TOP
SWINE
SWINE
JOINT
DISEASES/LAMENESS
Erysipelas
Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae,
ubiquitous
Check
tonsils;
excreted
in
saliva,
feces
or
urine
Growing
pigs,
non-‐vaccinated
gilts;
RARE
in
piglets
Multiplies
in
body
and
invades
bloodstream
to
produce
septicaemia
I. ACUTE:
sudden
death,
fever,
joint
pain
• Skin
lesions:
purple
ears
(cyanosis
due
to
vasculitis),
!
skin
lesions
(urticaria)
II. CHRONIC:
enlarged
joints
+
lameness
• Vegetative
valvular
endocarditis
Dx:
CS+
gross
lesions,
rapid
response
to
antimicrobial
therapy
PCR
on
blood/tissue
Tissue
IHC
Tx:
Pencillin
+
NSAIDs
(usually
flunixin)
DDx:
• CSF,
• Actinobacillus
suis
septicaemia
(really
any
septicaemia),
• porcine
dermatitis
&
nephropathy
syndrome
Prevention:
vaccines
available,
very
effective
+
hygiene!!
Glasser’s
Disease
"
Haemophilus
parasuis
Commensal
organism
of
URT
#
fibrinous
polyserositis,
arthritis,
meningitis
Sudden
onset,
short
course,
high
morbidity
and
mortality
Young
animals
(4-‐8
weeks)
I. Peracute:
Death
II. Acute:
Fever,
swollen
joints,
CNS
signs,
coughing,
abdominal
effort
when
breathing
+
polyserosits
(arthritis,
pleuritis)
III. Chronic:
Firbin,
decreased
growth
rate
+
polyserosits
(arthritis,
pleuritis)
Dx:
PCR
Necropsy
–
bacterial
swab
1
Tx:
Give
antibiotics
to
everyone
Mycoplasma
hyorhinis
Infectious
arthritis,
very
young
to
old
potbelly
pigs
Lameness
with/without
joint
swelling
in
one
or
more
limbs
Tx:
early,
antimicrobial
(lincomycin)
DDx:
E.
rhusiopathiae,
Strep,
M.
hyosynoviae,
Staph,
Haemophilus
parasuis
Mycoplasma
hyosynoviae
Mixing
and
moving
groups,
overcrowding,
cold,
drafty
barns
URT
or
sows
and
older
pigs
#
4-‐8
week
old
piglets
(maternal
atb
wane)
low-‐moderate
morbidity,
low
mortality
GROWER/FINISHER:
acute
lameness,
pain
in
major
joints
(elbows,
stifles,
hocks)
with
soft,
fluctuant
swellings
Dx:
onset
of
dz
+
CS,
lameness
in
1
or
more
leg
NO
signs
of
resp
dz
Sample
joint
fluid
for
Dfx
Tx:
Good
–
tylosin
and
lincomycin
DIARRHEA
Colibacillosis/Edema
disease
Hemolytic
Escherichia
coli
produce
F18
pili
and
shiga
toxin
2e,
nursery
pigs
(1-‐2
weeks
after
weaning,
usually
the
‘healthiest’)
Edema
of
submucosa
of
stomach
and
mesocolon
Contaminated
environment
or
the
sow
Stx2e:
inhibits
protein
synthesis
(cell
death),
targets
vascular
endothelium
#
edema,
haemorrhage,
intravascular
coagulation,
microthrombosis
CS:
CNS
–
ataxia,
paralysis,
recumbency
Morbidity
30-‐40%,
Mortality
~90%
Edema:
periocular
edema,
swelling
forehead
&
submandibular
Dx:
CS
+
well
conditioned
recently
weaned
pigs
Culture
of
SI
and
colon
PCR
Tx:
difficult
due
to
rapid
onset;
use
antibiotics
on
C&S
to
protect
rest
of
the
herd
Prevention:
high
fiber,
low
protein
diet,
reduce
amt
food
given
Vaccination
2
Clostridium
perfringens
1-‐7
days
old
(2-‐10
days)
Type
C
Bloody
diarrhea,
necrotic
enteritis
HIGH
mortality
(~100%),
sudden
death
TGE
=
transmissible
gastroenteritis
<3
weeks
most
affected;
all
ages
Profuse,
watery
diarrhea
Vomiting
Increased
mortality
in
young
piglets
Salmonella
Salmonella
choleraesuis,
Salmonella
typhimurium
Inflammation
and
necrosis
of
SI
and
LI
#
diarrhea,
generalized
sepsis
S.
choleraesuis:
hepatitis,
pneumonia,
cerebral
vasculitis
S.
typhimurium:
necrotizing,
nonsuppurative
inflammative
(ileum,
cecum
and
colon),
often
ulcerative;
yellow,
button
ulcers
in
colon,
cecum
NURSING:
diarrhea,
usually
generalized
septicaemia
WEANLING/GROWERS:
liquid
yellow-‐brown
feces
+/-‐
necrotic
debris
Dx:
culture
feces
or
intestinal
mucosa
DDx:
proliferative
enteritis
swine
dysentery
Tx:
antibiotics
(neomycin,
etc
in
water)
Parasites
Coccidia
7-‐10
days
(5-‐15
days)
Isospora
suis
Poor
hygiene
+
concrete
floors
Ascarids
Grower/Older
Ascaris
suum
Milkspot
liver
Tx:
ivermectin
Trichuris
Grower/Older
Hemorrhagic,
mucoid
diarrhea
Rotavirus
5
days
–
3
weeks
(1-‐5
week)
Poorly
digested
feed,
low
mortality
White/yellow
diarrhea
3
Swine
dysentery
Brachyspira
hyodysenteriae
Hemorrhagic
diarrhea
Proliferative
ileitis
Lawsonia
intracellularis
CS:
Thickened
terminal
ileum,
fibronecrotic
Trichinellosis
Trichinella
spiralis
CS
–
none
in
pigs
REPORTABLE,
ZOONOTIC
Hx:
cannibalism,
eating
wildlife/raw
meat
#
larvae
encyst
in
m.
#
humans
eat
“carnivores
eating
carnivores”
Human
symptoms:
hives,
facial
edema,
diarrhea,
fever,
weakness,
myalgia
Dx:
histopath,
ELIZA
Prevention:
rodent
management,
cook
any
garbage
fed
to
pigs
REPRODUCTION
Zearalenone
Mycotoxin
1.
Weaned
&
prepubertal
gilts
hyperemic/enlarged
vulva
enlarged
uterus
&
mammary
prolapsed
uterus
2.
Mature
sows
pseudopregnancy
EEM
3.
Boars
infertility
fusarium
graminearum
#
mycotoxin
(hyperestrogenism)
#
inhibits
FSH
Dx:
CS,
feed
analysis
R/O:
repro
issues
Tx:
stop
feed!
Resolves
in
1-‐4
weeks
PGF2a
to
lyse
CL
and
resolve
anestrus
Porcine
parvovirus
Most
common
cause
of
infertility
4
CS:
Increase
mummified
fetuses,
small
litter
size
Increase
return
to
estrus,
dec
farrowing
rate,
+/-‐
abortion
Dx:
1)
PM-‐aborted
fetuses:
IFA
to
ID
antigen
in
lungs
Virus
isolation
(rare)
2)
Serology
(sows):
most
are
positive
(exposed),
paired
titres;
negative
can
R/O
disease!
Tx:
none
Prevention:
vaccinate
all
breeding
stock
Porcine
circovirus
CS:
1.
PCV2-‐SP
=
PMWD
“post
weaning
multisystemic
wasting
syndrome”
8-‐18
weeks,
weight
loss,
decreased
weight
gain,
growth
retardation,
icterus,
rough
haircoat
2.
Pneumonia
3.
Porcine
dermatitis
+
nephropathy
syndrome
(DDx:
CSF/ASF)
Dx:
Histopath:
lymphoid
depletion
Serology:
useless,
virus
ubiquitous
Tx:
None
Prevention:
vaccination
(very
effective!)
Decrease
stress,
biosecurity,
sanitation
PETICHIAE
+
FEVER
Classical
swine
fever
“Hog
Chloera”
RNA
pestivirus,
ALL
age
groups
CS:
pyrexia,
lethargy,
vomiting,
yellow
diarrhea
Vasculitis:
purple/erythema
of
ears,
abdominal,
extremities
“Turkey
egg”
kidney
Ataxia;
poor
reproductive
performance
Dx:
1.
Virus
isolation
(tonsils,
LN,
spleen,
kidney,
ileum,
blood)
2.
RT-‐PCR
(nasal
swab/tonsil
scraping)
3.
Serology
4.
Necropsy:
“turkey
egg”
kidney
Tx:
NONE
Prognosis:
Poor,
cull
+
quarantine
Reportable,
eradicated
in
US
1976
DDx:
ASF
(indisguishable,
all
same
signs)
Pseudorabies
5
Sepsis
(ie/
salmonella,
Streptococcus)
PCV-‐2
RESPIRATORY
Enzootic
pneumonia
Mycoplasma
hyopneumoniae
CS:
high
morbidity
and
mortality
*windborne
Cough,
pneumonia
Slow
growth,
feed
inefficiency
Dx:
1.
Impression
smear
on
cut
lung
2.
Fluorescent
antibody
3.
PCR
–
nasal/bronchial
swab
4.
Culture
–
fastidious,
hard
to
grow
5.
Herd
serology
–
difficult
to
interpret
Tx:
antibiotics
Prevention:
vaccinate
sows
before
farrowing
Improve
ventilation,
decrease
overcrowding
All-‐in-‐all-‐out,
biosecurity
Most
disinfectants
effective
Atrophic
rhinitis
Bordetella
bronchiseptica,
Pasteurella
multocida
CS:
sneezing,
coughing,
epistaxis
Blocked
tear
ducts
+
staining
Impaired
growth
1.
ACUTE:
3-‐6
weeks
2.
CHRONIC:
snout
laterally
deviated
Dx:
Culture/PCR
–
nasal
swabs
Tx:
None
Prevention:
vaccinate
sows
before
farrowing,
piglets
1-‐4
wks
Porcine
Reproductive
and
Respiratory
Syndrome
RNA
Arterivirus,
affinity
for
alveolar
MOs
CS:
BREEDING
–
anorexia,
fever,
lethargy,
depression
-‐ mild
cyanosis
of
ears,
abdomen,
vulva
-‐ decrease/premature
farrowing,
late
abortion
-‐ stillborns,
mummified
fetuses
-‐ dyspneic
piglets
6
WEANERS
–
fever,
depression,
lethargy
-‐ stunded
-‐ pneumonia,
sneezing,
dyspnea
-‐ Increased
post-‐weaning
mortality
rate
Dx:
ELISA
(+
only
shows
exposure)
Virus
isolation
PCR,
IHC
Necropsy
#
pleuritis,
pericarditis,
decreased
#s
alveolar
MOs
Tx:
none
Prevention:
None,
pigs
gain
immunity
>60
days
QUICK
BACTERIOLOGY
• Actinobaculum
suis:
o UTI
in
sows,
normal
flora
in
boars
• Yersinia
enterocolitica:
o Tonsils
of
pigs
o Causes
enteritis
in
humans
• Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae:
o Diamond
skin
dz,
chronic
arthritis,
endocarditis
o ZOONOTIC,
can
cause
dz
in
turkeys
o Tx:
penicillin
• Mycobacterium
avium
o Tuberculosis
o Granulomatous
inflammation
• Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae
o Contagious
porcine
pleuropneumonia
o Fibrinous
pleuritis/pneumonia,
<6
months
old
o DDx:
erysipelas
(petichiae,
red
skin
lesions)
• Haemophilus
parasuis
o “Glasser’s
Dz”
o POLYSEROSITIS
o YOUNG:
Septicaemia
OLDER:
arthritis
o Normal
flora
o Vaccinate
breeding
sows
and
piglets
(~3
weeks)
• Mycoplasma
hyopneumoniae
o Enzootic
pneumonia
o Grower/finishers
High
morbidity,
low
mortality
7