UNIT 4: TRENDS

● TALK ABOUT FASHION TRENDS

The 2010s saw the rise of athleisure, blending athletic and casual wear into everyday
fashion.

● Key Features:
○ Leggings and yoga pants became wardrobe staples.
○ Sweatshirts, hoodies, and sneakers were styled for both fitness and casual
outings.
○ High-tech fabrics offering comfort and performance, such as moisture-wicking
materials.
○ Popularized by brands like Nike, Lululemon, and Adidas, as well as celebrities
embracing sporty looks.
● Cultural Impact:
Athleisure reflected a focus on health, wellness, and comfort, bridging the gap
between fitness culture and streetwear.

● TALK ABOUT FASHION ON DEMAND: WHAT’S IN STYLE? (P 53)

• Most influencers are regular people with a unique and interesting style.
• Millions of people follow influencers on social media to learn about popular clothing brands.
• “I follow Lois Opoku,” says one Instagram user, “because she’s very stylish. She looks
great in anything—an expensive jacket or an inexpensive pair of casual jeans. When
something looks good on her, it usually suits me, too. So I buy it.”

● TALK ABOUT THE FACTS ABOUT FAST FASHION (P 54-55)

Fast fashion brands like Zara and H&M sell trendy clothes cheaply, leading to a rise in
clothing consumption. Americans throw away over eight million tons of clothes annually,
causing environmental harm, as making and discarding items like cotton T-shirts wastes
water and pollutes. Some brands are starting to recycle used clothes, a small but positive
step toward reducing waste.

● GIVE ADVICE ON WHAT CLOTHES TO WEAR FOR DIFFERENT EVENTS

For school or work, I usually wear casual clothes.

It’s important for clothes to be comfortable and stylish.
My two favorite clothing items are my blue pants and my pair of boots. They suit me.
I look good in these colors such as terracota, black, pink and turquoise.
My two favorite brands or clothing stores are H&M and Zara.
I trip from my house to my university every day, so I wear casual sneakers for the commute,
a pair of blue jeans, basic sweater and t-shirt. On the weekend I like to wear very pretty for
go to have snack to the lakeside, such as leather pants and shiny jeans jacket.
 UNIT 5: OUT AND ABOUT

● ERRANDS AND CHORES – TO-DO LISTS!

CHORES

➢ Take out the rubbish

➢ Clean the windows
➢ Work the garden
➢ Water the plants / grass
➢ Fold the laundry
➢ Wash the dishes
➢ Sweep the floor
➢ Feed the cat
➢ Dusting
➢ Vacuum
➢ Do the laundry

ERRANDS

➢ Going to the post office

➢ Go grocery shopping
➢ Drop off you children at school in the morning
➢ Pick up you children at school in the afternoon

● YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD (P67) OR A CITY (P 72)

Is your neighborhood walkable? In a walkable neighborhood:

a. It’s easy to get around the city on foot because sidewalks are in good condition.
b. It’s safe for pedestrians to cross the street because there isn’t a lot of traffic.
c. There are bike lanes so cyclists can ride safely.
d. It’s easy to get to other parts of the city by bus or subway.

I live in a city called Villa Carlos Paz . I like living here for three reasons. First, my
neighborhood is walkable because it’s easy to get around by motorbike . I can go anywhere
in the city, and I don’t need transportation . It is also a very complete neighborhood that has
a lot of trees . I can walk to the supermarket or my favorite cafe in 15 min . There’s also a
beautiful park that’s a great place to enjoy with friends. And finally, I live on a busy street
that’s noisy during the day, but at night it’s quiet ; I like that.
● MAKE AN APPOINTMENT ON THE PHONE

Martina: Hello, Metro Salon. This is Martina.

Minh: Yeah, hi. I’d like to make an appointment for a haircut on Friday. Is Carlos working that
day?
Martina: I can help you with that! Let’s see . . . Yes, Carlos is available on Friday. Can you
come in at 10:30?
Minh: No, that time isn’t good for me. Do you have anything later in the day?
Martina: Let me check. OK, how 's 4:15?
Minh: That’s perfect.
Martina: Great. Now, I just need to get your name.
Minh: It’s Minh Nguyen.
Martina: Could you spell your last name for me, please?
Minh: Sure, it’s N-G-U-Y-E-N.

● FLYING TO WORK (P68-69)

La Paz, Bolivia, is a city with steep streets and heavy traffic, making travel difficult. Nearby El
Alto is even higher, and commuting by bus between the cities is cheap but crowded and
slow, taking about an hour.

Mi Teleférico, a high-altitude cable car system, offers a faster, more peaceful option. For
three bolivianos, passengers can travel between the cities in 10–15 minutes, enjoying scenic
views. Built by Austrian company Doppelmayr, the system is eco-friendly, self-sustaining,
and more practical than a subway or train. It has improved commuting for locals and made
tourism easier, becoming a popular and efficient transport option.

UNIT 6: GOALS
● APPLYING TO COLLEGE – VOCABULARY (P 76)

If you plan to go to college after high school, there are a lot of great choices out there. If you
do your research well, you’ll be fine! Make the right choice by following these instructions:
• Look at different college websites. Consider questions like: Where is the school located?
How big are the classes?
• If you intend to visit a school, arrange a time to watch some classes and meet some of the
students. Find out what they think.
• Ask your high school teachers to write letters of recommendation for you.
• Decide which schools to apply to and send your applications in on time.
• Most schools will give you their decision within a few months. Good luck!

● PLANS AND DECISIONS (BE GOING TO)

❖ I am going to visit my parents next year.
❖ I am going to learn a new language like Japanese.
❖ I am going to lose weight and do exercise twice a week.
❖ I am going to finish my career in many years.
❖ I am going to build my house next year.
❖ I am going to play Hockey next year, because it's my favorite sport
❖ I am going to buy my first car next year
● PREDICTIONS AND ON-THE-SPOT DECISIONS (WILL)
★ I'll go walking! It's a beautiful day
★
★
★
● MY LIFE NOW AND IN THE FUTURE
● LIFE’S ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS (P 82-83)

In a Harvard graduation speech, James Ryan discussed key questions that can guide us in
life. For example:

Imagine you have a part-time, unpaid internship, and your boss offers you a low-paying
full-time job. Excited but unsure how to support yourself, you seek advice from a friend. They
listen and ask, “How can I help?”

Ryan emphasizes that asking meaningful questions, like "How can I help?" or "Wait, what?"
can lead to better decisions and improve both our lives and others'.

● CONDITIONAL TYPE 1 (To talk about possible situations in the present)

IF + S + Simple Present , + S + Will Verb-Inf
Can Verb-Inf
➔ If i study , I will pass the test / If i don't study, I won't pass the test

S + Will Verb- inf + IF + S + Simple Present

Can Verb-Inf

➔ Mary will gain weight If she doesn´t stop eat a lot of chocolates

UNIT 7: CELEBRATIONS

● TYPES OF PARTIES AND ACTIVITIES

➢ Birthday Party / Costume Party
➢ Christmas Party / New Year Party
➢ Halloween Party / Graduation Party
➢ Easter / Thanksgiving
➢ Valentine´s Day / Children´s Day
➢ Mother's Day / Bachelorette
➢ Father's Day / Bachelor Party

★ Dance - Gifts
★ Take Photos - Play Games
● FESTIVALS AND HOLIDAYS

Festivals and holidays are special occasions that bring people together to celebrate culture,
traditions, or historical events. They vary widely across the world and can include religious,
seasonal, or national themes. Here are some examples:

● Cultural Festivals: Holi in India and the Orange Festival in Italy celebrate
mythological and historical events with unique customs like throwing colors or
oranges.
● Religious Holidays: Christmas, Eid, and Diwali honor spiritual traditions with
prayers, feasts, and gatherings.
● National Holidays: Independence Day or Bastille Day commemorate a country’s
history and achievements with parades and fireworks.
● Seasonal Festivals: Thanksgiving and harvest festivals mark changes in the
seasons with gratitude and feasting.
● Each celebration reflects the values, beliefs, and creativity of its community.

● THE SUPER BOWL (P 92)

1. The Super Bowl is the championship game for American football in the US.
2. It is currently held on the first Sunday in February.
3. More than two hundred million people watch it every year.
4. Not all of the viewers are football fans. Many watch to see the commercials.
5. There is a big halftime show with famous singers

● GET READY TO GET MESSY (P 98-99)

The Orange Festival

Held in Ivrea, Italy, every February, this 900-year-old festival celebrates the story of Violetta,
who freed the town from an evil leader. Participants reenact the historic fight by throwing
oranges instead of rocks. Teams represent either freedom fighters or soldiers, while
spectators wear red hats to avoid being hit.

The Festival of Color (Holi)

Celebrated in India each spring, usually in March, Holi lasts at least two days. It
commemorates the myth of Prahlad, a good man who survived an evil woman’s attempt to
burn him. Both festivals honor triumphs of good over evil.

● THE INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL OF THE SAHARA (P 97)

The International Festival of the Sahara takes place in December for four days in Douz, a
town in Tunisia near the Sahara Desert. Thousands of people gather to celebrate the
traditions of the desert people.
Events
• Watch people compete in games to win prizes. Be sure to see one of the horse or camel
races.
• Love words? Don’t miss the festival’s poetry competition.
• Local musicians and DJs from around the world perform every night.
• Participate in activities outside of Douz. Visit the dunes (large sand hills) for sand skiing.
● YOUR OWN FESTIVAL OR HOLIDAY (Mardi Gras)
Mardi Gras, or "Fat Tuesday," is a famous festival in New Orleans celebrated with parades,
music, and vibrant costumes. It marks the last day of Carnival season, leading up to Lent in
the Christian calendar. The festivities include elaborate floats, bead-throwing, and traditional
foods like King Cake. Known for its lively atmosphere, Mardi Gras attracts visitors from
around the world to experience its unique blend of culture, tradition, and celebration.

UNIT 8: STORYTELLING
● TELLING A STORY
TYPES OF STORIES
- HORROR
- FAIRY TALES
- GHOSTS
- LEGENDS / URBAN LEGENDS
- LOVE
- MADE-UP
- FABLES

● LIFE OF PI (P 106)

Good movies need good stories, so many are based on famous fiction. For example, Life
of Pi is a best-selling book by the author Yann Martel. It tells the story of a young man
named Pi and his family. They own a zoo and move their animals from India to Canada. But
on the journey, the ship sinks, and only the main character survives on a small boat with a
tiger. The film director Ang Lee made a Life of Pi movie, and like the book, the story is
unpredictable and a lot of it takes place at sea on the small boat. The movie is exciting to
watch, and the special effects are very realistic. Sometimes, when a movie is based on a
book, the story needs to change so the movie is easy to follow. But when Yann Martel saw
Life of Pi, he liked it because the movie was fairly similar to the book.

● MODERN FAIRY TALES (P 111)

Every country has its own fairy tales. They are traditional stories for children, but
sometimes adults read them, too. Often, they are set in ancient places with castles and
forests, and they tell stories about characters such as lost children, talking animals, or
people with magic. Some of the most famous fairy tales, such as Cinderella or Sleeping
Beauty, have become films. Today, modern fairy tales like Harry Potter and Star Wars have
new characters and take place in space and other new places. Whether old or modern, in
most fairy tales . . .
• There is a good character and an evil character.
• The good character is often clever and brave.
• The good character has a difficult challenge but always succeeds.
• Incredible things happen (e.g., animals talk, people have special powers).
• The good character discovers something important about life and the story ends happily
● THE CINDERELLA STORY (P112-113)

The Cinderella story is a timeless tale found in many cultures with variations. It tells of a kind
girl mistreated by her stepmother and stepsisters, who, with magical help, goes to a party,
meets a prince, and leaves behind a glass slipper, leading to her happy ending.

In different countries, the story changes: in Africa, there’s one stepsister; in the Philippines, a
forest spirit helps; in the Middle East, Cinderella attends a New Year’s party; and in Ireland,
the main character is a boy named Becan.

Modern retellings also adapt the tale. For example, Cindy Ella, a Los Angeles student, faces
challenges at school but finds support and romance.

Cinderella’s universal appeal lies in its romance, the triumph of a kind character over
hardships, and its hopeful message that struggles can lead to success.

● ADVERBS
➔ Cinderella smiled shyly at the prince
➔ He opened the door quietly.
➔ She answered the question correctly.
➔ He studied hard for the exam.
➔ They didn’t do well in school (don't use good)
● PAST CONTINUOUS VS SIMPLE PAST
● A SERIES / A MOVIE (VOCABULARY)
My favorite movies are Harry Potter. These movies are based on 8 books.
The author is J.K Rowling and the film directors are Chris Columbus (1-2), Alfonso Cuaron
(3), Mike Newell (4) and David Yates (5-8).
The main characters are the golden trio: Harry Potter, performed by Daniel Radcliffe,
Hermione Granger, performed by Emma Watson and Ronald Weasley, performed by
Rupert Grind.
The story is unpredictable and a lot of it takes place in the Hogwarts Castle.
The story is about a wizard named Harry, he has special power, he has an enemy named
Voldemort, who wanted to kill him when Harry was a baby.
The story is easy to follow, unpredictable and unrealistic.

UNIT 9: WORK
● JOB QUALITIES FOR DIFFERENT JOBS (YOUR IDEAL JOB)

I'm a civil Engineer. I build bridges, houses, roads and hydraulic compressors. I have to be
responsible and accurate to do this job. Each day is different, so I have to be flexible, too.
I start working at 7:30 am. I'm a punctual person, so the early start isn't a problem.
I work independently because I don't have a boss.
I work with other engineers and architects, my colleagues and I are knowledgeable about
construction problems.
Our team is very creative, personable and cautious with each project. We are very efficient
and we love our job.
● JOB QUALITIES: A PARAMEDIC (P120)
I’m a paramedic. I give medical help in an emergency. You have to be responsible to do this
job. Each day is different, so you have to be flexible, too. I report to work at 5:30 am. I’m a
punctual person, so the early start isn’t a problem. Some people work independently, but
not me. I’m part of a team that includes a driver and another paramedic. The driver knows
the most efficient ways to get around, and my colleague and I are knowledgeable about
medical problems. Our team tries to approach people in a personable way, even if they are
confused or angry. And when people are injured, we are cautious when moving them into
the ambulance. I think I’m pretty adventurous, and this job is good for someone who isn’t
afraid of new experiences. People also say I’m courageous to face these difficult situations.
I say I’m just doing my job

● DREAM JOBS (P 125)

In 2008, Emily Ashe met renowned marine biologist Dr. Tierney Thys on a National
Geographic cruise to Mexico. Inspired by Tierney’s passion for ocean sunfish and her work,
Emily decided to pursue marine biology. Although the job can be demanding and low-paying,
marine biologists find it rewarding to educate others about the ocean. Over a decade later,
Emily graduated from Eckerd College with a marine science degree and hopes to teach
others about marine ecosystems, following in Tierney’s footsteps.

● PRESENT PERFECT – FOR /SINCE

S + Have / Haven´t + Verb 3rd C
Has / Hasn´t + Verb 3rd C

FOR : to talk about duration / for 3 years / for a long time

➔ I've studied English for 2 years
SINCE : a point in time / since I was young / since september
➔ Lucy has lived in VCP since 2010

● CONDITIONAL TYPE 2 ( to talk about impossible and unreal situation in the present)

IF + S + Simple Past , S + Would + Verb-inf

➔ If had money, I would buy a Ferrari

S + Would + Verb-inf + IF + S + Simple Past

➔ I would go for a walk if i didn't have so much homework to do

UNIT 10: STAY IN TOUCH

● USING THE CELLPHONE: OPINIONS
● PHONE DATA (P 136)
In a survey of teenagers (ages 13–17) with phones, nearly 100% said their phone is their
favorite way to pass time and to stay in touch with other people. They love it so much that
over three quarters of them check their messages as soon as they wake up. A different
survey found that, for adults, phones are important for work, with around half of them
making video calls and attending virtual meetings on their phones. Both teens and adults
said they feel anxious when their phones are on silent—or worse still—when they don’t
have a signal!
● WHAT DO YOU USE FOR PHONE FOR?
The three most important things I use my phone are study, learn programer code and
English and stay in touch with my friends and family.

● ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PHONES

ADVANTAGES
- MANY THINGS IN ONLY ONE DEVICE
- EASY TO USE -
- FRIENDLY APPS: SOCIAL NETS, PAY BILLS, HOMEBANKING, SCANNERS, GAMES
- COMMUNICATION ALL AROUND THE WORLD
- KEEP IN TOUCH WITH FRIENDS AND FAMILY
- CAMERA – TAKE PICS IN EVERY EVENT.
- RECEIVE NEWS/ EMAILS / IMPORTANT INFO
- USE THE INTERNET – GOOGLE INFORMATION
- EASY TO CARRY – COMFORTABLE, PRACTICAL, A GREAT TOOL.
- HAVE ALL PERSONAL DATA THERE
- USEFUL FOR WORK / STUDY
- LANTERN

DISADVANTAGES
- YOU BECOME ADDICTED TO YOUR PHONE
- VERY EXPENSIVE
- BAD FOR YOUR EYES
- LOW BATTERY
- DON’T LIVE LONG
- TAKE YOUR FAMILY TIME – SPEAKING -
- SOME PHONES HAVE A SMALL SCREENS
- FRAGILE – EASY TO BREAK
- THEY WORK WITH WAVES AND THAT IS HARMFUL AND DANGEROUS FOR HUMANS
- PAIN ON THE NECK AND HANDS
- HEADACHES
- DISTRACTING

● FORMAL AND INFORMAL PHONE CONVERSATIONS (P 138)

Hana: Hello?
Martin: - Hi. Is Kurt there?
- Could I speak to Kurt, please? [formal]

Hana: - Who’s calling?

- May I ask who’s calling? [formal]

Martin: This is Martin.

Hana: - OK, hang on.
- Could you hold for a moment? [formal]

Martin: Sure.
Hana: - Sorry, he’s not in. Can I take a message?
- Would you like to leave a message? [formal]

Martin: No, thanks. I’ll call back later

● VERBS + TO INF - VERBS + ING

● HAVE SMARTPHONES CHANGED OUR LIVES FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE? (P

142)
Smartphones have transformed how we live, allowing people to make calls, check emails,
use social media, and manage tasks like banking and health tracking. However, these
benefits come with a cost to our mental and social lives. Constant phone checking leads to
distraction, making us less present in the "real" world.
Research shows that phone use can impact our ability to focus. In one study, participants
who kept their phones out of reach performed better on tasks than those with their phones
nearby. Another study found that people who kept their phones on the table during meals felt
more distracted and enjoyed their meals less.
As a result, many are choosing to turn off their phones for longer periods, such as taking
"digital-free weekends." These people report feeling calmer and less stressed.

UNIT 11: TECHNOLOGY

● PAST HABITS: USED TO ( + / - / ? )
● SUFFIXES: -ABLE/ - IBLE / - BLE
● BEFIT ALPHA (P 150)
The new BeFit Alpha is the most advanced fitness tracker at an affordable price.
• It’s made with durable materials and comes with a rechargeable battery.
• The user-friendly screen means it’s practical to use, even on the longest workouts.
• The customizable straps come in a variety of fashionable colors.
BeFit. The most reliable name in wearable technology.

● VOCABULARY (P 155)
We need to get up early, so I’ve set it to go off at 6 am.
Log in with your username and password.
My battery’s run out. Where can I charge it?
Where is it? I hate having to stand up to change the channel!
You can look up the show you want under search, or you can scroll down to see what's
popular now.
I plugged it in in the living room, but it won’t reach the stairs.
Can you load it and switch it on? I need clean clothes for my interview.

● HOW SMART IS YOUR HOME (P 156-157)

In the past, household appliances made life easier, and now many are "smart," collecting
personal data. Kashmir Hill turned her apartment into a smart home, connecting devices like
lights, a coffee maker, and even her bed to the internet. While she enjoyed convenience, the
technology wasn’t always user-friendly, and managing everything required multiple apps.

Meanwhile, her coworker, Surya Mattu, tracked the data sent by these devices. He
discovered they were sharing personal information, like when she woke up and what TV
shows she watched, revealing a lot about her private life.
 UNIT 12: TRAVEL

● TASKS BEFORE A TRIP – PRESENT PERFECT (P 164)

I’ve booked the tickets
I’ve applied for a visa
I’ve downloaded a weather App
I’ve packed a travel adapter
I’ve gotten travel insurance
I’ve checked in online
I’ve exchanged some money
I’ve locked the front door
I’ve watered the plants

● ADVENTURES IN TRAVELLING (P 169)

Hi Sasha,
Have you packed yet? Here’s our itinerary:
6:00 am – Meet at the bus stop on the corner and catch the airport bus. The schedule says that
buses depart every fifteen minutes.
6:30 am – Arrive at terminal B and check luggage.
9:30 am – Start boarding at gate 29. The flight takes off at 10 am, though I got an email saying it
might be delayed by thirty minutes.
See you tomorrow morning!
Kimi.

● TRAVELLING ALONE – GOING SOLO IS THE WAY TO GO! (P 170-171)

More people are choosing to travel alone, with a recent report showing that a quarter of all
travelers plan solo trips, and 84% of them are women. While it may seem scary or boring,
solo travelers often have positive experiences. They enjoy the freedom of planning their own
schedules and choosing flights and accommodations that suit their needs. They also only
have to worry about their own wants and needs while packing and planning.
Solo travelers can engage in activities like learning outdoor sports, staying on a ranch to
learn horseback riding, or even attending "vacation college" to study or volunteer in research
projects. There are also specific tours for women, people over sixty, or singles looking to
meet others. Some trips focus on fine dining, where travelers enjoy sightseeing during the
day and sharing meals at night.
If you haven't thought about solo travel before, it might be a great option for your next
vacation

● TRAVEL EXPERIENCES / LONG WEEKENDS

I have planned a wonderful trip to Camboriú. I have packed my suitcase with essential items
such as clothes, a hat, sunglasses, a travel adapter and comfortable shoes for walking.
I have also included my camera to capture beautiful moments, and a book to read on the
beach. Additionally, I’ve prepared my travel documents and I've bought the plane tickets. I
have researched the best restaurants and attractions to visit.
My mom has agreed to stay at my house while I am away. She has watered the plants and
feeded my cats; I have also informed my neighbors about my trip and I have asked them to
keep an eye on the house.