ISRA (India) = 6.317 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.
630
ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 1.582 РИНЦ (Russia) = 3.939 PIF (India) = 1.940
Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 8.771 IBI (India) = 4.260
JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 7.184 OAJI (USA) = 0.350
Issue Article
SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS
International Scientific Journal
Theoretical & Applied Science
p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online)
Year: 2023 Issue: 07 Volume: 123
Published: 25.07.2023 http://T-Science.org
Zayniddin Radjabovich Narmuratov
Termez State University
Senior teacher, PhD, Uzbekistan
zayniddin.tersu@mail.ru
CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF IDIOMS RELATED TO EDUCATION
AND SCIENCE IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
Abstract: This article analyzes definitions of lexemes related to education and science in English and Uzbek
languages given in explanatory dictionaries are studied, and idioms related to education and science are cross-
analyzed. Similarities and differences of meaningful phraseological units of education and science in different
systematic languages are analyzed based on examples.
Key words: phraseological unit, educational lexeme, science lexeme, linguistic and cultural aspects of
phraseological units, teacher's lexicon.
Language: English
Citation: Narmuratov, Z. R. (2023). Contrastive analysis of idioms related to education and science in English
and Uzbek languages. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 07 (123), 247-251.
Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-07-123-29 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2023.07.123.29
Scopus ASCC: 1203.
Introduction learning and life experience; knowledge, wisdom
It is difficult to give a detailed definition and (Ibrohimov continued his interrupted speech: - So,
description of the concepts of education and science. brother Urmonjon, my goal is to serve you as much as
Therefore, the lexemes of education and science are I can, and then go to Tashkent to study again.). 2
expressed in different languages based on their lexical subjects. People of science. (Ilm – igna bilan quduq
fund. In English and Uzbek explanatory dictionaries, qazish.)[11].
the concepts of education and science are explained as Also, in the "Annotated Dictionary of the Uzbek
follows: Language" created under the editorship of A.
In the two-volume "Explanatory Dictionary of Madvaliyev, the lexeme of education [is an Arabic
the Uzbek Language" prepared under the editorship of word that means to teach, teach, give knowledge;
Z.M. Ma'rufov, the lexeme of education is an Arabic information].
word and is explained as follows: I The process of imparting knowledge and skills
1. The set of knowledge and skills that must be is the main means of preparing a person for life and
acquired in the fields of science or profession; work. Education and upbringing are inseparable
knowledge Higher education (Our teacher teaches us twins, and knowledge is their sweet fruit.
every day, our mind and strength grow by studying II Science is a set of acquired and obtained
various subjects). information and skills in the fields of science or
2. Education manners. An uneducated boy (no profession; knowledge Primary education. Higher
matter how much Arabboy studied, his mannerisms, education. Madrasa education. Ilm is an Arabic word
speech, and behavior reminded him not of a school- meaning knowledge; science; theory.
educated person, but of a stroller). 1. Knowledge gained through study and
3. Teaching, theory (You broke Ideas in the heat research, analysis; skill, knowledge. Sharia science.
of battle with advanced thinking, created higher Secular sciences. (Brother Jamalboy, it won't hurt if
education). he reads the modern sciences without losing his
In this source, knowledge is Arabic 1. The religion.)
knowledge acquired by a person through reading,
Philadelphia, USA 247
ISRA (India) = 6.317 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630
ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 1.582 РИНЦ (Russia) = 3.939 PIF (India) = 1.940
Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 8.771 IBI (India) = 4.260
JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 7.184 OAJI (USA) = 0.350
2. Work - field of activity related to science; particular, the history of the development of
system of knowledge about nature and society; phraseology can be chronologically divided into three
science. Science and craft. Science and periods:
enlightenment. Science and art. (Let's open new The first period includes the period from the
schools and teach the Qur'an and other subjects, such middle of the 18th century to the 30s of the 20th
as geography, history, and mathematics). century. Lomonosov, A.A. Potebnya, F.F. Fortunatov,
3. Knowledge, teaching, skills related to a certain A.A. It is related to the scientific activity of the
field of work. (Islam barlos is simple, generous, and Shakhmatovs.
the father of hunting and bird sciencei.)[10]. It should be noted that in the first period,
phraseology served as an object of lexicography, that
Analysis of Subject Matters is, practical lexicology. During this period, special
Ingliz tilining mashhur “Macmillan English attention was paid to recording in dictionaries,
Dictionary” lug‘atiga ko‘ra education leksemasi lotin explaining the etymology of their meanings, and
tilidagi ēducātiō so‘zidan kelib chiqqan bo‘lib, a interpreting them.
breeding, a bringing up, (ta’lim, tarbiya) ma’nolarini Second period, E.D. Polivanov, V.V.
bildirsa, science so‘zi the study and knowledge of Vinogradov, S.I. Abakumov, G.K. Damilov, A.I.
physical world (dunyoviy bilimlarni o‘rganish), a Yefimov, A. Y. Rozhansky, etc., developed in
scientific subject such as chemistry, physics (ilmiy connection with their scientific activities and included
fan, kimyo, fizika kabi)[2]. the 30s-50s of the 20th century. This period can also
Although the definitions and explanations given be said to be the period of formation of phraseology
in the above dictionaries about education and science as an independent linguistic field.
are different, it can be seen that they are related to each The third period lasts from the 60s of the 20th
other in terms of content and essence. Also, despite century to the present day. This period is characterized
the fact that the lexemes of education/tealim and by the rapid development of the field of phraseology,
science/ilm are used in different forms based on their the use of various methods in phraseology research,
lexical fund in English and Uzbek languages, the and the development of many phraseology specialists.
meaning of these terms is consistent. By the 60s and 80s of the 20th century, interest
The vocabulary of any language consists not in the field of phraseology grew rapidly in foreign
only of lexical units, but also of stable word literature, including English literature. Until that time,
combinations. Fixed compounds with a complex there was no separate work dedicated to phraseology
composition, or in other words, phraseological units, in Western and American linguistics. In general, the
are also present in the language, which serve to enrich term "phraseology" was first used by Charles Bally in
the vocabulary of the language. A separate field that his work "Precis de stylistique". The first researcher in
studies phraseology, like other branches of linguistics, the field of phraseology is undoubtedly the Swiss-
is phraseology (from the Greek word "phrases" - French linguist Charles Balli. In his works "Essay on
"phrase" - "logos" - "ta’limot"). Stylistics" (1905) and "French Stylistics" (1909), he
For this reason, the study of phraseological units included special chapters on word combinations and
is considered one of the important sources of phraseologisms[1].
enriching the lexical fund of the Uzbek and English In the first work, Charles Bally distinguished
languages. Comprehensive in-depth study of four types of word combinations:
phraseological units is of great importance in 1) free compounds (les groupements libres) are
revealing the undiscovered aspects of language compounds used in their own sense;
phraseology. In particular, we tried to 2) the usual compounds (les groupements usuels)
comprehensively research Uzbek and English are relatively freely connected compounds, and some
phraseology, that is, to study it from the lexical, changes can be made to their composition
semantic-structural and linguistic-cultural aspects. 3) phraseological series (les series
Because phraseology has a wide and comprehensive phraseologiques) in which two or more units combine
relationship with other branches of linguistics. to express a single meaning, but the order of its
Researchers have been dealing with FBs in components can be changed
Russian linguistics since the 18th century. For 4) phraseological units (les unites
example, M.V. Lomonosov, while creating a plan for phraseologiques), which includes units that have
the dictionary of the Russian literary language, completely lost their meaning and have a fixed order
emphasized that, along with words, "folk (Russian) of components[1].
proverbs", "phrases" and "idioms" should find their In his second book, Balli distinguishes only two
expression. By the 60s and 80s of the 20th century, types of compounds. In his next work, "French
phraseology grew rapidly in Uzbek linguistics as well Stylistics", he interpreted common combinations and
as in foreign linguistics. phraseological lines as a component of free
Thus, the development of phraseology as a combinations and phraseological units. In general,
separate science has gone through many stages. In Charles Bally was one of the first linguists who started
Philadelphia, USA 248
ISRA (India) = 6.317 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630
ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 1.582 РИНЦ (Russia) = 3.939 PIF (India) = 1.940
Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 8.771 IBI (India) = 4.260
JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 7.184 OAJI (USA) = 0.350
research in the field of phraseology. Later, many In her research Sh.M. Sultonova studied the
successes were achieved in this field. origin, semantics and transformation of religious
Phraseological research in Turkic studies began phraseology in the material of Uzbek and Russian
in the 50s of the 20th century, and until today, the languages from a linguistic and cultural point of
recognized scientific views on the field prove that view[4].
phraseology is more complicated than it seems and is In our view, our great research scientists have
a field that is classified differently by scientists. conducted intense research on phraseologisms. He
The theoretical issues of Uzbek phraseology made great contributions to the formation of
were first discussed by Ye.D. studied by Polivanov. phraseologisms studied in the framework of
He studies the phraseology of Russian and some lexicology as a separate field of linguistics.
Eastern languages, and based on this, he gives an The comparative study of the phraseology of
opinion on the separation of phraseology as an different systematic languages seems to be a very
independent linguistic field. important aspect of the anthropocentric paradigm,
because it is phraseology that becomes the property of
Research Methodology culture, customs, rituals, linguistic consciousness,
E.D. According to Polivanov, the field of morality, the uniqueness of the environment, etc. is the
phraseology, which is not newly formed, should be in most valuable source of information about the
the same place as syntax is in relation to morphology, stereotypes of the people's mind, which reflect the
in relation to lexicology. He called this new field imagination of a certain nation.
phraseology or idiomatics[3]. It should be noted that phraseological units are
In the researches of A.E. Mamatov, we witness the wealth of the nation, and its sources are the nature,
the introduction of the concept of phraseological norm economic system, history, culture, lifestyle, oral
into Uzbek linguistics. True, some observations on the creativity, fiction, art, science, customs of the place
phraseological norm and opinions expressed along the where this or that nation lives. is closely related to the
way existed before. For example, Sh.Rakhmatullayev habit. Phraseological units are language units that
drew attention to the issue of compliance with the reflect all the features of life. At the same time, almost
phraseological norm in his candidate's thesis. A.E. all phraseological units in the lexicon of the language
Mamatov brought out the theoretical and practical have a linguistic and cultural character. For example
problems of the phraseological norm in his work. English The phraseological unit to know the way the
According to the scientist's conclusion, wind blows corresponds to the phraseological unit that
"Phraseological norm is the use of phraseologisms yulduzni benarvon uradigan in Uzbek language. In
that are consolidated in speech practice, traditionally the same way that the lexeme know [bilmoq] is used
consistent, of the same type and of equal value, in the English idiom, we can observe that the lexeme
accepted as acceptable and correct by the language know is not used in the Uzbek phraseology. The
community at a certain time. It is a language lexemes used in this place are used based on the
phenomenon that is perceived as exemplary[7]” lexical fund of each nation and national views. This is
In the Uzbek language, based on the archisem a clear proof that there is a difference in the language
tafakkur, fikr, bilim, did, zakovat, zehn, idrok, ilm, and culture of the people. As we know, England is a
miya, mulohaza, intellekt, muhokama, ong, tamg‘a, country with the strongest navy in the world, so the
tasavvur, tushuncha, es, xayol, talqin, mushohada are place of water in people's life is incomparable. In
combined to form a common paradigmatic system at general, the geographical location also causes the
the lexical level. elements. Sh. Iskandarova devoted a creation of phraseology. The history of the creation of
separate chapter of her monograph to the analysis of this above-mentioned phrase is related to sailors, and
the semantic properties of some stable units the importance of wind was considered important
(phrasemes) formed on the basis of lexemes with when sailors went on sea voyages[13]. That is why the
thought archetypes[6]. idiom to know the way the wind blows was created.
In the thesis of A. Isayev, the phrasemes formed The phraseological unit used in the Uzbek
on the basis of the somatisms "head" and "eye" in the language, Yulduzni benarvon uradigan has a negative
modern Uzbek literary language were studied connotation. For example, the master Farang, who
structurally and semantically, such somatic phrasemes beats the stars and even hits the moon, "Mushtum
were compared with their alternatives in the Tatar, [OTIL. 1 volume 2020: 228]; Togaboy was a devil
Turkmen, and Azerbaijani languages[5]. who was as tight as a belt, as cunning as a fox, as agile
Sh.Usmonova in Uzbek and Turkish somatic as a wolf, and as fierce as a star [S. Abdukakhor. The
phrases for the compound involving the somatisms of beginning of life [ Sh. Rahmatullayev. 1978: 267]].
the head, eyes, hands, feet (to take away the eyes, to This category of people are such people that no one
freeze the head) and to the sentence (if the eyes are and nothing can be an obstacle to what they do, and
open, the head is safe ) summarizes lexically- what is possible for them does not happen. It is widely
semantically and structurally-grammatically in a used as a means of speech effect and expressiveness
comparative aspect[12]. in the style of speech and artistic works.
Philadelphia, USA 249
ISRA (India) = 6.317 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630
ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 1.582 РИНЦ (Russia) = 3.939 PIF (India) = 1.940
Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 8.771 IBI (India) = 4.260
JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 7.184 OAJI (USA) = 0.350
Analysis and results ▪ a pet shop (= where animals are sold as pets)
English phrase teacher's pet (Disney's Teacher's ▪ Keeping pigs as pets has become extremely
Pet). The idiom teacher’s pet was first seen in print popular.
around 1890, though it’s safe to assume that it was an 2. (usually disapproving) a person who is given
epithet hurled around the schoolyard for many years special attention by somebody, especially in a way
before entering mainstream English[14] [ushbu that seems unfair to other people
idioma dastlab 1890 yillarda turli xil nashrlarda paydo (SYNONYM favourite);
bo‘lgan bo‘lsada, u maktablarda bundan oldinroq ▪ She's the teacher's pet.
qo‘llanila boshlangan]. Ingliz tilida ushbu idioma 3. British English, informal) used when
o‘qituvchining suyukli o‘quvchisi mazmunida speaking to somebody to show kind feelings or to be
qo‘llaniladi. Ushbu mazmunni quyidagi misollarda friendly;
ham kuzatishimiz mumkin: ▪ What's wrong, pet?
Examples ▪ Be a pet (= be kind) and post this letter for
1. You are a teacher’s pet alL right and your me [16].
only aim is to stay in his/her good books. [Siz The lexeme pet is considered to be a multi-
o‘qituvchining suyukli o‘quvchisisiz va sizning meaning word, based on the analysis of its meanings
yagona maqsadingiz uning eng suyukli o‘quvhisi explained in the above dictionary, the second meaning
bo‘lib qolish.] – (The Hindu). given in it is male [erkatay], favorite [sevimli]
2. “I loved school,” said Renee, a self- meaning is used in this teacher's pet idiom. In the
described teacher’s pet. [Men maktabni yaxshi English linguistic culture, this idiom comes in the
ko‘rardim”, dedi o‘zini o‘qituvchining suyukli context of the teacher's male student and means that
o‘quvchisi deb atagan Rene] – (The Buffalo News). the teacher has a high level of attention and affection
3. Leaders vie with each other to be teacher’s for the student. This phrase is popular among the
pet[15][Rahbarlar o'qituvchining suyukli o‘quvchilari English people, and today many films, songs, and
bo'lish uchun bir-biri bilan kurashadilar] – (The shows have been made about it.
Sydney Morning Herald). Based on the above, we can conclude that
We can find out that in the English linguistic phraseologisms can be called true ethnocultural units.
culture, the expression "teacher's pet" expresses the Studying such ethnocultural units and, on this basis,
meaning of the teacher's man, which is also expressed becoming aware of a certain national culture and
in the examples given above. Pet means pet in English. mentality is one of our main goals arising from the
Let's look at the meanings of the lexeme pet given in study of phraseologisms in linguistic and cultural
the explanatory dictionary. According to the famous studies. Especially, on the basis of studying
online dictionary of the English language "Oxford phraseology in a comparative and comparative aspect,
Advanced Learner's Dictionary",1. an animal, a bird, it is easy to determine the peculiarities or, on the
etc. that you have at home for pleasure, rather than contrary, commonalities between peoples and
one that is kept for work or food: mentalities. Today, there is a large amount of work on
▪ Do you have any pets? this aspect in linguistic and cultural studies.
▪ a pet dog/hamster In general, the study of phraseological units
▪ a family pet opens up new opportunities for Uzbek linguistics, in
▪ exotic pets particular, the science of linguocultural science, and
▪ pet food causes the expansion of the vocabulary of the
▪ Being a responsible pet owner means caring language.
for your pet.
References:
1. Bally, Ch. (1905). Precis de stylistique. (p.320). 4. Sultonova, Sh.M. (2022). Diniy frazeologizmlar
Geneve. transformatsiyasi: semantik va lingvomadaniy
2. (2007). Macmillan English dictionary for aspektlar. Filol.fan. d-ri.diss, (p.67). Toshkent.
advanced learners second edition. M. Shovel. 5. Isaev, A.I. (1977). Somaticheskie frazeologizmy
(p.472). London: Macmillan Publisher. uzbekskogo jazyka. Avtoref. diss. kand. filol.
3. Maxmaraimova, Sh. (2021). Hozirgi o‘zbek tili nauk. (pp.4-20). Tashkent.
leksikologiyasi. O‘quv qo‘llanma, (p.380). 6. Iskandarova, Sh. (2007). Til sistemasiga majdon
Toshkent: Firdavs-Shoh nashriyoti. asosida jondashuv. (pp.114-120). Toshkent:
«Fan».
Philadelphia, USA 250
ISRA (India) = 6.317 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630
ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 1.582 РИНЦ (Russia) = 3.939 PIF (India) = 1.940
Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 8.771 IBI (India) = 4.260
JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 7.184 OAJI (USA) = 0.350
7. Mamatov, A.Je. (1991). Xozirgi zamon ўzbek 11. (1981). Ўzbek tilining izoҳli luғati. Ikki tomli.
tilida leksik va frazeologik norma muammolari, Z.M.Ma#rufov taҳriri ostida, (p.323). Moscow:
(p.276). Tashkent: Fan. Russkij jazyk, T.1.
8. Radzhabov, Ja. (1979). K mezh#jazykovoj 12. Usmonova, Sh.R. (1991). Ўzbek va turk tillarida
jekvivalentnosti somaticheskih frazeologizmov somatik frazeologizmlar. Filol. fanlari nomzodi.
(na materiale russkogo i uzbekskogo jazykov). diss. p.218.
Voprosy frazeologii (sbornik nauchnyh trudov). 13. (n.d.). Retrieved from
Vypusk XIV. (pp.177-182). Samarkand: https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/222050.h
SamGU. tml
9. Radzhabov, Ja. (1980). Frazeologicheskie 14. (n.d.). Retrieved from
edinicy s somatizmom «noga» v russkom i https://grammarist.com/idiom/teachers-pet/
uzbekskom jazykah. Voprosy frazeologii 15. (n.d.). Retrieved from
(sbornik nauchnyh trudov). Vypusk HV. - https://grammarist.com/idiom/teachers-pet/
Samarkand: SamGU, pp.92-98. 16. (n.d.). Retrieved from
10. (n.d.). Ўzbek tilining izoҳli lugati, Toshkent, https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/def
Ўzbekiston millij jenciklopedijasi. (pp.27-195). inition/english/pet_1
Retrieved from www.ziyouz.com/kutubhonasi
Philadelphia, USA 251
