctic sea ice has also opened new Polar sea
routes in connecting the Pacific to the Arctic (which the explorers were searching for many years),
though benefiting the shipping companies but depressing for the environmentalists to see such a
massive amount of geographic changes.

India’s resources are limited and dwindling and investment in alternative energy resources from the
oceans would be a critical contribution to India’s energy security. Ocean energy technologies are
under development and require a major push to become commercially available for increased
consumption. From the context of natural resources, today India doesn’t have the required
technology to exploit the resources at ease even though Arctic can prove to be a great opportunity
for India. Whether it is rampant piracy or maritime terrorism at sea,- India is up for challenges.
Navies are essentially there to meet traditional threats but are faced with frontiers of non-traditional
threats that have traits of unpredictability. Maritime power is much more than fighting for navy, but
as a nation India has yet to achieve the other pinnacles or constituents of maritime power like
shipping fleet, ship building industries and deep sea fishing and deep sea mining because there is a
lack of technological capability or trained manpower to exploit oceanic resources.

China has the biggest merchant navy, mechanised fishing fleet, ship building industry and coast
guard in this world, making it capable to be called as a ‘Maritime Power’ but it is premature for India
today to call itself so. Thus India’s maritime capacity building is still a huge missed economic
opportunity. Maritime policies like Sagar and Sagarmala have been proposed to offer solutions to
the maritime issues but they still lack a holistic government approach for operationalisation of such
initiatives.

India’s status as a global maritime power

India’s initiatives in maritime strategies are increasing and
are highly respected. In 2013, India signed a trilateral
maritime security accord with Maldives and Sri Lanka that
would likely expand to a five-power grouping including
Mauritius and Seychelles. Meanwhile, China has taken
many initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI),
which is a multibillion-dollar venture including 80 countries
in Africa, Asia, and Europe . India has refused to join it. The
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a part of BRI, is one such initiative by China to strengthen
its economic power with Pakistan which might have spillover effects on the Indian governance.
Looking at these concerns, joining the BRI could prove useful for India, if the country represents
itself as a strategic partner. India has joined hands with Japan for the Asia Africa Growth Corridor
(AAGC) which is a sea corridor linking Africa
with India and other countries in South-East
India should actively pursue cooperation with
Asia and Ocean. India has been slowly
Indo-Pacific islands as there are immense
expanding its strategic reach across the seas;
opportunities from the Blue Economy
however, there is still room to improve the
framework
relations with other littoral states in the region.

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It is unlikely for India to maintain two bilateral favorable equations simultaneously with USA and
China to expand and strengthen its maritime profile. Yet, if India is able to find a balance then it can
strengthen its presence in Indo-Pacific region as one of the two major giants of the region. Rather
than focusing on supremacy on the seas, India would benefit from an augment coastal governance,
stability, peace and prosperity in the Indian Ocean Region. Therefore, the governance of the Indo-
Pacific region should be partnership based rather than dominance based, to ensure creating mutual
prosperity in a free and open Indo-Pacific.

India is also looking beyond the Indian Ocean and refocusing its maritime strategy from the Indo-
Pacific focus. Moving beyond IOR, India has strengthened its links with ASEAN and is also looking
farther ahead of the region. The recent defense cooperation agreement with Peru is showcasing that
China’s strategy on the other hand is to invest in small islands and empowering them economically.
This is geopolitically regarded as a topic of concern, because China is completely changing the
strategic balance in the pacific islands which is still home to many western powers. India hosted an
institutional forum for an India- Pacific Islands Cooperation and in one of its meetings the Indian PM,
Narendra Modi, gave closing remarks stating “We look forward to goodwill visits by the Indian Navy
to Pacific Islands and the ships could also extend support in areas like healthcare through medical
camps on the islands”. Indo-Pacific is one of the largest oceanic and land region with vast untapped
mineral resources in the largest exclusive economic zones and Indo-Pacific countries often seek help
from other countries (Russia and US) to protect their marine resources. Similar to China and Russia,
India has also setup certain space monitoring stations to look at the Indo-Pacific regions. Therefore,
India should invest more in the strategies eying the Indo-Pacific region, as China has done in the
recent past.

Accessing resources, as well as strategic, economic and scientific

challenges
The UN has declared the next decade as a ‘decade of
oceans’ and the concept of Blue Economy itself is
gaining popularity all around the world and in India.
The Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister
also recently focused on the ‘leveraging potential of
oceans’ and Blue Economy itself. As there is no agreed
definition on Blue Economy today, different
institutions started to explain it from their
perspective. In India, Blue Economy is considered a
combination of environment, economic security and
economic development. However, identified challenges mostly lie in the periphery of lack of
exploration of oceanic energy resources, current climate changes, implementation and policy
frameworks for ocean governance.

The Indo-Pacific offers vast resources under it and these resources are vital for sectors such as
electronics and communications. The electronic boom requires many precious metals and minerals
such as the wide usage of rare earth elements. Today, China is the largest manufacturer of electronic
goods and leads the production of vast natural resources such as rare earth elements, But in the
recent past with rising need for such minerals resources, other countries have also embarked on a

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journey to discover those resources in land and sea. Japan for example has also discovered a huge
amount of rare earth elements in their exclusive economic zones, which would last for more than
700 years. Although India has been granted permission for exploitation of resources in the Indian
Ocean under some contracts, these are time bound. Other countries, like Canada and Norway, are
evolving from prospection technologies to extraction technologies. Canada has already invested
huge amounts in developing technologies for sea floor mining and also constructed subsidiaries in
Polynesian Islands, especially Tonga. Hence, like other countries, India could also start investing in
extraction technologies. If it aims to become one of the advanced nations, it needs access to the
resources like Rare Earth Elements (REE), especially from a manufacturing perspective. India lacks
availability of rare minerals but ironically there is an estimated 500 million tonnes (or US$ 120 billion
worth) of minerals available in deep sea beds that remain unexplored in the Indian Ocean region.
Untapped resources, like oil,gas and minerals in deep sea beds would need appropriate technology
for exploration and development. India has found massive amounts of gas hydrates in the Indian
ocean region and the potential of the find is significant.

India lags in deep sea mining technology, which leads to underutilisation of resources. The
legislations concerning mining and exploring in the sea are also weak. India needs to strategize its
efforts along with the optimization of risks attached. The Arctic region is also witnessing major
changes in its ecology which tends to have a direct impact on the other parts of the world. India is
going through major climatic changes, like uneven rainfall patterns and glacier melting. Effective
collaboration of India with the Arctic countries on multilevel projects can prove to be important for
the Indian Ocean specifically at the time when it is poorly observed. Efforts are needed not just to
develop on the infrastructure and technology front, but also from the policy makers and scientist’s
front who have the wherewithal to focus on capacity building.

Blue Economy and its significance for India

Blue Economy has the largest potential to grow
and is also growing much faster than the rest of
the economy. For this fast paced growth of Blue
Economy, blue trade is the most important
factor. In the past, only two factors were
considered important for economic growth -
capital and labour. It was assumed that there is
an unlimited availability of resources, but since
the Rio Summit, it has been proved that
resources are depleting at a very high rate, which
leads to a limited amount that is left for the next generations. Since then, Blue Economy has come
up as a new paradigm, however only few countries have successfully strategized and acted on it.
Today, Denmark is the only country that has segregated Blue Economy as a separate entity within its
economic structure and placed it on the Government’s development agenda.

The lack of recognition of Blue Economy is caused by the fact that there is no joint agreement on the
definition. Estimation of blue trade is very difficult, wherein the activities that would be included
need to be identified along with identification of goods and services. To understand and recognize
the importance of blue economy Research and Information Systems for Developing Countries, India
RIS has been conducting a study that includes 169 countries and 780 products in total at 6-digit

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Harmonized System (HS) code, an international standardized system of names, ranging from a time
period from 2002-17. The results of the study stated that blue trade has a very high share in total
trade (15-22%) of India. According to various studies of the world, the total contribution of Blue
Economy in each country’s total GDP ranges from 5-10%, however, in case of India, this contribution
is around 15-20%, which is a significant contribution

The structure of blue trade has been defined and divided into living resources and non-living
resources, maritime construction, manufacturing, processed foods and maritime energy. India has
been persistently lacking behind in the manufacturing arena and ranks much behind China. Marine
manufacturing in India has seen similar trends but is increasing now, similarly the part of the
agricultural sector which has marine related economic activities, declined from 2003 to 2007 but is
currently picking up. Services sector on the other hand is very difficult to assess but under the Blue
Economy. Three sectors are most prominent: travel, transport and business services. India`s
economy is known to have trade deficit, however in terms of blue trade a trade surplus can be
observed, both in the goods and services sector.

Blue trade is contributing significantly to the Blue economy and serves as a main driver of it;
nonetheless India has not spent much on its development. Present schemes and policies are not
sufficient compared to the magnitude of the challenges the country faces in the maritime domain
which are echoing the need for major policy thrust. Today, around 19 ministries in the Indian
government have the responsibility of administering different activities of Blue Economy
emphasizing simultaneously the need for integration of policy outlook along with financial and
technological autonomy.

The government agencies working on Blue Economy face various challenges deriving from a vague
estimation of it in the Indian economy context as there is still no common definition of it. Another
issue is data requirement to estimate the Blue Economy. The National Accounting Agency has been
trying to record Blue Economy activities and there are around 200 economic activities that have
been identified that would need to be recorded on a regular basis. These economic activities
however are still not clearly defined and therefore categorized under Blue Economy. India does not
have a National Resource Accounting body to assess the environmental resources of the country,
thus no asset repositories or valuation of assets is possible be it renewable or non-renewable
resources.

Since the size of Blue Economy is very huge and

employment and trade (value and volume) are also very
large, there are currently no homogenous statistical
indicators to measure them. Thus, the major challenges
faced by the government today are that the economic
activities are spread across many industries and
institutional sectors like households, firms and
government. The capturing of the activities in the
different sectors and institutions vary by the methodologies of the organisations that are carrying
them out. Thus, the combination of these three elements are needed. Nevertheless, such an
exercise requires lot of coordination or surveys solely concentrating on a cost-benefit analysis of
Blue Economy.

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Blue trade within Blue Economy also highlights the importance of integrated network of trade in the
world, however recent events have shown that many countries are going against it and withdrawing
from world’s major institutions and agreements. With the majority of exported and imported goods
being traded through sea routes, Blue Economy is important for the world to promote trade. This
transition to Blue Economy would need the sea lines of communication to be completely decluttered
for seamless movement of trade. This depends on the growth and development of the merchant
shipping sector in India. India has constantly lagged behind China in terms of volume of trade or the
number of registered ships. In terms of merchant shipping India’s national fleet is currently not
proportional to the size of the economy. India has been unsuccessful in bringing the maritime sector
at par to the overarching economic visions of the country. The merchant industry has failed to invest
sufficiently in R&D and IPRs in merchant shipping sector. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is not just
a standalone benefit but also an enormous commercial benefit. In terms of Research and
Development R&D activities, India has failed to create a significant maritime think tank for
forecasting and analysis and the important link between IPR and R&D, which is recommended when
developing a public-private based partnership.

The critical issues in shipping are that no financial institution and banks lend money to the shipping
sector as this sector is not very attractive due to its risk averseness. In the 1980s, it did start with
ICICI, however banks lack domain specialization. Apart from financial loans, the merchant shipping
sector is also far away from insurance facilities that can cover the risks. With emerging opportunities
in the maritime sector globally and blue economy becoming a major aspect in understanding the
economic opportunities of the ocean, it would be appropriate for the Indian Shipping sector to
undertake progressive measures. The Indian shipping sector needs to take a leap in the
technological, legislature and financial aspects while simultaneously rationalizing it and building new
elements complementary to sustainable development.

There is a need to build a governance framework for the fisheries management as there is lack of
food security management in maritime security strategies. Food security is multidimensional and not
just limited to supply but also access and availability. It is not just a national and local issue but also
has individual and household perspectives. Today, around 842 million people suffer from chronic
hunger where fisheries and aquaculture play an important role. Coastal and offshore areas are major
fishing areas and thus have high dependence on marine food as a source of protein. Additionally,
ocean resources are under pressure from pollution, overfishing and environmental degradation that
harms this food source.

In terms of law and governance structure, food

related international laws are dominated by There is a need for mainstreaming food
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) which security as a part of maritime strategy. A
sets the standards. The FAO committee on multilevel agenda and intervention is
fisheries and the sub-committee on therefore a necessity.
aquaculture have guidelines for the
procurement of food. While FAO agreement
encourages regional cooperation and covers 18 regions, the Indian Ocean was not encompassed in
this. In India, the initiatives are not unified and disaggregated, focusing more on agriculture and not
fisheries that are relevant under Blue Economy. On the national level there are several laws on
fisheries, like the Fisheries Act 1897, National Policy on Marine Fisheries 2017 and many other legal

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instruments and policies that are present at the state level. But the question that arises is, how far
the strategic document for region has prioritised the issue of food security. “Maritime Security” in
the European Union (EU) is considered as an economic development issue but not as a food security
issue. India’s maritime security strategy in 2015 addressed both, food and maritime security. On the
other hand, Africa’s Integrated Maritime (AIM strategy) aims at controlling and combatting illegal
fishing. Thus, there is a need for mainstreaming food security as a part of maritime strategy. A
multilevel agenda and intervention is a necessity.

There are some major issues that hover around the ocean
economy, Firstly, a large scale of unrecorded and unreliable
data. As the fishing sector is dominated by unorganized
employment, the data remains unrecorded at large. Other
than the data issues, deep sea mining is also a plausible
challenge because of the unavailability of high equipped
technology and regulation. This is also visible in the fishing
sector, where the total catch has been much below the
potential amount due to lack of modernization and adoption
of faster fishing methods and equipment. Hence, Blue Economy has to grow in all dimensions but
with responsibility. Secondly, the tourism sector has developed in selected areas. Thirdly, the growth
of the shipping and ship building sector hasn’t been further developed. Thus, greater thrust to
ensure growth and development is needed at all ends be it in trade or manufacturing. Trade share in
GDP is also low, as only 7% of the total world trade in 2015-16 compared to 40% in the late 1980s
(Economic Survey 2016-17) is carried out by Indian ships.

Other than this, the trade coordination mechanism has also been weak. The Indian government
requires adequate tools, processes and coordination as an institution and coordination between
private, government and Research and Development activities. . Therefore, there exists a blurred
line between economy and Blue Economy on the institutional and understanding level, that needs to
be addressed urgently to enable a holistic maritime policy for India.

Health of the ocean- role of climate change and environmental

degradation
Recognising the importance of non-traditional threats,
the UN has proposed Sustainable Development Goal
(SDG) to address the issues of the oceans or ‘life below
the water’. There are ten major targets identified, that
need to be fulfilled until 2030 but it is unclear which
Indian authority is to initiate policies and work on these
targets. The Ministry of Earth Sciences is responsible for
four major targets, among them is the topic marine
pollution.

Marine pollution is primarily caused by floating plastic from land, which is much more dangerous
than climate change if it is kept unchecked and released in the oceans, as it takes millions of years to
decay. The second target is the protection of coastal ecosystem that is severely overburdened.
Ocean acidification caused by large amounts of carbon emissions in the air and water bodies,

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causing a rise in the pH of the oceans is a major emerging concern that needs further research and is
the third target to be achieved by the Ministry of Earth Sciences. The fourth identified target is the
generation of scientific knowledge and transfer of technology for capacity building in oceanic
studies. The achievements of the targets are monitored regularly by the Ministry of Statistics and
Programme Implementation Oceans are important in terms of providing water or absorbing carbon
emissions and vital to the environment. It is particularly important for transportation purposes as
90% of the Indian trade is carried through oceans (as much as 90% of the electronic traffic and 70%
of the oil). The Ministry of Earth Sciences is trying to cover the length and breadth of oceanic
pollution. The ministry, on the basis of these targets, has recognised three major missions, to
promote research in the field of ocean science and technology, to provide best possible services and
also to conduct scientific research and oceanic resource management and their assessment.
According to these targets and missions, the ministry has five different institutions working on
different objectives. Since oceanic research needs best observation capabilities, the ministry has
been successful in establishing a strong network throughout the world in the last 15 years. Though
coastal monitoring is available on 1300 islands across the country, few of them lack access to
resources, farming etc. and hence the ministry is trying to establish relevant opportunities and
coastal protection measures for them. Non-traditional maritime threats also include impacts due to
climate change and changes in marine ecology. These threats have to be addressed at all tiers of the
society, i.e. at the regional, state and national level.

Environmental security is ideally concerned

as ‘a threat without enemies’, making it
Environmental security is ideally concerned as
difficult to visualise and act upon it. The
‘a threat without enemies’ and hence making
targets of the SDG 14 are focusing on these
it difficult to visualise this threat and act upon
non-traditional threats that are fast
becoming a major obstacle for every
it.
nation´s growth especially from the ocean
perspective. Ocean acidification affects
marine biodiversity and increasing carbon
solubility in the oceans change the chemistry of water i.e. decreases the pH which has large
implications on the marine organisms living under water. It has been proven by many studies that a
mere change of 0.5 in the pH level of the oceans can drastically alter the skeletons and sea shells,
causing an impact on marine biodiversity. Other than ocean acidification, plastic pollution is another
aspect that causes extensive damage to the ocean. India has a number of stringent policies against
climate change and carbon emissions but there are no stringent policies to control plastic pollution
in the country. According to the legislation, plastic usage was banned in 2002 but till date the states
are struggling with the enforcement. 80% of the land based plastic pollution that is reaching the
ocean is coming from 10 major rivers of India and causes a massive impact on the ocean’s
ecosystem.

The other issue of concern in regard to plastics are microplastics, which are less than 5 mm in size
and primarily found in oceans. Ghost nets are one such example. Those discarded fishing nets
thrown in the seas and cause huge discomforts to the marine animals and the biodiversity.
According to the studies 136,000 whales and other sea animals have entangled in these nets and
approximately 640,000 ton of these nets were found in the sea.

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Ocean governance - role of the polar regions and significance of
international law
The Arctic holds 40% of the world’s energy and abundant resources which the melting of ice is
making accessible. Firstly, the warming of the oceans change the ecosystem of the Arctic circle
becoming a favourable place for many living
organisms (these organisms may not have been able
to exist) to be able to survive in the region- such a
scenario poses a question on the future of the
existing ecosystem. Secondly, with melting and
warming of ice, non-living resources like oil and gas
will become accessible and can easily be harnessed.
It has been estimated that a total of 3.68 trillion non-
living resources will be available that is almost 30% of
the total hydrocarbon resources globally. Thirdly are
the changes in the ship routes and fourth is the climate change.

The major elements changing in the Arctic include increased air temperature, reduction in the
summertime ice extent, reduction in mean thickness, increased ocean freshwater content, amplified
ocean acidification and warming permafrost. The two main climatic issues discussed are Arctic
acidification and Arctic oscillation. The Indian Ocean is becoming increasingly important in
modulating global climate variability. Heat originally stored in the Pacific was transported by
Indonesia, and ended up in the Indian Ocean. This means that the Indian Ocean is now home to 70%
of all heat taken up by global oceans during the past decade. Rainfall is also seen to decrease in
India, drizzling patterns have vanished and cities are facing uneven drought and floods. Thus, if
melting in Arctic continues, the Indian Ocean will also be affected, being in need of an immediate
action in the near future.

India’s scientific contribution to Antarctica is

Important and demands full policy and geo- India’s scientific contribution to Antarctica
political support within Indian government. India is important and now it demands and
has been active in the region due to the deserves full policy and geo-politics support
Antarctic legislation, but in the past years it has
become much more complex and compelling to
act in the region. The reach of India to Antarctica is increasing as there is no other land body
between the two countries and India has just recently opened its second station on the South Pole
as a step towards the integration of both regions. The Indian Ocean and Antarctica linkage is thus
very important. India’s quest for a multipolar i.e. to bring Arctic and Antarctic Polar Regions under
the geo-political research lens of India will thus be better served.

In the 1950s and 1960s if India had participated in the International Geophysical Year, it would have
been one of the 12 signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, which would have given it a significant status
in the region. Antarctica has gone through a lot of physical and legislative changes since the treaty
and the rise of geopolitics in the region is visible, however permanent ban on mining of resources for
50 years has been levied. In 2048, when the ban on mining would come up for review, it would be
interesting to observe whether the parties to the treaty would uphold the ban or lift it. Colonial
presence is also very dominant in the Antarctica and according to the Antarctica Treaty there are no

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termination dates of these claims. As on date there are seven claims on Antarctica with three claims
by Argentina, UK and Chile overlapping and other semi-claimants which need geo-political
equilibrium. There is also one part of Antarctica that is unclaimed. Australia has 42% of continent
territorial claim including sovereign rights over adjacent areas. Its government is spending
significantly to quote its interest in Antarctic’s region. China is also trying to make its presence felt by
constructing five stations there and deploying a ship for research. In recent years, the Antarctic
Treaty system has become a complex system due to the emergence and presence of many players.
As we move towards the future, the complexities and geo-political challenges of the world will
further escalate.

In August 2007, Russians planted a one metre-high titanium flag on the seabed at the North Pole,
using submarines and flying bombers to their territorial claim. Similarly, other Arctic countries such
as Norway, Canada and Denmark launched projects to provide a basis for seabed claims on extended
continental shelves beyond their exclusive economic zones. Continental Shelf is the submerged area
of the land mass that goes gradually in the sea where it falls and then creates a continental slope to
rise again. Next to a slope or shelf area there is a rise area which is called the ‘continental margin’
area. However, if the continental shelf area extends beyond the 200 nautical miles exclusive
economic zones, there are certain formalities to be completed as the continental shelf relates to the
land mass. Therefore, any extension of the claim would mean a claim of the continental shelf and
the question of a delimitation of the exclusive economic zones arises. Hence, the question on
continental shelf is a question of delineation. The UNCLOS convention provides some very specific
complex formulas in Article 76, stating that scientific and technological data has to be demonstrated
to show that there is a continental land mass above the margin and relevant data has to be
submitted to the Commission of the Continental Shelf. Based on the recommendations of the
commission the outer limits can be proclaimed by the state.

Russia was the first country to make such a submission in

2001. It also included a submission based on a particular
area named as the “Lomonosov ridge” with an outer limit
of 300-400 nautical miles. The Commission on
the Limits of the Continental Shelf was not satisfied with
the Russian submission, doubting the Lomonosov ridge to
be even assigned as a ridge. In continental shelf the rights
are based on resources and it includes the secondary
organisms1. Denmark has recently submitted its claim for
northern Greenland, and Canada is yet to make one. In 2015, Russia made a revised submission on
the Arctic region including the Lomonosov ridge and demonstrated scientific details which are now
under the scrutiny of the commission. In the Antarctica, the situation is slightly different. Today, 87%
of the continent is under territorial claims. But irrespective of the submissions, nations made for
other areas in the Antarctica, they also stated that this is a partial submission. During the Antarctic

1
According to National Geographic Society, plants and algae make continental shelves rich feeding grounds for
sea creatures. The shelves make up less than ten percent of the total area of the oceans. Yet all of the ocean’s
plants and many types of algae live in the sunny waters. The continental shelf is also home to rich natural
resources especially oil and natural gas.

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Treaty consultations it was decided that the issue of Article IV2 may crop up and it was requested to
the commission by all parties in the consultation process to not consider this part of the submission.
Therefore the parties have not given up on their territorial claims, even though Article IV states that
it does not allow any type of expansion of claims but it does not deny any claims either. This is one
such issue that is yet to be resolved. The second major issue is about the Arctic melting which will
lead to the submerging of certain islands and rocks that if belong to certain Exclusive Economic
Zones (EEZs) then the sovereignty issues will emerge and would become an issue. The territorial
claims on Antarctica had a moratorium after the treaty that states that, one can claim but no one
can touch the claims that have already been made. Legally, Arctic and Antarctica are both very
different because in Arctic, the Arctic council comprising of the major countries closer to the polar
region plays a crucial role and is at the core of the Arctic region’s management, so even if India goes
through the international law it may not have hold or a direct stake on any of the resources.

Antarctica on the other hand is very different, due to the structure of the treaty and India has
acceded to the Treaty in 19833, providing its access to continue its research in the region. India has
been contributing to the meetings and if India has scientific aspirations then participation in the
treaty would prove as a means to strengthen India’s scientific knowledge and its global presence.
High seas are also bifurcated into two resources: the living and the non-living resources. There has
been rising research interest in marine genetic resources that provide both strategic and economic
advantage. The commercialisation of certain living resources that are highly valuable for industries
like pharmaceutical due to their medicinal properties is a major area that requires intensive
research. Then there exists the Indian Biological Act that addresses the genetic resources that we
still do not know yet and the other is the Marine Protected Area and ministries are still trying to
build suitable indicators these resources. Today, commercialising red algae for biofuels is much
talked about, but as they lie under invasive species India still does not have laws to deal with these
species. Community based monitoring and evaluations have worked appropriately in other countries
but they do not exist in India. Also, coordination is lacking in the high seas between the regions and
state level institutions. India’s approach and plan to oceanic security and access to marine resources
are still unclear.

2
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve countries whose scientists had been
active in and around Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58. It entered into force in 1961
and has since been acceded to by many other nations. The total number of Parties to the treaty is now 54. Major
provisions of the treaty are as follows- Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only (Art. I); Freedom of scientific
investigation in Antarctica and cooperation toward that end (…) shall continue (Art. II); Scientific observations and results
from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available (Art. III).
Among the signatories of the Treaty were seven countries - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and
the United Kingdom - with territorial claims, sometimes overlapping. Other countries do not recognize any claims. The US
and Russia maintain a “basis of claim”. All positions are explicitly protected in Article IV, which preserves the status quo
states that “No acts or activities taking place while the present treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting,
supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights of sovereignty in Antarctica. No
new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica shall be asserted while the present
Treaty is in force”. WHICH SOURCE?
To promote the objectives and ensure the observance of the provisions of the Treaty, "All areas of Antarctica, including all
stations, installations and equipment within those areas (…) shall be open at all times to inspection" (Art. VII). (Text as is
from the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat)
3
On 12 September 1983, India achieved the status of Consultative Party, on 1 October became a member of Scientific
Committee on Antarctic Research(SCAR), and in 1986 became a member of the Convention for the Conservation of
Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). In 1997 India also ratified the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the
Antarctic Treaty thus reaffirming India's commitment to protecting the Antarctic environment.

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India’s maritime governance architecture and future needs
The global maritime order today is very eager to
counter the challenges arising from and at sea. The
sustainability concern is critical to adhere to the
challenge of climate change and ensure good order
at sea for the global sea boundary. Because global
sea boundaries are the backbone of the economic
interdependence framework, sustainable use of
various exclusive economic zones is important for
the global commons. Such a vast spectrum of
challenges cannot be addressed without a new formal global maritime order and governance
institutions. Thus, in a pursuit of Blue Economy, India will not only generate faster income but also
create a new horizon to aspire for. Also, the country will surely benefit from this good governance
generated.

Political and economic fragility of states located in non-strategic regions encounter issues like
maritime crime, migration, degradation of ecology, thus causing a destabilising and growing threat.
Perspectives are changing as the economies are becoming more destabilized. The first and only one
global marine assessment of the world’s oceans is the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)
document. It warns that blue activities (activities in the ocean) are so large in number and have huge
impacts on the ocean that the limits of the carrying capacity have reached their highest levels
already and now damaging the sea biodiversity and the corals. Larger communities depend on ocean
for fishing and the extraction of minerals, oil and gas, rare earth metals, renewable energy and other
resources is prerequisite for every economy. Thus to realise the full potential of Blue Economy and
specially SDG14 by 2030, we need to stabilise the global warming at 1.5°C. This can be done by
micro-coordinating with local communities, building new business models and thus decreasing the
sectorial conflicts in the nation. India’s approach does not address the complexities of non-
traditional security threats so far and hence requires multi agency coordination in strict timelines.
Strategic equilibrium is relevant to promote order at sea and the development of Blue Economy. For
the next 12 years it is crucial for India and the world to achieve the 2030 benchmark for the SDGs,
for this, a joint effort of developed and developing countries is needed while a lack of this
coordination would raise uncertainties both, in the short and the long run. The SDGs include a new
goal of ocean conservation that acknowledges the value and importance of coastal areas. However,
the main challenge is the estimation of the true value of oceans and their exploitation cost from an
economic, social and environmental perspective.

Non-traditional security and maritime order

Collaboration is the key to deal with coastal and ocean issues internationally. The security issues
have also seen a transition as the maritime security moved from military and traditional issues to
non-traditional security threats. The latest Naval Strategic Publication (NSP) 1.2 focused on three
areas to ensure safety and safety along with national maritime interests. Firstly, security of seaborne
trade which directly impinges on the national economy, secondly, maintenance of freedom of
navigation while strengthening the UNCLOS and lastly, cooperation and coordination against
common maritime threats facing India and its allies. Today, minerals are the significant drivers of
economic development. India and China are the most active nations in the Indian Ocean region.

14 | P a g e
China is already exploring minerals at the South-West Indian border. Therefore, there are huge
opportunities but uncertainty still looms over mineral exploration with the possibility of large scale
pollution. There is a need to conduct further research to understand the impacts of deep sea mining
on ocean ecosystem and ecology.

Blue Economy has increasingly become an integral component of ocean governance. The concept
was promoted at the Rio+20 Conference as the marine dimension of the broader ‘Green Economy’,
which defined Green Economy as “one that results in improved human well-being and social equity,
while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities”.4 According to IORA, Blue
Economy is the subset of ocean economy. Maritime security is an enabler of the Blue Economy, for
example through safeguarding navigation routes, providing important oceanographic data to marine
industries and protecting rights over valuable marine resources and activities within claimed zones
of maritime jurisdiction. The non-traditional security threats have effects on the military and also on
strategy, policy, operations, training, capacity building and environmental protection.

Global warming is one of the biggest threats,

warming of waters is changing the ocean
ecosystem rapidly and also transforming various
ocean species that are still to be studied
extensively. The ocean currents are carrying
species, plastics and pollution from one part of
the world to another causing massive disruption
in the ecological chain of the receiving seas.
While the world is seeking collaborative
solutions, when it is the time to come together countries find it a challenge to do so due to
economic, political and social issues. The marine species have been the most affected by climate
change due to the heating of oceans. Jelly fish have almost thrived in warmer oceans and strategists
are failing to look at the impact of evolving marine species on ocean eco system and on sea based
infrastructure. Manmade infrastructures on oceans are slowly changing the ocean’s ecology as they
provide more room to certain species to thrive, leading to imbalance in food chain and ocean
ecosystem. Jelly fish have been able to thrive in warmer oceans and received favourable conditions
for polyps (young jellyfish) to grow, leading to population spurts in many areas. Large jellyfish
congregations have deeply affected fishing in many countries and have played a central role in
putting critical infrastructure under risk. Thermal and nuclear power plants in Florida, Japan and
Scotland and also a desalination plant in Israel, were forced to shut down because jellyfish blooms
were clogging the water inlets. Various cases of jellyfish blooms destroying aquaculture across the
globe have emerged, highlighting the complex challenges climate change is throwing at the world.
Japan has seen the largest amount of jellyfish blooms, costing billions of yens for the Japanese
industry. The impact on critical infrastructure from ocean warming and acidification needs to be
examined extensively to ensure and protect national infrastructure. Such incidents also highlight the
need to emphasise on decommissioning of ocean based infrastructure in a methodical manner

4
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 2012, “ Briefing Green Economy”
https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/8659/-
%20Green%20economy_%20what%20do%20we%20mean%20by%20green%20economy_%20-
2012Main%20briefing%202012--Final.pdf NOT A COMMON WAY TO CITE

15 | P a g e
without damaging the surrounding ecosystem. There is a need for a detailed study to explore the
precise linkages between effects of the climate change, non-traditional threats and between
maritime agencies and their efficacy in dealing with naval operations. A modification of the doctrinal
and tactical approaches accommodating such changes / challenges is needed. Modification of
training patterns of associated maritime agencies and the incorporation of such changes in
equipment parameters and infrastructure of such agencies is critical to address non-traditional
security threats.

Unregulated and illegal fishing is another aspect that

endangers the ocean ecology and while checks and
balances have been established to address illegal,
unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU), yet the
current international law regime still lacks rigid barriers
and stringent mechanisms to address the rising
problem. The maritime regime is also clustered with a
few countries being the largest shipbuilders, some being the largest ship owners, few countries
hosting the largest number of ship registries (flags of convenience), largest ship demolishers and
others with the strategic presence (naval and coast guard) to tackle non-traditional security threats.
Additionally, certain countries are signatories to international conventions, while some are not. Such
clustering and uneven implementation of international law highlights a logistical and a challenge in
international relations. However, coordination amongst international agencies and national
governments is itself a tedious process, and the regulation of IUU and other illegal activities such as
migration and trafficking becomes challenging in international waters with national forces not
allowed to conduct hot pursuit beyond its borders. While technologies such as Automatic
Identification System and special licences to catch particular fish species are in place, transnational
criminals have found ways and means to avert these. A cohesive international system is required to
address non-traditional security threats, and there is need to reform various aspects of the UNCLOS
to address the issues of the present.

Global maritime order: Opportunities and challenges for India

India has a long way to go in the Blue Economy front. There is not only a lack of maritime
consciousness but also a lack of technology, motivation for innovation and the identification of Blue
Economy as a future prospect in the country. Though the Indian Navy has served its traditional
maritime duties well, as illustrated by the history, there is a dire need for attention to the non-
traditional security threats. In the technology front, India has developed technologies which
unfortunately have not been utilised to their fullest capacities. India also needs technologies to
harness the Blue Economy opportunities not just internally through scaling up R &D but from
external sources also through technological
collaboration, knowledge sharing and exchange.

In the recent decade, the government has made The non-traditional security threats have
major contributions to bring out the agenda of an effect on the military too and in terms
Blue Economy, but the developments made are of strategy, policy, operations, training,
still unutilised be it due to lack of interest on the capacity building and environmental
protection.
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part of government or private parties, which is why India has not fully used its own knowledge and
expertise. The lack of synergy among all stakeholders also adds to challenges from maritime
perspective. Maritime security has become more complex with the emergence of non-maritime
security challenges that are emanating from land based sources- a critical example is plastics and
microplastics. Food security has sprung as an important aspect of the role that marine environment
plays in ensuring food security, and India’s high hunger index shows that India still faces food
shortage as well as malnutrition. Therefore, Africa and India have much higher potential in accessing
marine resources to fulfil their nutrition and food security goals. there has been a persistent
question of the demarcating line between Blue and non-Blue economy that needs to be addressed
on an urgent basis. Though India has a robust strategy for the IORA, it needs to further strategize for
the development of the Indo- Pacific agenda, Indian Ocean Naval Symposium and actively engage to
increase its Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). The recent establishment of the Information Fusion
Centre (IFC) for the Indian Ocean Region by India is a vital step but shouldn’t remain the only one.
India needs to strategically engage with its neighbours, strengthen current relations and develop
new alliances to enhance its presence in the high seas. While doing so, it needs to develop resources
such as fisheries, deep sea mining and energy resources sustainably and implement a robust
shipping industry that would serve the economic interests of the country. Therefore, there is a
delicate balance that needs to be maintained for a vast country like India.

Mainstreaming non-traditional security threats in India, Maritime Domain is of critical importance

for the progress of Blue Economy and for the achievement of SDGs. India wants to explore the far
reaches of the Blue Economy however, current administrative arrangements have narrowed the
Indian Ocean Region focus. There is also a lack of synergy and coordination among various
governmental departments, which is essential to achieve Blue Economy. India would need to
increase its strategic and economic presence in global maritime order and Blue Economy could act as
a catalyst to achieve this. This requires an increased governmental momentum to synergise
activities, agencies and ideas. Such an exercise can only be successful when all stakeholders are
integral to adoption and implementation of Indian maritime agenda and policy.

The following are some of the concrete recommendations that emerged from the conference:

 Need for Coordination among all the governmental and non-governmental agencies
working on maritime issues is prerequisite to address non-traditional security threats like
climate change, IUU, Piracy, environmental degradation.

 Technological collaboration among different countries would be essential to harness Blue

Economy potential.

 There is a need to augment research in technology, policy, and oceanic sciences in relation
to Blue Economy. The critical need is to gather statistical data, define Blue Economy, and
create an information repository from a transdisciplinary framework.

 Further cooperation to share scientific technology and to develop tools and mechanisms to
address the challenges of climate change and environmental degradation which are critical
for the success of sustainable development of the oceans.

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 The adoption and implementation of a singular Indian maritime policy that encompasses
security, economy, environmental sustainability and social impacts of the ocean in an
integrated framework is prerequisite to address non-traditional threats.

 Increase the level of coordination among local, national and international maritime
agencies. Establishment of single unified agency on maritime policy would be critical for
India to implement the Blue Economy agenda.

 Partnerships and coalitions with private players in the maritime sector would be beneficial
to ensure more coherence in maritime policy adoption and implementation.

 Capacity building and training beyond scientists and technologists in the maritime sector is
essential for the success of Blue Economy. Stakeholders from the finance and insurance
sector, academia, think tanks and business entities need to be made aware of the changing
ocean ecosystem and should be well placed to contribute to the Blue Economy discussion
and its implementation.

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 Annex 1: List of Participants
(Names in alphabetical order)

Sl
Name of Participant Affiliation Place
No.
1. A. Subramanyam Raju Coordinator, Centre for Maritime Studies, Pondicherry University Pondicherry

2. Abhijit Singh Head, Maritime Policy Initiative, Observer Research Foundation New Delhi

3. Amey Sapre Assistant Professor, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy New Delhi
Research Fellow for Indian Ocean Region/Maritime Affairs, Indian
4. Amit Kumar New Delhi
Council for World Affairs
5. Ann-Margret Bolmer Programme Assistant, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung New Delhi

6. Arun Prakash Former Chief of Naval Staff, Indian Navy and Distinguished Fellow Goa

7. C Uday Bhaskar Director, Society for Policy Studies New Delhi

8. Chaitanya Giri Fellow, Space & Ocean Studies Programme, Gateway House Mumbai
Distinguished Fellow Emeritus, The Energy and Resources Institute
9. Chandrashekar Dasgupta New Delhi
(TERI)
10. Deepica Sachdeva Research Officer, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung New Delhi
Former Director General of Shipping & Secretary to the
11. Deepak Shetty Mumbai
Government of India
Fellow & Area Convenor, The Energy and Resources Institute
12. Fraddry D Souza Goa
(TERI)
13. Gurpreet S Khurana Executive Director, National Maritime Foundation New Delhi
FICCI Task force on Blue Economy & Former Dy. Director, Division
14. Hariharan Pakshi Rajan New Delhi
of Legal Affairs and the Law of the Sea, United Nations
15. Ipshita Chaturvedi Partner, C&C Advisors Mumbai
16. K. Somasunder Adviser, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India New Delhi

17. Karin Stoll Consul General, German Consulate General, Chennai Chennai

18. Krishnendra Meena Assistant Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi
19. L. Ramkumar President, Madras Management Association Chennai

20. M Ravichandran Director, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research Goa

21. Mani Juneja Research Associate, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) New Delhi
Senior Fellow & Director of the Chennai Chapter, Observer
22. N. Sathiya Moorthy Chennai
Research Foundation
Senior Fellow and Associate Director, The Energy and Resources
23. Nitya Nanda New Delhi
Institute (TERI)
Advisor/Teamleader Program Coordination, Konrad-Adenauer-
24. Pankaj Madan New Delhi
Stiftung
Resident Representative India, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung India
25. Peter Rimmele New Delhi
Office
Former Co Chairman and India Representative to CSCAP and
26. P K Ghosh New Delhi
Former Senior Fellow ORF
National Fellow, ICSSR and Member of the Advisory Board of
27. P V Rao Hyderabad
Indian Ocean Research Group Inc. (IORG)
28. Pankaj Jha Assistant Professor, Jindal School of International Affairs New Delhi

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Sl
Name of Participant Affiliation Place
No.
29. R Vijayakumar Executive Director, Madras Management Association Chennai
Senior Research Associate, Institute for Defense Studies and
30. Ruchita Beri New Delhi
Analyses
Professor, Research and Information System for Developing
31. S K Mohanty New Delhi
Countries
32. Sanjay Chaturvedi Professor and Dean, South Asian University New Delhi

33. Shailesh Nayak Director, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS) Bengaluru
Fellow, Centre for Resource Efficiency and Governance, The
34. Swati Ganeshan New Delhi
Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
35. W. Lawrence S. Prabhakar Associate Professor, Madras Christian College Chennai

36. Yogendra Kumar Former Indian Ambassador to the Philippines New Delhi

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Annex 2: Group Photo

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 

The Energy and Resource Institute (TERI)

TERI is independent, multi-dimensional organization, with capabilities in
research, policy, consultancy and implementation. Over the last four
decades of its journey, TERI has emerged as one of the world's pre-
eminent think tanks and research institutions in the field of energy,
climate change and sustainability. Our work across sectors is focused on
promoting efficient use of resources, increasing access and uptake of
sustainable inputs and practices and reducing the impact on
environment and climate
Headquartered in New Delhi, we have regional centres and campuses in
Gurugram, Bengaluru, Guwahati, Mumbai, Panaji , and Nainital. Our
1200-plus team of scientists, sociologists, economists and engineers
delivers insightful, high quality action-oriented research and
transformative solutions supported by state- of-the-art infrastructure.

Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung

Freedom, justice and solidarity are the basic principles underlying the
work of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS). The KAS is a political
foundation, with a strong presence throughout Germany and all over the
world. We encourage people to lend a hand in shaping the future along
these lines. With more than 80 offices abroad and projects in over 120
countries, we make a unique contribution to the promotion of
democracy, the rule of law and a social market economy. To foster peace
and freedom we encourage a continuous dialog at the national and
international levels as well as the exchange between cultures and
religions.
The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung has organized its program priorities in
India into five working areas: Foreign and Security Policy; Economic and
Energy Policy; Rule of Law; Social and Political Change and local Self-
Government; Training programmes for students of journalism.

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Conference Summary
Mani Juneja

Swati Ganeshan

For further Information-

Swati Ganeshan

Fellow

Centre for Resource Efficiency and Governance

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi- 110003

Tel- 011-24682100/011 4150 4900 (Ext 2316), Fax-24682144/24682145

Email- swati.ganeshan@teri.res.in

Photo credit:
Shutterstock

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