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772 Phil. 672; 112 OG No. 37, 6059 (September 12, 2016)

EN BANC
[ G.R. Nos. 217126-27, November 10, 2015 ]
CONCHITA CARPIO MORALES, IN HER CAPACITY AS THE
OMBUDSMAN, PETITIONER, VS. COURT OF APPEALS (SIXTH
DIVISION) AND JEJOMAR ERWIN S. BINAY, JR., RESPONDENTS.
DECISION
PERLAS-BERNABE, J.:

"All government is a trust, every branch of government is a trust, and

immemorially acknowledged so to be[.]"[1]

The Case

Before the Court is a petition for certiorari and prohibition[2] filed on March 25, 2015 by
petitioner Conchita Carpio Morales, in her capacity as the Ombudsman (Ombudsman),
through the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), assailing: (a) the Resolution[3] dated
March 16, 2015 of public respondent the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No.
139453, which granted private respondent Jejomar Erwin S. Binay, Jr.'s (Binay, Jr.) prayer
for the issuance of a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the implementation of the
Joint Order[4] dated March 10, 20,15 of the Ombudsman in OMB-C-A-15-0058 to 0063
(preventive suspension order) preventively suspending him and several other public
officers and employees of the City Government of Makati, for six (6) months without pay;
and (b) the Resolution[5] dated March 20, 2015 of the CA, ordering the Ombudsman to
comment on Binay, Jr.'s petition for contempt[6] in CA-G.R. SP No. 139504.

Pursuant to the Resolution[7] dated April 6, 2015, the CA issued a writ of preliminary
injunction[8] (WPI) in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 which further enjoined the implementation
of the preventive suspension order, prompting the Ombudsman to file a supplemental
petition[9] on April 13, 2015.

The Facts

On July 22, 2014, a complaint/affidavit[10] was filed by Atty. Renato L. Bondal and
Nicolas "Ching" Enciso VI before the Office of the Ombudsman against Binay, Jr. and
other public officers and employees of the City Government of Makati (Binay, Jr., et al),
accusing them of Plunder[11] and violation of Republic Act No. (RA) 3019,[12] otherwise
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known as "The Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act," in connection with the five (5)
phases of the procurement and construction of the Makati City Hall Parking Building
(Makati Parking Building).[13]

On September 9, 2014, the Ombudsman constituted a Special Panel of Investigators[14] to

conduct a fact-finding investigation, submit an investigation report, and file the necessary
complaint, if warranted (1st Special Panel).[15] Pursuant to the Ombudsman's directive, on
March 5, 2015, the 1st Special Panel filed a complaint[16] (OMB Complaint) against
Binay, Jr., et al, charging them with six (6) administrative cases[17] for Grave Misconduct,
Serious Dishonesty, and Conduct Prejudicial to the Best Interest of the Service, and six (6)
criminal cases[18] for violation of Section 3 (e) of RA 3019, Malversation of Public Funds,
and Falsification of Public Documents (OMB Cases).[19]

As to Binay, Jr., the OMB Complaint alleged that he was involved in anomalous activities
attending the following procurement and construction phases of the Makati Parking
Building project, committed during his previous and present terms as City Mayor of
Makati:

Binay, Jr.'s First Term (2010 to 2013)[20]

(a) On September 21, 2010, Binay, Jr. issued the Notice of Award[21] for
Phase III of the Makati Parking Building project to Hilmarc's Construction
Corporation (Hilmarc's), and consequently, executed the corresponding
contract[22] on September 28, 2010,[23] without the required publication and
the lack of architectural design,[24] and approved the release of funds therefor
in the following amounts as follows: (1) P130,518,394.80 on December 15,
2010;[25] (2) P134,470,659.64 on January 19, 2011;[26] (3) P92,775,202.27 on
February 25, 2011;[27] (4) P57,148,625.51 on March 28, 2011;[28] (5)
P40,908,750.61 on May 3, 2011;[29] and (6) P106,672,761.90 on July 7, 2011;
[30]

(b) On August 11, 2011, Binay, Jr. issued the Notice of Award[31] for Phase IV
of the Makati Parking Building project to Hilmarc's, and consequently,
executed the corresponding contract[32] on August 18, 2011,[33] without the
required publication and the lack of architectural design,[34] and approved the
release of funds therefor in the following amounts as follows: (1)
P182,325,538.97 on October 4, 2011;[35] (2) P173,132,606.91 on October 28,
2011;[36] (3) P80,408,735.20 on December 12, 2011;[37] (4) P62,878,291.81
on February 10, 2012;[38] and (5) P59,639,167.90 on October 1, 2012;[39]

(c) On September 6, 2012, Binay, Jr. issued the Notice of Award[40] for Phase
V of the Makati Parking Building project to Hilmarc's, and consequently,

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executed the corresponding contract[41] on September 13, 2012,[42] without

the required publication and the lack of architectural design,[43] and approved
the release of the funds therefor in the amounts of P32,398,220.05[44] and
P30,582,629.30[45] on December 20, 2012; and

Binay, Jr.'s Second Term (2013 to 2016)[46]

(d) On July 3, 2013 and July 4, 2013, Binay, Jr. approved the release of funds
for the remaining balance of the September 13, 2012 contract with Hilmarc's
for Phase V of the Makati Parking Building project in the amount of
P27,443,629.97;[47] and

(e) On July 24, 2013, Binay, Jr. approved the release of funds for the remaining
balance of the contract[48] with MANA Architecture & Interior Design Co.
(MANA) for the design and architectural services covering the Makati Parking
Building project in the amount of P429,011.48.[49]

On March 6, 2015, the Ombudsman created another Special Panel of Investigators to

conduct a preliminary investigation and administrative adjudication on the OMB Cases
(2nd Special Panel).[50] Thereafter, on March 9, 2015, the 2nd Special Panel issued
separate orders[51] for each of the OMB Cases, requiring Binay, Jr., et al. to file their
respective counter-affidavits.[52]

Before Binay, Jr., et al.'s filing of their counter-affidavits, the Ombudsman, upon the
recommendation of the 2nd Special Panel, issued on March 10, 2015, the subject
preventive suspension order, placing Binay, Jr., et al. under preventive suspension for not
more than six (6) months without pay, during the pendency of the OMB Cases.[53] The
Ombudsman ruled that the requisites for the preventive suspension of a public officer are
present,[54] finding that: (a) the evidence of Binay, Jr., et al.'s guilt was strong given that
(1) the losing bidders and members of the Bids and Awards Committee of Makati City had
attested to the irregularities attending the Makati Parking Building project; (2) the
documents on record negated the publication of bids; and (3) the disbursement vouchers,
checks, and official receipts showed the release of funds; and (b) (1) Binay, Jr., et al. were
administratively charged with Grave Misconduct, Serious Dishonesty, and Conduct
Prejudicial to the Best Interest of the Service; (2) said charges, if proven to be true,
warrant removal from public service under the Revised Rules on Administrative Cases in
the Civil Service (RRACCS), and (3) Binay, Jr., et al.'s respective positions give them
access to public records and allow them to influence possible witnesses; hence, their
continued stay in office may prejudice the investigation relative to the OMB Cases filed
against them.[55] Consequently, the Ombudsman directed the Department of Interior and
Local Government (DILG), through Secretary Manuel A. Roxas II (Secretary Roxas), to
immediately implement the preventive suspension order against Binay, Jr., et al., upon
receipt of the same.[56]
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On March 11, 2015, a copy of the preventive suspension order was sent to the Office of
the City Mayor, and received by Maricon Ausan, a member of Binay, Jr.'s staff.[57]

The Proceedings Before the CA

On even date,[58] Binay, Jr. filed a petition for certiorari[59] before the CA, docketed as
CA-G.R. SP No. 139453, seeking the nullification of the preventive suspension order, and
praying for the issuance of a TRO and/or WPI to enjoin its implementation.[60] Primarily,
Binay, Jr. argued that he could not be held administratively liable for any anomalous
activity attending any of the five (5) phases of the Makati Parking Building project since:
(a) Phases I and II were undertaken before he was elected Mayor of Makati in 2010; and
(b) Phases III to V transpired during his first term and that his re-election as City Mayor
of Makati for a second term effectively condoned his administrative liability therefor,
if any, thus rendering the administrative cases against him moot and academic.[61] In any
event, Binay, Jr. claimed that the Ombudsman's preventive suspension order failed to
show that the evidence of guilt presented against him is strong, maintaining that he did
not participate in any of the purported irregularities.[62] In support of his prayer for
injunctive relief, Binay, Jr. argued that he has a clear and unmistakable right to hold public
office, having won by landslide vote in the 2010 and 2013 elections, and that, in view of
the condonation doctrine, as well as the lack of evidence to sustain the charges against
him, his suspension from office would undeservedly deprive the electorate of the services
of the person they have conscientiously chosen and voted into office.[63]

On March 16, 2015, at around 8:24 a.m., Secretary Roxas caused the implementation of
the preventive suspension order through the DILG National Capital Region - Regional
Director, Renato L. Brion, CESO III (Director Brion), who posted a copy thereof on the
wall of the Makati City Hall after failing to personally serve the same on Binay, Jr. as the
points of entry to the Makati City Hall were closed. At around 9:47 a.m., Assistant City
Prosecutor of Makati Billy C. Evangelista administered the oath of office on Makati City
Vice Mayor Romulo V. Peña, Jr. (Peña, Jr.) who thereupon assumed office as Acting
Mayor.[64]

At noon of the same day, the CA issued a Resolution[65] (dated March 16, 2015),
granting Binay, Jr.'s prayer for a TRO,[66] notwithstanding Pena, Jr.'s assumption of duties
as Acting Mayor earlier that day.[67] Citing the case of Governor Garcia, Jr. v. CA,[68] the
CA found that it was more prudent on its part to issue a TRO in view of the extreme
urgency of the matter and seriousness of the issues raised, considering that if it were
established that the acts subject of the administrative cases against Binay, Jr. were all
committed during his prior term, then, applying the condonation doctrine, Binay, Jr.'s re-
election meant that he can no longer be administratively charged.[69] The CA then directed
the Ombudsman to comment on Binay, Jr.'s petition for certiorari.[70]

On March 17, 2015, the Ombudsman manifested[71] that the TRO did not state what act
was being restrained and that since the preventive suspension order had already been
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served and implemented, there was no longer any act to restrain.[72]

On the same day, Binay, Jr. filed a petition for contempt,[73] docketed as CA-G.R. SP No.
139504, accusing Secretary Roxas, Director Brion, the officials of the Philippine National
Police, and Pena, Jr. of deliberately refusing to obey the CA, thereby allegedly impeding,
obstructing, or degrading the administration of justice.[74] The Ombudsman and
Department of Justice Secretary Leila M. De Lima were subsequently impleaded as
additional respondents upon Binay, Jr.'s filing of the amended and supplemental petition
for contempt[75] (petition for contempt) on March 19, 2015.[76] Among others, Binay, Jr.
accused the Ombudsman and other respondents therein for willfully and maliciously
ignoring the TRO issued by the CA against the preventive suspension order.[77]

In a Resolution[78] dated March 20, 2015, the CA ordered the consolidation of CA-G.R.
SP No. 139453 and CA-G.R. SP No. 139504, and, without necessarily giving due course
to Binay, Jr.'s petition for contempt, directed the Ombudsman to file her comment
thereto.[79] The cases were set for hearing of oral arguments on March 30 and 31, 2015.
[80]

The Proceedings Before the Court

Prior to the hearing of the oral arguments before the CA, or on March 25, 2015, the
Ombudsman filed the present petition before this Court, assailing the CA's March 16,
2015 Resolution, which granted Binay, Jr.'s prayer for TRO in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453,
and the March 20, 2015 Resolution directing her to file a comment on Binay, Jr.'s petition
for contempt in CA-G.R. SP No. 139504.[81] The Ombudsman claims that: (a) the CA had
no jurisdiction to grant Binay, Jr.'s prayer for a TRO, citing Section 14 of RA 6770,[82] or
"The Ombudsman Act of 1989," which states that no injunctive writ could be issued to
delay the Ombudsman's investigation unless there is prima facie evidence that the subject
matter thereof is outside the latter's jurisdiction;[83] and (b) the CA's directive for the
Ombudsman to comment on Binay, Jr.'s petition for contempt is illegal and improper,
considering that the Ombudsman is an impeachable officer, and therefore, cannot be
subjected to contempt proceedings.[84]

In his comment[85] filed on April 6, 2015, Binay, Jr. argues that Section 1, Article VIII of
the 1987 Constitution specifically grants the CA judicial power to review acts of any
branch or instrumentality of government, including the Office of the Ombudsman, in case
of grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction, which he asserts
was committed in this case when said office issued the preventive suspension order against
him.[86] Binay, Jr. posits that it was incumbent upon the Ombudsman to1 have been
apprised of the condonation doctrine as this would have weighed heavily in determining
whether there was strong evidence to warrant the issuance of the preventive suspension
order.[87] In this relation, Binay, Jr. maintains that the CA correctly enjoined the
implementation of the preventive suspension order given his clear and unmistakable right
to public office, and that it is clear that he could not be held administratively liable for any

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of the charges against him since his subsequent re-election in 2013 operated as a
condonation of any administrative offenses he may have committed during his previous
term.[88] As regards the CA's order for the Ombudsman to comment on his petition for
contempt, Binay, Jr. submits that while the Ombudsman is indeed an impeachable officer
and, hence, cannot be removed from office except by way of impeachment, an action for
contempt imposes the penalty of fine and imprisonment, without necessarily resulting in
removal from office. Thus, the fact that the Ombudsman is an impeachable officer should
not deprive the CA of its inherent power to punish contempt.[89]

Meanwhile, the CA issued a Resolution[90] dated April 6, 2015, after the oral arguments
before it were held,[91] granting Binay, Jr.'s prayer for a WPI, which further enjoined the
implementation of the preventive suspension order. In so ruling, the CA found that Binay,
Jr. has an ostensible right to the final relief prayed for, namely, the nullification of the
preventive suspension order, in view of the condonation doctrine, citing Aguinaldo v.
Santos.[92] Particularly, it found that the Ombudsman can hardly impose preventive
suspension against Binay, Jr. given that his re-election in 2013 as City Mayor of Makati
condoned any administrative liability arising from anomalous activities relative to the
Makati Parking Building project from 2007 to 2013.[93] In this regard, the CA added that,
although there were acts which were apparently committed by Binay, Jr. beyond his first
term — namely, the alleged payments on July 3, July 4, and July 24, 2013,[94]
corresponding to the services of Hillmarc's and MANA - still, Binay, Jr. cannot be held
administratively liable therefor based on the cases of Salalima v. Guingona, Jr.,[95] and
Mayor Garcia v. Mojica[96] wherein the condonation doctrine was still applied by the
Court although the payments were made after the official's re-election, reasoning that the
payments were merely effected pursuant to contracts executed before said re-election.[97]
To this, the CA added that there was no concrete evidence of Binay, Jr.'s participation for
the alleged payments made on July 3, 4, and 24, 2013.[98]

In view of the CA's supervening issuance of a WPI pursuant to its April 6, 2015
Resolution, the Ombudsman filed a supplemental petition[99] before this Court, arguing
that the condonation doctrine is irrelevant to the determination of whether the evidence of
guilt is strong for purposes of issuing preventive suspension orders. The Ombudsman also
maintained that a reliance on the condonation doctrine is a matter of defense, which should
have been raised by Binay, Jr. before it during the administrative proceedings, and that, at
any rate, there is no condonation because Binay, Jr. committed acts subject of the OMB
Complaint after his re-election in 2013.[100]

On April 14 and 21, 2015,[101] the Court conducted hearings for the oral arguments of the
parties. Thereafter, they were required to file their respective memoranda.[102] In
compliance thereto, the Ombudsman filed her Memorandum[103] on May 20, 2015, while
Binay, Jr. submitted his Memorandum the following day.[104]

Pursuant to a Resolution[105] dated June 16, 2015, the Court directed the parties to
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comment on each other's memoranda, and the OSG to comment on the Ombudsman's
Memorandum, all within ten (10) days from receipt of the notice.

On July 15, 2015, both parties filed their respective comments to each other's memoranda.
[106] Meanwhile, on July 16, 2015, the OSG filed its Manifestation In Lieu of Comment,
[107] simply stating that it was mutually agreed upon that the Office of the Ombudsman
would file its Memorandum, consistent with its desire to state its "institutional position."
[108] In her Memorandum and Comment to Binay, Jr.'s Memorandum, the Ombudsman

pleaded, among others, that this Court abandon the condonation doctrine.[109] In view of
the foregoing, the case was deemed submitted for resolution.

The Issues Before the Court

Based on the parties' respective pleadings, and as raised during the oral arguments
conducted before this Court, the main issues to be resolved in seriatim are as follows:

I. Whether or not the present petition, and not motions for reconsideration
of the assailed CA issuances in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 and CA-G.R. SP
No. 139504, is the Ombudsman's plain, speedy, and adequate remedy;

II. Whether or not the CA has subject matter jurisdiction over the main
petition for certiorari in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453;
III. Whether or not the CA has subject matter jurisdiction to issue a TRO
and/or WPI enjoining the implementation of a preventive suspension
order issued by the Ombudsman;
IV. Whether or not the CA gravely abused its discretion in issuing the TRO
and eventually, the WPI in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 enjoining the
implementation of the preventive suspension order against Binay, Jr.
based on the condonation doctrine; and
V. Whether or not the CA's directive for the Ombudsman to ' comment on
Binay, Jr.'s petition for contempt in CA- G.R. SP No. 139504 is improper
and illegal.

The Ruling of the Court

The petition is partly meritorious.

I.

A common requirement to both a petition for certiorari and a petition for prohibition taken
under Rule 65 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure is that the petitioner has no other
plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law. Sections 1 and 2 thereof
provide:

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Section 1. Petition for certiorari. - When any tribunal, board or officer

exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions has acted without or in excess of
its or his jurisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or
excess of jurisdiction, and there is no appeal, nor any plain, speedy, and
adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law, a person aggrieved thereby
may file a verified petition in the proper court, alleging the facts with certainty
and praying that judgment be rendered annulling or modifying the proceedings
of such tribunal, board or officer, and granting such incidental reliefs as law
and justice may require.

xxxx

Section 2. Petition for prohibition. - When the proceedings of any tribunal,

corporation, board, officer or person, whether exercising judicial, quasi-judicial
or ministerial functions, are without or in excess of its or his jurisdiction, or
with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction, and
there is no appeal, or any other plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the
ordinary course of law, a person aggrieved thereby may file a verified petition
in the proper court, alleging the facts r with certainty and praying that
judgment be rendered commanding the respondent to desist from further
proceedings in the action or matter specified therein, or otherwise granting
such incidental reliefs as law and justice may require.

x x x x (Emphases supplied)

Hence, as a general rule, a motion for reconsideration must first be filed with the lower
court prior to resorting to the extraordinary remedy of certiorari or prohibition since a
motion for reconsideration may still be considered as a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy
in the ordinary course of law. The rationale for the pre-requisite is to grant an opportunity
for the lower court or agency to correct any actual or perceived error attributed to it by the
re-examination of the legal and factual circumstances of the case.[110]

Jurisprudence states that "[i]t is [the] inadequacy, [and] not the mere absence of all other
legal remedies and the danger of failure of justice without the writ, that must usually
determine the propriety of certiorari [or prohibition]. A remedy is plain, speedy[,] and
adequate if it will promptly relieve the petitioner from the injurious effects of the
judgment, order, or resolution of the lower court or agency, x x x."[111]

In this light, certain exceptions were crafted to the general rule requiring a prior motion for
reconsideration before the filing of a petition for certiorari, which exceptions also apply to
a petition for prohibition.[112] These are: (a) where the order is a patent nullity, as where
the court a quo has no jurisdiction; (b) where the questions raised in the certiorari
proceedings have been duly raised and passed upon by the lower court, or are the same as
those raised and passed upon in the lower court; (c) where there is an urgent necessity
for the resolution of the question and any further delay would prejudice the interests
of the Government or of the petitioner or the subject matter of the action is perishable;
(d) where, under the circumstances, a motion for reconsideration would be useless; (e)
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where petitioner was deprived of due process and there is extreme urgency for relief; (f)
where, in a criminal case, relief from an order of arrest is urgent and the granting of such
relief by the trial court is improbable; (g) where the proceedings in the lower court are a
nullity for lack of due process; (h) where the proceedings were ex parte or in which the
petitioner had no opportunity to object; and (i) where the issue raised is one purely of
law or where public interest is involved.[113]

In this case, it is ineluctably clear that the above-highlighted exceptions attend since, for
the first time, the question on the authority of the CA - and of this Court, for that matter -
to enjoin the implementation of a preventive suspension order issued by the Office of the
Ombudsman is put to the fore. This case tests the constitutional and statutory limits of the
fundamental powers of key government institutions - namely, the Office of the
Ombudsman, the Legislature, and the Judiciary - and hence, involves an issue of
transcendental public importance that demands no less than a careful but expeditious
resolution. Also raised is the equally important issue on the propriety of the continuous
application of the condonation doctrine as invoked by a public officer who desires
exculpation from administrative liability. As such, the Ombudsman's direct resort to
certiorari and prohibition before this Court, notwithstanding her failure to move for the
prior reconsideration of the assailed issuances in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 and CA-G.R.
SP No. 139504 before the CA, is justified.

II.

Albeit raised for the first time by the Ombudsman in her Memorandum,[114] it is
nonetheless proper to resolve the issue on the CA's lack of subject matter jurisdiction over
the main petition for certiorari in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453, in view of the well-established
rule that a court's jurisdiction over the subject matter may be raised at any stage of the
proceedings. The rationale is that subject matter jurisdiction is conferred by law, and the
lack of it affects the very authority of the court to take cognizance of and to render
judgment on the action.[115] Hence, it should be preliminarily determined if the CA indeed
had subject matter jurisdiction over the main CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 petition, as the
same determines the validity of all subsequent proceedings relative thereto. It is
noteworthy to point out that Binay, Jr. was given the opportunity by this Court to be heard
on this issue,[116] as he, in fact, duly submitted his opposition through his comment to the
Ombudsman's Memorandum.[117] That being said, the Court perceives no reasonable
objection against ruling on this issue.

The Ombudsman's argument against the CA's lack of subject matter jurisdiction over the
main petition, and her corollary prayer for its dismissal, is based on her interpretation of
Section 14, RA 6770, or the Ombudsman Act,[118] which reads in full:

Section 14. Restrictions. - No writ of injunction shall be issued by any court to

delay an investigation being conducted by the Ombudsman under this Act,
unless there is a prima facie evidence that the subject matter of the
investigation is outside the jurisdiction of the Office of the Ombudsman.

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No court shall hear any appeal or application for remedy against the decision or
findings of the Ombudsman, except the Supreme Court, on pure question of
law.

The subject provision may be dissected into two (2) parts.

The first paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 is a prohibition against any court (except the
Supreme Court[119]) from issuing a writ of injunction to delay an investigation being
conducted by the Office of the Ombudsman. Generally speaking, "[injunction is a judicial
writ, process or proceeding whereby a party is ordered to do or refrain from doing a
certain act. It may be the main action or merely a provisional remedy for and as an
incident in the main action."[120] Considering the textual qualifier "to delay," which
connotes a suspension of an action while the main case remains pending, the "writ of
injunction" mentioned in this paragraph could only refer to injunctions of the provisional
kind, consistent with the nature of a provisional injunctive relief.

The exception to the no injunction policy is when there is prima facie evidence that the
subject matter of the investigation is outside the office's jurisdiction. The Office of the
Ombudsman has disciplinary authority over all elective and appointive officials of the
government and its subdivisions, instrumentalities, and agencies, with the exception only
of impeachable officers, Members of Congress, and the Judiciary.[121] Nonetheless, the
Ombudsman retains the power to investigate any serious misconduct in office allegedly
committed by officials removable by impeachment, for the purpose of filing a verified
complaint for impeachment, if warranted.[122] Note that the Ombudsman has concurrent
jurisdiction over certain administrative cases which are within the jurisdiction of the
regular courts or administrative agencies, but has primary jurisdiction to investigate any
act or omission of a public officer or employee who is under the jurisdiction of the
Sandiganbayan.[123]

On the other hand, the second paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 provides that no appeal
or application for remedy may be heard against the decision or findings of the
Ombudsman, with the exception of the Supreme Court on pure questions of law. This
paragraph, which the Ombudsman particularly relies on in arguing that the CA had no
jurisdiction over the main CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 petition, as it is supposedly this Court
which has the sole jurisdiction to conduct a judicial review of its decisions or findings, is
vague for two (2) reasons: (1) it is unclear what the phrase "application for remedy" or the
word "findings" refers to; and (2) it does not specify what procedural remedy is solely
allowable to this Court, save that the same be taken only against a pure question of law.
The task then, is to apply the relevant principles of statutory construction to resolve the
ambiguity.

"The underlying principle of all construction is that the intent of the legislature should be
sought in the words employed to express it, and that when found[,] it should be made to
govern, x x x. If the words of the law seem to be of doubtful import, it may then perhaps
become necessary to look beyond them in order to ascertain what was in the legislative
mind at the time the law was enacted; what the circumstances were, under which the
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action was taken; what evil, if any, was meant to be redressed; x x x [a]nd where the law
has contemporaneously been put into operation, and in doing so a construction has
necessarily been put upon it, this construction, especially if followed for some
considerable period, is entitled to great respect, as being very probably a true expression of
the legislative purpose, and is not lightly to be overruled, although it is not conclusive."
[124]

As an aid to construction, courts may avail themselves of the actual proceedings of the
legislative body in interpreting a statute of doubtful meaning. In case of doubt as to what a
provision of a statute means, the meaning put to the provision during the legislative
deliberations may be adopted,[125] albeit not controlling in the interpretation of the law.
[126]

A. The Senate deliberations cited by the

Ombudsman do not pertain to the second
paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770.

The Ombudsman submits that the legislative intent behind Section 14, RA 6770,
particularly on the matter of judicial review of her office's decisions or findings, is
supposedly clear from the following Senate deliberations:[127]

Senator [Edgardo J.] Angara, x x x. On page 15, Mr. President, line 14, after
the phrase "petition for" delete the word "review" and in lieu thereof, insert the
word CERTIORARI. So that, review or appeal from the decision of the
Ombudsman would only be taken not on a petition for review, but on
certiorari.

The President [Jovito R. Salonga]. What is the practical effect of that? Will
it be more difficult to reverse the decision under review?

Senator Angara. It has two practical effect ways, Mr. President. First is that
the findings of facts of the Ombudsman would be almost conclusive if
supported by substantial evidence. Second, we would not unnecessarily clog
the docket of the Supreme Court. So, it in effect will be a very strict appeal
procedure.

xxxx

Senator [Teofisto T.] Guingona, [Jr.]. Does this mean that, for example, if
there are exhaustive remedies available to a respondent, the respondent himself
has the right to exhaust the administrative remedies available to him?

Senator Angara. Yes, Mr. President, that is correct.

Senator Guingona. And he himself may cut the proceeding short by appealing
to the Supreme Court only on certiorari?

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Senator Angara. On question of law, yes.

Senator Guingona. And no other remedy is available to him?

Senator Angara. Going to the Supreme Court, Mr. President?

Senator Guingona. Yes. What I mean to say is, at what stage, for example, if
he is a presidential appointee who is the respondent, if there is f no certiorari
available, is the respondent given the right to exhaust his administrative
remedies first before the Ombudsman can take the appropriate action?

Senator Angara. Yes, Mr. President, because we do not intend to change the
administrative law principle that before one can go to court, he must exhaust
all administrative remedies xxx available to him before he goes and seeks
judicial review.

xxxx

Senator [Neptali A.] Gonzales. What is the purpose of the Committee in

changing the method of appeal from one of a petition for review to a petition
for certiorari?

Senator Angara. To make it consistent, Mr. President, with the provision

here in the bill to the effect that the finding of facts of the Ombudsman is
conclusive if supported by substantial evidence.

Senator Gonzales. A statement has been made by the Honorable Presiding

Officer to which I concur, that in an appeal by certiorari, the appeal is more
difficult. Because in certiorari it is a matter of discretion on the part of the
court, whether to give due course to the petition or dismiss it outright. Is that
not correct, Mr. President?

Senator Angara. That is absolutely correct, Mr. President

Senator Gonzales. And in a petition for certiorari, the issue is limited to

whether or not the Ombudsman here has acted without jurisdiction and has
committed a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction. Is
that not the consequence, Mr. President.

Senator Angara. That is correct, Mr. President.

Senator Gonzales. And it is, therefore, in this sense that the intention of the
Committee is to make it harder to have a judicial review, but should be
limited only to cases that I have enumerated.

Senator Angara. Yes, Mr. President.

Senator Gonzales. I think, Mr. President, our Supreme Court has made a
distinction between a petition for review and a petition for certiorari; because
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before, under the 1935 Constitution appeal from any order, ruling or decision
of the COMELEC shall be by means of review. But under the Constitution it is
now by certiorari and the Supreme Court said that by this change, the court
exercising judicial review will not inquire into the facts, into the evidence,
because we will not go deeply by way of review into the evidence on record
but its authority will be limited to a determination of whether the
administrative agency acted without, or in excess of, jurisdiction, or committed
a grave abuse of discretion. So, I assume that that is the purpose of this
amendment, Mr. President.

Senator Angara. The distinguished Gentleman has stated it so well.

Senator Gonzales. I just want to put that in the Record. Senator Angara. It is
very well stated, Mr. President.

xxxx

The President. It is evident that there must be some final authority to render
decisions. Should it be the Ombudsman or should it be the Supreme Court?

Senator Angara. As I understand it, under our scheme of government, Mr.

President, it is and has to be the Supreme Court to make the final
determination.

The President. Then if that is so, we have to modify Section 17.

Senator Angara. That is why, Mr. President, some of our Colleagues have
made a reservation to introduce an appropriate change during the period of
Individual Amendments.

xxxx

The President. All right. Is there any objection to the amendment inserting the
word CERTIORARI instead of "review"? [Silence] Hearing none, the same is
approved.[128]

Upon an assiduous scrutiny of these deliberations, the Court is, however, unconvinced that
the provision debated on was Section 14, RA 6770, as the Ombudsman invokes. Note that
the exchange begins with the suggestion of Senator Angara to delete the word "review"
that comes after the phrase "petition for review" and, in its stead, insert the word
"certiorari" so that the "review or appeal from the decision of the Ombudsman would not
only be taken on a petition for review, but on certiorari" The ensuing exchange between
Senators Gonzales and Angara then dwells on the purpose of changing the method of
review from one of a petition for review to a petition for certiorari - that is, to make "the
appeal x x x more difficult." Ultimately, the amendment to the change in wording, from
"petition for review" to "petition for certiorari" was approved.

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Noticeably, these references to a "petition for review" and the proposed "petition for
certiorari" are nowhere to be found in the text of Section 14, RA 6770. In fact, it was
earlier mentioned that this provision, particularly its second paragraph, does not indicate
what specific procedural remedy one should take in assailing a decision or finding of the
Ombudsman; it only reveals that the remedy be taken to this Court based on pure
questions of law. More so, it was even commented upon during the oral arguments of this
case[129] that there was no debate or clarification made on the current formulation of the
second paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 per the available excerpts of the Senate
deliberations. In any case, at least for the above-cited deliberations, the Court finds no
adequate support to sustain the Ombudsman's entreaty that the CA had no subject matter
jurisdiction over the main CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 petition.

On the contrary, it actually makes greater sense to posit that these deliberations refer to
another Ombudsman Act provision, namely Section 27, RA 6770. This is because the latter
textually reflects the approval of Senator Angara's suggested amendment, i.e., that the
Ombudsman's decision or finding may be assailed in a petition for certiorari to this Court
(fourth paragraph), and further, his comment on the conclusive nature of the factual
findings of the Ombudsman, if supported by substantial evidence (third paragraph):

Section 27. Effectivity and Finality of Decisions.— (1) All provisionary orders
of the Office of the Ombudsman are immediately effective and executory.

A motion for reconsideration of any order, directive or decision of the Office of

the Ombudsman must be filed within five (5) days after receipt of written
notice and shall be entertained only on any of the following grounds:

(1) New evidence has been discovered which materially affects the
order, directive or decision;

(2) Errors of law or irregularities have been committed prejudicial

to the interest of the movant. The motion for reconsideration shall
be resolved within three (3) days from filing: Provided, That only
one motion for reconsideration shall be entertained.

Findings of fact by the Office of the Ombudsman when supported by

substantial evidence are conclusive. Any order, directive or decision imposing
the penalty of public censure or reprimand, suspension of not more than one
(1) month's salary shall be final and unappealable.

In all administrative disciplinary cases, orders, directives, or decisions of

the Office of the Ombudsman may be appealed to the Supreme Court by
filing a petition for certiorari within ten (10) days from receipt of the
written notice of the order, directive or decision or denial of the motion for
reconsideration in accordance with Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.

The above rules may be amended or modified by the Office of the '
Ombudsman as the interest of justice may require. (Emphasis and underscoring
supplied)
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At first blush, it appears that Section 27, RA 6770 is equally ambiguous in stating that a
"petition for certiorari" should be taken in accordance with Rule 45 of the Rules of Court,
as it is well-known that under the present 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, petitions for
certiorari are governed by Rule 65 of the said Rules. However, it should be discerned that
the Ombudsman Act was passed way back in 1989[130] and, hence, before the advent of
the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure.[131] At that time, the governing 1964 Rules of Court,
[132] consistent with Section 27, RA 6770, referred to the appeal taken thereunder as a
petition for certiorari, thus possibly explaining the remedy's textual denomination, at least
in the provision's final approved version:

RULE 45
Appeal from Court of Appeals to Supreme Court

SECTION 1. Filing of Petition with Supreme Court. - A party may appeal by

certiorari, from a judgment of the Court of Appeals, by filing with the Supreme
Court a petition for certiorari, within fifteen (15) days from notice of
judgment or of the denial of his motion for reconsideration filed in due time,
and paying at the same time, to the clerk of said court the corresponding
docketing fee. The petition shall not be acted upon without proof of service of
a copy thereof to the Court of Appeals. (Emphasis supplied)

B. Construing the second paragraph of

Section 14, RA 6770.

The Senate deliberations' lack of discussion on the second paragraph of Section 14, RA
6770 notwithstanding, the other principles of statutory construction can apply to ascertain
the meaning of the provision.

To recount, the second paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 states that "[n]o court shall
hear any appeal or application for remedy against the decision or findings of the
Ombudsman, except the Supreme Court, on pure question of law." ;

As a general rule, the second paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 bans the whole range of
remedies against issuances of the Ombudsman, by prohibiting: (a) an appeal against
any decision or finding of the Ombudsman, and (b) "any application of remedy" (subject
to the exception below) against the same. To clarify, the phrase "application for remedy,"
being a generally worded provision, and being separated from the term "appeal" by the
disjunctive "or",[133] refers to any remedy (whether taken mainly or provisionally), except
an appeal, following the maxim generalia verba sunt generaliter intelligenda: general
words are to be understood in a general sense.[134] By the same principle, the word
"findings," which is also separated from the word "decision" by the disjunctive "or",
would therefore refer to any finding made by the Ombudsman (whether final or
provisional), except a decision.

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The subject provision, however, crafts an exception to the foregoing general rule. While
the specific procedural vehicle is not explicit from its text, it is fairly deducible that the
second paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 excepts, as the only allowable remedy against
"the decision or findings of the Ombudsman," a Rule 45 appeal, for the reason that it is
the only remedy taken to the Supreme Court on "pure questions of law," whether
under the 1964 Rules of Court or the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure:

Rule 45, 1964 Rules of Court

RULE 45
Appeal from Court of Appeals to Supreme Court

xxxx

Section 2. Contents of Petition. — The petition shall contain a concise

statement of the matters involved, the assignment of errors made in the court
below, and the reasons relied on for the allowance of the petition, and it should
be accompanied with a true copy of the judgment sought to be reviewed,
together with twelve (12) copies of the record on appeal, if any, and of the
petitioner's brief as filed in the Court of Appeals. A verified statement of the
date when notice of judgment and denial of the motion for reconsideration, if
any, were received shall accompany the petition.

Only questions of law may be raised in the petition and must be distinctly
set forth. If no record on appeal has been filed in the Court of Appeals, the
clerk of the Supreme Court, upon admission of the petition, shall demand from
the Court of Appeals the elevation of the whole record of the case. (Emphasis
and underscoring supplied)

Rule 45, 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure

RULE 45
Appeal by Certiorari to the Supreme Court

Section 1. Filing of petition with Supreme Court. - A party desiring to appeal

by certiorari from a judgment, final order or resolution of the Court of
Appeals, the Sandiganbayan, the Court of Tax Appeals, the Regional Trial
Court or other courts, whenever authorized by law, may file with the Supreme
Court a verified petition for review on certiorari. The petition may include an
application for a writ of preliminary injunction or other provisional remedies
and shall raise only questions of law, which must be distinctly set forth. The
petitioner may seek the same provisional remedies by verified motion filed in
the same action or proceeding at any time during its pendency. (Emphasis and
underscoring supplied)

That the remedy excepted in the second paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 could be a
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petition for certiorari under Rule 65 of the 1964 Rules of Court or the 1997 Rules of
Procedure is a suggestion that defies traditional norms of procedure. It is basic procedural
law that a Rule 65 petition is based on errors of jurisdiction, and not errors of judgment to
which the classifications of (a) questions of fact, (b) questions of law, or (c) questions of
mixed fact and law, relate to. In fact, there is no procedural rule, whether in the old or new
Rules, which grounds a Rule 65 petition on pure questions of law. Indeed, it is also a
statutory construction principle that the lawmaking body cannot be said to have intended
the establishment of conflicting and hostile systems on the same subject. Such a result
would render legislation a useless and idle ceremony, and subject the laws to uncertainty
and unintelligibility.[135] There should then be no confusion that the second paragraph of
Section 14, RA 6770 refers to a Rule 45 appeal to this Court, and no other. In sum, the
appropriate construction of this Ombudsman Act provision is that all remedies against
issuances of the Office of the Ombudsman are prohibited, except the above-stated Rule 45
remedy to the Court on pure questions of law.

C. Validity of the second paragraph of

Section 14, RA 6770.

Of course, the second paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770's extremely limited restriction on
remedies is inappropriate since a Rule 45 appeal -which is within the sphere of the rules of
procedure promulgated by this Court - can only be taken against final decisions or orders
of lower courts,[136] and not against "findings" of quasi-judicial agencies. As will be later
elaborated upon, Congress cannot interfere with matters of procedure; hence, it cannot
alter the scope of a Rule 45 appeal so as to apply to interlocutory "findings" issued by the
Ombudsman. More significantly, by confining the remedy to a Rule 45 appeal, the
provision takes away the remedy of certiorari, grounded on errors of jurisdiction, in
denigration of the judicial power constitutionally vested in courts. In this light, the second
paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 also increased this Court's appellate jurisdiction,
without a showing, however, that it gave its consent to the same. The provision is, in fact,
very similar to the fourth paragraph of Section 27, RA 6770 (as above-cited), which was
invalidated in the case of Fabian v. Desierto[137] (Fabian).[138]

In Fabian, the Court struck down the fourth paragraph of Section 27, RA 6770 as
unconstitutional since it had the effect of increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the Court
without its advice and concurrence in violation of Section 30, Article VI of the 1987
Constitution.[139] Moreover, this provision was found to be inconsistent with Section 1,
Rule 45 of the present 1997 Rules of Procedure which, as above-intimated, applies only to
a review of "judgments or final orders of the Court of Appeals, the Sandiganbayan, the
Court of Tax Appeals, the Regional Trial Court, or other courts authorized by law;" and
not of quasi-judicial agencies, such as the Office of the Ombudsman, the remedy now
being a Rule 43 appeal to the Court of Appeals. In Ruivivar v. Office of the
Ombudsman,[140] the Court's ratiocinations and ruling in Fabian were recounted:

The case of Fabian v. Desierto arose from the doubt created in the application
of Section 27 of R.A. No. 6770 (The Ombudsman's Act) and Section 7, Rule
III of A.O. No. 7 (Rules of Procedure of the Office of the Ombudsman) on the
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availability of appeal before the Supreme Court to assail a decision or order of

the Ombudsman in administrative cases. In Fabian, we invalidated Section
27 of R.A. No. 6770 (and Section 7, Rule III of A.O. No. 7 and the other
rules implementing the Act) insofar as it provided for appeal by certiorari
under Rule 45 from the decisions or orders of the Ombudsman in
administrative cases. We held that Section 27 of R.A. No. 6770 had the
effect, not only of increasing the appellate jurisdiction of this Court
without its advice and concurrence in violation of Section 30, Article VI of
the Constitution; it was also inconsistent with Section 1, Rule 45 of the
Rules of Court which provides that a petition for review on certiorari shall
apply only to a review of "judgments or final orders of the Court of
Appeals, the Sandiganbayan, the Court of Tax Appeals, the Regional Trial
Court, or other courts authorized by law." We pointedly said:

As a consequence of our ratiocination that Section 27 of Republic

Act No. 6770 should be struck down as unconstitutional, and in line
with the regulatory philosophy adopted in appeals from quasi-
judicial agencies in the 1997 Revised Rules of Civil Procedure,
appeals from decisions of the Office of the Ombudsman in
administrative disciplinary cases should be taken to the CA under
the provisions of Rule 43.[141] (Emphasis supplied)

Since the second paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 limits the remedy against "decision or
findings" of the Ombudsman to a Rule 45 appeal and thus - similar to the fourth paragraph
of Section 27, RA 6770[142] - attempts to effectively increase the Supreme Court's
appellate jurisdiction without its advice and concurrence,[143] it is therefore concluded that
the former provision is also unconstitutional and perforce, invalid. Contrary to the
Ombudsman's posturing,[144] Fabian should squarely apply since the above-stated
Ombudsman Act provisions are in part materia in that they "cover the same specific or
particular subject matter,"[145] that is, the manner of judicial review over issuances of the
Ombudsman.

Note that since the second paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 is clearly determinative of
the existence of the CA's subject matter jurisdiction over the main CA-G.R. SP No.
139453 petition, including all subsequent proceedings relative thereto, as the Ombudsman
herself has developed, the Court deems it proper to resolve this issue ex mero motu (on its
own motion[146]). This procedure, as was similarly adopted in Fabian, finds its bearings in
settled case law:

The conventional rule, however, is that a challenge on constitutional grounds

must be raised by a party to the case, neither of whom did so in this case, but
that is not an inflexible rule, as we shall explain.

Since the constitution is intended for the observance of the judiciary and other
departments of the government and the judges are sworn to support its
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provisions, the courts are not at liberty to overlook or disregard its commands
or countenance evasions thereof. When it is clear , that a statute transgresses
the authority vested in a legislative body, it is the duty of the courts to declare
that the constitution, and not the statute, governs in a case before them for
judgment.

Thus, while courts will not ordinarily pass upon constitutional questions which
are not raised in the pleadings, the rule has been recognized to admit of certain
exceptions. It does not preclude a court from inquiring into its own jurisdiction
or compel it to enter a judgment that it lacks jurisdiction to enter. If a statute on
which a court's jurisdiction in a proceeding depends is unconstitutional, the
court has no jurisdiction in the proceeding, and since it may determine whether
or not it has jurisdiction, it necessarily follows that it may inquire into the
constitutionality of the statute.

Constitutional questions, not raised in the regular and orderly procedure

in the trial are ordinarily rejected unless the jurisdiction of the court
below or that of the appellate court is involved in which case it may be
raised at any time or on the court's own motion. The Court ex mero motu
may take cognizance of lack of jurisdiction at any point in the case where that
fact is developed. The court has a clearly recognized right to determine its own
jurisdiction in any proceeding.[147] (Emphasis supplied)

D. Consequence of invalidity.

In this case, the Rule 65 petition for certiorari in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 was filed by
Binay, Jr. before the CA in order to nullify the preventive suspension order issued by the
Ombudsman, an interlocutory order,[148] hence, unappealable.[149]

In several cases decided after Fabian, the Court has ruled that Rule 65 petitions for
certiorari against unappelable issuances[150] of the Ombudsman should be filed before the
CA, and not directly before this Court:

In Office of the Ombudsman v. Capulong[151] (March 12, 2014), wherein a preventive

suspension order issued by the Office of the Ombudsman was - similar to this case -
assailed through a Rule 65 petition for certiorari filed by the public officer before the CA,
the Court held that "[t]here being a finding of grave abuse of discretion on the part of the
Ombudsman, it was certainly imperative for the CA to grant incidental reliefs, as
sanctioned by Section 1 of Rule 65."[152]

In Dagan v. Office of the Ombudsman[153] (November 19, 2013), involving a Rule 65

petition for certiorari assailing a final and unappealable order of the Office of the
Ombudsman in an administrative case, the Court remarked that "petitioner employed the
correct mode of review in this case, i.e., a special civil action for certiorari before the
Court of Appeals."[154] In this relation, it stated that while "a special civil action for
Certiorari is within the concurrent original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the
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Court of Appeals, such petition should be initially filed with the Court of Appeals in
observance of the doctrine of hierarchy of courts." Further, the Court upheld Barata v.
Abalos, Jr.[155] (June 6, 2001), wherein it was ruled that the remedy against final and
unappealable orders of the Office of the Ombudsman in an administrative case was a Rule
65 petition to the CA. The same verdict was reached in Ruivivar[156] (September 16,
2008).

Thus, with the unconstitutionality of the second paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770, the
Court, consistent with existing jurisprudence, concludes that the CA has subject matter
jurisdiction over the main CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 petition. That being said, the Court
now examines the objections of the Ombudsman, this time against the CA's authority to
issue the assailed TRO and WPI against the implementation of the preventive suspension
order, incidental to that main case.

III.

From the inception of these proceedings, the Ombudsman has been adamant that the CA
has no jurisdiction to issue any provisional injunctive writ against her office to enjoin its
preventive suspension orders. As basis, she invokes the first paragraph of Section 14,
RA 6770 in conjunction with her office's independence under the 1987 Constitution. She
advances the idea that "[i]n order to further ensure [her office's] independence, [RA 6770]
likewise insulated it from judicial intervention,"[157] particularly, "from injunctive reliefs
traditionally obtainable from the courts,"[158] claiming that said writs may work "just as
effectively as direct harassment or political pressure would."[159]

A. The concept of Ombudsman independence.

Section 5, Article XI of the 1987 Constitution guarantees the independence of the Office
of the Ombudsman:

Section 5. There is hereby created the independent Office of the

Ombudsman, composed of the Ombudsman to be known as Tanodbayan, one
overall Deputy and at least one Deputy each for Luzon, Visayas[,] and
Mindanao. A separate Deputy for the military establishment may likewise be
appointed. (Emphasis supplied)

In Gonzales III v. Office of the President[160] (Gonzales III), the Court traced the historical
underpinnings of the Office of the Ombudsman:

Prior to the 1973 Constitution, past presidents established several Ombudsman-

like agencies to serve as the people's medium for airing grievances and for
direct redress against abuses and misconduct in the government. Ultimately,
however, these agencies failed to fully realize their objective for lack of the
political independence necessary for the effective performance of their function
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as government critic.

It was under the 1973 Constitution that the Office of the Ombudsman became a
constitutionally-mandated office to give it political independence and adequate
powers to enforce its mandate. Pursuant to the ( 1973 Constitution, President
Ferdinand Marcos enacted Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1487, as amended by
PD No. 1607 and PD No. 1630, creating the Office of the Ombudsman to be
known as Tanodbayan. It was tasked principally to investigate, on complaint or
motu proprio, any administrative act of any administrative agency, including
any government-owned or controlled corporation. When the Office of the
Tanodbayan was reorganized in 1979, the powers previously vested in the
Special Prosecutor were transferred to the Tanodbayan himself. He was given
the exclusive authority to conduct preliminary investigation of all cases
cognizable by the Sandiganbayan, file the corresponding information, and
control the prosecution of these cases.

With the advent of the 1987 Constitution, a new Office of the Ombudsman was
created by constitutional fiat. Unlike in the 1973 Constitution, its
independence was expressly and constitutionally guaranteed. Its objectives
are to enforce the state policy in Section 27, Article II and the standard of
accountability in public service under Section 1, Article XI of the 1987
Constitution. These provisions read:

Section 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the
public service and take positive and effective measures against graft
and corruption.

Section 1. Public office is a public trust. Public officers and

employees must, at all times, be accountable to the people, serve
them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency;
act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.[161]
(Emphasis supplied)

More significantly, Gonzales III explained the broad scope of the office's mandate, and in
correlation, the impetus behind its independence:

Under Section 12, Article XI of the 1987 Constitution, the Office of the
Ombudsman is envisioned to be the "protector of the people" against the inept,
abusive, and corrupt in the Government, to function essentially as a complaints
and action bureau. This constitutional vision of a Philippine Ombudsman
practically intends to make the Ombudsman an authority to directly check and
guard against the ills, abuses and excesses , of the bureaucracy. Pursuant to
Section 13 (8), Article XI of the 1987 Constitution, Congress enacted RA No.
6770 to enable it to further realize the vision of the Constitution. Section 21 of
RA No. 6770 provides:

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Section 21. Official Subject to Disciplinary Authority; Exceptions. -

The Office of the Ombudsman shall have disciplinary authority
over all elective and appointive officials of the Government and its
subdivisions, instrumentalities, and agencies, including Members of
the Cabinet, local government, government-owned or controlled
corporations and their subsidiaries, except over officials who may
be removed only by impeachment or over Members of Congress,
and the Judiciary.

As the Ombudsman is expected to be an "activist watchman," the < Court has

upheld its actions, although not squarely falling under the broad powers
granted [to] it by the Constitution and by RA No. 6770, if these actions are
reasonably in line with its official function and consistent with the law and the
Constitution.

The Ombudsman's broad investigative and disciplinary powers include all acts
of malfeasance, misfeasance, and nonfeasance of all public officials, including
Members of the Cabinet and key Executive officers, during their tenure. To
support these broad powers, the Constitution saw it fit to insulate the Office
of the Ombudsman from the pressures and influence of officialdom and
partisan politics and from fear of external reprisal by making it an
"independent" office, x x x.

xxxx

Given the scope of its disciplinary authority, the Office of the Ombudsman is a
very powerful government constitutional agency that is considered "a notch
above other grievance-handling investigative bodies." It has powers, both
constitutional and statutory, that are commensurate , with its daunting task of
enforcing accountability of public officers.[162] (Emphasis and underscoring
supplied)

Gonzales III is the first case which grappled with the meaning of the Ombudsman's
independence vis-a-vis the independence of the other constitutional bodies. Pertinently, the
Court observed:

(1) "[T]he independence enjoyed by the Office of the Ombudsman and by the
Constitutional Commissions shares certain characteristics - they do not owe their
existence to any act of Congress, but are created by the Constitution itself;
additionally, they all enjoy fiscal autonomy. In general terms, the framers of the
Constitution intended that these 'independent' bodies be insulated from political
pressure to the extent that the absence of 'independence' would result in the impairment of
their core functions"[163];

(2) "[T]he Judiciary, the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman must have the
independence and flexibility needed in the discharge of their constitutional duties. The
imposition of restrictions and constraints on the manner the independent constitutional
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offices allocate and utilize the funds appropriated for their operations is anathema to
fiscal autonomy and violative not only [of] the express mandate of the Constitution, but
especially as regards the Supreme Court, of the independence and separation of powers
upon which the entire fabric of our constitutional system is based";[164] and

(3) "[T]he constitutional deliberations explain the Constitutional Commissions' need for
independence. In the deliberations of the 1973 Constitution, the delegates amended the
1935 Constitution by providing for a constitutionally-created Civil Service Commission,
instead of one created by law, on the premise that the effectivity of this body is
dependent on its freedom from the tentacles of politics. In a similar manner, the
deliberations of the 1987 Constitution on the Commission on Audit highlighted the
developments in the past Constitutions geared towards insulating the Commission on
Audit from political pressure."[165]

At bottom, the decisive ruling in Gonzales III, however, was that the independence of the
Office of the Ombudsman, as well as that of the foregoing independent bodies, meant
freedom from control or supervision of the Executive Department:

[T]he independent constitutional commissions have been consistently intended

by the framers to be independent from executive control or supervision or
any form of political influence. At least insofar as these bodies are concerned,
jurisprudence is not scarce on how the "independence" granted to these bodies
prevents presidential interference.

In Brillantes, Jr. v. Yorac (G.R. No. 93867, December 18, 1990, 192 SCRA
358), we emphasized that the Constitutional Commissions, which have been
characterized under the Constitution as "independent," are not under the
control of the President, even if they discharge functions that are executive in
nature. The Court declared as unconstitutional the President's act of
temporarily appointing the respondent in that case as Acting Chairman of the
[Commission on Elections] "however well-meaning" it might have been.

In Bautista v. Senator Salonga (254 Phil. 156, 179 [1989]), the Court
categorically stated that the tenure of the commissioners of the independent
Commission on Human Rights could not be placed under the discretionary
power of the President.

xxxx

The kind of independence enjoyed by the Office of the Ombudsman certainly

cannot be inferior - but is similar in degree and kind - to the independence
similarly guaranteed by the Constitution to the Constitutional Commissions
since all these offices fill the political interstices of a republican democracy
that are crucial to its existence and proper functioning.[166] (Emphases and
underscoring supplied)

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Thus, in Gonzales III, the Court declared Section 8 (2), RA 6770, which provides that "[a]
Deputy or the Special Prosecutor, may be removed from office by the President for any of
the grounds provided for the removal of the Ombudsman, and after due process," partially
unconstitutional insofar as it subjected the Deputy Ombudsman to the disciplinary
authority of the President for violating the principle of independence. Meanwhile, the
validity of Section 8 (2), RA 6770 was maintained insofar as the Office of the Special
Prosecutor was concerned since said office was not considered to be constitutionally
within the Office of the Ombudsman and is, hence, not entitled to the independence the
latter enjoys under the Constitution.[167]

As may be deduced from the various discourses in Gonzales III, the concept of
Ombudsman's independence covers three (3) things:

First: creation by the Constitution, which means that the office cannot be abolished, nor
its constitutionally specified functions and privileges, be removed, altered, or modified by
law, unless the Constitution itself allows, or an amendment thereto is made;

Second: fiscal autonomy, which means that the office "may not be obstructed from [its]
freedom to use or dispose of [its] funds for purposes germane to [its] functions;[168] hence,
its budget cannot be strategically decreased by officials of the political branches of
government so as to impair said functions; and

Third: insulation from executive supervision and control, which means that those
within the ranks of the office can only be disciplined by an internal authority.

Evidently, all three aspects of independence intend to protect the Office of the
Ombudsman from political harassment and pressure, so as to free it from the "insidious
tentacles of politics."[169]

That being the case, the concept of Ombudsman independence cannot be invoked as basis
to insulate the Ombudsman from judicial power constitutionally vested unto the courts.
Courts are apolitical bodies, which are ordained to act as impartial tribunals and apply
even justice to all. Hence, the Ombudsman's notion that it can be exempt from an incident
of judicial power - that is, a provisional writ of injunction against a preventive suspension
order - clearly strays from the concept's rationale of insulating the office from political
harassment or pressure.

B. The first paragraph of Section 14, RA

6770 in light of the powers of Congress and the
Court under the 1987 Constitution.

The Ombudsman's erroneous abstraction of her office's independence notwithstanding, it

remains that the first paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 textually prohibits courts from
extending provisional injunctive relief to delay any investigation conducted by her office.
Despite the usage of the general phrase "[n]o writ of injunction shall be issued by any
court," the Ombudsman herself concedes that the prohibition does not cover the Supreme

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Court.[170] As support, she cites the following Senate deliberations:

Senator [Ernesto M.] Maceda. Mr. President, I do not know if an amendment

is necessary. I would just like to inquire for the record whether below the
Supreme Court, it is understood that there is no injunction policy against the
Ombudsman by lower courts. Or, is it necessary to have a special paragraph
for that?

Senator Angara. Well, there is no provision here, Mr. President, that will
prevent an injunction against the Ombudsman being issued.

Senator Maceda. In which case, I think that the intention, this being one of
the highest constitutional bodies, is to subject this only to certiorari to the
Supreme Court. I think an injunction from the Supreme Court is, of course,
in order but no lower courts should be allowed to interfere. We had a very
bad experience with even, let us say, the Forestry Code where no injunction is
supposed to be issued against the Department of Natural Resources.
Injunctions are issued right and left by RTC judges all over the country.

The President. Why do we not make an express provision to that effect?

Senator Angara. We would welcome that, Mr. President.

The President. No [writs of injunction] from the trial courts other than the
Supreme Court.

Senator Maceda. I so move, Mr. President, for that amendment.

The President. Is there any objection? [Silence] Hearing none, the same is
approved.[171]

Further, she acknowledges that by virtue of Sections 1 and 5 (1), Article VIII of the 1987
Constitution, acts of the Ombudsman, including interlocutory orders, are subject to the
Supreme Court's power of judicial review As a corollary, the Supreme Court may issue
ancillary mjunctive writs or provisional remedies in the exercise of its power of judicial
review over matters pertaining to ongoing investigations by the Office of the Ombudsman.
Respecting the CA, however, the Ombudsman begs to differ.[172]

With these submissions, it is therefore apt to examine the validity of the first paragraph of
Section 14, RA 6770 insofar as it prohibits all courts, except this Court, from issuing
provisional writs of injunction to enjoin an Ombudsman investigation. That the
constitutionality of this provision is the lis mota of this case has not been seriously
disputed. In fact, the issue anent its constitutionality was properly raised and presented
during the course of these proceedings.[173] More importantly, its resolution is clearly
necessary to the complete disposition of this case.[174]
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In the enduring words of Justice Laurel in Angara v. The Electoral Commission (Angara),
[175] the "Constitution has blocked out with deft strokes and in bold lines, allotment of
power to the executive, the legislative[,] and the judicial departments of the government."
[176] The constitutional demarcation of the three fundamental powers of government is
more commonly known as the principle of separation of powers. In the landmark case of
Belgica v. Ochoa, Jr. (Belgica),[177] the Court held that "there is a violation of the
separation of powers principle when one branch of government unduly encroaches on the
domain of another."[178] In particular, "there is a violation of the principle when there is
impermissible (a) interference with and/or (b) assumption of another department's
functions."[179]

Under Section 1, Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution, judicial power is allocated to the
Supreme Court and all such lower courts:

Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such
lower courts as may be established by law.

Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual
controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable,
and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or
instrumentality of the Government.

This Court is the only court established by the Constitution, while all other lower courts
may be established by laws passed by Congress. Thus, through the passage of Batas
Pambansa Bilang (BP) 129,[180] known as "The Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980,"
the Court of Appeals,[181] the Regional Trial Courts,[182] and the Metropolitan Trial
Courts, Municipal Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts[183] were established.
Later, through the passage of RA 1125,[184] and Presidential Decree No. (PD) 1486,[185]
the Court of Tax Appeals, and the Sandiganbayan were respectively established.

In addition to the authority to establish lower courts, Section 2, Article VIII of the 1987
Constitution empowers Congress to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction
of all courts, except that it may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction
over cases enumerated in Section 5[186] of the same Article:

Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, ' and
apportion the jurisdiction of the various courts but may not deprive the
Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in Section 5 hereof.

xxxx

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Jurisdiction, as hereinabove used, more accurately pertains to jurisdiction over the subject
matter of an action. In The Diocese of Bacolod v. Commission on Elections,[187] subject
matter jurisdiction was defined as "the authority 'to hear and determine cases of the
general class to which the proceedings in question belong and is conferred by the
sovereign authority which organizes the court and defines its powers.'"

Among others, Congress defined, prescribed, and apportioned the subject matter
jurisdiction of this Court (subject to the aforementioned constitutional limitations), the
Court of Appeals, and the trial courts, through the passage of BP 129, as amended.

In this case, the basis for the CA's subject matter jurisdiction over Binay, Jr.'s main
petition for certiorari in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 is Section 9(1), Chapter I of BP 129, as
amended:

Section 9. Jurisdiction. - The Court of Appeals shall exercise:

1. Original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, prohibition, certiorari,

habeas corpus, and quo warranto, and auxiliary writs or processes,
whether or not in aid of its appellate jurisdiction[.]

Note that the CA's certiorari jurisdiction, as above-stated, is not only original but also
concurrent with the Regional Trial Courts (under Section 21 (1), Chapter II of BP 129),
and the Supreme Court (under Section 5, Article VIII of the 1987 Philippine Constitution).
In view of the concurrence of these courts' jurisdiction over petitions for certiorari, the
doctrine of hierarchy of courts should be followed. In People v. Cuaresma,[188] the
doctrine was explained as follows:

[T]his concurrence of jurisdiction is not x x x to be taken as according to

parties seeking any of the writs an absolute, unrestrained freedom of choice of
the court to which application therefor will be directed. There is after all a
hierarchy of courts. That hierarchy is determinative of the venue of appeals,
and should also serve as a general determinant of the appropriate forum for
petitions for the extraordinary writs. A becoming regard for that judicial
hierarchy most certainly indicates that petitions for the issuance of
extraordinary writs against first level ("inferior") courts should be filed with
the Regional Trial Court, and those against the latter, with the Court of
Appeals.[189]

When a court has subject matter jurisdiction over a particular case, as conferred unto it
by law, said court may then exercise its jurisdiction acquired over that case, which is
called judicial power.

Judicial power, as vested in the Supreme Court and all other courts established by law,
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has been defined as the "totality of powers a court exercises when it assumes
jurisdiction and hears and decides a case."[190] Under Section 1, Article VIII of the
1987 Constitution, it includes "the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual
controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to
determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to
lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the
Government."

In Oposa v. Factoran, Jr.[191] the Court explained the expanded scope of judicial power
under the 1987 Constitution:

The first part of the authority represents the traditional concept of judicial
power, involving the settlement of conflicting rights as conferred by law. The
second part of the authority represents a broadening of f judicial power to
enable the courts of justice to review what was before forbidden territory, to
wit, the discretion of the political departments of the government.

As worded, the new provision vests in the judiciary, and particularly the
Supreme Court, the power to rule upon even the wisdom of the decisions of the
executive and the legislature and to declare their acts invalid for lack or excess
of jurisdiction because they are tainted with grave abuse of discretion. The
catch, of course, is the meaning of "grave abuse of discretion," which is a very
elastic phrase that can expand or contract according to the disposition of the
judiciary.[192]

Judicial power is never exercised in a vacuum. A court's exercise of the jurisdiction it

has acquired over a particular case conforms to the limits and parameters of the
rules of procedure duly promulgated by this Court. In other words, procedure is the
framework within which judicial power is exercised. In Manila Railroad Co. v. Attorney-
General,[193] the Court elucidated that "[t]he power or authority of the court over the
subject matter existed and was fixed before procedure in a given cause began. Procedure
does not alter or change that power or authority; it simply directs the manner in
which it shall be fully and justly exercised. To be sure, in certain cases, if that power is
not exercised in conformity with the provisions of the procedural law, purely, the court
attempting to exercise it loses the power to exercise it legally. This does not mean that it
loses jurisdiction of the subject matter."[194]

While the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of the various courts
is, by constitutional design, vested unto Congress, the power to promulgate rules
concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading,
practice, and procedure in all courts belongs exclusively to this Court. Section 5 (5),
Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution reads:

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Section 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:

xxxx

(5) Promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of

constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts, the
admission to the practice of law, the Integrated Bar, and legal assistance to the
underprivileged. Such rules shall provide a simplified and inexpensive
procedure for the speedy disposition of cases, shall be uniform for all courts of
the same grade, and shall not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights.
Rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall remain
effective unless disapproved by the Supreme Court. (Emphases and
underscoring supplied)

In Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice[195] (Echegaray), the Court traced the evolution of its
rule-making authority, which, under the 1935[196] and 1973 Constitutions,[197] had been
priorly subjected to a power-sharing scheme with Congress.[198] As it now stands, the
1987 Constitution textually altered the old provisions by deleting the concurrent
power of Congress to amend the rules, thus solidifying in one body the Court's rule-
making powers, in line with the Framers' vision of institutionalizing a "[s]tronger and
more independent judiciary."[199]

The records of the deliberations of the Constitutional Commission would show[200] that
the Framers debated on whether or not the Court's rule-making powers should be shared
with Congress. There was an initial suggestion to insert the sentence "The National
Assembly may repeal, alter, or supplement the said rules with the advice and concurrence
of the Supreme Court", right after the phrase "Promulgate rules concerning the protection
and enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts,
the admission to the practice of law, the integrated bar, and legal assistance to the
underprivileged" in the enumeration of powers of the Supreme Court. Later,
Commissioner Felicitas S. Aquino proposed to delete the former sentence and, instead,
after the word "[underprivileged," place a comma (,) to be followed by "the phrase with
the concurrence of the National Assembly." Eventually, a compromise formulation was
reached wherein (a) the Committee members agreed to Commissioner Aquino's proposal
to delete the phrase "the National Assembly may repeal, alter, or supplement the said rules
with the advice and concurrence of the Supreme Court" and (b) in turn, Commissioner
Aquino agreed to withdraw his proposal to add "the phrase with the concurrence of the
National Assembly." The changes were approved, thereby leading to the present lack
of textual reference to any form of Congressional participation in Section 5 (5),
Article VIII, supra. The prevailing consideration was that "both bodies, the Supreme
Court and the Legislature, have their inherent powers."[201]

Thus, as it now stands, Congress has no authority to repeal, alter, or supplement rules
concerning pleading, practice, and procedure. As pronounced in Echegaray:

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The rule making power of this Court was expanded. This Court for the first
time was given the power to promulgate rules concerning the protection and
enforcement of constitutional rights. The Court was also r granted for the first
time the power to disapprove rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-
judicial bodies. But most importantly, the 1987 Constitution took away the
power of Congress to repeal, alter, or supplement rules concerning
pleading, practice and procedure. In fine, the power to promulgate rules of
pleading, practice and procedure is no longer shared by this Court with
Congress, more so with the Executive.[202] (Emphasis and underscoring
supplied)

Under its rule-making authority, the Court has periodically passed various rules of
procedure, among others, the current 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure. Identifying the
appropriate procedural remedies needed for the reasonable exercise of every court's
judicial power, the provisional remedies of temporary restraining orders and writs of
preliminary injunction were thus provided.

A temporary restraining order and a writ of preliminary injunction both constitute

temporary measures availed of during the pendency of the action. They are, by nature,
ancillary because they are mere incidents in and are dependent upon the result of the main
action. It is well-settled that the sole object of a temporary restraining order or a writ
of preliminary injunction, whether prohibitory or mandatory, is to preserve the
status quo[203] until the merits of the case can be heard. They are usually granted when it
is made to appear that there is a substantial controversy between the parties and one of
them is committing an act or threatening the immediate commission of an act that will
cause irreparable injury or destroy the status quo of the controversy before a full hearing
can be had on the merits of the case. In other words, they are preservative remedies for the
protection of substantive rights or interests, and, hence, not a cause of action in itself, but
merely adjunct to a main suit.[204] In a sense, they are regulatory processes meant to
prevent a case from being mooted by the interim acts of the parties.

Rule 58 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure generally governs the provisional remedies
of a TRO and a WPI. A preliminary injunction is defined under Section 1,[205] Rule 58,
while Section 3[206] of the same Rule enumerates the grounds for its issuance. Meanwhile,
under Section 5[207] thereof, a TRO may be issued as a precursor to the issuance of a writ
of preliminary injunction under certain procedural parameters.

The power of a court to issue these provisional injunctive reliefs coincides with its
inherent power to issue all auxiliary writs, processes, and other means necessary to
carry its acquired jurisdiction into effect under Section 6, Rule 135 of the Rules of
Court which reads:

Section 6. Means to carry jurisdiction into effect. - When by law jurisdiction is

conferred on a court or judicial officer, all auxiliary writs, f processes and other
means necessary to carry it into effect may be employed by such court or
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officer; and if the procedure to be followed in the exercise of such jurisdiction

is not specifically pointed out by law[208] or by these rules, any suitable
process or mode of proceeding may be adopted which appears comfortable to
the spirit of the said law or rules.

In City of Manila v. Grecia-Cuerdo,[209] which is a case involving "[t]he supervisory

power or jurisdiction of the [Court of Tax Appeals] to issue a writ of certiorari in aid of
its appellate jurisdiction"[210] over "decisions, orders or resolutions of the RTCs in local
tax cases originally decided or resolved by them in the exercise of their original or
appellate jurisdiction,"[211] the Court ruled that said power "should coexist with, and be a
complement to, its appellate jurisdiction to review, by appeal, the final orders and
decisions of the RTC, in order to have complete supervision over the acts of the latter:"
[212]

A grant of appellate jurisdiction implies that there is included in it the power

necessary to exercise it effectively, to make all orders that ; will preserve
the subject of the action, and to give effect to the final determination of the
appeal. It carries with it the power to protect that jurisdiction and to make the
decisions of the court thereunder effective. The court, in aid of its appellate
jurisdiction, has authority to control all auxiliary and incidental matters
necessary to the efficient and proper exercise of that jurisdiction. For this
purpose, it may, when necessary, prohibit or restrain the performance of any act
which might interfere with the proper exercise of its rightful jurisdiction in
cases pending before it.[213] (Emphasis supplied)

In this light, the Court expounded on the inherent powers of a court endowed with subject
matter jurisdiction:

[A] court which is endowed with a particular jurisdiction should have powers
which are necessary to enable it to act effectively within such jurisdiction.
These should be regarded as powers which are inherent in its jurisdiction
and the court must possess them in order to enforce its rules of practice
and to suppress any abuses of its process and to t defeat any attempted
thwarting of such process.

xxxx

Indeed, courts possess certain inherent powers which may be said to be

implied from a general grant of jurisdiction, in addition to those expressly
conferred on them. These inherent powers are such powers as are necessary
for the ordinary and efficient exercise of jurisdiction; or are essential to
the existence, dignity and functions of the courts, as well as to the due
administration of justice; or are directly appropriate, convenient and
suitable to the execution of their granted powers; and include the power to
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maintain the court's jurisdiction and render it effective in behalf of the

litigants.[214] (Emphases and underscoring supplied)

Broadly speaking, the inherent powers of the courts resonates the long-entrenched
constitutional principle, articulated way back in the 1936 case of Angara, that "where a
general power is conferred or duty enjoined, every particular power necessary for the
exercise of the one or the performance of the other is also conferred."[215]

In the United States, the "inherent powers doctrine refers to the principle, by which the
courts deal with diverse matters over which they are thought to have intrinsic authority
like procedural [rule-making] and general judicial housekeeping. To justify the invocation
or exercise of inherent powers, a court must show that the powers are reasonably
necessary to achieve the specific purpose for which the exercise is sought. Inherent
powers enable the judiciary to accomplish its constitutionally mandated functions."
[216]

In Smothers v. Lewis[217] (Smothers), a case involving the constitutionality of a statute

which prohibited courts from enjoining the enforcement of a revocation order of an
alcohol beverage license pending appeal,[218] the Supreme Court of Kentucky held:

[T]he Court is x x x vested with certain "inherent" powers to do that which

is reasonably necessary for the administration of justice within the scope
of their jurisdiction. x x x [W]e said while considering the rule making power
and the judicial power to be one and the same that ". . . the grant of judicial
power [rule making power] to the courts by the constitution carries with
it, as a necessary incident, the right to make that power effective in the
administration of justice." (Emphases supplied)

Significantly, Smothers characterized a court's issuance of provisional injunctive relief as

an exercise of the court's inherent power, and to this end, stated that any attempt on the
part of Congress to interfere with the same was constitutionally impermissible:

It is a result of this foregoing line of thinking that we now adopt the language
framework of 28 Am. Jur. 2d, Injunctions, Section 15, and once and for all
make clear that a court, once having obtained jurisdiction of a cause of action,
has, as an incidental to its constitutional grant of power, inherent power to do
all things reasonably necessary to the administration of justice in the case
before it. In the exercise of this power, a court, when necessary in order to
protect or preserve the subject matter of the litigation, to protect its
jurisdiction and to make its judgment effective, may grant or issue a
temporary injunction in aid of or ancillary to the principal action.

The control over this inherent judicial power, in this particular instance
the injunction, is exclusively within the constitutional realm of the courts.
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As such, it is not within the purview of the legislature to grant or deny the
power nor is it within the purview of the legislature to shape or fashion
circumstances under which this inherently judicial power may be or may
not be granted or denied.

This Court has historically recognized constitutional limitations upon the

power of the legislature to interfere with or to inhibit the performance of
constitutionally granted and inherently provided judicial functions, x x x

xxxx

We reiterate our previously adopted language, ". . . a court, once having

obtained jurisdiction of a cause of action, has, as incidental to its general
jurisdiction, inherent power to do all things reasonably necessary f to the
administration of justice in the case before it. . ." This includes the inherent
power to issue injunctions. (Emphases supplied)

Smothers also pointed out that the legislature's authority to provide a right to appeal in the
statute does not necessarily mean that it could control the appellate judicial proceeding:

However, the fact that the legislature statutorily provided for this appeal does
not give it the right to encroach upon the constitutionally granted powers of the
judiciary. Once the administrative action has ended and the right to appeal
arises the legislature is void of any right to control a subsequent appellate
judicial proceeding. The judicial rules have come into play and have
preempted the field.[219] (Emphasis supplied)

With these considerations in mind, the Court rules that when Congress passed the first
paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 and, in so doing, took away from the courts their power
to issue a TRO and/or WPI to enjoin an investigation conducted by the Ombudsman, it
encroached upon this Court's constitutional rule-making authority. Clearly, these
issuances, which are, by nature, provisional reliefs and auxiliary writs created under the
provisions of the Rules of Court, are matters of procedure which belong exclusively
within the province of this Court. Rule 58 of the Rules of Court did not create, define, and
regulate a right but merely prescribed the means of implementing an existing right[220]
since it only provided for temporary reliefs to preserve the applicant's right in esse which
is threatened to be violated during the course of a pending litigation. In the case of Fabian,
[221] it was stated that:

If the rule takes away a vested right, it is not procedural. If the rule creates a
right such as the right to appeal, it may be classified as a substantive matter;
but if it operates as a means of implementing an existing right then the rule
deals merely with procedure.

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Notably, there have been similar attempts on the part of Congress, in the exercise of its
legislative power, to amend the Rules of Court, as in the cases of: (a) In Re: Exemption of
The National Power Corporation from Payment of Filing/ Docket Fees;[222] (b) Re:
Petition for Recognition of the Exemption of the Government Service Insurance System
(GSIS) from Payment of Legal Fees;[223] and (c) Baguio Market Vendors Multi-Purpose
Cooperative (BAMARVEMPCO) v. Cabato-Cortes[224] While these cases involved
legislative enactments exempting government owned and controlled corporations and
cooperatives from paying filing fees, thus, effectively modifying Rule 141 of the Rules of
Court (Rule on Legal Fees), it was, nonetheless, ruled that the prerogative to amend,
repeal or even establish new rules of procedure[225] solely belongs to the Court, to the
exclusion of the legislative and executive branches of government. On this score, the
Court described its authority to promulgate rules on pleading, practice, and procedure as
exclusive and "[o]ne of the safeguards of [its] institutional independence."[226]

That Congress has been vested with the authority to define, prescribe, and apportion the
jurisdiction of the various courts under Section 2, Article VIII supra, as well as to create
statutory courts under Section 1, Article VIII supra, does not result in an abnegation of the
Court's own power to promulgate rules of pleading, practice, and procedure under Section
5 (5), Article VIII supra. Albeit operatively interrelated, these powers are nonetheless
institutionally separate and distinct, each to be preserved under its own sphere of authority.
When Congress creates a court and delimits its jurisdiction, the procedure for which
its jurisdiction is exercised is fixed by the Court through the rules it promulgates. The
first paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 is not a jurisdiction-vesting provision, as the
Ombudsman misconceives,[227] because it does not define, prescribe, and apportion the
subject matter jurisdiction of courts to act on certiorari cases; the certiorari jurisdiction of
courts, particularly the CA, stands under the relevant sections of BP 129 which were not
shown to have been repealed. Instead, through this provision, Congress interfered with a
provisional remedy that was created by this Court under its duly promulgated rules
of procedure, which utility is both integral and inherent to every court's exercise of
judicial power. Without the Court's consent to the proscription, as may be manifested
by an adoption of the same as part of the rules of procedure through an
administrative circular issued therefor, there thus, stands to be a violation of the
separation of powers principle.

In addition, it should be pointed out that the breach of Congress in prohibiting provisional
injunctions, such as in the first paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770, does not only
undermine the constitutional allocation of powers; it also practically dilutes a court's
ability to carry out its functions. This is so since a particular case can easily be
mooted by supervening events if no provisional injunctive relief is extended while the
court is hearing the same. Accordingly, the court's acquired jurisdiction, through which it
exercises its judicial power, is rendered nugatory. Indeed, the force of judicial power,
especially under the present Constitution, cannot be enervated due to a court's inability to
regulate what occurs during a proceeding's course. As earlier intimated, when jurisdiction
over the subject matter is accorded by law and has been acquired by a court, its exercise
thereof should be undipped. To give true meaning to the judicial power contemplated by
the Framers of our Constitution, the Court's duly promulgated rules of procedure should
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therefore remain unabridged, this, even by statute. Truth be told, the policy against
provisional injunctive writs in whatever variant should only subsist under rules of
procedure duly promulgated by the Court given its sole prerogative over the same.

The following exchange between Associate Justice Marvic Mario Victor F. Leonen
(Justice Leonen) and the Acting Solicitor General Florin T. Hilbay (Acting Solicitor
General Hilbay) mirrors the foregoing observations:

JUSTICE LEONEN:
Okay. Now, would you know what rule covers injunction in the Rules of
Court?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

Rule 58, Your Honor.

JUSTICE LEONEN:
58, that is under the general rubric if Justice Bersamin will correct me if I will
be mistaken under the rubric of what is called provisional remedies, our
resident expert because Justice Peralta is not here so Justice Bersamin for a
while. So provisional remedy you have injunction, x x x.

xxxx

JUSTICE LEONEN:
Okay, Now, we go to the Constitution. Section 5, subparagraph 5 of Article
VIII of the Constitution, if you have a copy of the Constitution, can you please
read that provision? Section 5, Article VIII the Judiciary subparagraph 5,
would you kindly read that provision?

ACTING SOLICTOR GENERAL HILBAY.

"Promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional
rights, pleading, practice and procedure in all courts..."

JUSTICE LEONEN:
Okay, we can stop with that, promulgate rules concerning pleading, practice
and procedure in all courts. This is the power, the competence, the jurisdiction
of what constitutional organ?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

The Supreme Court, Your Honor.

JUSTICE LEONEN:
The Supreme Court. This is different from Article VIII Sections 1 and 2 which
we've already been discussed with you by my other colleagues, is that not
correct?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

Correct, Your Honor.
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JUSTICE LEONEN:
Okay, so in Section 2, [apportion] jurisdiction that is the power of Congress, is
that not correct?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

Correct, Your Honor.

JUSTICE LEONEN:
On the other hand, the power to promulgate rules is with the Court, is that not
correct?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

Correct, Your Honor.

JUSTICE LEONEN:
A TRO and a writ of preliminary injunction, would it be a separate case or is it
part of litigation in an ordinary case?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

It is an ancillary remedy, Your Honor.

JUSTICE LEONEN:
In fact, it originated as an equitable remedy, is that not correct?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

Correct, Your Honor.

JUSTICE LEONEN:
In order to preserve the power of a court so that at the end of litigation, it
will not be rendered moot and academic, is that not correct?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

Correct, Your Honor.

JUSTICE LEONEN:
In that view, isn't Section 14, first paragraph, unconstitutional?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

No, Your Honor.

xxxx

JUSTICE LEONEN.
Can Congress say that a Court cannot prescribe Motions to Dismiss under Rule
16?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

Your Honor, Congress cannot impair the power of the Court to create remedies,
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x x x.

JUSTICE LEONEN.
What about bill [of] particulars, can Congress say, no Court shall have the
power to issue the supplemental pleading called the bill of t particular [s]? It
cannot, because that's part of procedure...

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

That is true.

JUSTICE LEONEN
...or for that matter, no Court shall act on a Motion to Quash, is that not
correct?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

Correct.

JUSTICE LEONEN:
So what's different with the writ of injunction?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

Writ of injunction, Your Honor, requires the existence of jurisdiction on the
part of a court that was created by Congress. In the absence of jurisdiction...
(interrupted)

JUSTICE LEONEN:
No, writ of injunction does not attach to a court. In other words, when they
create a special agrarian court it has all procedures with it but it does not attach
particularly to that particular court, is that not correct?

ACTING SOLICTOR GENERAL HILBAY:

When Congress, Your Honor, creates a special court...

JUSTICE LEONEN:
Again, Counsel, what statute provides for a TRO, created the concept of a
TRO? It was a Rule. A rule of procedure and the Rules of Court, is that not
correct?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

Yes, Your Honor.

JUSTICE LEONEN:
And a TRO and a writ of preliminary injunction does not exist unless it is [an]
ancillary to a particular injunction in a court, is that not correct?

ACTING SOLICITOR GENERAL HILBAY:

Correct, Your Honor.

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xxxx[228] (Emphasis supplied)

In Biraogo v. The Philippine Truth Commission of 2010,[229] the Court instructed that "[i]t
is through the Constitution that the fundamental powers of government are established,
limited and defined, and by which these powers are distributed among the several
departments. The Constitution is the basic and paramount law to which all other laws must
conform and to which all persons, including the highest officials of the land, must defer."
It would then follow that laws that do not conform to the Constitution shall be stricken
down for being unconstitutional.[230]

However, despite the ostensible breach of the separation of powers principle, the Court is
not oblivious to the policy considerations behind the first paragraph of Section 14, RA
6770, as well as other statutory provisions of similar import. Thus, pending deliberation on
whether or not to adopt the same, the Court, under its sole prerogative and authority over
all matters of procedure, deems it proper to declare as ineffective the prohibition against
courts other than the Supreme Court from issuing provisional injunctive writs to enjoin
investigations conducted by the Office of the Ombudsman, until it is adopted as part of the
rules of procedure through an administrative circular duly issued therefor.

Hence, with Congress interfering with matters of procedure (through passing the first
paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770) without the Court's consent thereto, it remains that the
CA had the authority to issue the questioned injunctive writs enjoining the implementation
of the preventive suspension order against Binay, Jr. At the risk of belaboring the point,
these issuances were merely ancillary to the exercise of the CA's certiorari jurisdiction
conferred to it under Section 9 (1), Chapter I of BP 129, as amended, and which it had
already acquired over the main CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 case.

IV.

The foregoing notwithstanding, the issue of whether or not the CA gravely abused its
jurisdiction in issuing the TRO and WPI in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 against the preventive
suspension order is a persisting objection to the validity of said injunctive writs. For its
proper analysis, the Court first provides the context of the assailed injunctive writs.

A. Subject matter of the CA's iniunctive writs is the preventive suspension order.

By nature, a preventive suspension order is not a penalty but only a preventive

measure. In Quimbo v. Acting Ombudsman Gervacio,[231] the Court explained the
distinction, stating that its purpose is to prevent the official to be suspended from using
his position and the powers and prerogatives of his office to influence potential
witnesses or tamper with records which may be vital in the prosecution of the case
against him:

Jurisprudential law establishes a clear-cut distinction between suspension as

preventive measure and suspension as penalty. The distinction, by considering
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the purpose aspect of the suspensions, is readily cognizable as they have

different ends sought to be achieved.

Preventive suspension is merely a preventive measure, a preliminary step

in an administrative investigation. The purpose of the suspension order is
to prevent the accused from using his position and the powers and
prerogatives of his office to influence potential witnesses or tamper with
records which may be vital in the prosecution of the case against him. If
after such investigation, the charge is established and the person investigated is
found guilty of acts warranting his suspension or removal, then he is
suspended, removed or dismissed. This is the penalty.

That preventive suspension is not a penalty is in fact explicitly provided by

Section 24 of Rule XIV of the Omnibus Rules Implementing Book V of the
Administrative Code of 1987 (Executive Order No. 292) and other Pertinent
Civil Service Laws.

Section. 24. Preventive suspension is not a punishment or penalty

for misconduct in office but is considered to be a preventive
measure. (Emphasis supplied)

Not being a penalty, the period within which one is under preventive
suspension is not considered part of the actual penalty of suspension. So
Section 25 of the same Rule XIV provides:

Section 25. The period within which a public officer or employee

charged is placed under preventive suspension shall not be
considered part of the actual penalty of suspension imposed
upon the employee found guilty.[232] (Emphases supplied)

The requisites for issuing a preventive suspension order are explicitly stated in Section 24,
RA 6770:

Section 24. Preventive Suspension. - The Ombudsman or his Deputy may

preventively suspend any officer or employee under his authority pending an
investigation, if in his judgment the evidence of guilt is strong, and (a) the
charge against such officer or employee involves dishonesty, oppression or
grave misconduct or neglect in the performance of duty; (b) the charges
would warrant removal from the service; or (c) the respondent's continued
stay in office may prejudice the case filed against him.

The preventive suspension shall continue until the case is terminated by the
Office of the Ombudsman but not more than six (6) months, without pay,
except when the delay in the disposition of the case by the Office of the
Ombudsman is due to the fault, negligence or petition of the respondent, in
which case the period of such delay shall not be counted in computing the
period of suspension herein provided. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
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In other words, the law sets forth two (2) conditions that must be satisfied to justify the
issuance of an order of preventive suspension pending an investigation, namely:

(1) The evidence of guilt is strong; and

(2) Either of the following circumstances co-exist with the first requirement:

(a) The charge involves dishonesty, oppression or grave misconduct

or neglect in the performance of duty;

(b) The charge would warrant removal from the service; or

(c) The respondent's continued stay in office may prejudice the case
filed against him.[233]

B. The basis of the CA's injunctive writs is the condonation doctrine.

Examining the CA's Resolutions in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 would, however, show that
the Ombudsman's non-compliance with the requisites provided in Section 24, RA 6770
was not the basis for the issuance of the assailed injunctive writs.

The CA's March 16, 2015 Resolution which directed the issuance of the assailed TRO was
based on the case of Governor Garcia, Jr. v. CA[234] (Governor Garcia, Jr.), wherein the
Court emphasized that "if it were established in the CA that the acts subject of the
administrative complaint were indeed committed during petitioner [Garcia's] prior term,
then, following settled jurisprudence, he can no longer be administratively charged."[235]
Thus, the Court, contemplating the application of the condonation doctrine, among others,
cautioned, in the said case, that "it would have been more prudent for [the appellate court]
to have, at the very least, on account of the extreme urgency of the matter and the
seriousness of the issues raised in the certiorari petition, issued a TRO x x x"[236] during
the pendency of the proceedings.

Similarly, the CA's April 6, 2015 Resolution which directed the issuance of the assailed
WPI was based on the condonation doctrine, citing the case of Aguinaldo v. Santos[237]
The CA held that Binay, Jr. has an ostensible right to the final relief prayed for, i.e., the
nullification of the preventive suspension order, finding that the Ombudsman can hardly
impose preventive suspension against Binay, Jr. given that his re-election in 2013 as City
Mayor of Makati condoned any administrative liability arising from anomalous activities
relative to the Makati Parking Building project from 2007 to 2013.[238] Moreover, the CA
observed that although there were acts which were apparently committed by Binay, Jr.
beyond his first term , i.e., the alleged payments on July 3, 4, and 24, 2013,[239]
corresponding to the services of Hillmarc's and MANA - still, Binay, Jr. cannot be held
administratively liable therefor based on the cases of Salalima v. Guingona, Jr.,[240] and

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Mayor Garcia v. Mojica,[241] wherein the condonation dobtrine was applied by the Court
although the payments were made after the official's election, reasoning that the payments
were merely effected pursuant to contracts executed before said re-election.[242]

The Ombudsman contends that it was inappropriate for the CA to have considered the
condonation doctrine since it was a matter of defense which should have been raised and
passed upon by her office during the administrative disciplinary proceedings.[243]
However, the Court agrees with the CA that it was not precluded from considering the
same given that it was material to the propriety of according provisional injunctive relief
in conformity with the ruling in Governor Garcia, Jr., which was the subsisting
jurisprudence at that time. Thus, since condonation was duly raised by Binay, Jr. in his
petition in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453,[244] the CA did not err in passing upon the same.
Note that although Binay, Jr. secondarily argued that the evidence of guilt against him was
not strong in his petition in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453,[245] it appears that the CA found that
the application of the condonation doctrine was already sufficient to enjoin the
implementation of the preventive suspension order. Again, there is nothing aberrant with
this since, as remarked in the same case of Governor Garcia, Jr., if it was established that
the acts subject of the administrative complaint were indeed committed during Binay, Jr.'s
prior term, then, following the condonation doctrine, he can no longer be administratively
charged. In other words, with condonation having been invoked by Binay, Jr. as an
exculpatory affirmative defense at the onset, the CA deemed it unnecessary to determine if
the evidence of guilt against him was strong, at least for the purpose of issuing the subject
injunctive writs.

With the preliminary objection resolved and the basis of the assailed writs herein laid
down, the Court now proceeds to determine if the CA gravely abused its discretion in
applying the condonation doctrine.

C. The origin of the condonation doctrine.

Generally speaking, condonation has been defined as "[a] victim's express or implied
forgiveness of an offense, [especially] by treating the offender as if there had been no
offense."[246]

The condonation doctrine - which connotes this same sense of complete extinguishment of
liability as will be herein elaborated upon - is not based on statutory law. It is a
jurisprudential creation that originated from the 1959 case of Pascual v. Hon. Provincial
Board of Nueva Ecija,[247] (Pascual), which was therefore decided under the 1935
Constitution.

In Pascual, therein petitioner, Arturo Pascual, was elected Mayor of San Jose, Nueva
Ecija, sometime in November 1951, and was later re-elected to the same position in 1955.
During his second term, or on October 6, 1956, the Acting Provincial Governor filed
administrative charges before the Provincial Board of Nueva Ecija against him for grave
abuse of authority and usurpation of judicial functions for acting on a criminal complaint
in Criminal Case No. 3556 on December 18 and 20, 1954. In defense, Arturo Pascual

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argued that he cannot be made liable for the acts charged against him since they were
committed during his previous term of office, and therefore, invalid grounds for
disciplining him during his second term. The Provincial Board, as well as the Court of
First Instance of Nueva Ecija, later decided against Arturo Pascual, and when the case
reached this Court on appeal, it recognized that the controversy posed a novel issue - that
is, whether or not an elective official may be disciplined for a wrongful act committed by
him during his immediately preceding term of office.

As there was no legal precedent on the issue at that time, the Court, in Pascual,
resorted to American authorities and "found that cases on the matter are conflicting due
in part, probably, to differences in statutes and constitutional provisions, and also, in part,
to a divergence of views with respect to the question of whether the subsequent election or
appointment condones the prior misconduct."[248] Without going into the variables of
these conflicting views and cases, it proceeded to state that:

The weight of authorities x x x seems to incline toward the rule denying

the right to remove one from office because of misconduct during a prior
term, to which we fully subscribe.[249] (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)

The conclusion is at once problematic since this Court has now uncovered that there is
really no established weight of authority in the United States (US) favoring the doctrine of
condonation, which, in the words of Pascual, theorizes that an official's re-election denies
the right to remove him from office due to a misconduct during a prior term. In fact, as
pointed out during the oral arguments of this case, at least seventeen (17) states in the US
have abandoned the condonation doctrine.[250] The Ombudsman aptly cites several rulings
of various US State courts, as well as literature published on the matter, to demonstrate the
fact that the doctrine is not uniformly applied across all state jurisdictions. Indeed, the
treatment is nuanced:

(1) For one, it has been widely recognized that the propriety of removing a public officer
from his current term or office for misconduct which he allegedly committed in a prior
term of office is governed by the language of the statute or constitutional provision
applicable to the facts of a particular case (see In Re Removal of Member of Council
Coppola).[251] As an example, a Texas statute, on the one hand, expressly allows removal
only for an act committed during a present term: "no officer shall be prosecuted or
removed from office for any act he may have committed prior to his election to office"
(see State ex rel. Rowlings v. Loomis).[252] On the other hand, the Supreme Court of
Oklahoma allows removal from office for "acts of commission, omission, or neglect
committed, done or omitted during a previous or preceding term of office" (see State v.
Bailey)[253] Meanwhile, in some states where the removal statute is silent or unclear, the
case's resolution was contingent upon the interpretation of the phrase "in office." On one
end, the Supreme Court of Ohio strictly construed a removal statute containing the phrase
"misfeasance of malfeasance in office" and thereby declared that, in the absence of clear
legislative language making, the word "office" must be limited to the single term during
which the offense charged against the public officer occurred (see State ex rel. Stokes v.
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Probate Court of Cuyahoga County)[254] Similarly, the Common Pleas Court of Allegheny
County, Pennsylvania decided that the phrase "in office" in its state constitution was a time
limitation with regard to the grounds of removal, so that an officer could not be removed
for misbehaviour which occurred; prior to the taking of the office (see Commonwealth v.
Rudman)[255] The opposite was construed in the Supreme Court of Louisiana which took
the view that an officer's inability to hold an office resulted from the commission of
certain offenses, and at once rendered him unfit to continue in office, adding the fact that
the officer had been re-elected did not condone or purge the offense (see State ex rel.
Billon v. Bourgeois).[256] Also, in the Supreme Court of New York, Apellate Division,
Fourth Department, the court construed the words "in office" to refer not to a particular
term of office but to an entire tenure; it stated that the whole purpose of the legislature in
enacting the statute in question could easily be lost sight of, and the intent of the law-
making body be thwarted, if an unworthy official could not be removed during one term
for misconduct for a previous one (Newman v. Strobel).[257]

(2) For another, condonation depended on whether or not the public officer was a
successor in the same office for which he has been administratively charged. The "own-
successor theory," which is recognized in numerous States as an exception to condonation
doctrine, is premised on the idea that each term of a re-elected incumbent is not taken as
separate and distinct, but rather, regarded as one continuous term of office. Thus,
infractions committed in a previous term are grounds for removal because a re-elected
incumbent has no prior term to speak of[258] (see Attorney-General v. Tufts;[259] State v.
Welsh;[260] Hawkins v. Common Council of Grand Rapids;[261] Territory v. Sanches;[262]
and Tibbs v. City of Atlanta).[263]

(3) Furthermore, some State courts took into consideration the continuing nature of an
offense in cases where the condonation doctrine was invoked. In State ex rel. Douglas v.
Megaarden,[264] the public officer charged with malversation of public funds was denied
the defense of condonation by the Supreme Court of Minnesota, observing that "the large
sums of money illegally collected during the previous years are still retained by him." In
State ex rel. Beck v. Harvey[265] the Supreme Court of Kansas ruled that "there is no
necessity" of applying the condonation doctrine since "the misconduct continued in the
present term of office[;] [thus] there was a duty upon defendant to restore this money on
demand of the county commissioners." Moreover, in State ex rel. Londerholm v.
Schroeder,[266] the Supreme Court of Kansas held that "insofar as nondelivery and
excessive prices are concerned, x x x there remains a continuing duty on the part of the
defendant to make restitution to the country x x x, this duty extends into the present term,
and neglect to discharge it constitutes misconduct."

Overall, the foregoing data clearly contravenes the preliminary conclusion in Pascual that
there is a "weight of authority" in the US on the condonation doctrine. In fact, without any
cogent exegesis to show that Pascual had accounted for the numerous factors relevant to
the debate on condonation, an outright adoption of the doctrine in this jurisdiction would
not have been proper.

At any rate, these US cases are only of persuasive value in the process of this Court's
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decision-making. "[They] are not relied upon as precedents, but as guides of

interpretation."[267] Therefore, the ultimate analysis is on whether or not the condonation
doctrine, as espoused in Pascual, and carried over in numerous cases after, can be held up
against prevailing legal norms. Note that the doctrine of stare decisis does not preclude
this Court from revisiting existing doctrine. As adjudged in the case of Belgica, the stare
decisis rule should not operate when there are powerful countervailing considerations
against its application.[268] In other words, stare decisis becomes an intractable rule only
when circumstances exist to preclude reversal of standing precedent.[269] As the
Ombudsman correctly points out, jurisprudence, after all, is not a rigid, atemporal
abstraction; it is an organic creature that develops and devolves along with the society
within which it thrives.[270] In the words of a recent US Supreme Court Decision, "[w]hat
we can decide, we can undecide."[271]

In this case, the Court agrees with the Ombudsman that since the time Pascual was
decided, the legal landscape has radically shifted. Again, Pascual was a 1959 case decided
under the 1935 Constitution, which dated provisions do not reflect the experience of the
Filipino People under the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions. Therefore, the plain difference in
setting, including, of course, the sheer impact of the condonation doctrine on public
accountability, calls for Pascual's judicious re-examination.

D. Testing the Condonation Doctrine.

Pascual's ratio decidendi may be dissected into three (3) parts:

First, the penalty of removal may not be extended beyond the term in which the public
officer was elected for each term is separate and distinct:

Offenses committed, or acts done, during previous term are

generally held not to furnish cause for removal and this is
especially true where the constitution provides that the penalty in
proceedings for removal shall not extend beyond the removal
from office, and disqualification from holding office for the
term for which the officer was elected or appointed. (67 C.J.S. p.
248, citing Rice vs. State, 161 S.W. 2d. 401; Montgomery vs.
Nowell, 40 S.W. 2d. 418; People ex rel. Bagshaw vs. Thompson,
130 P. 2d. 237; Board of Com'rs of Kingfisher County vs. Shutter,
281 P. 222; State vs. Blake, 280 P. 388; In re Fudula, 147 A. 67;
State vs. Ward, 43 S.W. 2d. 217).

The underlying theory is that each term is separate from other terms x x x.
[272]

Second, an elective official's re-election serves as a condonation of previous misconduct,

thereby cutting the right to remove him therefor; and

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[T]hat the reelection to office operates as a condonation of the officer's

previous misconduct to the extent of cutting off the right to remove him
therefor. (43 Am. Jur. p. 45, citing Atty. Gen. vs. Hasty, 184 Ala. 121, 63 So.
559, 50 L.R.A. (NS) 553.[273] (emphasis supplied)

Third, courts may not deprive the electorate, who are assumed to have known the life and
character of candidates, of their right to elect officers:

As held in Conant vs. Grogan (1887) 6 N.Y.S.R. 322, cited in 17 A.I.R. 281, 63
So. 559, 50 LRA (NS) 553 —

The Court should never remove a public officer for acts done prior
to his present term of office. To do otherwise would be to deprive
the people of their right to elect their officers. When the people
have elected a man to office, it must be assumed that they did
this with knowledge of his life and character, and that they
disregarded or forgave his faults or misconduct, if he had been
guilty of any. It is not for the court, by reason of such faults or
misconduct to practically overrule the will of the people.[274]
(Emphases supplied)

The notable cases on condonation following Pascual are as follows:

(1) Lizares v. Hechanova[275] (May 17, 1966) - wherein the Court first applied the
condonation doctrine, thereby quoting the above-stated passages from Pascual in verbatim.

(2) Insco v. Sanchez, et al.[276] (December 18, 1967) - wherein the Court clarified that the
condonation doctrine does not apply to a criminal case. It was explained that a criminal
case is different from an administrative case in that the former involves the People of the
Philippines as a community, and is a public wrong to the State at large; whereas, in the
latter, only the populace of the constituency he serves is affected. In addition, the Court
noted that it is only the President who may pardon a criminal offense.

(3) Aguinaldo v. Santos[277] (Aguinaldo; August 21, 1992) - a case decided under the
1987 Constitution wherein the condonation doctrine was applied in favor of then
Cagayan Governor Rodolfo E. Aguinaldo although his re-election merely supervened
the pendency of, the proceedings.

(4) Salalima v. Guinsona, Jr.[278] (Salalima; May 22, 1996) -wherein the Court
reinforced the condonation doctrine by stating that the same is justified by "sound
public policy." According to the Court, condonation prevented the elective official from
being "hounded" by administrative cases filed by his "political enemies" during a new
term, for which he has to defend himself "to the detriment of public service." Also, the
Court mentioned that the administrative liability condoned by re-election covered the
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execution of the contract and the incidents related therewith.[279]

(5) Mayor Garcia v. Mojica[280] (Mayor Garcia; September 10, 1999) - wherein the
benefit of the doctrine was extended to then Cebu City Mayor Alvin B. Garcia who was
administratively charged for his involvement in an anomalous contract for the supply of
asphalt for Cebu City, executed only four (4) days before the upcoming elections. The
Court ruled that notwithstanding the timing of the contract's execution, the electorate is
presumed to have known the petitioner's background and character, including his past
misconduct; hence, his subsequent re-election was deemed a condonation of his prior
transgressions. More importantly, the Court held that the determinative time element in
applying the condonation doctrine should be the time when the contract was perfected;
this meant that as long as the contract was entered into during a prior term, acts
which were done to implement the same, even if done during a succeeding term, do
not negate the application of the condonation doctrine in favor of the elective official.

(6) Salumbides, Jr. v. Office of the Ombudsman[281] (Salumbides, Jr.; April 23, 2010) -
wherein the Court explained the doctrinal innovations in the Salalima and Mayor Garcia
rulings, to wit:

Salalima v. Guingona, Jr. and Mayor Garcia v. Hon. Mojica reinforced the
doctrine. The condonation rule was applied even if the administrative
complaint was not filed before the reelection of the public official, and
even if the alleged misconduct occurred four days before the elections,
respectively. Salalima did not distinguish as to the date of filing of the
administrative complaint, as long as the alleged misconduct was committed
during the prior term, the precise timing or period of which Garcia did not
further distinguish, as long as the wrongdoing that gave rise to the public
official's culpability was committed prior to the date of reelection.[282]
(Emphasis supplied)

The Court, citing Civil Service Commission v. Sojor,[283] also clarified that the
condonation doctrine would not apply to appointive officials since, as to them, there is
no sovereign will to disenfranchise.

(7) And finally, the above discussed case of Governor Garcia, Jr. -wherein the Court
remarked that it would have been prudent for the appellate court therein to have issued a
temporary restraining order against the implementation of a preventive suspension order
issued by the Ombudsman in view of the condonation doctrine.

A thorough review of the cases post-1987, among others, Aguinaldo, Salalima, Mayor
Garcia, and Governor Garcia, Jr. - all cited by the CA to justify its March 16, 2015 and
April 6, 2015 Resolutions directing the issuance of the assailed injunctive writs - would
show that the basis for condonation under the prevailing constitutional and statutory
framework was never accounted for. What remains apparent from the text of these cases is
that the basis for condonation, as jurisprudential doctrine, was - and still remains - the

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above-cited postulates of Pascual, which was lifted from rulings of US courts where
condonation was amply supported by their own state laws. With respect to its applicability
to administrative cases, the core premise of condonation - that is, an elective official's re-
election cuts qff the right to remove him for an administrative offense committed during a
prior term - was adopted hook, line, and sinker in our jurisprudence largely because the
legality of that doctrine was never tested against existing legal norms. As in the US, the
propriety of condonation is - as it should be -dependent on the legal foundation of the
adjudicating jurisdiction. Hence, the Court undertakes an examination of our current laws
in order to determine if there is legal basis for the continued application of the doctrine of
condonation.

The foundation of our entire legal system is the Constitution. It is the supreme law of the
land;[284] thus, the unbending rule is that every statute should be read in light of the
Constitution.[285] Likewise, the Constitution is a framework of a workable government;
hence, its interpretation must take into account the complexities, realities, and politics
attendant to the operation of the political branches of government.[286]

As earlier intimated, Pascual was a decision promulgated in 1959. Therefore, it was

decided within the context of the 1935 Constitution which was silent with respect to public
accountability, or of the nature of public office being a public trust. The provision in the
1935 Constitution that comes closest in dealing with public office is Section 2, Article II
which states that "[t]he defense of the State is a prime duty of government, and in the
fulfillment of this duty all citizens may be required by law to render personal military or
civil service."[287] Perhaps owing to the 1935 Constitution's silence on public
accountability, and considering the dearth of jurisprudential rulings on the matter, as well
as the variance in the policy considerations, there was no glaring objection confronting the
Pascual Court in adopting the condonation doctrine that originated from select US cases
existing at that time.

With the advent of the 1973 Constitution, the approach in dealing with public officers
underwent a significant change. The new charter introduced an entire article on
accountability of public officers, found in Article XIII. Section 1 thereof positively
recognized, acknowledged, and declared that "[p]ublic office is a public trust."
Accordingly, "[p]ublic officers and employees shall serve with the highest degree of
responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency, and shall remain accountable to the
people."

After the turbulent decades of Martial Law rule, the Filipino People have framed and
adopted the 1987 Constitution, which sets forth in the Declaration of Principles and State
Policies in Article II that "[t]he State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public
service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption."[288]
Learning how unbridled power could corrupt public servants under the regime of a
dictator, the Framers put primacy on the integrity of the public service by declaring it as a
constitutional principle and a State policy. More significantly, the 1987 Constitution
strengthened and solidified what has been first proclaimed in the 1973 Constitution by
commanding public officers to be accountable to the people at all times:

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Section 1. Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at
all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost
responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency and act with patriotism and
justice, and lead modest lives.

In Belgica, it was explained that:

[t]he aphorism forged under Section 1, Article XI of the 1987 Constitution,

which states that "public office is a public trust," is an overarching reminder
that every instrumentality of government should exercise their official
functions only in accordance with the principles of the Constitution which
embodies the parameters of the people's trust. The notion of a public trust
connotes accountability x x x.[289] (Emphasis supplied)

The same mandate is found in the Revised Administrative Code under the section of the
Civil Service Commission,[290] and also, in the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for
Public Officials and Employees.[291]

For local elective officials like Binay, Jr., the grounds to discipline, suspend or remove
an elective local official from office are stated in Section 60 of Republic Act No. 7160,
[292] otherwise known as the "Local Government Code of 1991" (LGC), which was
approved on October 10 1991, and took effect on January 1, 1992:

Section 60. Grounds for Disciplinary Action. - An elective local official may be
disciplined, suspended, or removed from office on any of the r following
grounds:

(a) Disloyalty to the Republic of the Philippines;

(b) Culpable violation of the Constitution;
(c) Dishonesty, oppression, misconduct in office, gross negligence,
or dereliction of duty;
(d) Commission of any offense involving moral turpitude or an
offense punishable by at least prision mayor;
(e) Abuse of authority;
(f) Unauthorized absence for fifteen (15) consecutive working days,
except in the case of members of the sangguniang panlalawigan,
sangguniang panlunsod, sanggunian bayan, and sangguniang
barangay;
(g) Application for, or acquisition of, foreign citizenship or
residence or the status of an immigrant of another country; and
(h) Such other grounds as may be provided in this Code and other
laws.

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An elective local official may be removed from office on the grounds

enumerated above by order of the proper court.

Related to this provision is Section 40 (b) of the LGC which states that those removed
from office as a result of an administrative case shall be disqualified from running for
any elective local position:

Section 40. Disqualifications. - The following persons are disqualified from

running for any elective local position:

xxxx

(b) Those removed from office as a result of an administrative case;

x x x x (Emphasis supplied)

In the same sense, Section 52 (a) of the RRACCS provides that the penalty of dismissal
from service carries the accessory penalty of perpetual disqualification from holding
public office:

Section 52. - Administrative Disabilities Inherent in Certain Penalties. -

a. The penalty of dismissal shall carry with it cancellation of eligibility,

forfeiture of retirement benefits, perpetual disqualification from holding
public office, and bar from taking the civil service examinations.

In contrast, Section 66 (b) of the LGC states that the penalty of suspension shall not
exceed the unexpired term of the elective local official nor constitute a bar to his
candidacy for as long as he meets the qualifications required for the office. Note, however,
that the provision only pertains to the duration of the penalty and its effect on the official's
candidacy. Nothing therein states that the administrative liability therefor is
extinguished by the fact of re-election:

Section 66. Form and Notice of Decision. - x x x.

xxxx

(b) The penalty of suspension shall not exceed the unexpired term of the
respondent or a period of six (6) months for every administrative offense, nor
shall said penalty be a bar to the candidacy of the respondent so suspended as
long as he meets the qualifications required for the office.

Reading the 1987 Constitution together with the above-cited legal provisions now leads
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this Court to the conclusion that the doctrine of condonation is actually bereft of legal
bases.

To begin with, the concept of public office is a public trust and the corollary
requirement of accountability to the people at all times, as mandated under the 1987
Constitution, is plainly inconsistent with the idea that an elective local official's
administrative liability for a misconduct committed during a prior term can be wiped off
by the fact that he was elected to a second term of office, or even another elective post.
Election is not a mode of condoning an administrative offense, and there is simply no
constitutional or statutory basis in our jurisdiction to support the notion that an official
elected for a different term is fully absolved of any administrative liability arising from an
offense done during a prior term. In this jurisdiction, liability arising from
administrative offenses may be condoned bv the President in light of Section 19,
Article VII of the 1987 Constitution which was interpreted in Llamas v. Orbos[293] to
apply to administrative offenses:

The Constitution does not distinguish between which cases executive clemency
may be exercised by the President, with the sole exclusion of impeachment
cases. By the same token, if executive clemency may be exercised only in
criminal cases, it would indeed be unnecessary to provide for the exclusion of
impeachment cases from the coverage of Article VII, Section 19 of the
Constitution. Following petitioner's proposed interpretation, cases of
impeachment are automatically excluded inasmuch as the same do not
necessarily involve criminal offenses.

In the same vein, We do not clearly see any valid and convincing , reason why
the President cannot grant executive clemency in administrative cases. It is Our
considered view that if the President can grant reprieves, commutations and
pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures in criminal cases, with much more
reason can she grant executive clemency in administrative cases, which are
clearly less serious than criminal offenses.

Also, it cannot be inferred from Section 60 of the LGC that the grounds for discipline
enumerated therein cannot anymore be invoked against an elective local official to hold
him administratively liable once he is re-elected to office. In fact, Section 40 (b) of the
LGC precludes condonation since in the first place, an elective local official who is meted
with the penalty of removal could not be re-elected to an elective local position due to a
direct disqualification from running for such post. In similar regard, Section 52 (a) of the
RRACCS imposes a penalty of perpetual disqualification from holding public office as an
accessory to the penalty of dismissal from service.

To compare, some of the cases adopted in Pascual were decided by US State jurisdictions
wherein the doctrine of condonation of administrative liability was supported by either a
constitutional or statutory provision stating, in effect, that an officer cannot be removed by
a misconduct committed during a previous term,[294] or that the disqualification to hold
the office does not extend beyond the term in which the official's delinquency
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occurred.[295] In one case,[296] the absence of a provision against the re-election of an

officer removed - unlike Section 40 (b) of the LGC-was the justification behind
condonation. In another case,[297] it was deemed that condonation through re-election was
a policy under their constitution - which adoption in this jurisdiction runs counter to our
present Constitution's requirements on public accountability. There was even one case
where the doctrine of condonation was not adjudicated upon but only invoked by a party
as a ground;[298] while in another case, which was not reported in full in the official series,
the crux of the disposition was that the evidence of a prior irregularity in no way pertained
to the charge at issue and therefore, was deemed to be incompetent.[299] Hence, owing to
either their variance or inapplicability, none of these cases can be used as basis for the
continued adoption of the condonation doctrine under our existing laws.

At best, Section 66 (b) of the LGC prohibits the enforcement of the penalty of
suspension beyond the unexpired portion of the elective local official's prior term, and
likewise allows said official to still run for re-election This treatment is similar to People
ex rel Bagshaw v. Thompson[300] and Montgomery v. Novell[301] both cited in Pascual,
wherein it was ruled that an officer cannot be suspended for a misconduct committed
during a prior term. However, as previously stated, nothing in Section 66 (b) states that the
elective local official's administrative liability is extinguished by the fact of re-election.
Thus, at all events, no legal provision actually supports the theory that the liability is
condoned.

Relatedly it should be clarified that there is no truth in Pascual's postulation that the courts
would be depriving the electorate of their right to elect their officers if condonation were
not to be sanctioned. In political law, election pertains to the process by which a particular
constituency chooses an individual to hold a public office. In this jurisdiction, there is,
again, no legal basis to conclude that election automatically implies condonation. Neither
is there any legal basis to say that every democratic and republican state has an inherent
regime of condonation. If condonation of an elective official's administrative liability
would perhaps, be allowed in this jurisdiction, then the same should have been provided
by law under our governing legal mechanisms. May it be at the time of Pascual or at
present, by no means has it been shown that such a law, whether in a constitutional or
statutory provision, exists. Therefore, inferring from this manifest absence, it cannot be
said that the electorate's will has been abdicated.

Equally infirm is Pascual's proposition that the electorate, when re-electing a local
official, are assumed to have done so with knowledge of his life and character, and that
they disregarded or forgave his faults or misconduct, if he had been guilty of any. Suffice
it to state that no such presumption exists in any statute or procedural rule.[302]
Besides, it is contrary to human experience that the electorate would have full knowledge
of a public official's misdeeds. The Ombudsman correctly points out the reality that most
corrupt acts by public officers are shrouded in secrecy, and concealed from the public.
Misconduct committed by an elective official is easily covered up, and is almost
always unknown to the electorate when they cast their votes.[303] At a conceptual level,
condonation presupposes that the condoner has actual knowledge of what is to be
condoned. Thus, there could be no condonation of an act that is unknown. As

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observed in Walsh v. City Council of Trenton[304] decided by the New Jersey Supreme
Court:

Many of the cases holding that re-election of a public official prevents his
removal for acts done in a preceding term of office are reasoned out on the
theory of condonation. We cannot subscribe to that theory because
condonation, implying as it does forgiveness, connotes knowledge and in the
absence of knowledge there can be no condonation. One cannot forgive
something of which one has no knowledge.

That being said, this Court simply finds no legal authority to sustain the condonation
doctrine in this jurisdiction. As can be seen from this discourse, it was a doctrine adopted
from one class of US rulings way back in 1959 and thus, out of touch from - and now
rendered obsolete by - the current legal regime. In consequence, it is high time for this
Court to abandon the condonation doctrine that originated from Pascual, and affirmed in
the cases following the same, such as Aguinaldo, Salalima, Mayor Garcia, and Governor
Garcia, Jr. which were all relied upon by the CA.

It should, however, be clarified that this Court's abandonment of the condonation doctrine
should be prospective in application for the reason that judicial decisions applying or
interpreting the laws or the Constitution, until reversed, shall form part of the legal system
of the Philippines.[305] Unto this Court devolves the sole authority to interpret what the
Constitution means, and all persons are bound to follow its interpretation. As explained in
De Castro v. Judicial Bar Council.[306]

Judicial decisions assume the same authority as a statute itself and, until
authoritatively abandoned, necessarily become, to the extent that they are
applicable, the criteria that must control the actuations, not only of those called
upon to abide by them, but also of those duty-bound to enforce obedience to
them.[307]

Hence, while the future may ultimately uncover a doctrine's error, it should be, as a
general rule, recognized as "good law" prior to its abandonment. Consequently, the
people's reliance thereupon should be respected. The landmark case on this matter is
People v. Jabinal,[308] wherein it was ruled:

[W]hen a doctrine of this Court is overruled and a different view is adopted,

the new doctrine should be applied prospectively, and should not apply to
parties who had relied on the old doctrine and acted on the faith thereof.

Later, in Spouses Benzonan v. CA,[309] it was further elaborated:

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[P]ursuant to Article 8 of the Civil Code "judicial decisions applying or

interpreting the laws or the Constitution shall form a part of the legal system of
the Philippines." But while our decisions form part of the law of the land, they
are also subject to Article 4 of the Civil Code which provides that "laws shall
have no retroactive effect unless the contrary is provided." This is expressed in
the familiar legal maxim lex prospicit, non respicit, the law looks forward not
backward. The rationale against retroactivity is easy to perceive. The
retroactive application of a law usually divests rights that have already become
vested or impairs the obligations of contract and hence, is unconstitutional.[310]

Indeed, the lessons of history teach us that institutions can greatly benefit from hindsight
and rectify its ensuing course. Thus, while it is truly perplexing to think that a doctrine
which is barren of legal anchorage was able to endure in our jurisprudence for a
considerable length of time, this Court, under a new membership, takes up the cudgels and
now abandons the condonation doctrine.

E. Consequence of ruling.

As for this section of the Decision, the issue to be resolved is whether or not the CA
committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction in
issuing the assailed injunctive writs.

It is well-settled that an act of a court or tribunal can only be considered as with grave
abuse of discretion when such act is done in a capricious or whimsical exercise of
judgment as is equivalent to lack of jurisdiction. The abuse of discretion must be so
patent and gross as to amount to an evasion of a positive duty or to a virtual refusal to
perform a duty enjoined by law, or to act at all in contemplation of law, as where the
power is exercised in an arbitrary and despotic manner by reason of passion and hostility.
[311] It has also been held that "grave abuse of discretion arises when a lower court or

tribunal patently violates the Constitution, the law or existing jurisprudence."[312]

As earlier established, records disclose that the CA's resolutions directing the issuance of
the assailed injunctive writs were all hinged on cases enunciating the condonation
doctrine. To recount, the March 16, 2015 Resolution directing the issuance of the subject
TRO was based on the case of Governor Garcia, Jr., while the April 6, 2015 Resolution
directing the issuance of the subject WPI was based on the cases of Aguinaldo, Salalima,
Mayor Garcia, and again, Governor Garcia, Jr. Thus, by merely following settled
precedents on the condonation doctrine, which at that time, unwittingly remained "good
law," it cannot be concluded that the CA committed a grave abuse of discretion based on
its legal attribution above. Accordingly, the WPI against the Ombudsman's preventive
suspension order was correctly issued.

With this, the ensuing course of action should have been for the CA to resolve the main
petition for certiorari in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 on the merits. However, considering
that the Ombudsman, on October 9, 2015, had already found Binay, Jr. administratively
liable and imposed upon him the penalty of dismissal, which carries the accessory penalty
of perpetual disqualification from holding public office, for the present administrative
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charges against him, the said CA petition appears to have been mooted.[313] As initially
intimated, the preventive suspension order is only an ancillary issuance that, at its core,
serves the purpose of assisting the Office of the Ombudsman in its investigation. It
therefore has no more purpose - and perforce, dissolves - upon the termination of the
office's process of investigation in the instant administrative case.

F. Exceptions to the mootness principle.

This notwithstanding, this Court deems it apt to clarify that the mootness of the issue
regarding the validity of the preventive suspension order subject of this case does not
preclude any of its foregoing determinations, particularly, its abandonment of the
condonation doctrine. As explained in Belgica, '"the moot and academic principle' is not a
magical formula that can automatically dissuade the Court in resolving a case. The Court
will decide cases, otherwise moot, if: first, there is a grave violation of the Constitution;
second, the exceptional character of the situation and the paramount public interest is
involved; third, when the constitutional issue raised requires formulation of controlling
principles to guide the bench, the bar, and the public; and fourth, the case is capable of
repetition yet evading review."[314] All of these scenarios obtain in this case:

First, it would be a violation of the Court's own duty to uphold and defend the
Constitution if it were not to abandon the condonation doctrine now that its infirmities
have become apparent. As extensively discussed, the continued application of the
condonation doctrine is simply impermissible under the auspices of the present
Constitution which explicitly mandates that public office is a public trust and that public
officials shall be accountable to the people at all times.

Second, the condonation doctrine is a peculiar jurisprudential creation that has persisted as
a defense of elective officials to escape administrative liability. It is the first time that the
legal intricacies of this doctrine have been brought to light; thus, this is a situation of
exceptional character which this Court must ultimately resolve. Further, since the doctrine
has served as a perennial obstacle against exacting public accountability from the
multitude of elective local officials throughout the years, it is indubitable that paramount
public interest is involved.

Third, the issue on the validity of the condonation doctrine clearly requires the
formulation of controlling principles to guide the bench, the bar, and the public. The issue
does not only involve an in-depth exegesis of administrative law principles, but also puts
to the forefront of legal discourse the potency of the accountability provisions of the 1987
Constitution. The Court owes it to the bench, the bar, and the public to explain how this
controversial doctrine came about, and now, its reasons for abandoning the same in view
of its relevance on the parameters of public office.

And fourth, the defense of condonation has been consistently invoked by elective local
officials against the administrative charges filed against them. To provide a sample size,
the Ombudsman has informed the Court that "for the period of July 2013 to December
2014 alone, 85 cases from the Luzon Office and 24 cases from the Central Office were
dismissed on the ground of condonation. Thus, in just one and a half years, over a hundred
cases of alleged misconduct - involving infractions such as dishonesty, oppression, gross
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neglect of duty and grave misconduct - were placed beyond the reach of the Ombudsman's
investigatory and prosecutorial powers."[315] Evidently, this fortifies the finding that the
case is capable of repetition and must therefore, not evade review.

In any event, the abandonment of a doctrine is wholly within the prerogative of the Court.
As mentioned, it is its own jurisprudential creation and may therefore, pursuant to its
mandate to uphold and defend the Constitution, revoke it notwithstanding supervening
events that render the subject of discussion moot.

V.

With all matters pertaining to CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 passed upon, the Court now rules
on the final issue on whether or not the CA's Resolution[316] dated March 20, 2015
directing the Ombudsman to comment on Binay, Jr.'s petition for contempt in CA-G.R. SP
No. 139504 is improper and illegal.

The sole premise of the Ombudsman's contention is that, as an impeachable officer, she
cannot be the subject of a charge for indirect contempt[317] because this action is criminal
in nature and the penalty therefor would result in her effective removal from office.[318]
However, a reading of the aforesaid March 20, 2015 Resolution does not show that she
has already been subjected to contempt proceedings. This issuance, in? fact, makes it
clear that notwithstanding the directive for the Ombudsman to comment, the CA has not
necessarily given due course to Binay, Jr.'s contempt petition:

Without necessarily giving due course to the Petition for Contempt

respondents [Hon. Conchita Carpio Morales, in her capacity as the
Ombudsman, and the Department of Interior and Local Government] are
hereby DIRECTED to file Comment on the Petition/Amended and
Supplemental Petition for Contempt (CA-G.R. SP No. 139504) within an
inextendible period of three (3) days from receipt hereof. (Emphasis and
underscoring supplied)

Thus, even if the Ombudsman accedes to the CA's directive by filing a comment, wherein
she may properly raise her objections to the contempt proceedings by virtue of her being
an impeachable officer, the CA, in the exercise of its sound judicial discretion, may still
opt not to give due course to Binay, Jr.'s contempt petition and accordingly, dismiss the
same. Sjmply put, absent any indication that the contempt petition has been given due
course by the CA, it would then be premature for this Court to rule on the issue. The
submission of the Ombudsman on this score is perforce denied.

WHEREFORE, the petition is PARTLY GRANTED. Under the premises of this

Decision, the Court resolves as follows:

(a) the second paragraph of Section 14 of Republic Act No. 6770 is declared
UNCONSTITUTIONAL, while the policy against the issuance of provisional injunctive
writs by courts other than the Supreme Court to enjoin an investigation conducted by the
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Office of the Ombudsman under the first paragraph of the said provision is DECLARED
ineffective until the Court adopts the same as part of the rules of procedure through an
administrative circular duly issued therefor;

(b) The condonation doctrine is ABANDONED, but the abandonment is

PROSPECTIVE in effect;

(c) The Court of Appeals (CA) is DIRECTED to act on respondent Jejomar Erwin S.
Binay, Jr.'s (Binay, Jr.) petition for certiorari in CA-G.R. SP No. 139453 in light of the
Office of the Ombudsman's supervening issuance of its Joint Decision dated October 9,
2015 finding Binay, Jr. administratively liable in the six (6) administrative complamts,
docketed as OMB-C-A-15-0058, OMB-C-A-15-0059, OMB-C-A-15-0060, OMB-C-A-
15-0061, OMB-C-A-15-0062, and OMB-C-A-15-0063; and

(d) After the filing of petitioner Ombudsman Conchita Carpio Morales's comment, the CA
is DIRECTED to resolve Binay, Jr.'s petition for contempt in CA-G.R. SP No. 139504
with utmost dispatch.

SO ORDERED.

Sereno, C.J. Carpio, Leonardo-De Castro, Del Castillo, Villarama, Jr., Perez, Reyes, and
Leonen, JJ., concur.
Bersamin, J., please see my concurring & dissenting opinion.
Velasco, Jr., Peralta, and Jardeleza, JJ., no part.
Brion, J., no part/ on leave.
Mendoza, J., on leave.

NOTICE OF JUDGMENT

Sirs/Mesdames:

Please take notice that on November 10, 2015 a Decision/Resolution, copy attached
herewith, was rendered by the Supreme Court in the above-entitled case, the original of
which was received by this Office on November 13, 2015 at 10:03 a.m.

Very truly yours,

(SGD)
FELIPA G. BORLONGAN-ANAMA
Clerk of Court

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[1]"The Works of Jeremy Bentham, published under the superintendence of his executor,
John Bowring." Vol. II, Chapter IV, p. 423, London (1843).

[2] With urgent prayer for the issuance of a TRO and/or a WPI. Rollo, Vol. 1, pp. 6-36.

[3]Id. at 43-47. Penned by Associate Justice Jose C. Reyes, Jr. with Associate Justices
Francisco P. Acosta and Eduardo B. Peralta, Jr. concurring.

[4] Id. at 53-65. Issued by petitioner Ombudsman Conchita Carpio Morales.

[5] Id. at 50-51.

[6] Dated March 18, 2015. Id. at 362-373.

[7] Id. at 613-627.

[8] Id. at 629-630. Signed by Division Clerk, of Court Miriam Alfonso Bautista.

[9]For certiorari and prohibition with prayer for the issuance of a TRO and/or WPI. Id. at
606-611

[10] See rollo, Vol. II, pp. 749-757.

[11]
RA 7080, entitled "AN ACT DEFINING AND PENALIZING THE CRIME OF
PLUNDER" (approved on Julv 12, 1991).

[12] Approved on August 17, 1960.

[13] Rollo, Vol. II, pp. 647.

[14] Id.

[15]Through Ombudsman Office Order No. 546, which was later on amended through
Officer Order No. 546-A dated November 18, 2014. Id. at 758-759.

[16] Dated March 3, 2015. Rollo, Vol. I, pp. 66-100.

[17]
Docketed as OMB-C-A-15-0058, OMB-C-A-15-0059, OMB-C-A-15-0060, OMB-C-
A-15-0061, OMB-C-A-15-0062, and OMB-C-A-15-0063. See id. at 53-58.

[18] Docketed as OMB-C-C-15-0059, OMB-C-C-15-0060, OMB-C-C-15-0061, OMB-C-

C-15-0062, OMB-C-C-15-0063, and OMB-C-C-15-0064. See id. at 66. See also rollo,
Vol. II, p. 674.
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[19] As for Binay, Jr., only four (4) administrative cases and four (4) criminal cases were
filed against him, particularly: (a) for administrative cases (1) OMB-C-A-15-0058, (2)
OMB-C-A-15-0061, (3) OMB-C- A-15-0062, and (4) OMB-C-A-15-0063; and (b) for
criminal cases (1) OMB-C-C-15-0059, for violation of Section 3 (e) of RA 3019 and
Malversation of Public Funds involving the design, architectural, and engineering services
of MANA Architecture & Interior Design Co. covering the Makati Parking Building
project, (2) OMB-C-C-15-0062, for violation of Section 3 (e) of RA 3019 and two (2)
counts of Falsification of Public Documents under Article 171 of the Revised Penal Code
in connection with Phase III of the Makati Parking Building project involving Hilmarc's,
(3) OMB-C-C-15-0063, for violation of Section 3 (e) of RA 3019 and two (2) counts of
Falsification of Public Documents in connection with Phase IV of the Makati Parking
Building project involving Hilmarc's, and (4) OMB- C-C-1 5-0064, for violation of
Section 3 (e) of RA 3019 and two (2) counts of Falsification of Public Documents in
connection with Phase V of the Makati Parking Building project involving Hilmarc's.
(Rollo, Vol. I, p. 12; rollo, Vol. II, p. 647.)

[20]Specific period covered by his first term is from Noon of June 30, 2010 to Noon of
June 30, 2013.

[21] Rollo, Vol. I, p. 247.

[22] Id. at 248-250.

[23] The original contract amount was P599,395,613.34. Due to a change order, this was
later increased to P599,994,021.05. See Disbursement Voucher; id. at 284.

[24] Id. at 86-87.

[25] See Disbursement Voucher for 26% completion of Phase III; id. at 270.

[26] See Disbursement Voucher for 52.49% completion of Phase III; id. at 273.

[27] See Disbursement Voucher for 69% completion of Phase III; id. at 276.

[28] See Disbursement Voucher for 79.17% completion of Phase III; id. at 278.

[29] See Disbursement Voucher for 86.45% completion of Phase III; id. at 281.

[30] See Disbursement Voucher for 100% completion of Phase III; id. at 284.

[31] Id. at 312.

[32] Id. at 290-292.

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[33]The original contract amount was f 649,275,681.73. This was later increased to f
649,934,440.96. See Disbursement Voucher; id. at 320.

[34] Id. at 88.

[35] See Disbursement Voucher for 33.53% completion of Phase IV; id. at 315.

[36] See Disbursement Voucher for 63.73% completion of Phase IV; id. at 316.

[37] See Disbursement Voucher for 76.94% completion of Phase IV; id. at 317.

[38] See Disbursement Voucher for 87.27% completion of Phase IV; id. at 318.

[39] See Disbursement Voucher for 100% completion of Phase IV; id. at 320.

[40] Id. at 334.

[41] Id. at 323-325.

[42] The original contract amount was P141,649,366.00. Due to a change order, this was
later increased to P143,806,161.00. See Disbursement Voucher; id. at 349

[43] Id. at 91.

[44]See Disbursement Voucher for 27.31% completion of Phase V; id. at 340. See also id.
at 337-339.

[45]See Disbursement Voucher for 52.76% completion of Phase V; id. at 344. See also id.
at 341-343.

[46]Specific period covered by his second term is from Noon of June 30, 2013 to Noon of
June 30, 2016.

[47]See Disbursement Voucher for 100% completion of Phase V; rollo, p. 349. See also id.
at 346-349.

[48] For the contract amount of PI 1,974,900.00. Dated November 28,2007. Id. at 108-113.

[49] See Disbursement Voucher for 100% completion of the MANA contract; id. at 126.

[50]Through Ombudsman Office Order No. 178, which was later on amended through
Office Order No. 180 dated March 9, 2015. See rollo, Vol. II, pp. 647-648.
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[51] Not attached to the rollos.

[52] Rollo, Vol. II, p. 648.

[53] See rollo, Vol. I, pp. 62 and 480.

[54] Id. at 61.

[55] Id.

[56]See id. at 63 and 480. See also Ombudsman's Indorsement letter dated March 11,
2015; id. at 351.

[57] See Personal Delivery Receipt; id. at 350. See also id. at 12.

[58] See Binay, Jr.'s Comment/Opposition dated April 6, 2005; id. at 481. See also Binay,
Jr.'s Memorandum dated May 21, 2015; rollo, Vol. 11, p. 806. The Ombudsman, however,
claims that the said petition was filed on March 12, 2015; see rollo, Vol II p 648

[59] Rollo, Vol. I, pp. 403-427.

[60] See id. at 425-426.

[61] Id. at 404.

[62] Id. at 404-405.

[63] Id. at 424-425.

[64]See id. at 12-13. See also Director Brion's Memorandum dated March 16, 2015; id. at
352-353.

[65] Id. at 43-47.

[66] Id. at 47.

[67] Id. at 13.

[68] 604 Phil. 677 (2009).

[69] Rollo, Vol. I, p. 46.

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[70]Which directive the Ombudsman complied with on March 30, 2015 (rollo, Vol. II, p.
650). See also rollo, Vol. I, p. 47.

[71] See Manifestation dated March 17, 2015; rollo, Vol. I, pp. 357-360.

[72] Id. at 358.

[73] Not attached to the rollos.

[74] Rollo, Vol. I, p. 14; rollo, Vol. II, p. 649.

[75] Dated March 18, 2015. Rollo, Vol. I, pp. 362-373.

[76] Id.

[77] See id. at 370.

[78] Id. at 50-51.

[79]Which the Ombudsman complied with on March 26, 2015 (rollo, Vol. II, p. 650). See
also rollo, Vol I, p. 50.

[80] The CA heard oral arguments with respect to Binay, Jr.'s application for a WP1 on
March 30, 2015. On the other hand, the CA heard oral arguments with respect to Binay,
Jr.'s petition for contempt on March 31, 2015 (see rollo, Vol. II, p. 650). See also rollo,
Vol. I, p. 51

[81] Rollo, Vol. II, p. 650.

[82]
Entitled "AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION OF THE OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES," approved on November 17 1989.

[83] See rollo, Vol. I, pp. 17-21.

[84] See id. at 21-24.

[85] See Comment/Opposition dated April 6, 2015; id. at 477-522.

[86] See id. at 478-479.

[87] See id. at 492-493.

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[88] See id. at 497-505.

[89] Id. at 511.

[90] Id. at 613-627.

[91] Id. at 615.

[92] G.R. No. 94115, August 21, 1992, 212 SCRA 768.

[93] Rollo, Vol. I, p. 619.

[94]All of which pertains to the payment of Phase V. See id. at 346-349. See also id. at
623.

[95] 326 Phil. 847(1996).

[96] 372 Phil. 892(1999).

[97] See rollo, Vol. I, pp. 619-620.

[98] See id. at 623.

[99] Id. at 606-611.

[100] Id. at 609.

[101]See Court Resolutions dated April 7, 2015 (id. at 524-525) and April 14, 2015 (id. at
634-638).

[102] See April 21, 2015; id. at 639-640

[103] Rollo, Vol. 11, pp. 646-745.

[104] Dated May 21, 2015, Id. at 803-865.

[105] Id. at 951-952.

[106]See Ombudsman's Comment to Binay, Jr.'s Memorandum dated July 3, 2015; id. at
1109-1161. See also Binay, Jr.'s Comment (to Petitioners' Memorandum) dated July 3,
2015; id. at 2203-2240.

[107] Id. at 959-960.

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[108] Id. at 959. See also Manifestation dated May 14, 2015; id. at 641.

[109] See discussions on the condonation doctrine in the Ombudsman's Memorandum,

rollo, Vol. II, pp. 708-733 and in the Ombudsman's Comment to Binay, Jr.'s Memorandum,
rollo, Vol. II pp 1144-1149,1153-1155, and 1158-1159.

[110] See Republic v. Bayao, G.R. No. 179492, June 5, 2013, 697 SCRA 313, 322-323.

[111] See Bordomeo v. CA, G.R. No. 161596, February 20, 2013, 691 SCRA 269, 286,
citing Heirs of Spouses Reterta v. Spouses Mores, 671 Phil. 346, 359 (2011).

[112]See AFP Mutual Benefit Association, Inc. v. Solid Homes, Inc., 658 Phil. 68, 19
(2011); citing Diamond Builders Conglomeration v. Country Bankers Insurance
Corporation, 564 Phil 756 769-770 (2007).

[113] Republic v. Bayao, supra note 110, at 323, citing Siok Ping Tang v. Subic Bay
Distribution Inc., 653 Phil. 124, 136-137(2010).

[114] See Ombudsman's Memorandum dated May 14, 2015; rollo, Vol. II, pp. 661-669.

[115] Francel Realty Corporation v. Sycip, 506 Phil. 407,415 (2005).

[116] See Court Resolution dated June 16, 2015; rollo, Vol. II, pp. 951-952.

[117] Id. at 2203-2240.

[118] See id. at 662-666 and 98.

[119] As
the Ombudsman herself concedes; see Main Petition, rollo, Vol. 1, pp. 17-18; See
also Ombudsman's Memorandum, rollo, Vol. II, pp. 661-666.

[120] Bacolod City Water District v. Labayen, 487 Phil. 335, 346 (2004).

[121] Section 21, RA 6770 states:

Section 21. Official Subject to Disciplinary Authority; Exceptions. — The

Office of the Ombudsman shall have disciplinary authority over all elective
and appointive officials of Jthe Government and its subdivisions,
instrumentalities and agencies, including Members of the Cabinet, local
government, government-owned or controlled corporations and their
subsidiaries, except over officials who may be removed only by impeachment
or over Members of Congress, and the Judiciary.

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[122] Section 22, RA 6770 states:

Section 22. Investigatory Power. — The Office of the Ombudsman shall have
the power to investigate any serious misconduct in office allegedly committed
by officials removable by impeachment, for the purpose of filing a verified
complaint for impeachment, if warranted.

In all cases of conspiracy between an officer or employee of the government

and a private person, the Ombudsman and his Deputies shall have jurisdiction
to include such private person in the investigation and proceed against such
private person as the evidence may warrant. The officer or employee and the
private person shall be tried jointly and shall be subject to the same penalties
and liabilities.

[123]See Alejandro v. Office of the Ombudsman Fact-Finding and Intelligence Bureau,

G.R. No. 173121, April 3, 2013, 695 SCRA 35, 44-46. t

[124] Molina v. Rafferty, 38 Phil. 167, 169 (1918).

[125]See National Police Commission v. De Guzman, Jr., G.R. No. 106724, February 9,
1994, 229 SCRA, 801-807.

[126] See Espino v. Cleofe, 152 Phil. 80, 87 (1973).

[127]
Records of the Senate, Vol. II, No. 6, August 2, 1998, pp. 174-187. As cited also in
Ombudsman's Memorandum, rollo, Vol. II, p. 662.

[128]Records of the Senate, Vol. II, No. 10, August 9, 1988, pp. 282-286 (full names of the
senators in brackets supplied). See also Ombudsman's Memorandum, rollo, Vol. II, pp.
662-665, emphases and underscoring in the original.

[129]See Associate Justice Francis H. Jardeleza's interpellation; TSN of the Oral

Arguments April 14 2015, p. 7.

[130] Approved on November 17, 1989.

[131] Effective July 1, 1997.

[132] Effective January 1, 1964.

[133]"The word 'or' x x x is a disjunctive term signifying disassociation and independence

of one thing from the other things enumerated; it should, as a rule, be construed in the
sense in which it ordinarily implies, as a disjunctive word." (Dayao v. Commission on
Elections, G.R. Nos. 193643 and 193704 January 29, 2013, 689 SCRA 412,428-429.)

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[134] Black's Law Dictionary, 8th Ed., p. 1720.

[135] Bagatsing v. Ramirez, 165 Phil. 909, 914-915 (1976).

[136] Section 1, Rule 45 of the 1997 Rules of Procedure states that a "party desiring to
appeal by certiorari from a judgment, final order or resolution of the Court of
Appeals, the Sandiganbayan, the Court of Tax Appeals, the Regional Trial Court or
other courts, whenever authorized by law, may file with the Supreme Court a verified
petition for review on certiorari." (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)

This is consistent with Item (e), Section 5 (2), Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution which
reads:

Section 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:

xxxx

(2) Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari, as the

law or the Rules of Court may provide, final judgments and orders of lower
courts in:

(e) All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved.

[137] 356 Phil. 787(1998).

[138] Note that "[o]ur ruling in the case of Fabian vs. Desierto invalidated Section 27 of
Republic Act "No. 6770 and Section 7, Rule 111 of Administrative Order No. 07 and any
other provision of law implementing the aforesaid Act only insofar as they provide for
appeals in administrative disciplinary cases from the Office of the Ombudsman to the
Supreme Court. The only provision affected by the Fabian ruling is the designation of the
Court of Appeals as the proper forum and of Rule 43 of the Rules of Court as the proper
mode of appeal. All other matters included In said section 27, including the finality or non-
finality of decisions, are not affected and still stand." (Lapid v. CA, 390 Phil. 236, 248
[2000]).

[139]Section
30. No law shall be passed increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court as provided in this Constitution without its advice and concurrence.

[140] 587 Phil. 100(2008).

[141] Id. at 111-112.

[142] For ease of reference, the provision is re-stated:

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"In all administrative disciplinary cases, orders, directives, or decisions of the Office of the
Ombudsman may be appealed to the Supreme Court by filing a petition for certiorari
within ten (10) days from receipt of the written notice of the order, directive or decision or
denial of the motion for reconsideration in accordance with Rule 45 of the Rules of
Court."

[143] There should be no statement on the Court's lack of advice and concurrence with
respect to the second paragraph of Section 14, RA 6770 since the deliberations are, in fact,
silent on the said provision.

[144]See Ombudsman's Memorandum, rollo, Vol. II, pp. 666-667. Note that nowhere does
the fourth paragraph of Section 27 delimit the phrase "orders, directives or decisions" to
those rendered by the Ombudsman at the conclusion of the administrative proceedings, as
the Ombudsman submits.

[145]See Philippine Economic Zone Authority v. Green Asia Construction and

Development Corporation, 675 Phil. 846, 857(2011).

[146] See Black's Law Dictionary, 8th Ed., p. 615.

[147] Fabian supra note 137, at 800-801.

[148] A preventive suspension is a mere preventive measure, and not a penalty (see Quimbo
v. Gervacio, 503 Phil. 886, 891 [2005]); and hence, interlocutory in nature since it "does
not terminate or finally dismiss or finally dispose of the case, but leaves something to be
done by [the adjudicating body] before the case is finally decided on the merits."
(Metropolitan Bank & Trust Company v. CA, 408 Phil. 686, 694 [2001]; see also Banares
II v. Balising, 384 Phil. 567, 577 [2000]).

[149] Gomales v. CA, 409 Phil. 684, 689 (2001).

[150]Includes interlocutory orders, such as preventive suspension orders, as well as final

and unappealable decisions or orders under Section 27, RA 6770 which states that "[a]ny
order, directive or decision imposing the penalty of public censure or reprimand,
suspension of not more than one (1) month's salary shall be final and unappealable."

[151] G.R. No. 201643, March 12, 2014, 719 SCRA 209.

[152] Id. at 219.

[153] G.R. No. 184083, November 19, 2013, 709 SCRA 681.

[154] Id. at 693.

[155] 411 Phil. 204(2001).

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[156] Supra note 140.

[157] Rollo, Vol. 1, p. 18.

[158] Id.

[159] Id.

[160] G.R. Nos. 196231 and 196232, January 28, 2014, 714 SCRA 611.

[161] Id. at 639-641.

[162] Id. at 641-642.

[163] Id. at 643 (emphases supplied).

[164]Id. at 644, citing Bengzon v. Drilon, G.R. No. 103524, April 15, 1992, 208 SCRA
133, 150 (emphasis supplied).

[165] Id. at 644-645 (emphases supplied).

[166] Id. at 646-648.

[167] See id. at 648-657.

[168]
See Re: COA Opinion on the Computation of the Appraised Value of the Properties
Purchased by the Retired Chief/Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, A.M. No. 11-7-
10-SC July 31 2012 678 SCRA 1, 13.

[169]
See Gonzales III, supra note 160, at 650, citing the Record of the Constitutional
Commission Vol 2 July 26, 1986, p. 294.

[170] See rollo, Vol. I, pp. 670-671.

[171]
Records of the Senate, August 24, 1988, p. 619. See also rollo, Vol. II, pp. 670-671
(emphases and underscoring in the original).

[172] Rollo, Vol. II, p. 672.

[173] See discussions in Ombudsman's Memorandum, rollo, Vol. 11, pp. 670-678 and
Binay, Jr.'s Memorandum, rollo, Vol. II, pp. 825-833. See also TSN of the Oral Arguments,
April 14, 2015, pp. 5-9.
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[174] See People v. Vera, 65 Phil. 56, 82 (1937), citing McGirr v. Hamilton and Abreu, 30
Phil, 563, 568 (1915); 6 R. C. L., pp. 76, 77; 12 C. J., pp. 780-782, 783.

[175] 63 Phil. 139(1936).

[176] Id. at 157.

[177] G.R.Nos. 208566, 208493, and 209251, November 19, 2013, 710 SCRA 1.

[178] Id. at 108.

[179] Id.

[180]
Entitled "AN ACT REORGANIZING THE JUDICIARY, APPROPRIATING
FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES" (approved on August 14, 1981).

[181] See Section 3, Chapter 1, BP 129.

[182] See Section 13, Chapter II, BP 129.

[183] See Section 25, Chapter III, BP 129.

[184]Entitled "An ACT Creating THE COURT OF TAX APPEALS" (approved on June
16, 1954), which was later amended by RA 9282 (approved on March 30, 2004) and RA
9503 (approved on June 12, 2008).

[185] Entitled "CREATING A SPECIAL COURT TO BE KNOWN AS

'SANDIGANBAYAN' AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES" (approved on June 11, 1978),
which was later amended by PD 1606 (approved on December 10, 1978), RA 7975
(approved on March 30, 1995), and RA 8249 (approved on February 5, 1997).

[186] Section 5, Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution provides:

Section 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:

(1) Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers
and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and
habeas corpus.

(2) Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari, as the law or the
Rules of Court may provide, final judgments and orders of lower courts in:

(a) All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international or
executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance,
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or regulation is in question.

(b) All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any penalty
imposed in relation thereto.

(c) All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue.

(d) All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher.

(e) All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved.

xxxx

[187] See G.R. No. 205728, January 21, 2015, citing Reyes v. Diaz 73 Phil 484, 486 (1941)

[188] 254 Phil. 418 (1989).

[189] Id. at 427.

[190] Bernas, Joaquin G., S.J., The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: A
Commentary, 2009 Ed., p. 959, as cited also in the Ombudsman's Memorandum, rollo,
Vol. II, p. 661.

[191] G.R. No. 101083, July 30, 1993, 224 SCRA 792.

[192] Id. at 810, citing Cruz, Isagani A., Philippine Political Law, 1991 Ed., pp. 226-227.

[193] 20 Phil. 523(1911).

[194] Id. at 530-531.

[195] See 361 Phil. 73, 86-91 (1999).

[196] Article VIII, Section 13 of the 1935 Constitution provides:

Section 13. The Supreme Court shall have the power to promulgate rules
concerning pleading, practice and procedure in all courts, and the admission to
the practice of law. Said rules shall be uniform for all courts of the same grade
and shall not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights. The existing
laws on pleading, practice and procedure are hereby repealed as statutes, and
are declared Rules of Courts, subject to the power of the Supreme Court to
alter and modify the same. The National Assembly shall have the power to
repeal, alter or supplement the rules concerning pleading, practice and
procedure, and the admission to the practice of law in the Philippines.
(Emphasis supplied)

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[197] Article X, Section 5 (5) of the 1973 Constitution provides:

Section 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers.

xxxx

(5) Promulgate rules concerning pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts, the
admission to the practice of law, and the integration of the Bar, which, however, may
be repealed, altered, or supplemented by the Batassing Pambansa. Such rules shall
provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition of cases, shall
be uniform for all courts of the same grade, and shall not diminish, increase, or modify
substantive rights. (Emphasis supplied)

[198]See Re: Petition for Recognition of the Exemption of the Government Service
Insurance System (GSIS) from Payment of Legal Fees, 626 Phil. 93, 106-109 (2010).

[199]Baguio Market Vendors Multi-Purpose Cooperative (BAMARVEMPCO) v. Cabato-

Cortes, 627 Phil. 543,549(2010).

[200]See discussions as in the Records of the Constitutional Commission, July 14, 1986,
pp. 491-492.

[201] Id. at 492.

[202] Supra note 195, at 88.

[203]"Status quo is the last actual, peaceable and uncontested situation which precedes a
controversy." (See Dolmar Real Estate Dev't. Corp. v. CA, 570 Phil. 434, 439 [2008] and
Preysler, Jr. v. CA, 527 Phil. 129, 136 [2006].)

[204]See The Incorporators of Mindanao Institute, Inc. v. The United Church of Christ in
the Philippines, G.R. No. 171765, March 21, 2012, 668 SCRA 637, 647.

[205] Section 1, Rule 58 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure provides:

Section 1. Preliminary injunction defined; classes. - A preliminary injunction is

an order granted at any stage of an action or proceeding prior to the judgment
or final order, requiring a party or a court, agency or a person to refrain from a
particular act or acts. It may cilso require the performance of a particular act or
acts, in which case it shall be known as a preliminary mandatory injunction.

[206] Section 3, Rule 58 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure provides:

Section. 3. Grounds for issuance of preliminary injunction. — A preliminary

injunction may be granted when it is established:

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(a) That the applicant is entitled to the relief demanded, and the whole or part
of such relief consists in restraining the commission or continuance of the act
or acts complained of, or in requiring the performance of an act or acts, either
for a limited period or perpetually;

(b) That the commission, continuance or non-performance of the act or acts

complained of during the litigation would probably work injustice to the
applicant; or

(c) That a party, court, agency or a person is doing, threatening, or is

attempting to do, or is procuring or suffering to be done, some act or acts
probably in violation of jthe rights of the applicant respecting the subject of the
action or proceeding, and tending to render the judgment ineffectual.

[207] Section 5, Rule 58 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure provides:

Section 5. Preliminary injunction not granted without notice; exception. — No preliminary

injunction shall be granted without hearing and prior notice to the party or person sought
to be enjoined. If it shall appear from facts shown by affidavits or by the verified
application that great or irreparable injury would result to the applicant before the matter
can be heard on notice, the court to which the application for preliminary injunction was
made, may issue ex parte a temporary restraining order to be effective only for a period of
twenty (20) days from service on the party or person sought to be enjoined, except as
herein provided, x x x.

However, subject to the provisions of the preceding sections, if the matter is of extreme
urgency and the applicant will suffer grave injustice and irreparable injury, the executive
judge of a multiple-sala court or the presiding judge of a single-sala court may issue ex
parte a temporary restraining order effective for only seventy-two (72) hours from
issuance but shall immediately comply with the provisions of the next preceding section as
to service of summons and the documents to be served therewith, x x x.

x x x x (Emphases supplied)

[208]Rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies may be specifically

pointed out by law and thus, remain effective unless the Supreme Court disapproves the
same pursuant to Section 5 (5), Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution:

Section 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:

(5) xxx. Rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall remain
effective unless disapproved by the Supreme Court. (Emphasis and underscoring
supplied)

[209] G.R. No. 175723, February 4, 2014, 715 SCRA 182.

[210] Id. at 204.

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[211] Id. at 197.

[212] Id. at 204.

[213] Id. at 204-205.

[214] Id. at 205.

[215]Supra note 175, at 177, citing Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, 8th Ed., Vol. I, pp.
138-139.

[216] (last visited July 27, 2015). See also Black's Law Dictionary, 8th Ed., p. 798.

[217] 672 S.W.2d 62 (1984).

[218] The particular statute [KRS 243.580(2) and (3)] reads:

(2) If a license is revoked or suspended by an order of the board, the licensee

shall at once suspend all operations authorized under his license, except as
provided by KRS 243.540, though he files an appeal in the Franklin Circuit
Court from the order of revocation of suspension.

(3) No court may enjoin the operation of an order of revocation or

suspension pending an appeal. If upon appeal to the Franklin Circuit Court an
order of suspension or revocation is upheld, or if an order refusing to suspend
or revoke a license is reversed, and an appeal is taken to the Court of Appeals,
no court may enjoin the operation of the judgment of the Franklin Circuit Court
pending the appeal. (See Smothers, id.; emphasis supplied.)

[219] See id.

[220]"Substantive law is that part of the law which creates, defines and regulates rights, or
which regulates the right and duties which give rise to a cause of action; that part of the
law which courts are established to administer; as opposed to adjective or remedial law,
which prescribes the method of enforcing rights or obtain redress for their invasions."
(Primicias v. Ocampo, 93 Phil. 446, 452 [1953], citing Bustos v. Lucero, [46 Off. Gaz.,
January Supp., pp. 445, 448], further citing 36 C. J. 27; 52 C. J. S. 1026); See also Fabian,
supra note 137.

[221] Fabian, id. at 809.

[222] 629 Phil. 1 (2010).

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[223] Supra note 198.

[224] Supra note 199.

[225] Neypes v. CA, 506 Phil. 613, 626 (2005).

[226] BAMARVEMPCO v. Cabato-Cortes, supra note 199, at 550.

[227] See Ombudsman's Memorandum, rollo, Vol. II, pp. 668-669.

[228] TSN of the Oral Arguments, April 14, 2015, pp. 64-68.

[229] 651 Phil. 374, 427(2010).

[230] See 2 335 Phil. 82, 114 (1997).

[231] 503 Phil. 886 (2005).

[232] Id. at 891-892.

[233] The Ombudsman v. Valeroso, 548, Phil. 688, 695 (2007).

[234] Supra note 68. See also rollo, Vol. I, p. 45.

[235] Rollo, Vol. I, p. 46.

[236] Governor Garcia, Jr. supra note 68, at 690.

[237] Supra note 92.

[238] Rollo, Vol. I, p. 619

[239] All of which Pertains to the payment of Phase V. See id. at 346-349. See also id. at
623.

[240] Supra note 95.

[241] Supra note 96.

[242] 242 Id. at 619-620.

[243] See Ombudsman's Memorandum, rollo, Vol. II, p. 703-704.

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[244] See rollo, Vol. I, pp. 410-415.

[245] See id. at 415-422.

[246] Black's Law Dictionary, 8th Ed., p. 315.

[247] 106 Phil. 466 (1959).

[248] Id. at 471.

[249] Id.

[250]
See Chief Justice Maria Lourdes P. A. Sereno's (Chief Justice Sereno) Interpellation,
TSN of the Oral Arguments, April 21, 2015, p. 191.

[251]155 Ohio St. 329; 98 N.E.2d 807 (1951); cited in Goger, Thomas, J.D., Removal of
public officers for misconduct during previous term, 42 A.L.R.3d 691 (1972), published by
Thomson Reuters (2015), p.

[252] Tex Civ App 29 SW 415 (1895), cited in Goger, Thomas, J.D., Removal of public
officers for misconduct during previous term, 42 A.L.R.3d 691 (1972), published by
Thomson Reuters (2015), p. 16, and in Silos, Miguel U., A Re-examination of the Doctrine
of Condonation of Public Officers, 84 Phil. L.J. 22, 33 (2009).

[253] 1956 OK 338; 305 P.2d 548 (1956); cited in Goger, Thomas, J.D., Removal of public
officers for misconduct during previous term, 42 A.L.R3d 691 (1972), published by
Thomson Reuters (2015), p. 15.

[254]22 Ohio St. 2d 120; 258 N.E.2d 594 (1970); cited in Goger, Thomas, J.D., Removal
of public officers for misconduct during previous term, 42 A.L.R.3d 691 (1972), published
by Thomson Reuters (2015), pp. 11 and 22.

[255]1946 Pa. Dist. & Cnty.; 56 Pa. D. & C. 393 (1946); cited in Goger, Thomas, J.D.,
Removal of public officers for misconduct during previous term, 42 A.L.R3d 691 (1972),
published by Thomson Reuters (2015), pp. 11.

[256] 45 La Ann 1350, 14 So 28 (1893); cited in Goger, Thomas, J.D., Removal of public
officers for misconduct during previous term, 42 A.L.R.3d 691 (1972), published by
Thomson Reuters (2015), pp. 26.

[257]236 App Div 371, 259 NYS 402 (1932); cited in Goger, Thomas, J.D., Removal of
public officers for misconduct during previous term, 42 A.L.R.3d 691 (1972), published by
Thomson Reuters (2015), pp. 27.

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[258]See Ombudsman's Memorandum p. 70, rollo, Vol. II, p. 715, citing Silos, Miguel U.,
A Re-examination of the Doctrine of Condonation of Public Officers, 84, Phil. LJ 22, 69
(2009).

[259] 239 Mass. 458; 132 N.E. 322(1921)

[260] 109 Iowa 19; 79 N.W. 369(1899).

[261] 192 Mich. 276; 158 N.W. 953 (1916).

[262] 14 N.M. 493; 1908-NMSC-022 (1908).

[263] 125 Ga. 18; 53 S.E. 811 (1906)

[264]
85 Minn. 41; 88 N.W. 412 (1901), cited in Silos, Miguel U., A Re-examination of the
Doctrine of Condonation of Public Officers, 84, Phil. LJ 22, 69 (2009).

[265]148 Kan. 166; 80 P.2d 1095 (1938); cited in Silos, Miguel U., A Re-examination of
the Doctrine of Condonation of Public Officers, 84, Phil. LJ 22, 70 (2009).

[266] 199 Kan. 403; 430 P.2d 304 (1967), applying State ex rel. Beck v. Harvey, id.

[267] Southern Cross Cement Corporation v. Cement Manufacturers Association of the

Philippines, 503 Phil. 485 (2005).

[268] Supra note 177.

[269]See Ombudsman Memorandum, rollo, Vol. II, p. 718, citing Cardozo, Benjamin N.,
The Nature of the Judicial Process 149 (1921), cited in Christopher P. Banks, Reversal of
Precedent and Judicial Policy- Making: How Judicial Conceptions of Stare Decisis in the
U.S. Supreme Court Influence Social Change, 32 Akron L. Rev. 233(1999).

[270] Id. at 722-723.

[271]Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, L.L.C., 135 S. Ct. 2401; 192 L. Ed.; 192 L. Ed. 2d
463 (2015).

[272] Pascual, supra note 247, at 471.

[273] Id. at 471-472.

[274] Id. at 472.

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[275] 123 Phil. 916(1966).

[276]129 Phil. 553 (1967). See also Luciano v. The Provincial Governor, 138 Phil. 546
(1967) and Oliveros v. Villaluz, 156 Phil. 137 (1974).

[277] Supra note 92.

[278] Supra note 95.

[279] Id. at 921.

[280] Supra note 96.

[281] 633 Phil. 325(2010).

[282] Id. at 335

[283] 577 Phil. 52, 72 (2008).

[284] Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, G.R. No. 202242, July 17, 2012, 676 SCRA 579,
607.

[285]Teehankee v. Rovira, 75 Phil. 634, 646 (1945), citing 11 Am. Jur., Constitutional Law,
Section 96.

[286]Philippine Constitution Association v. Enriquez, G.R. Nos. 113105, 113174, 113766

and 113888 August 19, 1994, 235 SCRA 506, 523.

[287]See Silos, Miguel U., A Re-examination of the Doctrine of Condonation of Public

Officers, 84, Phil. LJ 22, 69 (2009), pp. 26-27.

[288] Section 27, Article II.

[289]Belgica, supra note 177, at 131, citing Bernas, Joaquin G., S.J., The 1987
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: A Commentary, 2003 Ed., p. 1108.

[290] Section 1. Declaration of Policy. - The State shall insure and promote the
Constitutional mandate that appointments in the Civil Service shall be made only
according to merit and fitness; that the Civil Service Commission, as the central personnel
agency of the Government shall establish a career service, adopt measures to promote
morale, efficiency, integrity, responsiveness, and courtesy in the civil service, strengthen
the merit and rewards system, integrate all human resources development programs for all
levels and ranks, and institutionalize a management climate conducive to public
accountability; that public office is a public trust and public officers and employees
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must at all times be accountable to the people; and that personnel functions shall be
decentralized, delegating the corresponding authority to the departments, offices and
agencies where such functions can be effectively performed. (Section 1, Book V, Title I,
subtitle A of the Administrative Code of 1987; emphasis supplied).

[291]Section 2. Declaration of Policies. - It is the policy of the State to promote a high

standard of ethics in public service. Public officials and employees shall at all times be
accountable to the people and shall discharge their duties with utmost responsibility,
integrity, competence, and loyalty, act with patriotism and justice, lead modest lives,
and uphold public interest over personal interest. (Emphasis supplied) See Section 2,
RA 6713 (approved on February 20, 1989).

[292]Entitled "AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF 1991"

(approved on October 10 1991).

[293] 279 Phil. 920, 937(1991)

[294] In Fudula's Petition (297 Pa. 364; 147 A. 67 [1929]), the Supreme Court of
Pennsylvania cited (a) 29 Cyc. 1410 which states: "Where removal may be made for cause
only, the cause must have occurred during the present term of the officer. Misconduct
prior to the present term even during a preceding term will not justify a removal":
and (b) "x x x Penal Code [Cal.], paragraph 772, providing for the removal of officers for
violation of duty, which states "a sheriff cannot be removed from office, while serving
his second term, for offenses committed during his first term." (Emphases supplied)

ln Board of Commissioners of Kingfisher County v. Shutler (139 Okla. 52; 281 P. 222
[1929]), the Supreme Court of Oklahoma held that "[u]nder section 2405, C. O. S. 1921,
the only judgment a court can render on an officer being convicted of malfeasance or
misfeasance in office is removal from office and an officer cannot be removed from
office under said section for acts committed by him while holding the same office in a
previous term." (Emphases supplied)

[295] In State v. Blake (138 Okla. 241; 280 P. 833 [1929]), the Supreme Court of
Oklahoma cited State ex rel. Hill, County Attorney, v. Henschel, 175 P. 393, wherein it was
said: "Under the Ouster Law (section 7603 of the General Statutes of 1915-Code Civ.
Proc. 686a-), a public officer who is guilty of willful misconduct in office forfeits his right
to hold the office for the term of his election or appointment; but the disqualification to
hold the office does not extend beyond the term in which his official delinquency
occurred." (Emphases supplied)

[296] In Rice v. State (204 Ark. 236; 161 S.W.2d 401 [1942]), the Supreme Court of
Arkansas cited (a) Jacobs v. Parham, 175 Ark. 86,298 S.W. 483, which quoted a headnote,
that "Under Crawford Moses' Dig., [(i.e., a digest of statutes in the jurisdiction of
Arkansas)] 10335, 10336, a public officer is not subject to removal from office because
of acts done prior to his present term of office in view of Const., art. 7, 27, containing no
provision against re-election of officer removed for any of the reasons named
therein." (Emphases supplied)
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[297] In State ex rel. Brlckell v. Hasty (184 Ala. 121; 63 So. 559 [1913]), the Supreme
Court of Alabama held: "x x x If an officer is impeached and removed, there is nothing to
prevent his being elected to the identical office from which he was removed for a
subsequent term, and, this being true, a re­ election to the office would operate as a
condonation under the Constitution of the officer's conduct during the previous term, to
the extent of cutting off the right to remove him from subsequent term for said conduct
during the previous term. It seems to be the policy of our Constitution to make each term
independent of the other, and to disassociate the conduct under one term from the
qualification or right to fill another term, at least, so far as the same may apply to
impeachment proceedings, and as distinguished from the right to indict and convict an
offending official." (Eijnphasis supplied)

[298] In State Ex Rel. V. Ward (163 Tenn. 265; 43 S.W.2d. 217 [1931]), decided by the
Supreme Court of Tennessee, Knoxville, it appears to be erroneously relied upon in
Pascual, since the proposition "[tjhat the Acts alleged in paragraph 4 of the petition
involved contracts made by defendant prior to his present term for which he cannot now
be removed from office" was not a court ruling but an argument raised by the defendant in
his demurrer.

[299] In Conant v. Grosan (6 N.Y.S.R. 322 [1887]), which was cited in Newman v. Strobel
(236 A.D. 371; 259 N.Y.S. 402 [1932]; decided by the Supreme Court of New York,
Appellate Division) reads: "Our attention is called to Conant v. Grogan (6 N.Y. St. Repr.
322; 43 Hun, 637) and Matter of King (25 N.Y. St. Repr. 792; 53 Hun, 631), both of
which decisions are of the late General Term, and neither of which is reported in full in
the official series. While there are expressions in each opinion which at first blush might
seem to uphold respondent's theory, an examination of the cases discloses the fact
that the charge against each official related to acts performed during his then term of
office, and evidence of some prior irregularity was offered which in no way pertained
to the charge in issue. It was properly held that such evidence was incompetent. The
respondent was not called upon to answer such charge, but an entirely separate and
different one." (Emphases supplied)

[300] In People ex rel. Basshaw v. Thompson (55 Cal. App. 2d 147; 130 P.2d.237 [1942]),
the Court of Appeal of California, First Appellate District cited Thurston v. Clark, (107
Cal. 285, 40 P. 435), wherein it was ruled: "The Constitution does not authorize the
governor to suspend an incumbent of the office of county commissioner for an act of
malfeasance or misfeasance in office committed by him prior to the date of the beginning
of his current term of office as such county commissioner." (Emphasis supplied)

[301] Montgomery v. Nowell, (183 Ark. 1116; 40 S.W.2d 418 [1931]; decided by the
Supreme Court of Arkansas), the headnote reads as follows: "Crawford & Moses' Dig., 10,
335, providing for suspension of an officer on presentment or indictment for certain causes
including malfeasance, in office does not provide for suspension of an officer on being
indicted for official misconduct during a prior term of office." (Emphasis supplied)

[302] See Chief Justice Maria Lourdes P. A. Sereno's interpellation, TSN of the Oral
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Arguments, April 14, 2015, p. 43.

[303]See Ombudsman's Memorandum, rollo, Vol. 11, p. 716, citing Silos, Miguel U., A
Re-examination of the Doctrine of Condonation of Public Officers, 84, Phil. LJ 22, 69
(2009), p. 67.

[304] 117 N.J.L. 64; 186 A. 818(1936).

[305] See Article 8 of the Civil Code.

[306] 632 Phil. 657(2010).

[307] Id. at 686.

[308] 154 Phil. 565 (1974).

[309] G.R. Nos. 97973 and 97998, January 27, 1992, 205 SCRA 515.

[310] Id. at 527.

[311] Yu v. Reyes-Carpio, 667 Phil. 474, 481-482 (2011).

[312]
Tagolino v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 202202, March 19
2013 693 SCRA 574, 599-600.

[313]
See Press Release dated October 9, 2015 of the Office of the Ombdusman, (visited
November 9, 2015).

[314] Supra note 177, at 93.

[315] See Ombudsman's Memorandum, rollo, Vol II p 85.

[316] Rollo, Vol. I, pp. 50-51.

[317] See Amended and Supplemental Petition for Contempt dated March 18, 2015
wherein private respondent Binay, Jr. charged, inter alia, the Ombudsman for acts
constituting indirect contempt under Section 3 (b), (c), and (d) of Rule 71 of the Rules of
Court; id. at 362-375.

[318] See rollo, Vol. II, pp. 734-743.

[319] Rollo, Vol. I, p. 50.

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CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION

BERSAMIN, J.:

I am writing this separate opinion to memorialize my concurrence with the declaration of

the ineffectiveness of the first paragraph of Section 14 of Republic Act No. 6770, and of
the unconstitutionality of the second paragraph thereof. The main opinion has been written
well by our esteemed colleague, Associate Justice Estela M. Perlas-Bernabe, who has
exhibited her scholarly bent once again. But let me assure my colleagues in the Majority
that if I submit this concurrence, I do not mean to diminish in any way or degree the
forcefulness and correctness of the justification for the declaration. I simply want to
underscore that Section 14 of Republic Act No. 6770 should be struck down for
authorizing the undue interference with the prerogatives of the courts of law to adopt
whatever means were allowed by law and procedure to exercise their jurisdiction in the
cases properly cognizable by them.

My dissent focuses on the main opinion's re-examination of the doctrine of condonation.

This controversy does not call for the revisit of the doctrine, and does not warrant its
eventual abandonment. For the Court to persist in the re-examination, as it does now, and
to announce its abandonment of the doctrine despite the lack of the premise of
justiciability is to indulge in conjecture or in unwarranted anticipation of future
controversies. We should refrain from the re-examination.

The Ombudsman's supplemental petition raised condonation for the first time but only to
support her insistence that the CA could not validly rely on the doctrine of condonation to
justify its issuance of the injunction. She maintained then that condonation was a matter of
defense to be properly raised only in the appropriate administrative proceeding, viz:

6. It must be further emphasized that the condonation doctrine is irrelevant in

the Ombudsman's determination of whether the evidence of guilt is strong in
issuing preventive suspension orders. Said doctrine does not go into the heart
of subject-matter jurisdiction. Neither can it oust the Ombudsman of her
jurisdiction which she has already acquired. Private respondent's claim of
condonation doctrine is equally a matter of defense which, like any other
defense, could be raised in the proper pleading, could be rebutted, and could be
waived.

As a defense, condonation should be passed upon after a decision on the

administrative proceedings, not this early in the proceeding.

7. The condonation doctrine, however, cannot abate the issuance of a

preventive suspension order, precisely because an order of preventive
suspension does not render a respondent administratively liable. A respondent
may be preventively suspended, yet may be exonerated in the end.
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8. At all events, there is no condonation because private respondent committed

the acts subject of the complaint after his re-election in 2013, as was argued by
petition in public respondent Court of Appeals.

9. As mentioned earlier, there is no condonation. The assailed act (i.e.

payment), by private respondent's own admission during the proceedings
before public respondent Court of Appeals, took place during the period of
June and July 2013, which was after his re-election in May 2013.[1]

The Ombudsman again discussed the doctrine of condonation at some length in her
Memorandum as the fourth and last argument presented on the issue of the propriety of the
temporary restraining order and the writ of preliminary injunction.[2] She reiterated,
however, that the doctrine was only a matter of defense that was relevant only in imposing
an administrative penalty on the respondent public elective official, to wit:

165. Thus, in deciding that the evidence of respondent Binay's guilt is strong,
petitioner did not take into consideration the so-called "condonation doctrine"
the way respondent Court of Appeals did in its Third Resolution. The
condonation doctrine is applicable and relevant only to the imposition of an
administrative penalty, not to the issuance of a preventive suspension, the latter
being merely a preliminary step in an administrative investigation.

166. Since a preventive suspension does not hold a public officer liable, it will
not be affected by any "condonation" that the electorate may extend to the
public officer. Verily, for purposes of aiding an investigation, a public officer
may be preventively suspended even as, ultimately, he or she will be
exonerated from administrative liability due to the condonation doctrine.
CONDONATION IS A MATTER OF DEFENSE - to be positively alleged and
to be weighed according to the evidence - during the administrative
proceedings, and not at the very preliminary stage thereof.[3]

I agree with the Ombudsman. The question of grave abuse of discretion on the part of the
CA could be settled not by re-examining and overturning the doctrine of condonation but
by reference to Section 24 of the Republic Act No. 6770. It would be plain error for us to
determine whether the Court of Appeals (CA) gravely abused its discretion or not on the
basis of the doctrine of condonation.

The general investigatory power of the Ombudsman is decreed by Section 13 (1), Article
XI of the 1987 Constitution,[4] while her statutory mandate to act on administrative
complaints is founded on Section 19 of Republic Act No. 6770, viz.:

Section 19. Administrative complaints. — The Ombudsman shall act on all

complaints relating, but not limited, to acts or omissions which:

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1. Are contrary to law or regulation;

2. Are unreasonable, unfair, oppressive or discriminatory;

3. Are inconsistent with the general course of an agency's functions, though in

accordance with law;

4. Proceed from a mistake of law or an arbitrary ascertainment of facts;

5. Are in the exercise of discretionary powers but for an improper purpose; or

6. Are otherwise irregular, immoral or devoid of justification.

In line with the power to investigate administrative cases, the Ombudsman is vested with
the authority to preventively suspend respondent public officials and employees pursuant
to Section 24 of Republic Act No. 6770, which provides:

Section 24. Preventive Suspension. — The Ombudsman or his Deputy may

preventively suspend any officer or employee under his authority pending an
investigation, if in his judgment the evidence of guilt is strong, and (a) the
charge against such officer or employee involves dishonesty, oppression or
grave misconduct or neglect in the performance of duty; (b) the charges would
warrant removal from the service; or (c) the respondent's continued stay in
office may prejudice the case filed against him.

The preventive suspension shall continue until the case is terminated by the
Office of the Ombudsman but not more than six (6) months, without pay,
except when the delay in the disposition of the case by the Office of the
Ombudsman is due to the fault, negligence or petition of the respondent, in
which case the period of such delay shall not be counted in computing the
period of suspension herein provided.

It is important to note, however, that the Ombudsman has no authority to issue the
preventive suspension order in connection with criminal investigations of government
officials or employees because such authority rests in the courts in which the criminal
cases are filed.[5]

Under Section 24, supra, two requisites must concur to render the preventive suspension
order valid. The first requisite is unique because it can be satisfied in only one way, which
is that the evidence of guilt is strong in the judgment of the Ombudsman or the Deputy
Ombudsman. But the second requisite may be satisfied in three different ways, namely: (1)
that the offense charged involves dishonesty, oppression or grave misconduct or neglect in
the performance of duty; or (2) the charge would warrant removal from the service; or (3)
the respondent's continued stay in office may prejudice the case filed against him or her.[6]

Respondent Jejomar Erwin S. Binay, Jr., along with other officers and employees of the
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City of Makati, were administratively charged in the Office of the Ombudsman with grave
misconduct, serious dishonesty, and conduct prejudicial to the best interest of the service.
[7] In her joint order dated March 10, 2015, the Ombudsman stated that the requisites for
the issuance of the preventive suspension order against Binay, Jr. and his co­respondents
were satisfied, specifically:

The first requisite is present in these cases, as shown by the supporting evidence attached
as Annexes to the Complaint. These Annexes include, among other things, sworn
statements of alleged losing bidders and of some members of the Makati City BAC
attesting to the irregularities in the subject procurement; documents negating the purported
publication of bids; and disbursement vouchers, checks, and official receipts showing
disbursement of public funds by the city government.

As regard the second requisite, all the circumstances enumerated therein are likewise
present. The Complaint charges respondents with Grave Misconduct, Serious Dishonesty
and Conduct Prejudicial to the Best Interest of the Service. If proven true, they constitute
grounds for removal from public service under the Revised Rules on Administrative Cases
in the Civil Service. Moreover, since the respondents' respective positions give them
access to public records and influence on possible witnesses, respondents' continued stay
in office may prejudice the cases filed against them. Thus, their preventive suspension
without pay for a period of six (6) months is in order.

When he assailed the preventive suspension order by petition for certiorari in the CA,
Binay, Jr. alleged that the preventive suspension order was illegal and issued with grave
abuse of discretion because: (1) it contravened well-settled jurisprudence applying the
doctrine of condonation; and (2) evidence of his guilt was not strong. He prayed that a
temporary restraining order or writ of preliminary injunction be issued to enjoin the
implementation of the preventive suspension order.

The CA heeded Binay, Jr.'s prayer for injunctive reliefs chiefly on the basis of the doctrine
of condonation. In the resolution promulgated on March 16, 2015, the CA, citing the
pronouncement in Garcia, Jr. v. Court of Appeals,[8] granted Binay, Jr.'s application for
the temporary restraining order, holding as follows:

In Garcia v. Court of Appeals (GR No. 185132, April 24, 2009), the Supreme
Court held that suspension from office of an elective official, whether as a
preventive measure or as a penalty will undeservedly deprive the electorate of
the services of the person they have conscientiously chosen and voted into
office.

The Supreme Court in said case likewise found serious and urgent the question,
among other matters, of whether the alleged acts were committed in the
previous term of office of petitioner therein. This is because if it were
established that the acts subject of the administrative complaint were indeed
committed during petitioner's prior term, then following settled jurisprudence,
he can no longer be administratively charged. It further declared imperative on
the part of the appellate court, as soon as it was apprised of the said
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considerable grounds, to issue an injunctive writ so as not to render moot,

nugatory and ineffectual the resolution of the issues in the certiorari petition.
(Garcia, supra)

The Supreme Court also declared that it would have been more prudent on the
part of the CA, on account of the extreme urgency of the matter and the
seriousness of the issues raised in the certiorari petition, to issue a TRO while it
awaits the respective comments of the respondents and while it judiciously
contemplates on whether or not to issue a writ of preliminary injunction. It
pointed out that the basic purpose of a restraining order is to preserve the status
quo until the hearing of the application for preliminary injunction. That, it is a
preservative remedy for the protection of substantive rights and interests.
(Garcia, supra)

In view of the seriousness of the issues raised in the Petition for Certiorari and
the possible repercussions on the electorate who will unquestionably be
affected by suspension of their elective official, the Court resolves to grant
petitioner's prayer for a Temporary Restraining Order for a period of
sixty (60) days from notice hereof, conditioned upon the posting by
petitioner of a bond in the amount of FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND
PESOS (P500,000.00)[9]

In ultimately granting the writ of preliminary injunction through its April 6, 2015
resolution, the CA, relying on the doctrine of condonation adopted in Garcia, Jr.; Joson III
v. Court of Appeals;[10] Aguinaldo v. Santos;[11] and Salalima v. Guingona, Jr.,[12]
explained:

Garcia was simply an echo of teachings in Joson v. Cowl of Appeals (G.R. No.
160652, February 13, 2006) where the High Court declared that suspension
from office of an elective official would deprive the electorate of the services
of the person they have voted into office.

Along this line, the concept of condonation, as advocated by petitioner and

opposed by public respondent Ombudsman, will assume resonance.

Premised on Aguinaldo, Salalima and Garcia, petitioner asserted that the

public respondent Ombudsman can hardly impose preventive suspension of
petitioner, given his election in 2010 and re-election in 2013 as Makati City
Mayor, relative to his perceived illegal participation in anomalous activities for
the Makati City Hall Building II project from 2007 to 2013.

xxxx

To reiterate, there was no disagreement that petitioner was elected in 2010 and
re-elected as City Mayor of Makati in 2013. The acts constitutive of the
charges in the Complaint pertained to events from November 8, 2007, when

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City Ordinance No. 2007-A-015 appropriated P1,240,000,000.00 as

supplemental budget for 2007. From this budget, P400,000,000.00 was
allocated for the parking building. It was allegedly during this time that a
Negotiated Contract for the architectural and engineering services were
negotiated and approved. Disbursements allegedly favored Hilmarc and
MANA amidst irregularities in the bidding process during the term of
petitioner as City Mayor of Makati.

Yet, to subscribe to public respondent Ombudsman's submission that

condonation can only be appreciated by the investigating body after it is
ventilated as an exculpation by petitioner and considered solely by public
respondent, following the exercise of its investigatory power, will ignore the
Court's constitutional power and duty to evaluate the factual and legal
foundations for, nay, impediments to, a preventive suspension in an
administrative case.[13]

In my view, however, the CA erroneously banked on the pronouncements in Garcia, Jr.,

Joson III, Aguinaldo, and Salalima to espouse the doctrine of condonation as the basis to
issue the injunctive writs under its resolutions promulgated on March 16, 2015 and April
6, 2015. In both Aguinaldo and Salalima, the Court applied the doctrine of condonation to
avoid the imposition of administrative liability upon re-elected public officials.
Specifically, the Court held in Aguinaldo that:

Petitioner's re-election to the position of Governor of Cagayan has rendered the

administrative case pending before Us moot and academic. It appears that after
the canvassing of votes, petitioner garnered the most number of votes among
the candidates for governoer of Cagayan province, xxx

xxxx

Clearly then, the rule is that a public official cannot be removed for
administrative misconduct committed during a prior term, since his re­election
to office operates as a condonation of the officer's previous misconduct to the
extent of cutting off the right to remove him therefor. The foregoing rule,
however, finds no application to criminal cases pending against petitioner for
acts he may have committed during the failed coup.[14]

while in Salalima, the Court maintained that:

xxx [A]ny administrative liability which petitioner Salalima might have

incurred in the execution of the retainer contract in O.P. Case No. 5469 and the
incidents related therewith and in the execution on 6 March 1992 of a contract
for additional repair and rehabilitation works for the Tabaco Public Market in
O.P. Case No. 5450 are deemed extinguished by his reelection in the 11 May
1992 synchronozed elections. So are the liabilities, if any, of petitioner
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members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan ng Albay,who signed Resolution

No. 129 authorizing petitioner Salalima to enter into the retainer contract in
question and who were reelected in the 1992 elections. This is, however,
without prejudice to the institution of appropriate civil and criminal cases as
may be warranted by the attendant circumstances, xxx[15]

It is clear to me that, based on the language and the factual milieu of Aguinaldo and
Salalima, which both cited Pascual v. Provincial Board of Nueva Ecija,[16] and of other
akin rulings,[17] condonation shall apply only in case of the re-election of a public officer
who is sought to be permanently removed from office as a result of his misconduct, not
while such public officer is undergoing investigation. Condonation necessarily implies that
the condoned act has already been found to have been committed by the public officer.
Hence, condonation applies to the penalty or punishment imposed after the conduct of an
administrative investigation. Under the circumstances, the pronouncements in Aguinaldo,
Salalima and the others could not be applicable to the preventive suspension order issued
to Binay, Jr. pending his administrative investigation because preventive suspension
pending the conduct of an investigation was not yet a penalty in itself, but a mere measure
of precaution to enable the disciplining authority to investigate the charges by precluding
the respondent from influencing the witnesses against him.[18]

It is worth emphasis that preventive suspension is distinct from the penalty of suspension.
The former is imposed on a public official during the investigation while the latter, as a
penalty, is served after the final disposition of the case.[19] The former is not a punishment
or penalty for misconduct in office, but a merely preventive measure, or a preliminary step
in the administrative investigation.[20]

As I see it, the CA misconstrued the milieu in Garcia, Jr. and Joson III as an application of
the doctrine of condonation. The Court notably stated in Garcia, Jr. and Joson III that
"suspension from office of an elective official would deprive the electorate of the services
of the person they voted into office" in the context of determining the propriety of the
issuance of the preventive suspension order. In other words, the statement only served to
remind the Ombudsman to issue the preventive suspension orders with utmost caution in
view of the gravity of the effects of suspending an incumbent elective local official.
Hence, Garcia, Jr. and Joson III did not apply the doctrine of condonation.

I further underscore that the CA was then only resolving Binay, Jr.'s application for
injunctive reliefs against the preventive suspension order issued by the Ombudsman. At
that point, the CA's application of the doctrine of condonation was irrelevant and
unnecessary.

A preliminary injunction is an order granted at any stage of an action prior to the judgment
or final order requiring a party or a court, agency or a person to refrain from a particular
act or acts.[21] The requirements for the issuance of a writ of preliminary injunction or
temporary restraining ordern are clearly set forth in Section 3, Rule 58 of the Rules of
Court.[22] The sole objective of the writ of preliminary injunction is to preserve the status
quo until the merits of the case can be heard fully. The writ of preliminary injunction is
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generally based solely on initial and incomplete evidence;[23] hence, it should not
determine the merits of a case, or decide controverted facts, for, being a preventive
remedy, it only seeks to prevent threatened wrong, further injury, and irreparable harm or
injustice until the rights of the parties can be settled.[24] As held in Saulog v. Court of
Appeals[25] it is sufficient that:

x x x for the court to act, there must be an existing basis of facts affording a
present right which is directly threatened by an act sought to be enjoined. And
while a clear showing of the right claimed is necessary, its existence need not
be conclusively established. In fact, the evidence to be submitted to justify
preliminary injunction at the hearing thereon need not be conclusive or
complete but need only be a sampling intended merely to give the court an idea
of the justification for the preliminary injunction pending the decision of the
case on the merits. This should really be so since our concern here involves
only the proprietary of the preliminary injunction and not the merits of the case
still pending with the trial court.

Thus, to be entitled to the writ of preliminary injunction, the private

respondent needs only to show that it has the ostensible right to the final
relief prayed for in its complaint x x x. (bold emphasis supplied.)

By relying on the doctrine of condonation, therefore, the CA went beyond the parameters
for determining whether or not to issue the injunctive writ. To recall, Binay, Jr. had filed
his petition for certiorari in the CA primarily to assail the validity of the preventive
suspension order. What was raised for the CA to determine was whether or not the
Ombudsman satisfactorily complied with the requisites imposed by Section 24 of Republic
Act No. 6770 to establish that Binay, Jr. and his co-respondents had the ostensible right to
the final relief prayed for in their petition, which was the nullification or lifting of the
preventive suspension order. In this regard, the CA plainly exceeded its jurisdiction.

In the meanwhile, the Ombudsman found Binay, Jr. administratively liable, and dismissed
him from the service. By such dismissal, the questions raised against the CA's issuance of
the writ of preliminary injunction against the Ombudsman were rendered moot and
academic. I join the Majority in saying that the preventive suspension order, being an
ancillary issuance, was dissolved upon the Ombudsman's resolution of the administrative
charges on the merits. Thus, to dwell on the preventive suspension of Binay, Jr. and his co-
respondents any further would be superfluous, for, as the Court said in Philippine Savings
Bank v. Senate Impeachment Court:[26]

It is a rule of universal application that courts of justice constituted to pass

upon substantial rights will not consider questions in which no actual interests
are involved; they decline jurisdiction of moot cases. And where the issue has
become moot and academic, there is no justiciable controversy, so that a
declaration thereon would be of no practical use or value. There is no actual

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substantial relief to which petitioners would be entitled and which would

be negated by the dismissal of the petition.

In short, the Court should excuse itself from exercising jurisdiction because the main case,
the administrative proceeding against the respondents, has already been decided by the
Ombudsman on the merits.

IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING, I VOTE to PARTIALLY GRANT the petition for

certiorari and prohibition, and, accordingly, SET ASIDE the Resolution promulgated on
April 6, 2015 by the Court of Appeals.

I further VOTE to DISSOLVE the writ of preliminary injunction issued on April 8, 2015
in C.A.-G.R. SP No. 139453; and to AFFIRM the Resolution promulgated on March 20,
2015 in C.A.-G.R. SP No. 139504.

[1] Supplemental Petition for Certiorari, p. 4.

[2] Memorandum, pp. 646-734.

[3] Id. at 703-704.

[4]Sec. 13. The Office of the Ombudsman shall have the following powers, functions, and
duties:

(1) Investigate on its own, or on complaint by any person, any act or omission of any
public official, employee, office or agency, when such act or omission appears to be
illegal, unjust, improper, or inefficient; x x x

[5] See Luciano v. Provincial Governor, No. L-30306, June 20, 1969, 28 SCRA 517.

[6]
Office of the Ombudsman v. Evangelista, G.R. No. 177211, March 13, 2009, 581 SCRA
350.

[7]Docketed as OMB-C-A-15-0058, OMB-C-A-15-0059, OMB-C-A-15-0060 OMB-C-A-

15-0061 OMB-C-A-15-0062, OMB-C-A-15-0063.

[8] G.R. No. 185132, April 24, 2009.

[9] CA Resolution dated March 16, 2015, pp. 4-5.

[10] G.R. No. 160652, February 13, 2006, 482 SCRA 360.

[11] G.R. No. 94115, August 21, 1992, 212 SCRA 768.

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[12] G.R. No. 117589-92, May 22, 1996, 257 SCRA 55.

[13] CA Resolution dated April 6, 2015, pp. 6-10.

[14] Aguinaldo v. Santos, G.R. No. 94] 15, August 21, 1992, 212 SCRA 768

[15] Salalima v, Guingona, Jr., G.R. No. 117589-92, May 22, 1996, 257 SCRA 55, 1 16.

[16] 106 Phil. 467 (October 31, 1959).

[17]
Lizares v. Hechanova, No. L-22059, May 17, 1966, 17 SCRA 58; Office of the
Ombudsman v. Torres, G.R. No. 168309, January 29, 2008, 543 SCRA 46; Garcia v.
Mojica, G.R. No. 139043, September 10, 1999, 314 SCRA 207.

[18]
Board of Trustees of the Government Service Insurance Svstem v. Velasco, G R No
170463 February 2, 2011, 641 SCRA 372, 387.

[19] Villaseñor v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 180700, March 4, 2008, 547 SCRA 658, 667.

[20]
Section 24 of Rule XIV of the Omnibus Rules Implementing, Book V of the
Administrative Code of 1987 (Executive Order No. 292)

[21] Section 1, Rule 58 of the Rules of Court.

[23]
Section 3. Grounds for issuance of preliminary injunction. - A preliminary injunction
may be granted when it is established:

(a) That the applicant is entitled to the relief demanded, and the whole or part of such
relief consists in restraining the commission or continuance of the act or acts complained
of, or in requiring the performance of an act or acts, either for a limited period or
perpetually;

(b) That the commission, continuance or non-performance of the act or acts complained of
during the litigation would probably work injustice to the applicant; or

(c) That a party, court, agency or a person is doing, threatening, or is attempting to do, or
is procuring or suffering to be done, some act or acts probably in violation of the rights of
the applicant respecting the subject of the action or proceeding, and tending to render the
judgment ineffectual.

[23]
Unilever Philippines, (PRC), Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 119280, August 10,
2006.

[24] Bank of the Philippine Islands v. Hontanosas, Jr., G.R. No. 157 163, June 25, 2014.
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[25] G.R. No. 119769, September 18, 1996, 262 SCRA 51.

[26] G.R. No. 200238, November 20, 2012, 686 SCRA 35.

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