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Top Swine

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
110 views7 pages

Top Swine

Uploaded by

raviteja sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOP

 SWINE    
SWINE  
JOINT  DISEASES/LAMENESS  
Erysipelas  
  Erysipelothrix  rhusiopathiae,  ubiquitous    
Check  tonsils;  excreted  in  saliva,  feces  or  urine  
Growing  pigs,  non-­‐vaccinated  gilts;  RARE  in  piglets  
Multiplies  in  body  and  invades  bloodstream  to  produce  septicaemia    
I. ACUTE:  sudden  death,  fever,  joint  pain  
• Skin  lesions:  purple  ears  (cyanosis  due  to  vasculitis),  !  
skin  lesions  (urticaria)  
II. CHRONIC:    enlarged  joints  +  lameness  
• Vegetative  valvular  endocarditis    
Dx:       CS+  gross  lesions,  rapid  response  to  antimicrobial  therapy    
            PCR  on  blood/tissue  
  Tissue  IHC  
Tx:     Pencillin     +  NSAIDs  (usually  flunixin)  
DDx:    
• CSF,    
• Actinobacillus  suis  septicaemia  (really  any  septicaemia),    
• porcine  dermatitis  &  nephropathy  syndrome    
Prevention:  vaccines  available,  very  effective  +  hygiene!!    
 
Glasser’s  Disease         "  Haemophilus  parasuis  
  Commensal  organism  of  URT  #  fibrinous  polyserositis,  arthritis,  
meningitis  
  Sudden  onset,  short  course,  high  morbidity  and  mortality  
  Young  animals  (4-­‐8  weeks)  
I. Peracute:   Death  
II. Acute:     Fever,  swollen  joints,  CNS  signs,  coughing,  
abdominal  effort  when  breathing  +  polyserosits  (arthritis,  
pleuritis)  
III. Chronic:   Firbin,  decreased  growth  rate  +  polyserosits  
(arthritis,  pleuritis)  
Dx:     PCR  
  Necropsy  –  bacterial  swab  

  1  
Tx:     Give  antibiotics  to  everyone  
   
Mycoplasma  hyorhinis  
  Infectious  arthritis,  very  young  to  old  potbelly  pigs  
  Lameness  with/without  joint  swelling  in  one  or  more  limbs  
  Tx:  early,  antimicrobial  (lincomycin)    
  DDx:  E.  rhusiopathiae,  Strep,  M.  hyosynoviae,  Staph,  Haemophilus  
parasuis  
 
Mycoplasma  hyosynoviae    
  Mixing  and  moving  groups,  overcrowding,  cold,  drafty  barns    
  URT  or  sows  and  older  pigs  #  4-­‐8  week  old  piglets  (maternal  atb  
wane)           low-­‐moderate  morbidity,  low  mortality  
  GROWER/FINISHER:  acute  lameness,  pain  in  major  joints  (elbows,  
stifles,  hocks)  with  soft,  fluctuant  swellings  
  Dx:  onset  of  dz  +  CS,  lameness  in  1  or  more  leg  
    NO  signs  of  resp  dz    
    Sample  joint  fluid  for  Dfx    
  Tx:  Good  –  tylosin  and  lincomycin    
 
DIARRHEA  
Colibacillosis/Edema  disease  
  Hemolytic  Escherichia  coli  produce  F18  pili  and  shiga  toxin  2e,  
nursery  pigs  (1-­‐2  weeks  after  weaning,  usually  the  ‘healthiest’)  
  Edema  of  submucosa  of  stomach  and  mesocolon  
  Contaminated  environment  or  the  sow  
  Stx2e:  inhibits  protein  synthesis  (cell  death),  targets  vascular  
endothelium  #  edema,  haemorrhage,  intravascular  coagulation,  
microthrombosis    
  CS:     CNS  –  ataxia,  paralysis,  recumbency    
    Morbidity  30-­‐40%,  Mortality  ~90%  
    Edema:  periocular  edema,  swelling  forehead  &  submandibular  
  Dx:     CS  +  well  conditioned  recently  weaned  pigs    
    Culture  of  SI  and  colon    
    PCR  
  Tx:  difficult  due  to  rapid  onset;  use  antibiotics  on  C&S  to  protect  rest  
of  the  herd  
  Prevention:  high  fiber,  low  protein  diet,  reduce  amt  food  given    
      Vaccination    

  2  
 
Clostridium  perfringens         1-­‐7  days  old  (2-­‐10  days)  
  Type  C  
  Bloody  diarrhea,  necrotic  enteritis  
  HIGH  mortality  (~100%),  sudden  death  
 
TGE  =  transmissible  gastroenteritis        <3  weeks  most  affected;  all  ages  
  Profuse,  watery  diarrhea  
  Vomiting  
  Increased  mortality  in  young  piglets  
 
Salmonella  
  Salmonella  choleraesuis,  Salmonella  typhimurium    
  Inflammation  and  necrosis  of  SI  and  LI  #  diarrhea,  generalized  sepsis  
  S.  choleraesuis:  hepatitis,  pneumonia,  cerebral  vasculitis    
  S.  typhimurium:   necrotizing,  nonsuppurative  inflammative  (ileum,  
cecum  and  colon),  often  ulcerative;    yellow,  button  ulcers  in  colon,  cecum  
  NURSING:  diarrhea,  usually  generalized  septicaemia  
  WEANLING/GROWERS:  liquid  yellow-­‐brown  feces  +/-­‐  necrotic  debris  
  Dx:  culture  feces  or  intestinal  mucosa  
  DDx:       proliferative  enteritis     swine  dysentery  
  Tx:  antibiotics  (neomycin,  etc  in  water)    
 
Parasites    
Coccidia             7-­‐10  days  (5-­‐15  days)  
    Isospora  suis  
    Poor  hygiene  +  concrete  floors  
Ascarids             Grower/Older  
    Ascaris  suum  
    Milkspot  liver  
    Tx:     ivermectin  
Trichuris           Grower/Older  
  Hemorrhagic,  mucoid  diarrhea  
 
Rotavirus             5  days  –  3  weeks  (1-­‐5  week)  
  Poorly  digested  feed,  low  mortality  
  White/yellow  diarrhea  
 

  3  
Swine  dysentery  
  Brachyspira  hyodysenteriae  
  Hemorrhagic  diarrhea  
   
Proliferative  ileitis  
  Lawsonia  intracellularis  
  CS:   Thickened  terminal  ileum,  fibronecrotic    
 
Trichinellosis  
  Trichinella  spiralis  
  CS  –  none  in  pigs       REPORTABLE,  ZOONOTIC    
  Hx:  cannibalism,  eating  wildlife/raw  meat  #  larvae  encyst  in  m.  #  
humans  eat  
  “carnivores  eating  carnivores”    
  Human  symptoms:  hives,  facial  edema,  diarrhea,  fever,  weakness,  
myalgia  
  Dx:  histopath,  ELIZA    
  Prevention:  rodent  management,  cook  any  garbage  fed  to  pigs  
 
 
REPRODUCTION  
Zearalenone  
  Mycotoxin  
  1.  Weaned  &  prepubertal  gilts  
    hyperemic/enlarged  vulva  
    enlarged  uterus  &  mammary  
    prolapsed  uterus  
  2.  Mature  sows  
    pseudopregnancy  
    EEM    
  3.  Boars  
    infertility    
fusarium  graminearum  #  mycotoxin  (hyperestrogenism)  #  inhibits  FSH  
  Dx:  CS,  feed  analysis     R/O:  repro  issues  
  Tx:     stop  feed!     Resolves  in  1-­‐4  weeks  
    PGF2a  to  lyse  CL  and  resolve  anestrus  
 
Porcine  parvovirus  
  Most  common  cause  of  infertility  

  4  
CS:     Increase  mummified  fetuses,  small  litter  size  
  Increase  return  to  estrus,  dec  farrowing  rate,  +/-­‐  abortion    
Dx:     1)  PM-­‐aborted  fetuses:  IFA  to  ID  antigen  in  lungs  
          Virus  isolation  (rare)    
  2)  Serology  (sows):  most  are  positive  (exposed),  paired  titres;  
negative  can  R/O  disease!    
Tx:     none  
Prevention:     vaccinate  all  breeding  stock  
 
Porcine  circovirus  
  CS:   1.  PCV2-­‐SP  =  PMWD      
“post  weaning  multisystemic  wasting  syndrome”  
8-­‐18  weeks,  weight  loss,  decreased  weight  gain,  growth  
retardation,  icterus,  rough  haircoat  
    2.  Pneumonia  
    3.  Porcine  dermatitis  +  nephropathy  syndrome  (DDx:  CSF/ASF)  
  Dx:   Histopath:  lymphoid  depletion  
    Serology:   useless,  virus  ubiquitous  
  Tx:  None  
  Prevention:  vaccination  (very  effective!)  
      Decrease  stress,  biosecurity,  sanitation  
 
 
PETICHIAE  +  FEVER  
Classical  swine  fever       “Hog  Chloera”  
  RNA  pestivirus,  ALL  age  groups  
  CS:   pyrexia,  lethargy,  vomiting,  yellow  diarrhea  
    Vasculitis:  purple/erythema  of  ears,  abdominal,  extremities  
    “Turkey  egg”  kidney  
    Ataxia;  poor  reproductive  performance  
  Dx:   1.  Virus  isolation  (tonsils,  LN,  spleen,  kidney,  ileum,  blood)  
    2.  RT-­‐PCR  (nasal  swab/tonsil  scraping)  
    3.  Serology  
    4.  Necropsy:  “turkey  egg”  kidney  
  Tx:   NONE  
  Prognosis:   Poor,  cull  +  quarantine  
  Reportable,  eradicated  in  US  1976  
  DDx:     ASF  (indisguishable,  all  same  signs)  
      Pseudorabies  

  5  
      Sepsis  (ie/  salmonella,  Streptococcus)  
      PCV-­‐2  
 
RESPIRATORY  
Enzootic  pneumonia  
  Mycoplasma  hyopneumoniae  
  CS:   high  morbidity  and  mortality       *windborne  
    Cough,  pneumonia      
    Slow  growth,  feed  inefficiency  
  Dx:   1.  Impression  smear  on  cut  lung  
    2.  Fluorescent  antibody  
    3.  PCR  –  nasal/bronchial  swab  
    4.  Culture  –  fastidious,  hard  to  grow  
    5.  Herd  serology  –  difficult  to  interpret  
  Tx:  antibiotics  
  Prevention:     vaccinate  sows  before  farrowing  
        Improve  ventilation,  decrease  overcrowding  
        All-­‐in-­‐all-­‐out,  biosecurity  
        Most  disinfectants  effective  
 
Atrophic  rhinitis  
  Bordetella  bronchiseptica,  Pasteurella  multocida  
  CS:   sneezing,  coughing,  epistaxis  
    Blocked  tear  ducts  +  staining  
    Impaired  growth  
      1.  ACUTE:   3-­‐6  weeks  
      2.  CHRONIC:   snout  laterally  deviated  
  Dx:     Culture/PCR  –  nasal  swabs  
  Tx:   None  
  Prevention:    vaccinate  sows  before  farrowing,  piglets  1-­‐4  wks  
 
Porcine  Reproductive  and  Respiratory  Syndrome  
  RNA  Arterivirus,  affinity  for  alveolar  MOs  
  CS:     BREEDING  –  anorexia,  fever,  lethargy,  depression  
-­‐ mild  cyanosis  of  ears,  abdomen,  vulva  
-­‐ decrease/premature  farrowing,  late  abortion  
-­‐ stillborns,  mummified  fetuses  
-­‐ dyspneic  piglets  

  6  
WEANERS  –  fever,  depression,  lethargy  
-­‐ stunded  
-­‐ pneumonia,  sneezing,  dyspnea  
-­‐ Increased  post-­‐weaning  mortality  rate  
Dx:     ELISA  (+  only  shows  exposure)  
  Virus  isolation  
    PCR,  IHC  
    Necropsy  #  pleuritis,  pericarditis,  decreased  #s  alveolar  MOs  
  Tx:  none  
  Prevention:  None,  pigs  gain  immunity  >60  days  
 
QUICK  BACTERIOLOGY  
• Actinobaculum  suis:      
o UTI  in  sows,  normal  flora  in  boars  
• Yersinia  enterocolitica:  
o Tonsils  of  pigs  
o Causes  enteritis  in  humans  
• Erysipelothrix  rhusiopathiae:  
o Diamond  skin  dz,  chronic  arthritis,  endocarditis    
o ZOONOTIC,  can  cause  dz  in  turkeys  
o Tx:  penicillin  
• Mycobacterium  avium    
o Tuberculosis    
o Granulomatous  inflammation  
• Actinobacillus  pleuropneumoniae  
o Contagious  porcine  pleuropneumonia  
o Fibrinous  pleuritis/pneumonia,  <6  months  old  
o DDx:  erysipelas  (petichiae,  red  skin  lesions)    
• Haemophilus  parasuis  
o “Glasser’s  Dz”  
o POLYSEROSITIS  
o YOUNG:     Septicaemia     OLDER:     arthritis  
o Normal  flora  
o Vaccinate  breeding  sows  and  piglets  (~3  weeks)  
• Mycoplasma  hyopneumoniae  
o Enzootic  pneumonia  
o Grower/finishers     High  morbidity,  low  mortality    

  7  

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