lighting

BY:ENG.Ahmed Besheer
OUTLINES
•Introduction
Introduction
•Natural
Natural light

• Fundamentals & terminologies

• Artificial Light sources ( Lamps )

• Luminaires
• Basics of lighting design & Lighting applications

• Dialux training
• Lighting legend

• Case study by CAD & DIALUX

INTRODUCTION
visual effects of lighting:
1. Facilitating the performance of visual tasks.
INTRODUCTION
visual effects of lighting:
2. Ensuring the safety of people in the interior.
INTRODUCTION
visual effects of lighting:
3. Aiding the creation of an appropriate visual environment.
NATURAL LIGHT
Direct light Indirect light

Direct/Indirect light
Shadow

• Our visual perception of 3D objects is affected by shadows.

Uniformity

• Uniformity measures the convergence of lighting values.

Glare

• Sunny day ( high glare )

• Cloudy day ( no glare )

Illuminance

• It is the amount of light per unit area

• Illuminance by sun is about 100,
100,000 lux during the afternoon
period at sunny days.

& about 10,

10,000 lux at cloudy days.
Color temperature
Color rendering

• Under sun light , we can see objects & surfaces with its true colors.
Artificial Light sources
How light works in artificial lighting
sources ?
1. Electrons circle the nucleus in fixed orbits.
2. If an atom is energized , its electrons will be moved to a higher
orbitals.
3. Electron in a higher –than-
than- normal orbit falls back to its normal
orbit.
4. During the fall from high energy to normal energy , the electron
emits a photon a packet of energy (light photons).
Artificial Light sources
1. Conventional (incandescent /tungsten) lamp
• Incandescent lamps produce light through
the electric heating of a wire (the filament)
at a high temperature , emitting radiation
Within the visible field of the spectrum.
spectrum.
• Filling gas is an inert gas (argon or nitrogen).
nitrogen).
• Warm white light (2600
(2600-
2600-2900°
2900° K).
• Dimmable.
• Wide variety in wattage.
• CRI = 100%.
100%.
• Low cost.
• Not energy efficient (low efficacy)
efficacy) , 12.5 lm/w.
• It can’t be used in general illumination at high heights(low flux
output).
• Short life time (1000
(1000-
1000-4000)
4000) hours.
2. (wolfram /tungsten) halogen lamp

• It is the same as Conventional

incandescent lamp but with
little differences.
2. (wolfram /tungsten) halogen lamp

• Longer life time (2000

(2000 - 6000)
6000) hours.
• Warm white light (2800
(2800-
2800-3100°
3100° K).
• Slightly more energy efficient , 21 lm/w.
• Slightly longer life time (2000
(2000 - 6000)
6000) hours.
• Higher heat.
3. Gas discharge lamps

• They produce light by letting a current passes through a gas under

high pressure , this operation is called [ electric discharge ].

• This family contains the following lamps :

3. Gas discharge lamps
Linear fluorescent lamp
3. Gas discharge lamps
Linear fluorescent lamp
3. Gas discharge lamps
Linear fluorescent lamp

There are various types of linear

fluorescent lamps according to its diameter:
T12 , T8
T8-halophosphor , T8
T8-tri-
tri-phosphor
, T5
T5HE & T5T5HO.

(Wattage)
3. Gas discharge lamps
Compact fluorescent lamp

• wide variety in shapes.

shapes.
• Variety in wattage :
13w,
13w,14
w,14w,
14w,17
w,17w,
17w,18
w,18w,
18w,26
w,26w,
26w,32
w,32w,
32w,42
w,42w
42w
57w.
57w.
• High efficacy 73 lm/w.
• Good CRI 82%.82%.
• Long life time 13,
13,000 hours.
• It can’t be used in general illumination at high heights(low flux
output).
3. Gas discharge lamps
• Note (1
(1) for fluorescent lamps.

They have a wide range of color temperature.

3. Gas discharge lamps
• Note (2
(2) for fluorescent lamps.

How to read its code ?

3. Gas discharge lamps
• Note (3
(3) for fluorescent lamps.
3. Gas discharge lamps
High pressure mercury lamp

Blue white color .

Bad CRI 15%15% : 52%.
52%.
Low efficacy 40 lm/w : 60 lm/w.
life time 20,
20,000 hours.
It takes 4 : 7 minutes to stars or restart.
It is used in exterior lighting and street lighting but at high heights due
to its high UGR.
3. Gas discharge lamps
Low pressure sodium lamp

Warm white color .

Bad CRI 23%.23%.
Very high efficacy 133 lm/w : 183 lm/w.
life time 15,
15,000 hours.
It takes 10 minutes to start & 0 time to restart.
It is the best choice of conventional lamps for street lighting.
3. Gas discharge lamps
High pressure sodium lamp

Warm white color .

Bad CRI 45%.
45%.
Very high efficacy 125 m/w .
life time 24,
24,000 hours.
It takes 6 minutes to start & 3 minutes to restart.
It is used in exterior lighting.
3. Gas discharge lamps
Metal halide lamp

Wide variety in wattage (20(20w

20w : 3500w).
3500w).
Good CRI 90%.90%.
High efficacy ( 70 lm/w : 100 lm/m ).
life time 12,
12,000 hours.
It takes 6 minutes to start & 15 minutes to restart.
It is used in exterior lighting & sports applications.
4. (LED / solid state) lamps
4. (LED / solid state) lamps
• The digital evolution increase of LED lighting from 2008 to 2020
4. (LED / solid state) lamps
4. (LED / solid state) lamps

• How to generate light by LED

4. (LED / solid state) lamps

• How to generate light by LED

4. (LED / solid state) lamps

• TYPES
1. (Conventional / Indicator) type LEDs construction
4. (LED / solid state) lamps
2. Illuminator type LEDs construction

Increased cooling efficiency.

higher current levels.
higher light output.
4. (LED / solid state) lamps
2. Illuminator type LEDs construction

• Blue phosphor (only one color , colors

are uncontrollable)
1-CHIP • RGB (variety in colors , colors are
controllable)

Blue phosphor
4. (LED / solid state) lamps
2. Illuminator type LEDs construction

• To leak the heat produced by the chip

2-Heat to keep the junction’s temperature
equals 25 ° c to prevent color shifting
sink and chip’s damage.
4. (LED / solid state) lamps
2. Illuminator type LEDs construction
4. (LED / solid state) lamps
2. Illuminator type LEDs construction

• PCB : Printed Circuit Board , transfer

3-PCB heat from chip to heat sink
4. (LED / solid state) lamps
• Illuminator type LEDs lighting output
4. (LED / solid state) lamps
• LED luminaire construction
4. (LED / solid state) lamps
• LED Properties:

Wide variety in color temperature , 2700 °K : 12,000 °K.

Long life time up to 50,000 hours.
Dimmable.
Very good CRI = 95%.
Suitable for all applications.
Requires small space due to its small size.
High efficacy = 90 lm/w.
Very low heat dissipation.
High initial cost.
Luminaires

Classifications of luminaires:

1. According to type of lamp

[ as illustrated at previous slides ].

2. According to dimensions
[ based on our final selection & initial constrains ] , 60cm x 60 cm or 30cm x 120cm
….etc.

3. According to installation method.

Luminaires
Luminaires
Luminaires
Luminaires
Luminaires
Luminaires
3. According to installation method:

The main classifications of luminaires according to installation

type are :

Recessed luminaires.

Suspended or pendant luminaires.

Surface mounted luminaires.

Free floor standing luminaires.

At the following slides , a set of General shapes and types of luminaires

are shown ….
General shapes and types of luminaires
General shapes and types of luminaires
General shapes and types of luminaires
General shapes and types of luminaires
General shapes and types of luminaires
1. polar curve
What is polar curve ?
1. polar curve
What is polar curve ?
1. polar curve
2. Beam angle
2. Beam angle
3. Cut-off angle.
3. Cut-off angle.
4. Light output ratio (LOR)
Ratio of the total light emitted by a luminaire to the total
light output of the lamp(s).
5. Unified glare ratio (UGR)

• The main factors influencing discomfort glare are the luminance

of the sources and their apparent size, their position in the field of view, and
the luminance of the general environment. These factors can be
combined in a formula to determine the degree of discomfort
glare, which is known as the unified glare rating (UGR).

• The actual perception of glare varies from person to person.

• The UGR scale is: 13 - 16 - 19 - 22 - 25 – 28 depending on the

application , refer to CIBSE CODE
5. Unified glare ratio (UGR)
6. Average luminaire luminance
6. Average luminaire luminance
7. IP ( Ingress protection or index of protection )

The Ingress Protection system (IP) EN 60529, 1991 defines

various degrees of protection against the ingress of foreign bodies,
dust and moisture. The term ‘foreign bodies’ includes things like
fingers and tools coming into contact with the electrical live parts
of the product. Both safety aspects (contact with live parts) and
harmful effects on the function of the luminaire are defined.

IPXY
X : degree of protection against dust.
Y : degree of protection against moisture.
7. IP ( Ingress protection or index of protection )
7. IP ( Ingress protection or index of protection )
8. Ik CODE
• The impact resistance of a luminaire defines the protection of
the luminaire against mechanical shock. The European
standard EN 50102 defines the degrees of protection against
external mechanical impact (IK code).

• The luminaire housing should withstand the defined energy of

the mechanical shock without losing its electrical and
mechanical safety, or the basic luminaire function . This means
that after withstanding the shock , deformation of mirror and
housing is allowed but, broken lamps , unsafe electrical
situation & failure to meet the specified IP classifications are
not permitted.

• Ik code represents a static point load expressed in joules.

8. Ik CODE
9. Lighting distribution