GROUP 3B MEMBERS

1. HAJARA ABUBAKAR SULAIMAN GNP1/543/24/004

2. MARYAM MUSA UMAR GNP1/486/24/020
3. AISHA SULAIMAN SALEH GNP1/224/24/043
4. FATIMA GARBA USMAN GNP1/693/24/011
5. IBRAHIM YUSUF GNP1/790/24/018
 PERSONAL HYGIENE

Personal hygiene refers to the the practices and habits that help maintain cleanliness and
grooming of the body promoting physical and mental well-being.

Environmental hygiene refers to the practic and measures taken to maintain a clean and healthy
environment, preventing the spread of diseases and promoting public health.

STAGES OF PERSONAL HYGIENE

Stage 1: Infancy (0 – 1 year).

 Bathing, diaper changing, umbilical cord care.

 Oral care (cleaning gum and teeth)

Stage 2: Toddlerhood (1-3 years)

 Bathing, shampooing and washing hands and face.

 Brushing teeth and cleaning nails

Stage 3: Early childhood (4-6 years)

 Developing habit of regular bathing, shampooing and hand washing

 Learning to brush teeth and use the toilet

Stage 4: Late childhood (7-12 years)

 Practicing good hygiene habits, including showering, using deodorant, and brushing hair
 Learning to shave and use hygiene products.

Stage 5: Adolescence (13-19 years)

 Developing personal hygiene routines, including daily showering and using hygiene
products
 Learning to manage acne, body odour, and menstruation for females

Stage 6: Adulthood (20+ years)

 Maintaining good hygiene habits, including regular bathing, oral care and nail care.
  Practicing good hygiene during menstruation (for female) and managing menopause
symptoms (for females).

GENERAL HYGIENE PRACTICES

Encompass a variety of habits and behaviours that contributes to overall cleanliness, health, well-
being. Here are some additional details on key aspects of general hygiene:

1. Hand washing
 Hand washing: Proper hand washing is crucial to prevent the spread of infectious
diseases. Use soap and water, rubbing hand together for at least 20 seconds, covering
all surfaces (back of hand, between fingers, under nails), and rinse thoroughly. Dry
hands with a clean towel or air dry.
 Hand sanitizer: Alcohol-based hand sanitizer (with at least 60% alcohol) are effective
when soap and water are not available. Apply enough sanitizer to cover all surface of
your hand and rub together until dry.
 Time to wash hands: Always wash hands before preparing or eating food, after using
the restroom, after coughing or sneezing, and touching animals, or animal waste and
after handling garbage
2. Respiratory hygiene
 Covering coughs and sneeze: Use a tissue to cover your mouth and nose when
coughing or sneezing, dispose of used tissues immediately and wash hands
afterwards. If a tissue is not available, cough or sneeze into your elbow rather than
your hands.
 Mask usage: In situations where respiratory infectious diseases are prevalent (e.g
during flu season or outbreak) wearing masks can help reduce the spread of
respiratory droplets.
3. Food hygiene
 Safe food handling: wash hands thoroughly before handling food. Keep raw meat
separate from other foods to prevent cross-contamination. Cook food to the proper
temperature to kill bacteria. Refrigerate leftover promptly.
  Kitchen hygiene: Clean kitchen surfaces; cutting board and utensils with hot
soapy water after preparing each food item. Replace sponges and dishcloths
regularly or sanitize them by microwaving damp sponges for 1-2 minutes.
4. Environmental hygiene
 Cleaning surfaces: Regularly clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces such
as doorknobs, light switches, countertops and phones. Use household cleaners or a
solution of bleach and water (1 part of bleach to 9 parts waters) for disinfection.
 Air quality: Maintain good ventilation in indoor space to reduce the concentration
of airborne contaminants. Use air purifiers or open windows when possible, to
improve air circulation.
5. Personal health practices
 Sleep and rest: getting adequate sleep supports overall immune function and
physical well-being.
 Physical activity: Regular exercise helps maintain healthy immune system and
reduces stress.
 Stress management: chronic stress can weaken the immune system, practice
relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, medication or yoga.
6. Personal items and hygiene products
 Sharing personal items: Avoid sharing items such as razor, towels, or personal
care products that may harbour bacteria or viruses.
 Cleaning personal items: Clean and replace personal hygiene items regularly, such
as toothbrush, combs and makeup brushes.
7. Hygiene during travel
 Water and food safety: Be cautious of consuming food water in regions with poor
sanitation. Use bottle water for drinking and brushing teeth if necessary.
 Hand hygiene: Carry hand sanitizer for situations where soap and wate are not
readily available, especially when travelling by public transport.
8. Health monitoring
 Vaccination: Stay up-to-date with vaccinations to prevent infectious diseases
 Regular health check-ups: Schedule regular visits with healthcare providers for
preventive care and early detection of health issues
 9. Schools and educational institutions
 Hygiene education: teach and reinforce good hygiene practices among students,
including hand washing, respiratory etiquettes and personal cleanliness.
 Cleaning protocols: ensure that classrooms, play areas, and shared facilities are
cleared to reduce the spread of infections.
10. Healthcare setting
 Infections control: follow strict infection control measures in hospitals and clinic
to prevent health care associated infections
11. Community and social gathering
 Event hygiene: maintain cleanliness at community event, festivals and social
gathering by providing handwashing stations or hand sanitizers, and ensuring
proper waste management.
 Food safety: Practise safe food handling and storage to prevent the spread of
diseases.
12. Emergency preparedness
 Sanitation facilities: Ensure access to clean water, sanitation facilities and hygiene
supplies during emergencies or natural disasters to prevent the spread of diseases.
13. Environmental Responsibility
 Reduce, reuse and recycle: Encourage environmentally friendly practise such as
reducing waste, reusing items where possible, and recycling to minimize
environmental impact maintain cleanliness.

By promoting and practicing good personal hygiene in our environment, we contribute to a

healthier and safer community. It is essential to be proactive in maintaining cleanliness,
educating others about hygiene practices and following guidelines for sanitation and infection
control in various settings.

Here are some comprehensive guides for personal hygiene:

 Head and Scalp: Wash your hair regularly, but not excessively, as over-washing can strip
natural oils. Massaging the scalp gently while shampooing helps improve circulation and
removes dead skin cells. This can prevent dandruff and promote healthier hair growth
  Ears: Use a damp washcloth or a cotton swab to clean the outer part of the ears. Avoid
inserting anything into the ear canal to prevent damage or pushing wax deeper inside.
 Teeth and gums
 Brushing: Brush at least twice daily for 2 months each time, using fluoride
toothpaste and a soft bristled toothbrush.
 Flossing: Floss once a day to remove plaque and bris from between teeth and
along the gum line.
 Mouthwash: Use mouthwash to freshen breath and help reduce bacteria, if
recommended by your dentist.

Oral care

The most used and popular mode of oral care is the use of a toothbrush and a toothpaste.
Traditionally, man is known to use twigs from trees as chewing sticks. These twigs contain a lot
of phytochemicals that works similarly to the toothpaste in terms of ensuring a healthy oral
cavity. In some traditions, charcoals are known to be used as teeth whitening agent.

Toothpastes are identified with colour stripes found on their package, i.e;

 Blue: Natural + Medicinal

 Green: all natural
 Red: Natural + Chemical
 Black: All chemical

Toothbrushes used together with toothpaste vary in term of texture of the bristles. It can be hard,
medium or soft bristles. The choice of the texture depends on the condition of the teeth. It is
further advised not to use to use one toothbrush for more than 3 months.

 Face: wash your face with lukewarm water and a gentle cleanser, especially in the
morning and before going to bed. This removes dirt, oil and makeup without stripping
natural oils.

UPPER BODY

 Hands: wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds,
especially after using the restroom, before eating and after coughing or sneezing.
  Armpits: shower daily and use antiperspirants or deodorant to reduce sweat and odour.
Choose products that are suitable for your skin type and avoid aluminium based
ingredients.
 Nails: Keep nails trimmed and clean. Use a nail brush to remove dirt from under the nails
regularly. Avoid biting your nails to prevent the spread of bacteria.
 Chest and Back: Shower daily especially after sweating or engaging in physical activity.
Use a mild soap or body wash to cleanse your skin and prevent body odour.

LOWER BODY

 Genital area: Wash the genital area daily with water, use mild, unscented soap or douches,
as they can disrupt the natural pH balance and cause irritation.
 Feet: Wash your feet daily with soap and water, especially between the toes where
bacteria and fungi can thrive. Dry your feet thoroughly, especially between the toes to
prevent athlete’s foot and other infections
 Legs: Shower daily paying attention to areas where sweat and bacteria can accumulate
such as the groin and under the knees. Pat your skin dry with a clean towel after
showering.

MAINTAINING GOOD PERSONAL HYGIENE

It involves establishing regular habits and routines that promote cleanliness and overall health.
Here are some essential tips for maintaining personal hygiene:

 Daily showering: Shower daily to cleanse the body of sweat, dirt and bacteria. Use warm
water and a mild soap or body wash suitable for your skin type.
 Hand hygiene: wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds,
especially after using the restroom, before eating, and after coughing, sneezing or
touching surfaces in public places.
 Dental care: Brush your teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste. Floss daily to
remove food particles and plaques from between teeth and gumline.
 Facial care: wash your face twice daily with a gentle cleaner to remove dirt, oil, and
makeup. Moisturize if needed and apply sunscreen to protect against UV rays
 Nails and foot care: keep nails clean and remove dirt from under the nails regularly. Wash
and dry your feet daily, especially between the toes to prevent fungal infections.
 Clothing and laundry: wear clean clothes and under-garments daily. Wash clothes, towels,
and beddings regularly in hot water to remove dirt, sweat, and bacteria.
 Genital and anal hygiene: wash the genital and anal area daily with water and mild soap.
Wipe from front to back after using the restroom to prevent spread of bacteria.
 Deodorant and antiperspirants: use deodorant or antiperspirants to control body odour
and reduce sweat production, especially in areas prone to sweating like the armpits.
 Healthy habits: maintain a balanced diet, stay hydrated, exercise regularly, and get
enough sleep. These habits support overall health, which contributes to maintaining good
personal hygiene.
 Environmental hygiene: keep your living space by regularly dusting, vacuuming and
disinfecting surfaces. Pay attention to frequently touched surfaces like doorknobs, light
switches and countertops.
 Hair removal: shaving or trimming body hair as desired, using appropriate methods and
tools to prevent irritation or infection
 General hygiene practices: Avoid sharing personal sharing personal items like towels,
razors, toothbrushes. Maintain a healthy diet and drink plenty of water to support overall
skin and body health.

By practicing good personal hygiene from head to toe, you can feel clean, confident and
maintain optimal health.

IMPORTANCE OF PERSONAL HYGIENE

1. It prevents body odour by removing some of the bacteria on your skin

2. Cleanliness: it means being careful not to cough or sneeze on others, cleaning things that
you touch if you are unwell
3. Increases energy and productivity
4. It also helps to protect you from getting infections such as cold and covid-19
5. It helps prevent you from spreading diseases to other people.