CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.

uk
Provided by ethesis@nitr

ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT OBTAINED FROM

PLANT MATERIALS USING STEAM DISTILLATION
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROF. A. SAHOO
BY

ASHIS PALAI
111CH0081

Department of Chemical Engineering

National Institute of Technology
Rourkela-769008
MAY-2015
 National Institute of Technology

Rourkela

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “ANALYSYS OF ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT
OBTAINED FROM PLANT MATERIALS USING STEAM DISTILLATION”
submitted by ASHIS PALAI in partial fulfilments for the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Technology Degree in Chemical Engineering at National Institute of
Technology, Rourkela is an authentic work carried out by him under my supervision and
guidance.

To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to
any other University / Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Date:
Rourkela Prof. (Mrs.) A. Sahoo
Dept. of Chemical Engineering,
National Institute of
Technology,
Rourkela - 769008, Orissa
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I might want to make my most profound gratefulness and appreciation to Prof. (Mrs.) A.
Sahoo for her important direction; helpful feedback and support amid each phase of this
project. I express gratitude toward Dr.H.M.Jena for acting as the project coordinator. I am
appreciative to Prof.P.Rath, Head of the Department, and Chemical Engineering for giving
me the fundamental chances to the fruition of my project. I additionally thank other staff
and research students from my specialization for their important helps.

Rourkela

Date: ASHIS PALAI

Roll No- 111CH0081

Dept. of Chemical Engineering,

National Institute of Technology,Rourkela

 CONTENTS

Chapter No. Name of the content Page No.

Contents i
Abstract ii
Lists of figure iii
Lists of table iii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Literature reviews 4
2.1 Definition 5
2.2 Chemical Components of Essential Oils 7
2.3 Benefits of essential oil 11
2.4 Methods of extraction 13
Chapter 3 Experimental work 16
3.1 Experimental Setup 17
3.2 Procedure for experiment 17
3.3 Analysis of Essential Oils 19

3.4 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer 20

3.5 Observations 21
Chapter 4 Result and discussions 22
4.1 Characterizations of extracted oil 25
4.2 Application Of Components 32
Chapter 5 Conclusion 34
References 36

i
ABSTRACT

An expansive number of materials contain Essential Oils with broad bioactvities.

Recognizing the significance of plant and its restorative quality, Essential Oil was extracted
utilizing Steam Distillation technique. In this venture Steam Distillation was utilized to
concentrate oil from distinctive plant materials like eucalyptus leaf, curry leaf, hibiscus leaf,
marigold blossoms, rose blooms, orange peels and so forth. Examination has affirmed
hundreds of years of down to earth utilization of vital oils, and we now realize that the
'fragrant drug store' contain mixes with an amazingly expansive scope of biochemical effects.
Fundamental oils are accepted to speak to the very substance of odour and flavour. The
recuperation of Essential Oil from the crude organic beginning material is essential since the
nature of the oil is enormously impacted amid this step. There is a mixed bag of strategies for
acquiring unstable oil from plant. Steam distillation technique was discovered for systems of
the extraction of key oil from plants as legitimate distiller will protect the first characteristics
of the plant. The distillation was led in Clevenger apparatus where bubbling, gathering and
decantation was finished. Examination of Essential oil had been done utilizing Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer, which gives evaluates Essential Oil subjectively and
quantetatively. Volume of Oil acquired had been changed with respect to temperature and
heating.

ii
 LISTS OF FIGURE

Sl. no. Name Page no.

1 Structure of different components in Sesquiterpene Lactones 10

2 Structure of terpenes 10

3 Structure of hydrocarbon 11

4 Cleavengers Apparatus 17

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer

5 19
6 GC-MS schematic diagram 21

LISTS OF TABLE

Sl. Name Page no.

no.
1. Different materials used for extraction of oil 6

2 Volume of oil extracted from different plants. 20

iii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1
1.Introducton:

Essential oil contains exceedingly volatile materials which disengaged by a physical

technique or methodology from plant of a solitary organic animal categories. The oil
typically carry the name of the plants , where they are determined. oil is accepted to speak to
the very sense of odour and flavour. Essential oil plants incorporate an expansive scope of
plants that are utilized for aromatic esteem as flavourings in nourishments and drinks and as
scents in pharmaceuticals and mechanical items. Essential oils get from plant of numerous
generas conveyed around the world.

Oils are utilized as a part of the treating methodology, in prescription and in decontamination
customs. There are additionally more than 100 referrences to aromatic, insense testaments.
Examination has affirmed hundreds of years of handy utilization of Essential Oils, and we
now realize that the 'fragrant drug store' contains mixes with an amazingly wide scope of
biochemicals impacts. There are around two hundred fundamental oils all in all utilization
today by expert professionals. Persistent assault of bacterial, viral, parasitic and contagious
defilement happens in our body. Fundamental oils are an awesome advantage to help shield
our body and homes from this surge of pathogen. Safe framework need bolster and these
fundamental oil will produce the obliged underwriting [1].

2
2. Scope And Objective:


The aim of our project is to extract oils from plants such as : curry, lavender, rosemary, mint,

 lemon peels and leaves by steam distillation method. There
are also some flowers such as jasmine, lavender ,roseetc from which we can extract

essential oils.



Essential oils have an economical value, marketing value and industrial value in both local and

international markets.



Essential oils are aromatic substances widely used in the Perfume industry, Food and Flavouring,

Cosmetics, and Pharmaceutical Products.


 
They have high value in economic since they enter a wide range of industry.

3
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

4
It is assessed that there is 350k to 400k types of plant. A generally little rate (2 to 8%) of
these is utilized as substenances by people and other creature species. It is conceivable that
significantly more are utilized for medicinal purposes stated that however 520 types of plants
have been utilized by different Americans assembles as nourishment, 3,464 have discovered
use as medications. As per his estimations, this leaves give or take 17,000 types of plants
which were utilized for nether sustenance nor drug [4].

Plant oil and excerpts has utilized for a varied assortment of drives for some hundred of year.
These reasons fluctuate from the utilization of roswoods and cidar wood in perffumery, to
enhancing beverages with, fenel, lime or juneper berries oil, and the use of lemon oil for the
conservation of put away nourishment crop. Specifically, the anti microbial action of plants
oil and sources has shaped the premise of numerous application, with crude and prepared
sustenance safeguarding, pharmaceuticals, option prescription and characteristic treatments

2.1 Definition:

Essential oils are concerted, hydrophobe liquids which is unstable fragrance mixes from
plant. Essential oils are otherwise called unstable, etherneal oil or just as the "oils of" the
plants which they were separated, for example, oil of cloves. Oil is "essentials" as in it
conveys a particular fragrance, or pith, plants [5].

Essential oil is often alluded to as the "life forces " of plant. These "vital" is extricated from
blossoms, leave, stem, root, seed, barks, and natural product skins. The measure of key oil
can be collected from anywhere in the range of 0.001 percentage to 9 percentage of the
aggregate.oil has powerful antimicrobial components, containg extensive variety of helpful
contents. This type of oil is frequently utilized for their flavour and restorative property, in a
large determination of items, for example, nourishments, medication, and beatufiers. Just
unadulterated oils contain a full range of intensifies that shabby impersonations basically
can't copied [5].

5
Table-2.1: Different materials used for extraction of oil:

Leaf Flower Peels Seed Woods

Basel Chamomile Bergammot Almmond Cammphor

Bayleaves Clary Sage Grapefruits Annise Cedares

Cinamon Cloves Lemmon Celeries Rose woods

Eucalypotus Gerannium Limes Cummin Sandal woods

LemonGrasses Hyssop Orange Nutmeg Oil

Melaleuca Jasmmines Tanggerine

Oreganno Lavennder

Patchouli Manuka

Pepermint Marjoram

Pines Orange

Rose maries Roses

Spearmint Ylanng-Ylanng

TeaTrees

Wintergreen

Thymme

Berry Bark Resins Rhizzome Roots

Alspice Casia Frankinncense Ginngers Valerrian

Junniper Cinamon Myrh

6
2.2 Chemical Constituents Of Extracted Oil:
An Essential Oils contain 250 chemicals constituents , however few are commonly
unpredictable. Essential oil comprise of substance mixes which have, oxygen carbon and
hydrogen as their buildings squares [1]. It is basically characterized in two gatherings:

2.2.1 Volatility part: Essential oil containing 85–90% of the oils by weight, consisting
themonoterpene and sesquitterpene hydrocarbons and ester .

2.2.2 Nonvolatileresidue :This contains 1.0–10.0% of the oils contain hydro carbons, fatty
acids,wax,flavonnoids.
Case in point, the constituents of the oil separated commencing flora varies as per where
these plants rooted [6]. These contents are divided into two gatherings, for example, hydro
carbon comprised of for the most part terpennes which is oxygenate mixes this is basically
aldehyde, ketone ,alcohol, ester, , phenol. A percentage of normal constituent is recorded
underneath alongside their properties.

2.2.3 Lactones:
Lactone is created by intermolecular esterification of hydrocarboxylic acid, this is taken
placed continuously at the ring which are created in four- or fieve-numbered. Lacton with
four-or five-numbered rings (α-lactonne and β-lactonne) are vquite active, constructing these
isomoration not easy.These are basically needed for laboratory amalgamation for decrese-
rings lacttones and large numbered carbon members.

7
 
2.2.4 Ketones:
Ketone which is seemed in plant are utilized for respiratory objections. It helps the stream for
bodily fluid as well as straightforwardness clogging .oils consisting ketones are gainful to
advancing injury mending, empowering the arrangement of scattered tissues. Ketone is
exceptionally poisonous. The largely lethal ketones are Thujjone colected at muggwort,
sagge, tannsy, thuja , wood oils.lethal ketone collected in key oil are puleggone of penyroyal,
pinocammphone in hysops. Few un-poisonous ketone are in jasmmine oils.


2.2.5 Acids:
For the most part organics acid is collected in little amounts into its free phase inside
Essentials Oil. Plants acid go about like segments or else support frameworks controls acid
factor.This additionally demonstration hostile to provocative. Illustrations are cinamic,
bennzoic acids of bennzoin, lacticacid.

8
2.2.6 Alcohols:


2.2.6.1 Monoterpene alcohols:

This oil has better antiseptics, antiviral and antifungal property with little effect like skins
problem and toxic or has an inspiring refreshing effects. Example of this alcohol is mainly
linalol, citronelol, terppineol etc.collected from lavenders, roses,geraniums, within junipers
and teatrees oils.

2.2.6.2 Sesquiterpene alcohols:

This type alcohol isn’t generally originate with in essentials oil,when found, like bisabollol at
Germany chamomil, has more uses, inwhich includes liver and glandullar stimulants,
antiallergen and antiinflammatory. Other oil that contain sesquiterpene alcohols.


2.2.7 Diterpenes:

Isoprene has been a necessary part in the vast majority of the segments are there in 4 iso
prene unit in Diterppenes. with Steam Distillation methods we can't identify Diterppenes like
these atoms are so substantial it couldn't be possible consider vanishing, so it can be found in
distilled Essential Oil. Diterppenes happens every plant familie and contain mixture of C20
chains. Around 2400 recognized Diterppenes that fit in 25 noteworthy basic sort.. In a
comparable way to monoterppenes,Diterppenes appear as of digestion system for
geranylpyrophosphate . Restoratively Diterpenes have constrained significance and are
utilized as a part of specific narcotics (hacks) and in addition in antispasmodics and
anxiolytics.

9
2.2.8 Sesquiterpene Lactones:

A: Germaccranolides B:Helianngolides C,D: Guainolides

E: Pseudogaianolides F: Hypocrtenolides G: Eudesnanolides

Fig2.1: Structure of different components in Sesquitterpene

2.2.9 Terpenes:

Fig2.2: Structure of Terpenes

These parts by and large has name finishing by "enes ".Most are limonenes, pinenes,
piperenes, camphenes and so on. This segment go about one antibacteria l, anti viral ,anti-
provocative, clean, antivirals and bactericials. This is auxiliary ordered
intomonnoterpene, sesquitterpene and diterpene. At the point where 2 of theisoprenes unit
is attached tail and head, so outcome is monotterpene, where 3 are gone along with, its
sesquiterppene also correspondingly 4 connected isoprenes units are diterppenes.

10
 
2.2.10 Hydrocarbons:

Buildings of block for Essentials Oils are hydrogens , carbons.Basic Hydrocarbons

collected in plant are isoprenes having accompanying structures.

Fig2.3 Structure of hydrocarbon

2.3 Benefits Of Essential Oil:

Essential oils are helpful, speedy and simple to utilize. You can wear them amid the day,
diffuse them in your home or work spot, or essentially keep them in your pocket. Essential
oils can be utilized as a part of back rub, and to upgrade reflection and focus.

Essential oils are natural substances from the unpredictable fluid of plants. The vital oils
bolster the body to return into offset without hurtful symptoms or substance based items.
Anyway, verify that you utilize restorative evaluation vital oils, not fragrance review that
contain destructive chemicals.

Essential oils advantages incorporate that they can promptly enter the skin and cell films.
They can really diffuse all through the blood and tissues immediately in a matter of seconds!
Oils cross the cerebrum blood boundary and achieve the amygdala and other limbic parts of
the mind that control our temperament, feelings and convictions. So they can help us with our
capacity to handle stretch, outrage or some other feeling we are managing.

11
2.3.1 Importance of Essential Oil in pharmaceutics: A percentage of the applications are
recorded underneath.

2.3.2 Germicides: The sterile property for these Oils build dynamic aligned with extensive
variety for microscopic organisms upon anti-infection safe strain. Notwithstanding these are
additionally beside parasites or yeast.Mostly well-known wellsprings of this oil utilized as
antiseptic may be: Cinamon, Thymes, Clovers, Eucalypatus, Lavenders. Cittral, geranniol,
linalol and thymols are a great deal extra intense compare to phenols [11].

2.3.3 Expectorant or diuretic : where utilized remotely, this oil like L'esencede
terebennthine expand micro circulation or give few neighbourhood sedative activity. By this
time, Essentials oil is utilized as part for various salves, creams and gel, where by it is
recognized as extremely successful for calming sprain agonies. verbal organization for vital
oil of eucalypotus or pine oil, invigorate ciliate epithelials cell for discharging bodily fluid.
Up on framework, this is identified to build vasodilations in result realize a diuretics impact.

Essential oil advantages incorporate that they are high in antioxidants. We realize that
antioxidants fortify the body's frameworks to keep the harming impacts of maturing, eating
regimen, and nature; and wipe out free radicals. The Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity
(ORAC) which lets you know the cell reinforcement limit of a nourishment thing is archived
for some vital oils. Clove key oil has an ORAC estimation of 1,078,700 µTE/100g; this is a
million more than the worth for carrots which is 210 µTE/10.

12
2.4. Types Of Extraction:

Following methods are used to extract Essential oils

2.4.1 Maceration:

Maceration really makes a greater amount of "infused oil" as opposed to vital Oils. Plants
matters are absorbed vegetable soils, warmed or stressed and soon thereafter this might have
utilized to back rub. These systems are unalluring in light of the fact that this varies
arrangement for oils.

2.4.2 Cold Pressing:

These systems are utilized for collecting the oil from orange peels, for example,
oranges, lemons, grapefruits and bergamots.These systems include basic squeezing
for skin around 115 degree for collect the oils. These peels are differentiated to
organic product, is grounded and hacked or squeezed. Then outcomes are mixtures of
Essentials oils , fluids which shall separated respective time. small modification to
states happens – this citric oil hold its splendid, crisp, up lifting smells like that of
noticing a sublimely ready organic product.

13
2.4.3 Super Critical CO2 Extraction:

Supercriticals CO2 extraction includes CO2 warmed to 78 degree Ferrenhite below this
condition; CO2 is compared to heavy vapour .Alongwith arrival for weight in either
transform, the carbon dioxide escapes in its vaporous structure, abandoning the Essential Oil.
The standard system for extraction is through steam refining. After extraction, the properties
of a decent quality fundamental oil ought to be as close as could reasonably be expected to
the "embodiment" of the first plant. The way to a "decent" vital oil is through low weight and
low temperature transforming. High temperatures, fast transforming and the utilization of
solvents modify the sub-atomic structure, will devastate the helpful esteem and change the
aroma[10].

2.4.4 Extraction of Essential Oils Using Steam distillation Method:

Steam distillation is a special kind of distillation or a separation process for temperature

touchy materials like oils, gums, hydrocarbons, and so forth which are insoluble in water and
may deteriorate at their breaking point. The fundamental nature of steam distillation is that it
enables a compound or mixture of mixes to be refined at a temperature substantially
underneath that of the boiling point(s) of the individual constituent(s). Essential oils contain
substances with breaking points up to 200°C or higher temperatures. In the vicinity of steam
or bubbling water, then again, these substances are volatilized at a temperature near to 100°C,
at atmospheric weight. New, or in some cases dried, botanical material is placed in the plant
chamber of the still and the steam is allows to pass through the herb material under weight
which mellows the cells and allows the Essential Oil to escape in vapor form. The
temperature of the steam must be sufficiently high to vaporize the oil present, yet not all that
high that it wrecks the plants or smolders the Essential Oils. Other than the steam small beads
of Essential Oil evaporates and travel through a tube into the still's condensation chamber.
Here Essential Oil vaporsgather with the steam. The essential oil forms a film on the surface
of the water.

14
 CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENTAL WORKS

15
3.1. Experimental Setups:

This trial is directed in a Clevenger Apparatus. Contraption comprise of one round bottom
flask of 1L and this is joined to other 2 path round bottom flask this holds crude materials. At
upper carafe is joined to condensers by connector. Differentiating channel is utilized for
division of Essentiasl oils and water.

3.2 Procedures: New materials are cut into pieces under 3 X 3 cm inside a large portion for
200-250 gm overflowed to 450 ml of refined water to apparatus mechanical assembly till oils
refining stopped for 2-3 hr. Amount of vital oil is dead set from an adjusted traps.Crucial oil
into distillates dried out in anhydrous Na2SO4 .

Figure3.1: Cleavengers Apparatus

16
Fig3.2:diagram of the steam distillation process

17
3.3 Testing of Essential Oil:

Fig3.3 :Gas Chrommatography-Mass Spectrometer:

Gas Chromattography-Mass Spectrometr (GC-MS) is a technique that consolidates the

highlights of gas- liquid chromatography and mass spectrometr to distinguish diverse
substance inside test samples. Application of GC_MS incorporate medication recognition,
fires examination, natural investigations, explosive examination, and ID of obscure
specimens. Also, it can distinguish follow components material those were beforehand
contains crumbled past ID[6].

18
Fig3.4 :Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometer schematic diagram:

19
3.5 Observation:

Table 3.1: Volume of oil extracted from different plants.

Volumes
Weight of water Time for Temp Volumes
0
No material (gm.) heating ( C) of
. (ml) (min)
Oils (ml)
1 Orange peel 250 750 180 100 0.6
2 Hibiscus
200 750 120 100 0.5
3 Rose
150 750 120 100 0.4
4 Marigold
200 750 180 100 0.5
5 Curry leaves
150 750 180 100 0.5

20
CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION

21
4.1 Characterization of extracted oils:
Essential oil is analysed in GC-MS with respective temperature programming and the
resulting graphs is being showed below.

4.1.1 GC-MS analysis for curry leaves oil:

fig4.1:figure showing analysis of curry leaf oil.

22
 4.1.1.1 from the analysis we got the components in curry leaves Oils as:

(a) alpha.-selinene $$ EUDESMA-3,11

(b) choleste-5-en-3-ol (3beta.)- carbonnochloridate

(c) Cyclopropa[7,8]cholestan-3-one,

(d) 22.alpha.-Hydroxy-3,4-secostict-

4.1.2 GC-MS analysis for hibiscus leaves oil:

Fig4.2: figure showing analysis of hibiscus leaf oil.

23
4.1.2.1 from the analysis we got the components in hibiscus leaves Oils as:

(a) Pentane, 3-methy

(b) 1-piperazine carboxamide n n-diethyl

(c) Caryophyllene

(d) alpha.-Humulene

4.1.3 GC-MS analysis for marigold oil:

Fig4.3: figure showing analysis of marigold oil.

4.1.3.1 from the analysis we got the components in marigold Oils as:
a) Pentene, 2-methyl

b) Pentane, 3-Methyl

c) Heptane

24
 4.1.4 GC-MS analysis for orange peel oil:

Fig4.4 figure showing analysis of orange peel oil.

4.1.4.1: from the analysis we got the components in orange peels Oils as:

(a)Pentane, 2-methyl

(b)Pentane, 3-methyl

(c) 3.beta.-Myrcene $$ 1,6-Octadiene

(d) l-Limonene $$ Cyclohexene

25
 4.1.5 GC-MS analysis for rose oils:

Fig4.5 figure showing analysis of rose oil.

4.1.5.1 :from the analysis we got the components in rose Oils as:

(a) Pentane, 2-methyl

(b) cyclopentane, methyl

(c) Heptane (CAS) $$ n-Heptane

(d) 6,7-Dihydro-5H-benzo[1,2,5]oxaide

26
4.2 Applications Of The Components Derived From Essential Oils:

4.2.1 curry leaves : The components in essential oil of Indian curry leaf has been
examined for its arrangement and is in charge of the fragrance and flavor connected
with herbs, flavors, and fragrances and solid antibacterial and antifungal action when
tried with microorganisms. The oils from the curry leaves were found to contain
basically oxygenated monoterpenes. constituents were found with linalool . elemol .
geranyl acetate ,myrcene .

4.2.2 Hibiscus leaves : The oil was phytotoxic to lettuce and bentgrass and had antifungal
activity against Colletottrichum fraggariae, Colletottrichum gloeospporioides, and
Collettotrichum accuttatum but exhibited little or no algicedal activities.

4.2.3 Marigold flower: All the marigold oils explored contain elevated amounts of
Pentene (more than 50% of aggregate unsaturated fats), making them great for
industrial utilization. The compositional contrasts between the genotypes ought to be
considered when reproducing and using the pot marigold oil components for
nutraceutical and pharmacological purposes.

4.2.4 Orange peels : The antibacterial activity of orange peel essential oils was tried
against human pathogenic microorganisms. The outcomes has incredible contrasts in

the activity between citrus species and amid maturing stages. The oils were successful
against Gram (+) and Gram (−) microbes, with a real activity against S. aureus and E.
coli. Orange peel oil is successful against aeruginosa just at development. Then again,
orange peel essential oils removed from juvenile organic product displayed the most
noteworthy antibacterial activity against E. coliwhich was equivalent of positive control
activity. On account of S. aureus, the oils were generally dynamic at adult stage with
orange peel oil demonstrating the most noteworthy antibacterial activity.

27
4.2.5 Rose flower:

Rose Essential oils are mixtures of regular intensifies that are extricated from plants.Rose oils
contain chemical components that the source plant uses to safeguard itself against maladies,
parasites and predators.Rose oil can have hostile to bacterial,anti-inflammator properties.
Rose oil is by and large utilized as a topical skin inflammation treatment, despite the fact that
it might likewise be utilized as a part of fragrant healing applications.Rose oil has a tendency
to be ideally equipped for the treatment distinctive dieses and makeup of gentle to direct skin
break out manifestations by and large, Rose oil is appraised as a Poor treatment for skin break
out. Rose oil is Mostly Ineffective for enhancing pimple inflamation indications and that this
solution has a tendency to have Minimal symptoms. The chemicals introduce in rose essential
oil are utilized as a part of a mixed bag of skin health. There are claims that both items are
helpful for skin tone and for treating sleek skin. There is next to no immediate research or
confirmation about the advantages of rose oil for the treatment of pimple inflamation
vulgaris. Notwithstanding, a few of the exacerbates that are copious in rose oil, as citronellol
and geraniol, have been demonstrated to be genuinely poisonous towards the microbes most
in charge of pimple inflammation.

28
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS

29
5.1 At last we can conclude the following factors from the analysis of the extracted oils.

(a) By steam distillation the original qualities of the plant materials will not be harmed during
extraction. So it should be a considerable method.

(b) In this method the basic properties of the temperature sensitive materials remain un
altered .

(c) If we keep the time constant then the volume extracted can be increased with temperature.

(d)we can keep the temperature constant so that the volume of oils increases with increasing
temperature.

(e) If we decrease the pressure then we can get more amount of oils with less interval of time.

(f) Analysis of the oils were done by GC-MS which is a better method for analysis because it
contains all the components in the oil with out changing their chemical properties.

30
 REFERENCES
.

1. E-thesis Submitted By K. Satish Kumar ,Extraction Of Essential Oils By Steam

Distillation Method, B.Tech Project ,NIT Rourkela ,2010

2. H. Singh, M. Hasan and L. J. Kang, Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of

Sarawak black pepper oil, Department of Chemical Engineering,University of Malaya

3. H. Mukhtar, M. Khalid Shabbiri, R. Nadeemi, A. Farooq, and W. Mumtazi 1Department

of Chemistry, physicology chemical analysis and determination of various chemicals
constituents of essential oils in Rosa cent folia, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan 2Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Govt. College University, Lahore 54000
Pakistan, 3Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Pakistan.

4. M. Josip, O. Politeo and I. Jerković Contributions to the Analysis of the Essential Oils of
Helichrysumitalicum (Roth) G. Don. – Determinations of Esters Bonded Acid and
Phenol, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology,
Department of Biocchemicals.

5. H. J. Williamms, Ahmed, Mahmoud, A. I. Scot, J. H. Reibenspie, and T. J. Mabry. 1993.

New sesquiterppene a- methylene lactone from the Egyptian plants Jasoniacandicans. J.
Nat. Prod. 56:1276–1280.
6. R.A. Hitess, Gas chromatography with mass spectrometer, Indian University, School of
public and Environmental affairs and Department of Chemistry.

31
32