_ JUNTOR INTER CHEMISTRY — BLUE PRINT Tyes OF 52 spiltyt Page nD Questions} Marks | possibitiy ' 19* “Ibetcs | | 4.| Atomic Structure 8mM_| 3m 8M | t-8 : classificatton of a-t6 2lements ul 3M 8M J “ ns 3M tor) eM, H-26 {© | chemical Hey | 8m Leb Fondling 4 27-32. a States of matter [2+ [om | 244M . : 1 [Stotchiome tap Stumm | ony | 244M [93-34 e i 4m 4am | ym ia chemical equilibyfum Ond_actd § Bases Hydrogen and 244M 6M | OHM [HEH }_1#t'3_Campaund ae a | dlkali and Alkaline {Garth metals Group 1 Clem ents LM aM WM as | 242 tov Ee Group ity elements am | AM | 949m pa . |Envivon ment | sy S49M [am | atom [41-44 13, |Oviganic chemis Y | o49n a. Dtom | am | 94014 [65-68 lo. I Some basic Princfpie 10M Zab hs -90 (2nd techniques ano fon+y-4y L_lHydrocayhon's. aoe | |* Atomic Shuckue « 8m (na) + What are the postulates of Bolus model of Peydrogen atem? discuss the ‘portance ofthis model +o explain various series} of (ne spectra in hydrogen atom « - ns Postulales of Boln's model tthe electron fn atom revolves around “the nucleus in certain ee ne . : fixed cfrculay pal called orbits @r) shells” : sof a. bach orbit #3 associated sith fred enegy és called frergy level} they Gre’ 42,3, and: alan designated by KLMN, ++ 3. AS long a8 elechory yevolves in a tperraitted orbit neither loose | nor gain energy hence these vortits ave called, stationary orbits. 4. when elechorn gurmps from higheforbit to locgey orbit ib emit's ene 5 when elechon dumps fron looser orbit to higher orbit et * obsorbs_energey . the emitted or obsorbed energy fs given by } & = Eneqyoh higher orbit 5 gxErergy of loiver orbit 6: the cingaley Momentum. of an electron: movirig avourd the. nucled=is, quartzed- S « [Ravr = 9h hee eee energy at a tevels lechoy (4) Nucleus ™ = mass of an elector nt v= velocity of-arn electron T= yadious of-an orbit ne principal quaritien eure a i Plan's: constant «/66as%!0 erg secan spechum = : & when hydrogen gps is subjected to silent elechic alscharge- lg. the elector of hydrogen atom gets excited to vonious excited levels and deexcited +o form various spectral fines tin various regions is called Hydrogen spectrum a Ja-the Hydrogen spechumn consists of several Series of lines named ofley their discovers, as -follows - v Lyman serves +(ni=1, nz@ 3,n--) + hen elechon jumps fiom higher energy level 40 First level (n=1) Lyman series formed -St 's dloserved in OV. regfor) . le. Balmer series ¢(ny 2, ne 3HS.--}E chen ‘elechor juraps-hrern highev s energy level to second level (n=2) Balmer series formed sit is obsewed 5. Paschen series {r=3 » max H5:6-~) sw thekelechon gureps fom higher energy level to third level 3) pashen series formed - SE iS obsewed in near SR Region - . - Brackett series e{n-4 156 fe chery elechory gumps from higher energy level toifourlh tevel O44] Brackett seies formed Sis ‘sbseweal } in GR Region - Jo: Phiund series e{n 25, =68 —Jewhen elechon Jumps fiom higher energy evel to fifth tevel (m=5] Pfund series -fermed - Stis cbsesved in Far SR Region. Pascher) TR 4 Bracket PFund i] Pp| ee foun {lls Paschen seres . J} }| => Balmer series -(Matole region} => Lyman sesfes [UV segion J nd . ja akoub-the quarium rambers andique thet significance? > yy re ry ans The @uartum runrkers” Adm” “ox araiied fom ‘Scrocinger Have equation”? Quanlim rumbeiagare used to lcdle he poston ofan elechon in an atm” Ree arct-types of Guerea Nuwbers 7 are 3 . u principal quaritem rumber (n] & Arimathal quanttim: number Ka] o Magnetic “quaritam umber (J 4 Spin quanti ‘number (s] * pal quantum eumberefl] ” * Plineipal quantum nermber was proposed by Niels Behr & OF was dended by"n”™. 3 ts values ore 1a3.-and also designed by Kaun 4. TRe-marimum norof electrons for agiven 9 = ans pignificance + fit indicates -the size of an oroit and energy ofan electon- ~ 62 Patrethal eiha_ guaran number x +0) ce 33 tb Aggmethal quanta. number tas proposed by Sommer Sommer fed @ Sk uns dereled by a deter" |”. 3 HS values are 0 ty(n-t)- 4 then Lvalues areo}.23--the su chele are Sp, Significance + inditviles he Spe a the oxbt 1n_value. orbitals . ey iF dumb bell on & double dumbbell fourfold dumb bell ;, 2. | 3: Magnetic quantum Number e{na] \ , b Magnetic quanteem number cas ae by Larde Cone & & was deroled by @ letter.” 3: &5 values are ~Lto ad rela 0. 4 TH was explains Zeeman Effect ard “stosk effect” Bigntficance +-& truteates oyentation Hientation of an eleckon in an orbital: Eph fn_Quaritim nanber +S) Spin quart: raitnber cans a by ‘ohlenbeck’ "ard “Goud griith Te cas * alersted bya lettey “ ‘s » 8s values are +Y% and Yo i . Sf the electron revolves © tRe valuasof- sare +Ya. . Tf the elector revolves ©, the valves of § axe “Yo Significance +6 frdicales he dtrectinn of the spin of the elector: Af a : tal.a. Rifferences between Emission and Absorption Spectra! b. explain the 7) Aufbau WAunds rule) Paulils prinep -Ans., Qa: Emission Spectra sbsorption spectra iethe : spectya is formed when an electron jumps) from higher orb to tower orbit i) Ge 1s formed due to emission of energy 30 & contains bright lines on dark background ww) G& fs classified mto two types * Continuous the Spectra ts formed when an electron jumps from tower orbit to higher Orbit: 9 @& 13 due to absoyption of energy ge contains, dark lines on borigne back ground w) at is not classified. x discontinuous b. i) Aufbou principle + a the Otoms the orbitals ate Filled with electrons ground state of the fo order of -thetr increasing energies. IS<95 Bomm's %S agoinst to Hetsenbexg's principle. Boh'S could Not e2epiatn the Formation oF cherteal bond. > Bobi's failed to explain} the dual nature of electrons . “L, Bohy'g cannot ereplain p> Bohy’s can explo the merits Stability oF an atom. Ly An electron revolwing en an abit Cannor 100se energy: Ly Bohr's theoy helped in cateating the energy OF ON electron in a porticutay ovbit. Ls Bobi's theory helped 4M Calculating the vadius of oribit %H the hyd atomBriefly explain the ual 7 Ans+ Qual nature of matter Q cheroy's. 4+ Re -brogi’es theory (Wove nature) &. Heisenberq's theory (particle nature). ature of matter? can be expand by Be-brogi’es theory Pp the Wove nature of Electron wias first proposed by de-brogire- > According to de-broglie theory oF a moving partrcles have Wave Ly Properities. ° md According to plank's Quantum theory. €= hres lO) €= me @ from equation © £0 Ly, c= ts the Velocity of l?ght. q h Heisenberg's theory momentum of electron Stmultoneously 3s called Heisenberg's Uncertainty principle. expressed as Ax. Ap > Ax.mav> b Where Ax= uncertainty in avs uncertainty ?n velocity Ap= uncertainty in mom entun| ™m [> 4 the velocity of the Fe is impossible to determi, Te the exact position and Mathemoati cally St iS bh ar an (ap= Mav). Position, = Mass of electron a the position of the Particle %3 Knoun os exactly (ax%=0), dv becomes co Particle fs Known as exactly (ov=0); ax becomes oo eSignificance 3- b at vules out ertistence of definite paths trajecto- “i283 oF electron and Other simtiar particles. > %& #8 Significant only for motion of microScopic Objects and 8 negrigible for those OF macroscopic paitictes. bd all for Heisenbevq's theory. significance = According to de- Broglie, every obsect *N motion has a wove chayacter. “he wave lengths associate “Jd with Ordinary Objects are so shovt that is why they wave Properities can NOt be detected. Sr an for He- brogiie theory.*, Classification of “elements - Briocte fy Hepaties * Cra - 3m rae an essay on S, pd and Fhlock elements | ; Ipps+ Based on the enky of alifferentiating elector enters into varius gublevals ,the elements ore classi ee, blocks: Uae 1 S-Block elements 2. P- Block elements lock 3, d- Block elements a a 4. F- Block elements | : el tb S-block'elernents 3. F block. tthe elements in cahich olfferential 4 eechron ae into cates most S- orbital are called “Sebi k elements .” 3 General ‘Elechonic ~ configuration 3 Groups +A and HA qroup Elements : - position + Leg Bide of he Periodic table, 4 5 S-block elements are metals and frm fone compounds - 12 Poblock elements ¢ : G the elements fn-cohich differentiating elector, enters orito outley mest P-orbital ove called P-block elements <”” 2 General ‘Electronic fal ‘guration + 3 Grow + Sit Groups . ‘{am, A,vA, VINA, and ia] 4 Positions Right sice of the Periadic table. 5 P-block elements are non-metals Hese forms covalent compounds : eS3: dcblock elements + t oe elements fo cahich differentiating elechon enters into penal d-orbital are called” “d-block elementa.”” 2 Genera} tlechonic coat fa Bd) 3 Groups + 10 elechong. (2845 vn? vil a columns: n. Poitions Gn middle of. the Periadie table: & these elements shows voriable oxidation slates - 4. F-block block elements + t the elements in cahich differentiating electron enters ante ant’ penultimale -f-orbitals are called f- Bock elernents: | &. General Elechonic conkigenation ¢_ nth 3 Series + Hf and sf series they are and Anctinide series. + Posilion + At the botlam of the perldctic -table . moje a nas Lanthanide seriesf 7 rea what {5 peviOdic properties 9 -How ne Foro wing Properties Vary in Q group and 39 a period? €xeplain- Ans Periodic properties = Te properties of eleenents changes Sn thety. @leatvonic configuration. the repeated at regular Satevvals. The ‘ " periodteity" andl with change Same. properities ‘ tepettion of Chavacter is called Such properities are Catied periodic properties: Atomic (adius + | & groups + Grereoses Reason ¢ “the glectron enters into she new shell. & periods 2 Aecteases | easopzane election enters into the Same shell arity popnisatioe potenttal /electroo affinity /electronego™ % giOups ¢ Pecreases oe. Reason + Que to the Increase oF atomic Size, MH periods & Gnereases. Reason ¢ Rue to the Metalic Nature and non «metalic Nature - G_groups + Metallic Nature §nereases and Non- merallicl Nature decreases: Reasont cleckvonegativity decreases, @ period + metaive Natuve decreases, ancl non- metallic Nature ineveases. a gl. dearease ot atomic Size,- Reason Clectroneqativity ‘Inefeases. lectro positivity + Gh _ Groups + anereases. Reason Atomic tadius fncreases. M period + Necreases: Reason i Atomic Yadius Aecreases, Nature of oxides & AN YIOUPS & Basic nature Whereases and -Aciditc nature Recveases. Sn periods + “gasic nature” Necreases and ‘actdte Nature" fncveases: Reason :- etectronegativitty increases. esmindma p = S:N0_| Peviodic PoPerty | Groups Pestods. | 4. [Atomic radius | changes: + changels 4 Reasons the |Reasont the ’ eteatvong enter Jelectyons enters Fnt anew shetl finbo same Shel) 2 qe Aecreases Wy | Neveases * : Reason - atomic |Reasont atomic Yadius Tnereases| radius decreases. a En Recreases | increases 4 . Reasone atomie |Reason+ atomrc Yadius increases] radius decreases Aecrveases wy jeveases Ae eA i tT ~ [Reason atomic | Reasone atomic | Yadius increases} radius decreases, 5. [Nature oF oxides | Baste nature © [easie: Nature 7 Jectdte Nature | Jgaraie Nature f TeASON ENA [Reason e ENY Metoura 4 Metattic Nature a] wetailic nature wv & Inion= metattic | non metaute — |won- meratire “1 Nature Nature wv Nature Yeasont @tecty0-| eqsons electYO~ . Negativity Negativity tncreasey : | decreases wv) ie a aDefine fe ard Sé, Why #5 $6 25 fora qren atom ? Discuss the faclors that effect re ofan elements? 1205+ LLonfsation 1 Enthalpy or pole Hal the ninimum amount of ererayy required ‘tO rerrove the most toaseley. bound gledon fom a neural , isolated | gpszous atorn “7s called Sdnization othalpe s First Ponization Srthalp . the arroant of energy required to rernove the elechang| Hiom o neutral tsolated gaseous alomn 16 called fxst tonizolion rthalpy °? = F M@+ se ao + Elector ain S€, the number of electrons are equal to nenoker of protons: Bat in Te -the number of protons ts greater than Mamber of electrons. Hence more ene $0 Sieg ts greater than Se). Factois of Sontzalion Enthaby + "at is vequitred to remo \4. Atomic _tadfous+ the fonizatfory cas *ncreases ther the alomic radious| s decreases - Jonization Srthalpy xX ee albomiC radious leay charge s- the value of nucleay charge fneveases, she fonizatfor Snap also ineveases. INudearcharge ef Aonizalion éni Fralpy 1S: creening- € effect + Re tonizakion érthalp. axas tnereases Re screering. effect is decreases : sonication erthalpg. —— Screening effect - \ & Feneheston Rear = aRe Zonization énthalpy increases than the peneha- tion pocoer is also fncveases SomtzaHor en py nehalion pocoey a let 6) Completel . fille tems + aRe half filled or completely -flled atoms ore more stable » Sonization érithalpy of *he value. -foy these - atoms ts high- eg+ ‘Be >B - completely: Filled N>o - haif- filledSAG ~ ' [a ts Hydrogen bend a ‘Explain -the types of Hydro gen bord cath example 2 : : ane: ydrogen bond | Fhe weak elechoslatic force of attraction betweery atom ord highly. elechoneqative atom(F.o, NJ of Same or different molecules # called drogen bond.” TYPES. of Heghogen band + "Baler wolecalar tychogen ond + Heyclro 1 bond formed belween +too differernst : Polar molecules is kneeon 08 ‘inler molecular hydrogen bond. Ect Hg, He, Ng ete. os 2-uha. ada tghoger aly? Hychoger bond formed -belween same polar molecule is skreton a8 Titra Molecular Aiyclrogen bond.” Exe ortho nitro phenol » ortho hydinybermaldehyde . I= state Fejan Bele and give, suitable examples? | 19S: fayans les explain the partial covalent:-chavacter of ionic bonds - & fora given cation covalent character increageg eotth the increase iin size of-anion - Gamples KI if more covalent than kF.. & Covalent character increases chage either cation ov Anion: Example + Shady is more covalent than Snch,: 3 fora given anion covalent character increases with the decrease in the size of cation.{-aamples hie ts more are covalent than KF by Qvalent character is higher for cornpounds with cations with Pseudo inert gag. configuration - example Cuchi rove covalent than Nacl. 3] ave the differences between qeand 1 bondsT | Ang. bond + Sigma bond ttis formed by axial oreilopping- of orbitalg. a. His shonges bord: 3: St exists independently . 4 at is formed by overlapping of eee Prpricl orbitalg. Tt bonds + -pi- bond bat tg formed by sidecays. ox je) cveying of ait Q. Ibis weaker bord: yy, 8. at is dependent ard it is i, affer bors - he at ig formed by. overlapping- offpure p- dnd d- osbitals - «Explain the formation of co-ordinate “covalent bord with one example 2 Ans Co-ordinate. covalent bond is 0° gpectal type of covalent bend 2. Tn this the shared pair of elechong is contributed by only- one of the atom - 3: the dtom ghich conhibules -the elector) pat for sharing. is called donay atom. 4: the dlher atom edhich accepls the elector pair for shaving 18 called acceptor atm - 5: Porat atom must contains lone paty of elechons ard pears atom eantaing vacant dial ramoniom mM ton formation : Abs + eile — iM cera rmarnrmesncrr ctexplain the hybridigation involwed in pels molecule Cor) explain spd) hybridisation with one example 7 Ike — hybridisation antermizing of one-s-orrbital three -p- orbitals and one d-orbftal ofanatom to give five identicat spd hybriaiised/ orbitals is known as spi hybtisation. &xample :- pels ii oy io Hi) ground state Bc of ~p’ is (wel 3S’ ap, 3PBR 244 The fast excited state B-c of ‘p’is (Ne]3S'3R,3R,aR243] spd i) Bond angles are a0 and 130° WW) Shape of the molecute fs trigonal bf- pyramidal - Structure :- ct ch &aplain the hybridisation fnuolved in SFé motecule cor) explain spd® hybridisation with one explain: ) sea? bybsigisation dntermixing of one s- orbital, three p- orbitals and two- dorbitals of an atom-to give six fdenticat sp?d? hybrid orbitals fs known as spa? hybrisatioDGround state Be ofS’ TE (NEI 3p! SPL 3p! sa” Mbxcited state Bre of s’ ig Trve]3s'37,' 3Py' 3A, 3doe-y* 3043 ii) Bond angie- 496 and 130° iv) Shape- octahedral: Structure :- Octahedyral Shapedonar + acceptor: 7 ample + Formation of Ammonia - Boron -hifluoride - HN +116 —» [ign > 85) Ponar acceptor - 5. efine dipole moment - corte HB applications 7] n6- Cipole moment + ; tthe product of the magnitude of the charge “On .an of the poles and distonce between that poles Molecule iS called 08 ‘bipole moment -”? &. St is denoted by ae «where M=dlpole moment. qe charge of ‘tax0 poes ae distarGe, of ea poles QniEs + pebye q ‘colbumb, meter: \ 1D = 3386.10 fool mi] Applications-— i We can predict the nature of the compound. af M=0 => non’ polar compoeinel UFO => Polar. compound: & We can caleulate -the percentage of. tonic character of polar 4, of Sonic Compound = obs Meal Hobs =-observed dipole moment Heal ~ caleulated dipole moment: 4 one ing polar 100"> Whak do you eas bg Fgordization TSaplain differen types of Hybridizations - wwolving sand p oikitals ? INS: He boridisation ¢the intermizing of alomic orbitals of neatly. of an atom +0 produce equal combey of same energy tdentical orbitals 1s called Hybridtsation -” “Types pes of hybridisation + top —hybretsaton + # Te intemiring- of one s- orbital anal one p- orbital to. give *00 Sp hybrid otbitala is called "5p huybridteati ion Frample + Beck, a | # central’ clom tn Beck, is Be * shape - fnear g %* Bond angle = (0 y Ts © * §-chorocher - 50% | + 6 character, -S0 ss & Sp hybridisations “The intermixing- of one 6-orbital ord ‘eno poreitals gre tee ep hybrid orbitals ig called” e ha idisatn” Gample + Bel, * cenhal clom in Bek, is e * shape ~Tigoral planar * Bond angle — 126 * S-chavocter - 33:3 % P- character - 66-6% _eyroevenereres apc nse$p° hybridisation + she a oftone «S-orkital and three p -osktl itals-to give Four sp® hybrid orbitals is called ep jbiidisation .” ~Gample + Hy & central alom in cig. is"c * Bond angle — 109.38' 2 shape - tetrahedral * % of s-chavacter - ag % p-chavocter - “ASH cdetie he respective Bond order - aAS the ere nate of Ny and 0, molecules ? png Node of nly N23 1S 2s" 2p3- N=J—> ts 29' ap €lectronic configuration : cis 1s*2s'apt 0-8—> 626 apt electronic configeration $- 2 Het +o eg - TIS Xo"ls Ip-&ip > Bp-B/p 4. order of Tepulsive -Byceg ererted by various bonds is [=I 5S the magnitude of repulsions between bond pair of electro depend on) GN alfference between central alom and bonded dom - 6 The electron pats are oriented around the cental atom is such a may | vepulsions among cther are minimum:SS STR ET Appkcaliong - L Nis molecules Sin Nil, molecule _n-clom undergoes sp’ hybridizah and it has 3 bond paivs andi tone pair “According to VSEpPR Aeon. ‘there exists vepulsions between herd paivand lone patr $0 its bord angle deviated fem 109.38'+0 10? and éhope fs aleo deviated for tetahedial +o pyramida | - . N 070 se pyramidal Shape & byo_molecule ¢ Sn 4,0 molecule o-ctan undergoes op hybriclisertion ard o-attm hos 10 bond pairs and two _lone pains « Recording to V6epRtheory there exists . repulsion between lone pair and lone patr - so, the borat’ angle (S deviated -fiorn 109°9¢'-+0 lo 30 and shape ts also «de a ced Fforn tetrahedral -to angular - Xe ys : 10H, ® 3 ® Angular /v- Shape- 5(Qa bm ) uF States of Matter Vg-A-@, [« which of gases diffused faster among Nip. ,.ardcitg 2hy ! AMS: chy t Because tS molecular ceightt #6 less than the molecular coetght of Na ard o,. a Fo many dimes methane diffuses faster thay Sulphuroxide ars Tey cece | Ne [Meu ou =Jh <9 Himes . ¥S0, Meng, 16 3- LWhot ig_Boltzman constant? Give its value | » Pho Ans jas constant per ore molecule #9 called Sottzman constant Ke R mS N * \ b Ke 138 x10 8g. rrolecule? : ee teekin ag! moléctite : mse the ratto ofacual, molar volume ofa gen. te the molar volume FO perfect gas ender same crditions , for Tdeal opses eI - calculate kénclic theigy ofS moles of Nihogen at are] 2 KES a nRT T= 300 K3 N=sroles 3 Rea calmol "i! = 3.x5%2x300 =ns00 cal: 9 Give its anils f Ans: SEIS Force when velocity. gradient and aiéa. of: constant are ontty : ates Units 2 NS i= Fas4 Uimg = 59xt0 a cm/sec 4 = £53 x10 ago, = Ha xto em|sec 8: bhite the vander woals equation ans « |P-p us Q-nb) ener b uo onits of ‘ot 2 alrotit onits of b ttt mole” mole a: | calculate kineltc. energy oF Hg of methane ab uaae Jans. n= 3 i No-of molés of methane - euga 2 e oc rat : togmnor! t ag R= Bat T mol K Ts 4304093 = 200K téretic energy. oly ~ZX0-as mol 48-34y Trnol Kx 200k = 683-6J- @. caleubte -the ratio of kinelic energies of 34 of Hephrogen’ ard 4 | | Fougen at given tempaci i ors: Sg oF Hy 1 HJ oF O ar Hae) ag mot 38g wot! @ [APY pressure cooker ‘5 used for cooking food on fils | ong at higher altitude Water boils at loa ternperalire: : a. [ate the vato oF AMS, average ord ost probable apeeds of | “gps molecules - FANS» Omg * Voy *Ump= 10-9813 to-816b- ®ighest femperatare at cahich gas can be hqefed be the application of external pressure is called erttical temperalure. 1c of: Co, tsatee ergy of a males of Niogen at 2 3 *AXAX3Z00 ® 2 charles laws the volume ofa given mass {$ attvectt Proportional to tts absolute termperatire at constant pressure (mp are constant J ee) 3: Alva geetro law laws At-constant temperalare and pressure, the volume ofa aver, mass [5 atrectly proportional to no-of woleg: Ptarce constant] —8 = ; oe ae equation we 9 evap rn | F veri : Fre" "isa preportionaly cordon caled oniversal gas coat] sere @&> Beduce Gral os q ans: -Grahams law + the rale of aiffusion oF a JAS 19 mers Proportional tothe Square root of its density. nn Kinelic 9a6 equation - -Fom kinelic ges equation prety rane ms <4 Melims P SP it, 4] 7 Urms © 3) “3 {rae > Ung ot => Yarns But ms welocitey Umns %T" Hence yok, “Rus Graham's law ts derived: & Stale ard &plain Graham's tow oF fasion | Ars: Graham's law oF diffston tag N & AE constant temperdlire avel preBsure the rate of oliffusioy) ofa ges is irwersly Proportional, +o the square root of itbclensilf. mn. Mie Mite Gee vt = 1. |Me ook He Molectxlar weight ~AxVapourclensitty 7M = axvel NE = An => a = |p, ; Yo & Hence for tivo 90S iF Ga ave the rcilesof-cliffusion 3 ore! are the olensilies MyM, arethe moleculay weights 3 Vp,and Yo, ore “the vapour clensilies then at Mie. de ma 2 Fo a Ve 4, ™, Vo, @Deduce fallen) law) of partial pressure orn Kinelicqas equation } - palten's law_of partial pressure +- tthe total pressure exerted by a mixture of- non reaclirg gaseous mixture 6 equal to the sum of the partial cece] of comporent gases at a giventemperature and volume. &. consider a ges fn a vessel of-volume wv let myniL,tens dendte the massnumber and RMS velocity of molecules: From the kinetic qos equation othe pressure othe gas Pp, = Munyorrms ye 3 sp-the gas 15 replaced by andher gas in the samme vessel, with WN2Uyrmng AS Mass} of Moleales then tts pressare} i pl A nlow p= Pais _ + minors : v ee Hence nalton's law is clerved. py.Stoichiometry (2-444 6m) f Whol are dis Propottionation reaclion 1 Give example? JAS" The redox reaclions in chich same element undergoes aol Yeduchon is called atsproportional reackons- Sch, t 60H!” —> scl chos + 3Hy0- @a) @y @a ®) . a _ oxidation _ 5 © Bhat are comproportianalion reackon 2 Give ah ®ample H| PMS * Te00 Species oth the same element IO ai ferent oxidation states combine to form asingle is Rkoduel fry cohich the element "8 in ar intermediate oxication atate [ . iB How Marey number oRyroles of. glucose-are present is 540g0F ans: Weightof @lucose nou g- Molec lax sacle of Glucose = Igo ¥ (ots) =B0 sles x Wetght of substance SHO 3-mMoles AMW of substance —«*'8O a. is CHO tE molecular weight ‘5 4- calealale the molecular formula of compound: Jone Epical trode (cty0) wetght = 12424418 -30 Molecular weight ~ 40 ne molecular woetgnt 90 =. Empirical formula toeight 80 Moleculay formula —1) x "empirical formula. = 3x CHO [estes]calculate -Ine Volume of, af Stp ma of acetylene - fhe balanced equator is ots Se O, P20, + H90 required completelay burn 100) Gta =o, 4 mole = J mole, 8Hoo ML at SIP = & xaanooms at stP too mi =2 ‘Sp = x 2200 x06 =250 m0. 2260 : 6: calculate the molarity. of Naot in the solution prepared ry] hgr in enough, water to’ fom aso of the, 1 Gestion ? Ang Milenites Ga) = weight. ¢ 1000 Mw ne = Hy wot 1D Ww ~ caledale the normality of- oxalic ‘acid’ sokation containing, 63 OY ¥i8:04-2H,0 in 500 ml of solatkon? | én Nomalityy &) - woefgry tx 1000 — FEW vinmd 2 EM” 126 63, : ascites ie G3 41000 Lojer =o-2N- «63 “S00 a calle: tke, mass of- Naslos, Yeqpired to prepare aso mi of o-SN Solutio ANS’ WaNX Gen xVin me 1000 GeEW OF Naalas « 106 =53, - Weight = OSX 53 x 250_ 250 = 205° - 6-.AT GT 1000calculate the Weiyht of 01 mole of Seciam carbonate Wao5)? ns: Noof moles = Weight Gun Weight =no-of moles x4: -W =O'l X106 =t0°6 a7 : lution i prepayed 7 adating & gr OF a substance FTO 18 gr O| ealeulate the mass Percentage of solute 9 = Mass percentage of Solute + = mass of A 100 086 of solubor = SS aee x00 Agr of 8 +8g7 of Hy ~ 2 xo Be = toy, PS : Of Figo oxidation “number of the undéjlined element 4)NaNsOy | Pre NaHSG, HH4+2tHE2) Ko 4242-8 <0 [coleclate he oxidation Number in C104 on CHTOMmM atom a cree = M4402) og Shey An = 419. tS = 64 caleclate the oxidation stale of follecatng. compounds _| ¢ ok A) KM) KS% —-g) Mow ay Crna) © Fa. “8! 9 kta, 2 Moy 2494-1 <0 Ben! 2X18 =0 teh 21-19 ett %at6 2 a Lratty% oe p ze t-A=SD 18%-+2Q-29-9 AA=0 he t1 18X=0 Heth W > , iE ey 9) FFP carbary compounds containg 1@ 87, caibon an Bepriogen | 851% bromine. Re molecular aetght ofthe compound 15 18-4 calcalate the. molecular fornala jere:[element | 1% [atomic] %/atoat | simple ratio coek pot 2 é : 188 ayy Loot 2] 123 1 a 0 | aes al 1 al -8y Ty) ' toot e o | 2S! tosq | toed -) L064 roparcal ornate [ERRET] Empirical formula weight = 1QAAX1)+80 = Ip Re molecular weight = 184.9—— empha Formule. of a compound having percentage connposiHon (k) = 96:54 (C1) -35-36 (0) =38 04 + Ing | Clemen| % | Atomic | %/er-cotr simple ratio weight Kk [asst | aq SS ag | SEB waa + O68 .\y2= cr 35-36 SQ 38:36 = 0-68 oe xD 2. |e 38.04 _a.3g f 2:38 35x99 lb 0-63 “Empirical ‘forrreilos| kc QI Write he balanced ionic equation echich represents the oxidatio f Sodine{] Son by Permanganaté Yon) ih basic mediuny to give jodtine (1) and Manganese atBxicle (Mro,) [eGR v Mindy +27 —> Mind, Ply (=. Redactiory ans. Oxidertion half. Yeaclion + ToT I Baleneini ther than oard H oO atl, & Babereing of omygen atoms ag’ —>t, 3: Balancing. of HyProgen dlom aa, % Balancing. of- ic af —> D +96 —> 0) Reduction half reaction + Mnoye—> Mino, ' Balancing olhes than 0 and-H Mire > Mind, I:- Balance of oxygen aloro Mn —> Mino, + Atigo Balance of Hydro 1n atoms MnOiy + HHQ0 —> Wind, + AHo + HOH * Balance of charges Mindi + HHO +36 —> Mn, +HOH (2) IX3.§ 69 —> 3466 2X2 $ AMNOE + BtIg0 +66 —> AMO, + Bo —H) (at4) ‘ AMO +6F +890 —> AMO] + 3g BON” Mn—> 2 \ o— 18 TS6 Mn—>2 oo i—-~6é tae © H—> 8 ance the reacllonnby. ior elechors ma@had tn acid mediums « Te tetacton ed fo" ° frorsrehed in id M0, + So, > Mj stHs og —oxidatic xidahion Far weachiorn Reduction, of Reaction 50g <> Hoos Mog —> Mn qt Balancing: her than o&H atoms Sty > Hse? a. Balancing. oxo atoms 50g #ablg0—> Heo 4: Balancing. Hi M roe —> mn Mog? wan't HHO gc 1 atoms and elechor charges - ® 80q +8HQO +a6 —> Heap tan? MnOPiBH Mn" ingors®= ® FS0q-HOHG0 419 —s sHa0,? 419i © aMnoe +P > amp? siyo +6 POP Orsay FTO > BMS Mn 2 0—> a0 695 HOS Mn 2 0—> 8 Sas H> Ss * “Themoch namics + (ym) |" oefine syster give an gxample]. ANS: A Small port of the oniverse chose study ts called “gyalenn oN Ob-thé ornount of < ” Extensive Property . PY “Gelénsne properties? ] “Extensive. property property ofa system ahich depends on the Yotal amount op the material ee ” are called Sxtensive property . ext Enthaby:, Erbropy, heat copacily etc. : “nlerisive Property = Property ofa systerry oahich are iindepe present fry the system “the material Present in the systeny arecalled bp Censity + viscosity - Specific heat ecte. gives the relationship beldeenfans: he equator) +hat gives the ‘lationship between, Avand At fs AW =A0-+ ANRT AH = change fin enthalpy Av = change tn Shtermal “Energy, AN =np-Np sRe oniversal gasconstarst T= Tennperatare: Ie chat are athe" ati"sn conventions foy &xothermic and Endolhermic veaclons 9 PNS- a) -foy Sxalhermfc veackons AHL f3\regative b) for Endolhemic reach ong anes positive - |[5__ State the “Fir Taco of “Retired gnarsias ? | ans. The “Entropy ofa pare and perfectiy cgstaline substance} 18 zero af +he obsolete zero of terperalura Coxstc] H (S)=0 TRo0 | [é 6 Whalt6: isolated system ? Give an Beareple?| ms: -A System ahich cant exchange energy. oF mutley with he Scrroundlings % called an -Ssolatad Sustim 8? &ce tn themno-Rask .+ Bp lain -aibbs energy ? AYE: Gibbs energy 1aQ sthemodynamic quantity ofa system ‘eilob's energy 18 amount of energy iS available from System chick can be pat 40 useful coovk ata constant temperature and pressure. 28 airs [& What are €xolhermic and €ndethomic reactors? | } ‘Ans & Exathermic reactone+ the chemical reaction aihtch stakes place coilh the Hoeration ot heal are called Sethermic_veactions. & endothermic reactions i Reychemical reactions aahich se et He place coith the obsdibtibey of heat are called rdothermic reactions” [a the Lquilibtiam. cénstant for a-reachon 18 lo - what wilbe| the value of AGP? R= 8-314 T/kmole Te300K- PINS « Giver) ke10. Ps Red 3S emole “asthe 300k Fornélla AG? =-RT Aq’ = ~ 8.303 Rt log k Ag’= ~ 8-303. %8-aIy x8003l0g 44"= ~S444H-14 Timo]» stale and explain Hess low of constant Heat summunation. with &le - ans: Hess law + Hess lac of Heat constant summunation states 4hat the total ‘heat anergy change fn a reactor takes place un single step or in Several step is known 98 Hess. lac: & bebus consider 018 formed fom A tn two offfferent- (QA__4H) <0) Ln RY : path-4 + PD sAl-@ —> inditect step palh: 8+ 6 98 \aH\<9, @—9c¢ A-a, a 5 ARD SHB = 4s According “to Hess laco (adear4,] eg Co, cary) be eblained in tio alifferent says - path-4 & C40, —> Cy § AU = -343-52K5 pal: Cyne, 3c, 5 Helos es Cot ¥,0,—> Coy 3 Atty =-283-03 KS Acotding Hess Aus AH + AH @ —393-52K = —NO-KT + - 983-02 KT 1 3q3.52> -393-52total heat ch. fin palh-&i = -3q3-5a kr Entropy change. ?n both cases is sarne. le Refine heat capacity chat are ep and cy? choohet | Cp—Cy =R. JOns- Heat ° . Le ed ee Heat capacity tte ee of heat ¢s required +o vais ts temperataréfioy one degree celsius is called e “9 Heat capacity : ce + cohere q- heat ebscsto . dt-= raise fn temperctive Relation ship bekveer picey #2 * eran Sdeal gos H= Ctpy | 7 Differentiating ctl, Fernperalure at de | len, ar dr gr For one role oF ‘lea! ‘ : de "Ge wale Nate) at or fe s{de ar [at 2c 3 [ae -) : = R aT p] a CP = cveR here :- Cp = constant pressure eve constant Volume R= oniversal gas constant3. hat 1 tnhopy 2 ‘Explain coith ample ? Jans “Entropy # dis a measure of disordemess of moleciles i ” rardonness ofa system is called Enhopy . a: His a state function: 3 Entropy is. a Extensive property « 4 the Enhopy is denoted by Veev) As= 1Hev) T se order of “ihe Entropy Sgp § S my} 6 fey any isolated system, a3 ang: &t is also Knocon as athe total Ereigy ofa s-the energy lac of consewation of energy . 1) isolated systeny remaing corctant- iStransfered from one formts another form but: reitker created ror destroyed Mathernatical forms of first lao ofthermedynamics;- 40 = A+ G= av-o Q= sv4+pay , where a= heat gained or lost = Work dore on the eystem/by the syslern AU = change Pr Srtemal energt @Chemical ‘Equilibrium Acids end VS-PA- Bm Bases. foefine ayramic equilibrium 2 prs Goin foward yedakon and the backward veaclion continue to take place simulkanecasly oath equal valés iS knocon as dynamic equililoiam. | Write the velation chip betweer kp and Ke ? | 3 the Yelation ship betoaxeern kp and ke one represented “kp =ke(ere” cahose R=gas constant T= obsolute temperakre An = np-ne- AN = no-of roles of gaseous prodescts - of moles of gaseous veactanls - 3: GE = pa ‘Ss meant by santa Product of waler and ave 15 Value at as%c. PHS tthe duct ' i Product of the concentration of. ye Cut] : : se art Hero) ‘on ator terperalaye tn pore &- G is denoled by kw ~ KWH H) Go kn-[Heo' JOH] the value of ka atas’c cor) agg kK is frox enol” at")4 whot is meant boy hydrolysis Sat Tacholysis 7 fans: The yelokon between a salt and calet is also known as éalt: hy ye rolysis a age Nat + Heo <= uf 4NooH eo ch + Hoo = oF Py Hed s-|Whot 15 Lewis acid ? Give one example ens: -A substance ahich can accept lore paty of elechons is called “Lexts act 2 Sr BFS, Bclg SD-A-4m t} What ts col yege e acid base pair? -ans: the acid base pair ahich are differentiated ty one proton (H*) is cole glee e_actd pose pate’ 2 or Hat tye <= cl cd =+H30 2: SEE SECs the pttof a) 10> med b) 10% MESO ©) o-001m NaoH %. ©0008 Bat), ans. Regaine value of eee +o ve base 10 of hydrogen ion concentralion ts knaan as pH”a) 16 My Hed bom HS t pH =-log(t"] PH=-lo. (4 J py = (ut) --162 (") = Molartly xhasctly pH = -toafo™?) (ut) = 6 ke . we log!o) =3 pris log fax } [pas] =3 log to -t0g > Paes = S-loga PH = 3-0-3010 = 8-6990" ©) 0-00) NaoH al) 00008 Bo@H), (ouJ= Molorily xBcialily (oJ = Molority xBascily ~ 0-001X1 =0-001 & 105 = 0°0008x2 =16x104 ety - =10g (ou) (Pot) = -tog(ori] = ~leg we? = log (foxto™) = 3logto =3 PH+ PoH =14 = ~logte-lagis# =~ Bout + Hlogto PH = 1H-POH = Hels 201 = @aqsa p= (4-351 PH POH = 14 PH = 14-poH=91H- 8:9954 PH = Gon 3-[oiscuss the application of echartelters principle for indushial gynthesis of NH3 and s0, 9 ns: a) Srdeshial syrtesis of Armonia+ _ Pet kot 5 prams] Ke = i (oy ua) RT” “P* Gper. Guyer (Neer™ Sub equ © 19 equd Gare) ei __ es) up 7" babes Kp= KeeT[etn tapes - Equilbytum with Suitable. eeampie 1) Homogenous Squilibrtam+ the yeaclons and products I are present in +the same physical state is called ee Homegenous equilibrium. . Egt & Hy +I, == @ Hig) (g) cg) 2 No+3Hge— aNHaD) [ ga © it) Hekerogenoe 5S Zquitibriam tthe reaclions ard products are present in afferent physical state ee 7 is called Heteroqenous Equilttstarm.” NJ fae CaCog == cao-+c0, Ss © Nthpts SS NHB Hos Ss S ©) 4 Derive the telalforn between kp and ke fer the follocsing reactions ? aS Ns. 1) No +3Hg <—=— anhg 9 ® ii) &So, +0. <= 450, Oo @ 4) No +3H9—= Qnh3 @ ©) @ — An=np-nR 3a-H =-Q kp=ke(ery” Kp=keRiy> =>@ () An =np-nR 5Q-3 =-1 kp ekeCer}” kp -ke (ery kp HyeroH® C+H.o ——> core, © (steams) Syngas Rts process is called “coal gosification 7Are’ Heavy coater ts used tn the reparation of Deuterium. & Gis used fn Mederator in nuclear reactors « 3 w6ed in study of shachures 2 oxyacids by exchange Teactions . 4 Moco mang hydrogen bonded in Cusoy, SHy0- codtey molecules are associciled “Ans: only one coder nodlecale ahich fs outside. the co-ordination | sphere «the other fen molecules of exter are co-ordinated: } 8 Oram the sheclure OF Heo fc Sp lair) the Repuladaty Of Hy Og by electrolysis using 50%, HySOyp ; St Hida 48 manufactured by he electrolysis of soz. of- Sulphanic acid -w0 elechodes are Seperated by a porous lone ware dfaphragrn . of& Anion _exchange resins ; aRen coder passed is through atank containing anion exchange resin adhich consists of gaint organic molecule, having - NHsoH R. NOH tcl» R- NHgcl+- of? AR -NHgOH + S075, (ents), S0,,r400° 4 Write a fee lines on the aatility of Ayctragen pee | ars: the heakof. combushon of Hydrogen is high: Hence Fyckogen is used indushtal fuel: & Re energy released by CmMbuston of cthychogen is more than -ihe pehol. € OS 3 Atomic hydrogen and ogjhyrhdger torches are cused for coelding and cuttin, 19 Petals. a Hydrogen also.used in fuel cell for generating electrical Energy: . 5° Hydrogen, is used as Rocket fuel. 5 whatis hardness ard hood de by wclor’s method ? : "Hard paatsy +-coaker cahich does nob gives good quantity of lather colth ssap ts known as Hald « ve ™peroryy hardness remov. Re hardness of coatéy 3 due'ty the Presence of caleirm and Magnesium bicarbonates chlorides and sulphates th Ateclark’s metiad + "Gn hie method calculated amount of lime ts added te hard coder .&t precipitates out caletuny carbonale and Magnestam carbonate cahichy can be filtered off: CalWCO3)g + CaGH),—> Acacog | +8490 l . | Malices)s + ColOHH)y —> Cac 4+ MagCog b+ aH0 6 What is Hard walter 2 Ao0d can Jou remove hardness of | cooley by calgon method ? fans: -Hord ssater +ARe codter hich clo not gives good quantity of lather cith Soap is Known 26 dard aitor ” Calgon mettod +-Sodtury Hetamblaghospate fe commercially. called “calgon > shen calgon ta added to the hard axdley it yeact csith caleiaia and Magnesiu™ fons forming conples anions - Naga % PP ANla + Noy Pog Mgr Nay pyog' os Rear] at antat[m “9g, ca] e complex anion keeps the Mg? and a” ~ Solutfon: 3. Explain cath Suitable examples she Talosing ) Clectron - deficient ti) tleckron - precise and ii) Electron - rfch hyebrides - fons inane i) Zlectron deficient hydrides .- The molecular hysiity in ushich the avialoble. Valercy electrons of the Central otom- ove. less then the teat’ for bord lformesion ore. Gllled “defictent hydrides « EQr Bote BHS- it) Ztectron ~ precise hydrides:- the mdecular hydrides th Lahtch all the valercy electron of +he Central atom lave. frvolved tn the bond formation eve Called [Precise. hydrides? gg Ci, GHG. it) Blection ~ Rich hydrides the. molecular hydrides in which fhe available valency electronS of the cenbal lator are. roe than the required for bord forrration ee » bre. Galled Rich hydrides « yr Nts, Het Aiscuss the position of Hydrogen Ec: Position’ of hydtogen in periodic Table :- lm in periodic Table tn I Hydrogen ta the first element in the pen'odl'c Table. 2° Hydrogen electronic Configuration va ta Br Hydrogen hos very high T'€ valve. hy Hydrogen resembles coith halogens - 60 ft placed fe G MUR a ‘|I> Rydogen contirrr © yon by loosirg one ae to form alkali metals (re group] . bs Hydrogen conform diatomic mdlecule Like halogeng Go WA qeor’ hs Tis gechivtty Very ovo Corngare +to halogen +& ‘ Gt oxides acidified ferous Sulphate +o fervic acid ai QFeSO,, + Hy50,, + 1303 —> Fey (00s) + BHD. | Reducing properitfes s- b@& yeduees Ozone 4o oxygen Ho0s+0, —> H,0 +20. & Tt reduces silver Oxrde to Silver HyO,-+ Go? —> AG + HD +09. lead olioxtde +o leod monoxide JS Gt Yeoluces PbOg + Ha02 —> Pho +Hz0+09. L4G peduces Chiorine to hydiogen chloride, Ca tH. ——> QHeb+Oo. 5} Explain Gon exchange method ? lansté The water obtained by removing all minerals Salts z e fiom water 5 called © deionised _woter’ not : Hovd watet 78 softened by using iq a0 types OF YeSins« 4. Catton exchange vegin © d Avough a sank containing Hard water 8 passe exchon resi. which consists OF giant organ Molecules having COOH (or) 'So,H groups ae Reo + ca ———3 (Rco0)s Cat gH at aA aad Reso +MQ_ ——» (Reod) 2 MYfe From. peroxodisulphuric acid electrolytic prdcess) Uihen 507 +80, Solution is elecholysed Ht gives pevoxodisulphuric actd This on hydrolysis gives hyarogen Peroxide Electrolyte = 50% A250, Anode platinum cathade + }e0d Gpnigation # © 2H280,, > ou" 4 onS0; At anode + QS, —> Hy550; + 27 ‘yt Cathode: aH"4+ 26° > Hot Hy5,0, on hydrolysis Ainany ged H20s HaSo0g-+ 2H20 —> H20) + 2HyS0, “this method 18 useful to prepaye Dg0q- 8 tveared = with heavy Worer Ce 0,0) to DoOe — 2KDS0, + D909, + 2000q oi ee KSo0g prepare Ko 5:02 ¢) fb 5s H950, Bl, Diaghor- gee Cules.la nirite omy four opeidising and four reducing Pope of Ha, uA StL Oxidising PYoperitieas + 4. H20. Oxides black Pbs +o white Pbsoy Pb8 + 4 Ha0g —> PbSQ,+ 4H20 todtde ton “© iodine A: Be oxtd?geg QEDA HO, —> IkoH+ MD B. Ae oxidises Sulpbites 0 Sulphate. NaS, + 4,0, —> Na, So, +H dD + G& oxidises actitfed Pewous Sulphate 70 Ferric lacid co 2FO5O,, +2504 +420, —> Peg (50,)3 + 8H50 post Reducing properties 4. G yYeduces Ozone to OxYyer 490. +03 —> H20+90, Oxide to Silvey & FF reduces sfiver H.09 + Agn0 > QAg +H0+0 lead dioxide 40 tead amonoxide Bs Ge reduces PbO +H, ——> Phot H20+0s. Me Gt yeduces chlorine to hydrogen Clo tHyd, —> atch +0> chiostde,+A] explain Gn esethange method 9 lans2- he water obtained by removing av minerals} Batts Prom water 18 cated * deionised Water” Hard water tS Softened by using two types OF yesins- 4. cation ezechange resins Hard water % passed. through a 4ank Containwng exechange resin wlhich consists oF giant organic morecules 0 having cool cov 503 tt groups Ex: QCHgCvOH + Cat? —s (CHxC00)9Ca+ 9H © & Anion exchange esto & hen hovdwater 75 passed through hese. yesins cr and 80,” fons replace the. OH” fons. exer — a! RN 5 ¢5)+ M2? ¢) == RNG OH sy-BlOCK ELEMENTS _. Tad Tp Geos [ora [ov an) vite the biological importance of ecl®onel mg] ANS: ‘Eraymes ose arp in phospalé -hansfoy require Mg) asthe co- factor Q- chloropheyll contains mg asefesl foy prolosyrthes’s. 3 Bones and teelh contatns the majot Component as“ca” 4 Sgt?» pla important role fn necro musculay function intemetuonal transmission and blood Coagulation - 4 [Wie the overage composition of portland cement ?| Hons CaO $0-60% } ALLO, S10 3 Mgo 834, 3 and S03 -Q% 5 Si0,- 20-a5% 3 Jrlhy Ko, is pararcagnelic 2 ‘Ans. the Super oxide og ts paramagnetic clueto cinpatred elechor in Ton wrolecalay orbital - Y issiie he inprlnt css of enc a] eo CSc ceed ) petroleum refini &) &n the penification of Bourite . 3 forthe P’eparation oF pure fals and eilg ancl *osa laboralorey reagent + 5 [Whol Fappens when cao heaked cath, sto, 7 Png. To form calgtam silicate Ca0 +Si0, A casio,Gor SG pour 15 added to cement] ans: Gypsum is added nh calculated quoniity tn order 4o_stous dlocon the process of selting of cement F [Why are attolimetals not found athe stale ty Natend . a of bi weeaclivily ,alleal? rnetals ave not -fourd th free stale of nalenre g [pesaitbe athe fnnportant usesof No,lo, and cao? ns: NaC, 7s used in codley softens idearing , and morafackne of dass soop, boxer paper and pats CaO *6 used fn manufactuye ofcement Na,o., and dye sluffs at tsalso Used 1 penification of Suet SD:8-4M h [Five ann account of Biological fmporlance of Natand 9 ~ te NaF fons panticipale nthe transmission of-newe transmission of-newe signals & Nat fong regulate the floa of- calertrough cell membrrt 3: Net tong chansporis the sugar andl amino acids into cells - $: Kt is used for actyalion of ‘tnzymeg : S KFand ntare used th transmission of rene signals © Nations are aged for transmission of nerve. Signals.