F coun the lous fa he oe Saeed Abe« 4 snaishors x10 7, a) g-6,0,¢- 10 Lower Abxla At C. an é Orange Bue Geld Silo i ao paps 54, 446s 270 4 sh Trelet Geld Gold Upper Reg Vial ff ane (4170 08) Lake 2% | rates a toi a oy +4085 43x orn +2 J | ’ Yelloas Otange Red Red, A AbSXION 9 4 as rigin d MT a vod 0 ay) 1: j—-> | 6 CSO 220% Creer! Blue Broun Slvr Bi Ging Gap Se xol lee SEKIg- [Seox0.) S60.- 56 = 504 | Ts'bol+ ‘(Sé0x 0.) ry Shot 66 Hy | 1 | le) be te 10 SL > Gtox a st Mar. Syke 500000_| £2160, |090,& é a Exomple 1 ay Deki th rwishina, labiona baling: Obloin the clos codes for the Bllow, ih } aah songe fy th fillowing Golour resistom ; J} “ a) 36.5 Ret ols Drange Osorge She Biown Viet 365 ¥10" R22 ono\ + 0-1 % Orange Blue Giae Gold Viol} Ts0 Reet op deta 14) 1496 MAE 005% 3300-33 >»: . 195x107 x10 ye ph ols las x10t! 3300483 Pepe Ban Vk Gr Seo Gre {he aaa 1 L shoes in be tonnecled in Unies Dlacn Lams ny Whe ted RIS 8x00". ee 2h LL 110s “bodaudbon Teo ‘nn eth ale [etn Ba as illustraled! | ois they axe said ik oi PE pp tet tT tin bseptage 1 § uh I a a | La 7 pt te OC 15g = 0-0316 2 ee ¢ ELL Aoi | - im AS§ + 0/0316 | tl por . $ | lig | i Ehud hu is fg | ash Eta "li a ae rege fhe EEE Ha Aa 6h rae Seba IS JN | cre net sy Boop apm.a VV Wat ye 0! bat Vie, - () Where Ry - Toba! resistance Thy = Mi 4% +¥e Using Ohm's low, the voltage acrass. cach resistor can be expressed in tums of the supply current J and the. sidividual rpsistana. | TRe 2 1G, + IRat Ry Diving Uhrough by. J, fe +R, # Rates h acta the Wel spsiskance | TRE ,- saishots “conned in.sevite is given y (0. Eranple. 4 cl th the cient shown Uk. eltoine? E fal ica resistante, | 3 “citeul Wink canta ani Othe Naage ota cach. ser +a re dissales, a, OV ae Ihre yah vb Volk Waa Yq. O44 24N 2 wv Ay. 2x6 = IY 4 Ye. Pevt 1 OX 8 164) => @: (R* p29%xq Pe AKA flew Fram pho Qa | fa he Uhe cileuil shiea be, de othe sour voltage the be tal is restora eee vbluge_ of Ft refsors Ri he Rehal Micka Whar stiches on Ajpind 01 Mebowed b Uny ot snd by bev gral Wi porate sf esulerd conrteltd i pool , ah We autor ont We came Te alloge atv eed rr eah tach uh! Aten The camet Uhpag Po dat by rs affow Oho lay The Lata cutot conal tgel b Taw cantit Uhreagh cach seusto Tyr, ae Daw. ty QR Lk fis Re ViVivab Re Ph hs ora are ate mgukong | | fa Lf ial Ue Lolal cieut Youstanee fo 9, 5 conmecltd in poral we gen ty \ Peapod} iid jee] shaun ‘bal, Hee L414 att | | | fcuk Gurital tes sk we let 4 ; mT i H a HT A snot and gv by \ 6 Seis Rael (onnechon The hs for balhstqpas & paral’ 4 senes feat crea w clieall ws amayacd ave oir the tgonl voit hy m wanes wa pall |? for th Male obbaiined ny fay Nt Ws at i ie by nol gators 1 jh a Ube diauil Gantt # ind Ut Nall ans euch, atie. he poot diuipakd athe |i) Ipeteeh foe consumed’ by particular Mt ac vee wwsist LY \oo 515A Hil Q \1s4 Example 4 LJ Qeleiming |) Sle) Ye \ x10 te chal rasislane Re Dota cieuit cunent +20 x l00 046-67 +20 x100 © 6.67 . W214 fi 1 1448 | 4 an Ys abe sat fisk ablaTheat iia ood ttt —Nelwak 7 Teta tegen of 9b mole cucl| ek | nko Ut lens ‘Laeimowe| aed | The: ang Hint faeces ‘ als thak in ong abun thax sum ef omnts making ate feat ws 2 packisn is 0 al onent haw a gi ra rcs : equal ts the tal untae fala todt ina circuit os le Tala the cuntos2n fo. be: poste Lapa. the - aut ‘ovound which eunetl ton fox. if Piet Tt tt a “hamil.« jjackion_poiol of. hth 2 o_| -rnoxt.citcult elements havea Comeen connecle | ot NBtonch | Wind, ng Heged Heawig be F_gabny the anne" atk he A postion of 6 eben which Tonk ba mt Cltcil cements conmeled int ate bcs Ce aad lh fa cca suc doe banc jl iy ee bay a chased pal | ehh tha aafitany WAL Ue ep. Aes 15,8, « Ay-Teda oa a the daectann In the oppesste dlinection Ak, That Takao 0 TF Gof) eLabs ee y, (e1Ps)- Taka Me 0 Ppplyis ¥NL be loop BCKEB 43 ~ S403 “Tafa + Ve + GiidRe- 0 jae Saving & 1 (0 and , Colca! J,Ra- To (RoBi * Noe Go bb mod? S21 “tg hs ty (Ma-BsMe =~ XS, 20-1144 , py oath Hx 8 (1, +43) melC ie To salve a causing \nchhoffis. lax» the Bllewing, sks “ate Used: According, ty KCL mark The dnectisn of fiow of -unenk_in Nosious srgnches_of | the crvewike {if o) Sele ck as aag- aurnbtts_o closed circuits os ther nuenber, of ualenawa, | genet Ty ta yi fot the “selected closed circus, apply KYL ond wiikt down | Lhe -eguativas 4g) Caleulake Hho uakioowsa quantitets alin g the quotvens ‘9 J p, ? Velow, use Kirchhoff's Qf t aor4 2 (5X. 47 1ee "i Ban 204AW hw \be circuit shawe \pelow, use \irehbnaffis \qus bo delemine! + o) Ganiats he > aad ts @ Nelkage drop. atiess \he oh c) he gout! dissipate aN fe. the cancuik show! laws, bo deb«mine: a) Cunents 41 and, Tis The voltoge diiop at1oss the. 8 sesrsbor andes Yoh \ ot) The poutt dissipated in the 44 esishor | My lt A 7S an |c| | 4Applying Kyl 's loop AE SC8A “sh, 3 LT.) 6 Gt) 412-0 | Baaege 8 . fe Jou [HNalkage ats 6dt ’ > 6 (lyterta) 6 ( one roy) an Th 6.904 OTe: Paes dissipated in 2M tesa Hg 4) f. 4 20358W 1 We dali T shoula below) use by_deleannice: ‘a Gyntats Tyan Ta pNaltige a auras the 158.2. tbsishot L aT aa, Let, . b / ti } Tipng HOB liop a Da 1_|_t _IsIgb G4 6 efi +111): TT | 61, iT AR, Xs logo. V-8a 4 me | Sas y + 70$04 D Voltage Ve 18s (1141) T1Sg (139 +050) “tv 4 culension of Kivchoffis law ~ This method employs a system of lo ox_mash. cabedhe ipckel LoF brane fa Cuneals asia Kirchho Fee. Nous. op_vollage epua ti ° unknown E Coasisks of uniting. “Using KL ia Kies Canats.— $ Consider loop Vhe rf (cul howaht 050 “1G = & (h-4) + Joos ’ “yee (0, ote Ore Ty Peed, Rag Nplyog Ht bo mesh 9 (6! “LR = Yo 2 (yh) o labs Vo- (tut flv o leRy- Laltys R)- Yao TaRy ~ Ia (Geeks) “a Using qguations 1,9 and @, the mesh tants 1, , Ja and Ly can be deltienined. Eromle As Tn the circurt whown elow, use meth method bs_dekimrne: @) Cunents 1, and Ty 4) Noltage across. Ra OTokal poses ditstgaled in te crveuil Salata Aiply Kit 95], + 20(1,-T,) +1000 AST, - 201) +207: +100. 0YY + ew) oem yyy! Uf lc elyiy KVL by gosh 22 = G1, - 50- 90(Iy-1,):0 $1, - 50-901, +401, - 0 -951, -$0+ 901,20 951, - 201)='50 Qo, # ASig 50 Solwrng_for 1, ag fm | Eromple a Inthe creat. shown below use mesh molhod bo dekwmine yConunle Ty Je and Te DyThe vallage across P Oe pout disigald_ on &. ls, rou 4% DORIA y. -O18A On Pe (To 10 2 (0-80 - - 018) 2 ¥V ) Powere, * (1, - 19)° Ra 2(a-s-0° 80)" ¥Is : 34:31 W a: NODE VOLTAGE neTHons, AN tion ia th iy \n Uhis. method, eve oe ‘oni the nebdal ee \ fe 4 Lisl. oh -Qne of these nodes _is i goed as. pet | jt em 4 a mote branches moeb is seeded as 0. nodb. weheae see Therefore, the ‘qumbey- mur sin tguatians wy solved betomas, here_a_is.the nf Cie The citcuil blo Libabing eguations (9, Gl ana rare eee (9, Go) and 3 be oy 2 ef ew % ulAL reat £0 ‘Ra Ry Re A +VLal et]. Ra Ra Me Bil Ra --- W Gling eguatrane &) edd dale obkoin the values, of Vi od Vy an Coaseputatly We hronch. cuntats cad be elsinaed J Frame | For Whe tmavk chown belbus ule dode | ~volkage method trdekimine Noltage Wy. 0 TB. Get 1, 1 dol | | + —ONoltage ctrass the 20! stsi¢lor_| Sybbtalng, equatinns (1), Gidand (1, we CoM ot Me oy a a + -Moay Gira 4 ¥ 407M ay a) % 8 101666 A_ O665A ti Jeet Taking. aodk 9 ne 0 seftiedr , apoli 4 frag KCK by nade 1 we gts | {ttt | SET | TEL a | below, useful | tt I :Wy Va » e 10h A yon Sov ‘Qov Noplying KCL be node 4 Vthely pp | (D Bk A= bso 2 f. 10 lotr ls * Bul Yeo Ww - Ww 20 ao (wo ly og Yo Gibstibyling guation Cig, G19 and Cv) we gel, lo 4Na + oo-Na S 900 Yiand v6). us we_gee "9 gual,Desoinn the 3 V souste Gad sepley, Kea la vast beams his re Wws_|C «tp + at atl Q atsiloncss Clcurl 2 BOT in WE director u le Tyla: bor 0 65> vA Oy From tht anginal cacal sf the soy Sout ib Leimparanly vemaved red wylated by Ce et linalsuslana, Ube ciitul becomes Poplyin KVL bs mah 35 POT; = 29S I-14) 0°52 0 -\olg - S:Sh Psa 0Sh:0 ~ 3673 + 25-5Ty +0 + (ti). a. Applying KVL bo mesh 43 214s Ty - $0 - 98-5 (ly-L) a\4-Sly, ~ 0-25-51, +95:51 I5-SIy- 4OTy250 ---- Spliing Im fxd i and Ty using gqualins aad “1614 A -. -2:9 8A Teh, the curent thisg h Rin the itt clon BE due bo thy SP pupa Th: Ge I el ledge babe! TT =D a The lala ea Re due bo’ both: Cee Lt Uraagh Pa Uhaighd by | | | | jbo ole 2 Find the cawint tha } in the creat shown Soprpaution theay A 6 ¢ 4 ov seh H G F € Applying Kv b eesh 1; _| -201,|-120 ff, -1,)+a0-0 7201, - 12014 41201, +20: 0 -1407, 4120 atQ020 01, - ~Ho1a:20 = eseweall) Ml HNL be rah 9 ola ‘bo(y 1) 20 4 “ty: e NOT, - 401, 44019 & lo}, ¢ 1901, = ARO Meet, ©1201, - 1707.4 40g = 0 Applying VL soak a5 “301, + 40 (la-!3) 0 +3073 =10l4 401,:9 Adiet0%y 10 rer "T, 2 0-4IsA fo ty 2103¢7) 4 ws, olpeiatyy | Pett | ja, Wal abet | Relig anv) wilh: il inleina’ reulancela) | | W044 7 f,- 0347 A Ve Wwe kI ‘nish Wei | 4 It 0.9912 A | 1201, “i900 - ,)\ Oo. aa Deplaci bs FOV with, inltnel arty 401i) - eat pee bad “ i Me tootyal! ats 38 | | || trie HL Wodedh| dial. L| Lt | 4 buh 8 | ingly -190(y- 142-0. ade et : i pastes -(0 = re | Aa ae 20) Applyin Kut bo mesh Si i 1 HPF 8! " Pee tot | ab (| ly) joolis-W-9 - sere Hol + 101,20 J rng a3 Hf fs!| 22 ee WEVENIN'S THCOREM Tis Vheorem enables. « nosinally compley } cinta to be simplified bo a series citi corsisting of 0 Yan ideal vellage sovrce bo resistance Connecled in tenes wilh al i Uheotem states that, ony linear, aclwve, shttrol nebuok considered across one of its beiminals , con be replaced by an tgaivalent Valtage wouree, “(Thevenints yoltage) and on epuivalent sexes, resistor Ctheinints resictana) 2 I Seta Wah pl Feel he Hi -Nolhag, soote_iphat Link dts no “ tL should be vploud b Ciel + Gita Who Thema sgrualeet ened comer — nif «4 Ni 0 Ke g fos, the conent Urrough Ris gue \e = ant and the volbage acres: R is aaeRnaA ct is alfa sfiqd Re 5 — TWeitle Ny Yar gots Coral annus inte "yp nl T ‘Theostm ates, af sje : Tae pal “lab Wal 7 elints re | find d I, roth iy Ps ot yey tn “AL L194: 120 216 f+9y 20 L T2dy ar | lb I | Va Ve clad} baal Jal EL Lol=. PHMPPTTT] [11 Pe wer V wih el | | | | | {iho wie Nive ho 1 | | dot Reo PL Ph aall (toss) | Yollos | | 1] | | {ytd | | =) Qo x06 | ea ' HH | | et i | 201195) =| Se Ne Ube Tha, ialied cite ct Ref “al ch “ell ates be Ia seit oleate! lode th va PES eft |- attass one of its Atplaced bys an equivalent cuntnt Jour (Norfon s sourse) 2A an egurvaleal hunk tesishana [Notes rtsistona.) The sleps used ls impliment the (Wrong, sie Demove the esistor through wibich ‘gumedt ts to be obtained % across | hic lage 6 f be debomned. Oht ‘a short circu atvoss Hoe Utvmincl LaF Uhe seststos removed in sep 4, @ Coleslak ov deomine Une shorl ca) © -adicull. canenl: Remove tht shoit cigal skp 3 _as. be vembin, the. Rp the © gomnce_ullth ths “inkevaal sesiskante. | sda The sesiglance a of ~ engl Cosh bach in the open. eplley tf | Namindls, 1 ann be t civeak becomes ia et fot low ae Pernoving, Une tesistor Bard gulling o shot Uk acre ds leumals, St dof Wal aba so bloc nd Boe opt, he creait becomes SimilYas tena didn lt i aS ii WT, 0 5 ws! Wes, 4A ppg Ave be mish 2, ~ 41) -6(,-1)-0 -Alo- 6261.0 61, - !01,: 0 J: 5:6a5A I,, 3:375A Sibving fo) ond 1. hom 0 ond | Went, Ure Navtin's camat Js Fete treat dose Lise, we Noose] ere sa ak. Alvi foment he 12.0 sesshs_| ord Wasa the vollage-diop-ats Ue _| Nabt | jt 7! he. saute wil Fath -and_ k hom. [aod Bon Ua stone op th ibt_inksnal Sabin Resnavin ile “te te vl min Bt. -l6a-MAY (NWN Ere clates that Lhe amount ail jo a load | The thee Soo ‘ Nima ke ts {he sour chin the lead sesustana ‘ikynal weston © WH The sce CaN Supply, he ialtinal wsitance of ul be a maximum value is tgaal b the the soote powtt OF celanel wesislona of the. source 4s Ne. Thevenio’s sesistance, while the yyeltage drop aces he Wood the Arayenn's vole. b is replaad are h Ir Me ‘guilt eupt Grthe| oad as illus alow , thon the. poust delwened to the load ts {POWER TRAN SELR, Uamp!e ay We volun of Bo that amount of paver bena t WVhe enone’ omeak 4, : > A Solution “Whe Thevenn equivalent circucl ancl the Keaminals ets obtained ay fallaws A 0% : fy GOV war | V, bond far fe 8 Using, Vollage divides wile, Vw = Nagas Oo eal 2 SON Replaung Whe source wath bs anfanal resto And finding Thevenins resiskore A A Son OSL Gan ¢ ON as ei: Nn eee Bn the oP ite “fine yt (Rta es - a0) Pity pow is hanslied Ugo, [0 ‘hette Pirie Ry| 3 | t = Tt a Es { at | Ft Ae o ET = te C4 aes 3 4 5) = Tae = 14 nz E de bal ey gi i we oe 23 | < S ast | a a Sai ni = \"3 | ok | >| | | Lb a set So Ee -ce Ee Fest 2 teact _ Fy [ | 4 ae eg | Teel | es | | lo. =NIA Maga: | lauimam Kabel bli & An alkernaling wave form _is 4 periodic all pi { Waveform “Bich changes nit im Fi and negative values: Hat nf bol bag Slag ak el MSL commonly ask ve fi form. 1a. techie pout 1s the sige finest lave form \ een Sin wave 7 wh, vadls Jo he ‘halla! of lal Fah Allg viankily which hay dre te k Spent Jienalt suanlihy ask: p ae pee 20 ped ‘ [sf ence, | W. radls | | | | Sinucaid (¢ « puanli lubed nd revel is veprtedle Sin wove Tigi | |) Cycle: one! cll att of positive ancl | oma -2 negative, salute of an aleinaling,gserly Lf tt 1 a Va Ube ge bove, paint SKB 5 Consdis 3 lees Shun Ile Neda cle | wole 6 it Liner, laced br Ae |_| | in cytle mag |somelimes be specified in_| phase cal “ly » on _ _ Bye Shot d del | thetans. off -ongulor! measur! a seve, a 6. tt said | CCRT es shee There fore!_one_complete_c yle i said | \prtod ovr 360° [ali El 15 TNina. ete dn bale oF ret to “e See : - I a7 kal [alla foal aps : a ral oer C eT + To etal t a ik ‘hed el ems fab flee ma fab ak raised, Tpke pe i - —-alelnabicg, pep | 0 pasa sea we et ne tah eo “Re fi tthe ahr pul Rant Bie ee PoBio ela ta Ik is the Value of the, ie i at Then the. ‘mean_of gate TE any, ins| fant o€\ kimel || Ta sinusoid, f | fenthbra inte a(t) = Am Se ine pia Tre i initanlears value | Sill ster cual 4 bo Teele Constant value which (akatd daute the _ game outs disipals| asthe | -o1(ginal. anatilys iene complebe cycle. 1 Thevehre > “eonsidos a sinusoidal allindling _taneal {4 i: Th Sn fot = Te Sa eo et ‘yeh Xs etre @ co on Fa [pr oes) ks Wk ta yalue_of an authmelre. guantdy iis lof) ednsidevable .mpostance, in thak edpettively: sell beg * alwhys ae ce re be @ >| tay ig eps esctd Nalue! which eee _atyessan le same thorge, ast! ike Unk aby gently. dang the [im eo) F 2.1 {her | pnt x eke, cyte iy zee! Me ne Chis Mouse, thie 9 avenge value as | pblained! by his the instankneoue _lyalues pver la! ‘caule| Mn cope. of ance AC, the valu mas always be ‘average lege ever & Complele tych lu, A] | | Ia ey -caeuit " tq Sinodo. F 41+ «(Ta [o- t5e00f" re 4n 8, | —amenekers sdndl-volkmeltse record the vas --Lvalats lof) AC -cuntnt and volkage. Seite engioestag piunless, there the, ait of give cuntat ond ams_volue. hy—alleiaating ty thal. shady. fehl AC Nhe. axtrage alae lia-alksnaling. cue 4 hol 20 A pe ve “alge had. coal ae. 2V 4 by S0.He loupply and ith tusodal tea akedeeds | —atspecistly at It te Vt 0: fe ee) tie 03% ca @ VCO: 400 Sm (ornis 6, 108), pods biubiihal sa ii The glo ‘epion Br AC tony _|b) io Tn sin (wl +6) 220, Sin Coon t 2. i thio F batlst Tow tte iS de P 8 nl | 1 a the exp la ees ng Yai INQ Sinus olla a value. 38 et |a)\N ikL_down the. ehudlnie Bu be insta Hepat pale Assuming th ‘st ith Ans! Feo Woh aa | ra pe Unigh th rien loo oat ur ie ed. Hall "| la be idataentex | eh hain vereT Sle foctle a Bul ae ci Tm: 20x19 + QoagA | | Ty * Aad ae ls aoa é [Bam the! Tee! | | rt of 4 Bat aoe Fal | EY 40-0025: 0-09 -9-060a5 { i IY Ls5 X10 s 20-98 Sin loon G5 x10") Pat by measuring Yhe: vale fort the Marimum valur, Vhe wove fxm hag hifkd bo sta ab O29P , of Wa been i(O 228-28 Sm Goont +), 4 M414 = a8: 2¢ Sin (ion # YA) (oot t 4) ]o-5al36 = [bond amy T | TL (look +%) An allenaling cunteat of Fiepuen 25 G marimtim value of | Of. Hed Soll, a) Ibs value |1/600 5 afles, the instant the) current is 0 ond ike value decteasing thereafler, S)How many seconds aller the stant the cuneak. is O and incieasing L lheseofler will the cunent attain a value of 86-6A = lomewoikFag sata |e pelt - t T ; [ ae | | I i | i | { | | fel T OF ial 3 a4 < HH re a (3 al | el er 4 Jt | I | et ut ap ite [oalas |. pr abe | Pate ( (ee (4 (agi. im bode! ("|