Student'S Identification
Student'S Identification
Address : -106, RukminiAppt, Birla College Road, Near Birla College, Milind Nagar,
Chikanghar, Kalyan, Dist. Thane
Sex : - Male
Religion : -Hindu
Occupation : - Carpenter
Onset : -Acute
Presenting Complaints/
Symptoms : -Chest pain -Squeezing , Throbbing
Sweating Breathlessness, Dyspnoea, Orthopnoea, Restlessness
4. FAMILY HISTORY
KEYS
-Male
-Female
-Patient
History of Illness in family members: -
No history of any illnesses in the maternal or paternal family members
Risk factors: -
History of Hypertension since 2 years
History of Diabetes since 2 years
Congenital Problems
No history of any congenital anomalies
Psychological Problems
No any history of any psychiatric disorder
5. ECONOMIC STATUS
Expenditure on health : -They have spent significant amount for treatment of hypertension.
6. PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS:
Ethnic/Cultural background: -
Believes all the Hindu cultural and religious beliefs, customs and tradition.
Celebrates all Hindu festivals & religious practices.
Elimination : -Normal
8. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
GENERAL APPEARANCE-
State of health - Average
Body build - Pyknic
Gait/posture - Normal
Body Movements - Reduced, can do minimal exertion
Hygiene and grooming - Average
Any gross abnormality - Nil
Activity - Diminished, having exertionaldyspnea..
MENTAL STATUS –
Consciousness - Conscious
Orientation - Fully oriented
Judgment - Intact
Memory - Good
Emotional status - Normal, showing satisfaction that he is out of danger
Affect - Appropriate
Mood - Euthymic
Insight - Normal
SKIN CONDITION-
Color - Fair
Texture - Normal
Turgor - Wrinkled
Lesion - Absent
Continuity - Intact
VITAL SIGNS –
Temperature - 98.2 F
Pulse - 68/min.
Respiration - 22/min.
Blood pressure - 140/90 mm of Hg
ANTHROPROMETRY
Height - 5’ 3”
Weight - 70 kg
Abdominal girth - 90cm
Symmetry - Symmetrical
Circumference - 55cm
Sign of trauma - Absent
Scalp - Normal
Hair - White n black
Face - Symmetrical, face skin is wrinkled.
Symmetry - Symmetrical
Discharge - Absent
Hearing acuity - Normal
Weber’s test - Not done
Renie’s test - Not done
NOSE
Symmetry - Symmetrical
Lesions - Absent
Discharge - Absent
Nostrils - Patent, septum intact, not deviated
Abnormality if any - Nil
NECK
Symmetry - Symmetrical
Function of sternocleidomastoid muscles (Neck Flexion)- Present sometimes
Function of the trapezius muscles (side movement)- Absent
Lymph nodes - Not palpable
Stiffness - Absent
Swelling - Absent
Pain - Absent
Any other - Nil
BREASTS
Female
Symmetry -
Lump -
Discharge - Not applicable
History of breast disease /surgery -
Any other -
Male
Symmetry - Symmetrical
Lump - Absent
Swelling - Absent
Gynaecomastia - Absent
Any other - Nil
THORAX
Symmetry - Symmetrical
Size /shape - Normal
Chest movements - Normal
Breathing pattern - Normal
Cough - Absent at present
ABDOMEN
Symmetry - Symmetrical
Size and shape - Normal
Abdominal distension - Absent
Surgical mark - Absent
Bowel sounds - Present
Palpation (e.g. liver, spleen, bladder) - No organomegaly
EXTREMITIES
Upper extremities - Symmetrical
Symmetry
Power - 4 4
4 4
GENITALIA
Male
Urinary complaints - Absent
Discharge - Absent
Any other - Nil
Female
LMP -
Vaginal discharge - Not applicable
Systemic Assessment
Sr.n System Assessment
o.
1 Nervous System
feelings of anxiety, apprehension, Present
tremors, Absent
pain, Absent
swelling, Absent
deformity, Absent
Gluteal
++ ++
System Assessment
2 Respiratory System
Dyspnea,
Dyspnoea on exertion
Orthopnea,
Absent
Cough
(productive or nonproductive, and if productive, Absent
odor and color, amount of sputum),
pain
Absent
wheezing,
Absent
hoarseness, Absent
Strider (harsh or high-pitched respirations). Absent
Breath sounds
1. Tracheal Normal
2. Bronchial Normal
3. Vesicular
Normal
3 Cardiovascular system
Vital Signs
80/min.
Pulse -
26/min
Respiration -
100/70 mm of Hg
Blood Pressure –
4 Gastrointestinal System
Absent
indigestion,
Absent
nausea, vomiting,
jaundice, Absent
pain, Absent
constipation, Absent
diarrhea,
Absent
Hemorrhoids.
Absent
5 Reproductive System
Male
Absent
Penis- discharge, ulceration, pain, size,
Normal
Scrotum - size, color, nodule, tenderness,
Normal
Testes - size, shape swelling, masses & absence
Female-
Not applicable
Labia majora&minora, urethral & vaginal orifice,
discharge, swelling, ulceration, nodule, masses,
tenderness, pain, purities, pap smear, menstrual flow &
menopause
6 Musculoskeletal System
Activity level- prescribed, actual, range of motion Diminished due to exertional dyspnoea
7 Genitourinary System
frequency of urination, including urgency, Normal
hesitation, Absent
When the heart rate or the stroke volume (amount of blood ejected with each contraction) increases, cardiac
Output increases. When the heart rate or the stroke volume decreases, cardiac output decreases. Cardiac
output varies according to body mass, but is typically between 4-8 litters per minute.
Cardiac index is cardiac output normalized for body surface area. There are several methods for measuring
Cardiac output. Typical cardiac indices are between 2.5-4.0 litters of blood per minute per meter2.
Cardiac Valves
When blood flows through the heart, it follows a unidirectional pattern. There are four different valves
within the myocardium and their functions are to assure blood flows from the right to left side of the heart
and always in a “forward” direction. The two valves found between the atria and ventricles are
appropriately called atrioventricular (A-V) valves. The Tricuspid Valve separates the Right Atrium from the
Right Ventricle. The Tricuspid Valve is named so because of its three (tri) leaflets (cusps). Similarly, the
Mitral Valve separates the Left atrium from the Left Ventricle. The Mitral Valve is a two-leaflet valve,
named after a bishop’s miter. The two remaining valves are called semilunar valves (because they look like
half-moons). The valve located where the pulmonary artery meets the Right Ventricle is called the Pulmonic
Valve. The Aortic Valve is located at the juncture of the Left Ventricle and aorta. Both semilunar valves
prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles.
Cardiac Cycle
Correlation with Heart Sounds
The first heart sound is called S1 (The “Lub” of the “Lub-Dub” sound). It results from of closure of the
tricuspid and Mitral Valves during ventricular contraction. The second heart sound is called S2 (The “Dub”
of the “Lub- Dub” sound). It occurs at the end of ventricular contraction due to the closure of the Aortic and
Pulmonic Valves.
Heart Failure: -
Heart failure is a physiologic state in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the
metabolic needs of the body (determined) as oxygen consumption.
Heart failure results from changes in systolic or diastolic function of the ventricle. The heart fails
when, because of intrinsic disease or structural defects, if cannot handle a normal blood volume or in the
absence of disease cannot tolerate a sudden expansion in blood volume (e.g. during exercise).
Heart failure is not a disease itself; instead, the term refers to a clinical syndrome characterized by
manifestations of volume overload inadequate tissue perfusion, & poor exercise tolerance. Whatever the
cause, pump failure results in hypo perfusion of tissues followed by pulmonary & systemic venous
congestion; it is often called congestive cardiac failure. Other terms denote heart failure include cardiac
decompensation, cardiac insufficiency and ventricular failure.
Terms used to describe cardiac function: -
1. Afterload: -Force that the ventricle must develop during systole to eject the stroke volume
2. Cardiac Output: - Stroke volume × heart rate
3. Inotropic state: - A measure of contractibility
4. Preload: - Stretch of myocardium at the end diastole
5. Stroke Volume: - The amount of Blood ejected from the ventricle with each contraction.
Incidence: -
Heart failure affects about 5 million people with 5, 00,000 new cases diagnosed each year. In
contrast to decreases in mortality rates associated with other cardiovascular diseases the incidence
of heart failure & the mortality associated with it have increased steadily since 1975. Annually
about 300000 clients die from direct or indirect consequences of heart failure & the number of
deaths contributed to Heart Failure has increased 6 fold over the past 40 years.
Risk factors: -
Dysrhythmias, especially tachycardia
Systemic infections
Anemia
Thyroid disorder
Pulmonary embolism
Thiamine deficiency
Chronic pulmonary disease
Medication dose changes
Physical or emotional stress
Endocarditis, myocarditis or pericarditis
Fluid retention from medication or salt intake
A new cardiac condition
1. Idiopathic Present
Partitioning of the ventricles occurs as cephalic growth of the main ventricular septum results in its
fusion with the endocardial cushions and the infundibular or conus septum. Defects in the ventricular
septum may occur because of a deficiency of septal substance; malalignment of septal components in
different planes preventing their fusion; or an overly long conus, keeping the septal components apart.
Isolated defects probably result from the first mechanism, whereas the latter two appear to generate the
VSDs in tetralogy of Fallot and transposition complexes.
During ventricular contraction, or systole, some of the blood from the left ventricle leaks into the
right ventricle, passes through the lungs and reenters the left ventricle via the pulmonary veins and left
atrium. First, the circuitous refluxing of blood causes volume overload on the left ventricle. Second, because
the left ventricle normally has a much higher systolic pressure than the right ventricle, the leakage of blood
into the right ventricle therefore elevates right ventricular pressure and volume, causing pulmonary
hypertension with its associated symptoms.
CLINICAL FEATURES
10. INVESTIGATIONS
Serum Biochemistry
Sodium 125-145 mEq/lit. 141 mEq/lit. Normal
Potassium 2.5- 4.5 mEq/lit. 3.8 mEq/lit. Normal
Urea 15-45 mg% 25 mg% Normal
Creatinine 0.8-1.2 mg% 0.8 mg% Normal
OTHER INVESTIGATIONS
2D- Echo Impression : -
Electrocardiogram (ECG) : -
Chest X-Ray: -
Medical Management
Inj. Dobutamine 2ml/hr.
Inj. NTG 0.6 ml/hr
Tab. Ecosprin 150mg od
Tab. Clopitab 75mg BD
Tab. Atorva 80mg HS
Inj. Lasix 40 mg I/V BD
Surgical Management : -
12.COMPLICATIONS
Needs Identified:-
1. Physical Needs:-
To promote comfort to the patient.
To promote rest and sleep.
To maintain proper hygiene and nutritional status.
To avoid physical exertion.
To assist the client in daily activities.
To maintain hygiene.
To prevent from debilitating complications.
To prevent edema& provide safety measures from skin excoriation.
2. Physiological needs:-
To maintain myocardial perfusion.
To reduce workload on heart.
To maintain adequate cardiac output.
To maintain/ meet the oxygen demands of the body parts.
To promote recovery.
To prevent infection.
To prevent complication.
To maintain nutritional status.
To plan surgery.
3. Psychological needs:-
To reduce anxiety & apprehension
To maintain psychological wellbeing
To avail the facilities for recreation
To allow relatives to meet when required.
To compliment effective communication.
To arise with coping strategies of the condition.
To give psychological support to the relative.
4. Emotional needs:-
To avoid stress & tension
To explain the patient about the investigation & procedures to be carried out.
To make patient familiar with the environment & instruments & equipment used in the care of the
patients.
To prepare the patients relative to accept the present disease condition and preparation of surgery or
further treatment.
5. Spiritual needs:-
To allows the relatives to perform the religious activities in the ward.
-: Nursing Diagnoses: -
Decreased Cardiac Output related to impaired contractility due to extensive heart muscle damage
Impaired Gas Exchange related to pulmonary congestion due to elevated left ventricular pressures
Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (renal, cerebral, cardiopulmonary, GI, and peripheral) related to
decreased blood flow
Anxiety related to intensive care environment and threat of death
Impaired skin integrity related to operative procedure as evidenced by dressing on chest.
Acute pain related to surgical intervention as evidenced by child is crying.
Impaired gas exchange related to ventilation as evidenced by the child is intubated and he is on
ventilator.
Risk for ineffective breathing pattern Risk for poisoning, digitalis toxicity
Deficient knowledge regarding condition, treatment plan, self-care, and discharge needs.
Imbalanced nutrition more than body requirements related to pulmonary oedema as evidenced by
child is breathless.
Ineffective coping related to uncertain future as evidenced by relatives are worried about the child’s
condition.
Summary
Conclusion: -
Health education on discharge-
Diet : -
Medication : -
Exercise : -
Follow – up : -
Any other : -
BIBLIOGRAPHY: -
REFERENCES: -
NURSING CARE PLAN
Date: -
Date: -
Date: -
Date: -
Age: - Sex: - Ward No: - Bed No: - IPD No: - Unit In charge: -
Date of Admission: - / /
Signature of
Date Medication Diet Time Nursing observation & Intervention student
Nurse
NURSE’S NOTES
Patient’s name: - Diagnosis: -
Age: - Sex: - Ward No: - Bed No: - IPD No: - Unit In charge: -
Date of Admission: - / /
Signature of
Date Medication Diet Time Nursing observation & Intervention student
Nurse
DRUG STUDY
Drug trade name : - ___________________________ Pharmacological name: - ______________________________________