IDENTIFICATION DATA

Name of the Student Teacher: Ms. Lovepreet Kaur

Name of Supervisor: Ms. Shafali Bright
Subject: Medical Surgical Nursing
Topic: Pneumonia
Group of students: M.Sc 1st Year
No. of students: 45
Date of teaching:12-10-2023
Duration: 45 minutes
Method of teaching: Lecture Cum Discussion
Teaching Aids: Power point Presentation, chart, flash card, Green board
Venue: M.Sc 1st year Class room
General Objectives: At the end of the class students will be able it explains about Pneumonia
Specific Objectives: At the end of the class students will be able to:
 To Introduce pneumonia
 To Define pneumonia
 To Discussed types of pneumonia
 To Enumerate cause of pneumonia
 To Explain pathophysiology of pneumonia
 To Discussed clinical manifestation
 To Enumerate diagnostic evaluation
 To Discussed management of pneumonia To Explain prevention of pneumonia
SR TIME SPECIFIC CONTENT TEACHING A.V. AIDS EVALUATION
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1. ½ min. To establish the Self -introduction: Good afternoon; Myself Lovepreet Kaur, PPT and Black
rapport with the student of M.Sc. Nursing (2nd year.) in your college. board
group members.

2. ½ min. To announce the Today my topic is Pneumonia.

topic.

3. 1 min. To assess the Do you have any idea about Pneumonia?

previous
Knowledge.

At the end
students will be
able to:

4. 3 min. Give introduction INTRODUCTION Lecture cum PPT and Black

about Pneumonia. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the lung. discussion. board
Frequently, it is described as lung parenchyma/alveolar
inflammation “and” abnormal alveolar filling with fluid
(consolidation and exudation)}. Pneumonia is a general term
that refers to an infection of the lungs, which can be caused
by a variety of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria,
fungi, and parasites. Students are
The infection causes your lungs air sacs, called alveoli, to listening
become inflamed. The air sacs may fill up with fluid or pus, attentively.
causing symptoms such as a cough (with phlegm), fever,
chills, and trouble breathing.
Symptoms can range from mild to serious and may include a
cough with or without mucus (a slimy substance), fever,
chills, and trouble breathing. How serious your pneumonia is
depends on your age, your overall health, and what caused
your infection.

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5. 3 min. What do you DEFINITION Lecture cum Define
mean by discussion. Pneumonia.
Pneumonia? Pneumonia is a lung infection that can range from mild to so
serious that you have to go to the hospital. It happens when an
infection causes air sacs in your lungs (the alveoli) and tubes
in your airways that connect to them (bronchioles) to fill with
fluid or pus. That can make it hard for you to breathe in
enough oxygen.
Anyone can get this lung infection. But children younger than
2 and people over 65 are at higher risk. That’s because their Students are
immune systems might not be strong enough to fight it. preparing notes. PPT
Lifestyle habits, like smoking cigarettes and drinking too
much alcohol, can also raise your chances of getting
pneumonia.

6. 10 min. What are the TYPES OF PNEUMONIA Charts are used Enumerate any
types of three types.
Pneumonia?
Lecture cum
PNEUMONIA discussion.

Communi Health
ty- Hospital-
Infective Care- Fungal Aspiration
Acquired Acquired Associated
Students are
showing
1.Infective Pneumonia: Inflammation and infection of the interest.
lungs and bronchial tubes that occurs when a bacteria
(bacterial pneumonia) or virus (viral pneumonia) gets into the
lungs and starts to reproduce. The most common cause of
bacterial pneumonia in adults is a bacteria called
streptococcus pneumonia.

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2.Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Community-Aquired
pneumonia (CAP) occurs out-sides of hospitals and other
 health care settings. Most people get CAP by breathing in Lecture cum
germs (especially while sleeping) that live in the mouth, nose, discussion
or throat. CAP is the most common type of pneumonia. Most
cases occur during the winter.
3.Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Some people catch
Pneumonia during a hospital stay for another illness. This is
called hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Patients are at
higher risk for getting HAP if on a mechanical ventilator. HAP
tends to be more serious than CAP.

4.Health Care-Associated Pneumonia: Patients also may get

pneumonia in other health care setting, such as nursing homes,
dialysis centers, and outpatient clinics. This is called health
care-associated pneumonia.

5.Fungal pneumonia: Candida and Aspergillus are two types

of fungi that can causes pneumonia Pneumocyitis carinil is a
fungus that typically causes pneumonia in patients with AIDS. Students are
showing
6.Aspiration Pneumonia: This type of pneumonia occurs interest.
when person accidentally inhaled food, drink, vomit, or saliva
from mouth into lunges. This usually happens when
something disturbs normal gag reflex, such as a brain injury.
Swallowing problems, or excessive use of alcohol or drugs.
Aspiration can cause pus to form in a cavity in the lug. This is
called a lung abscess.

7.Atypical Pneumonia: Pneumonia is inflamed or swollen

lung tissue due to infection with a germ. With atypical
pneumonia, the infection is caused by different bacteria than
the more common ones that cause pneumonia.

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7. 5 min Enumerate cause CAUSES OF PNEUMONIA Lecture cum What are causes of
of pneumonia  Pneumonia can be due to a variety of bacteria and discussion. Pneumonia?
 viruses, less commonly due to fungi and rarely due to
other microorganisms or parasites. Likely causes are
associated with the age of the person, the season, the
person’s health status, and /or where the infection was
contracted.
 Common cold (rhinovirus). Students are
 COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2). asking
 The flu (influenza virus). questions.
 Human metapneumovirus (HMPV).
 Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV).

RISK FACTORS
• Age: 65 or older
• Cligarette smoking
• Chronic illness, such as heart or lung disease, liver
ciorrhosis, or diabetes mellitus
• Stoke (aspiration pneumonia due to difficult
swallowing)
• Weakened immune system caused by AIDS or
chemotherapy treatment
• Recent viral respiratory infection (common
cold, laryngitis, influenza)
• Chronic exposure to certain chemicals
• Cerebral palsy
• Impaired consciousness
• Recent surgery or trauma
• Malnutrition
• Pregnancy
• Infants and very young children
• Alcohol or drug abuse.
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8. 5 min. Discuss the lecture cum Charts are What is the

Pathophysiology discussion. used. Pathophysiology
 of Pneumonia. of pneumonia?

Students are
asking
questions.

7. 5 min. Discuss the CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Lecture cum Flash cards What are the
Clinical  Chest pain when you breathe or cough discussion. Sign and
Manifestations of  Confusion or changes in mental awareness (in adults symptoms of
pneumonia. age 65 and older) Pneumonia?
 Cough, which may produce phlegm
 Fatigue
 Fever, sweating and shaking chills
 Lower than normal body temperature (in adults older
than age 65 and people with weak immune systems)

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8. 5 min List out the DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS Lecture cum PPT How can we
diagnostic The doctor will ask about symptoms and medical history. A discussion. diagnose the
 evaluations for physical exam will be done. Diagnosis is based on symptoms Pneumonia.
pneumonia. and listening to chest. Tests may be include:
• Chest x-ray
• CT scan
• Blood test Students are
• Bronchoscopy – Direct examination of airways preparing Notes.
• Sputum culture – Testing mucus coughed up
from deep in the lungs
• Pulse oximetry – Measurers the amount of oxygen in
the blood
• Pleural fluid culture – If there is fluid in the space
surrounding the lungs
• Arterial blood gas – Measure oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and acid in the blood.

9. 7 min. What is the MANAGEMENT Lecture cum PPT Discuss about the
management of Most cases of pneumonia can be treated without discussion. management of
pneumonia? hospitalization. Typically, oral antibiotics, rest, fluids, and pneumonia.
home care are sufficient for complete resolution. However,
people with pneumonia who are having trouble breathing,
people with other medical problems, and the elderly may need
more advanced treatment. If the symptoms get worse, the
pneumonia does not improve with home treatment then the Students are
person have to be hospitalized. asking
questions.
NON -PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS

• supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula or mask and

warm moist inhalation
• increased fluid intake (2 – 3 liters per day) to thin and
loosen secretions.
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 Perform postural drainage and chest
physiotherapy.
  Turning, coughing and deep breathing to
remove secreations.

PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT

 Antibiotics may be prescribed for bacterial

pneumonia. Most people begin to feel better
after one to three days of antibiotic treatment.
However, you should take antibiotics as your
doctor prescribes. If you stop too soon, your
pneumonia may come back.
 Antiviral medicine is sometimes prescribed
for viral pneumonia. However, these
medicines do not work against every virus that
causes pneumonia.
 Antifungal medicines are prescribed for
fungal pneumonia.
 Over-the-counter medicines may be
recommended to treat your fever and muscle
pain or help you breathe easier. Talk to your
provider before taking cough or cold medicine.

10. 3 min. What is the NURSING DIAGNOSIS Lecture cum Charts are List out the
nursing 1. Imparied gas exchanges relate to decreased ventilation discussion. used. nursing
management for 2. Ineffective airway clearance related to excessive responsibilities for
pneumonia? tracheobronchial secretions pneumonia?
3. Ineffective breathing pattern related to chest pain and Students are
hypoxia. listening
4. Activity intolerance related to impaired respiratory attentively.
function
5. Risk for deficient fluid volume related to fever.
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10. 7 min. Discuss the NURSING INTERVENTION Lecture cum PPT What is the
Nursing 1. Identify the type of pneumonia. discussion. nursing
 interventions for The first step in managing pneumonia is through identifying interventions for
pneumonia. its type. CAP, VAP, and HAP have different treatment pneumonia?
approaches depending on the severity and risk. Consider the
following:
 Outpatient treatment
 Need for hospitalization Students are
 Admission to ICU showing
2. Administer antibiotic therapy as ordered. interest.
The cornerstone of treatment for bacterial pneumonia is
antibiotic therapy. Administer empiric treatment as
recommended. Tailor antibiotic therapy if the pathogen is
known.
3. Provide oxygen as recommended.
Supplemental oxygen may be necessary for patients who are
hypoxic or experiencing dyspnea.
4. Start fluid resuscitation.
Volume depletion is common among patients with pneumonia.
Patients who are hypotensive may need intravenous therapy.
Take caution when administering IV fluids to patients with
heart disease or kidney failure.
5. Administer medications as prescribed.
 Corticosteroids
 Pain and fever reducers (aspirin, NSAIDs, or
acetaminophen)
 Cough suppressants and/or expectorants
6. Collaborate with respiratory therapy.
Collaborate with the respiratory therapist in administering
breathing treatments, chest physiotherapy, oxygen, or
ventilatory support.
7. Mobilize secretions.
Breathing exercises, movement, and devices aid in loosening
and expelling secretions. The following strategies can help
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strengthen the lungs:
 Diaphragmatic breathing
  Deep breathing and coughing
 Use of spirometry or flutter valves
 Early ambulation
8. Encourage moisture and fluids.
Encourage patients with pneumonia to increase fluid intake,
especially warm liquids, and to use a humidifier or steamy
shower/bath to open the airways and make breathing easier.

11. 5 min. Discuss the PREVENTION Lecture cum PPT How can we
Prevention of 1. Avoid smoking. discussion. prevent the
Pneumonia. Smoking harms the lungs and increases the chance of lung pneumonia?
infection. This also includes avoiding second hand smoke.
2. Encourage vaccination.
Pneumonia vaccines are recommended for anyone over age 65
or those younger than age 65 who are at increased risk for
pneumonia. The patient should also receive other Students are
recommended vaccines against influenza, COVID-19, or asking
respiratory syncytial virus, as these respiratory infections can questions.
develop into pneumonia.
3. Reduce the risk of exposure.
Teach the patient about proper handwashing and the use of
hand sanitizer. Avoid contact with those who are ill, and
consider a mask if traveling or in crowded areas. Boost the
immune system through a healthy diet, exercise, and regular
sleep.
4. Implement aspiration precautions.
If the patient is at risk for aspiration, implement the following
measures to reduce the risk of aspiration and subsequent
pneumonia:
 Encourage small bites when eating
 Avoid distractions during meals
 Allow plenty of time for chewing and swallowing
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 Ensure the patient is sitting upright when eating Lecture cum
 Do not lay the patient down for 30 minutes after meals discussion.
  Monitor for pocketing of food or pills in the mouth
 Monitor for choking or gagging while eating
 Consider thickened liquids or pureed diets
 Request evaluation by a speech therapist

Students are
asking
questions.

13. 2 min. To summarize the SUMMARIZATION : PPT

topic. Today we have discussed about.
1. Defination of pneumonia
2. Types of pneumonia
3. Causes
4. Sign and symptoms
5. pathophysiology
6. Management
7. Prevention

14. 2 min Appraise the Recapitulization:

knowledge of the 1. What is pneumonia?
group. 2. What is preventive measures for pneumonia?
3. What are the causes for pneumonia?

15. ½ min. Enhance the Assignment

knowledge of the Make a assignment on ventilator.
group

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16. 1 min. For further BIBLIOGRAPHY
reference.  Xiang J, Rir-Sim-Ah J, Tesfaigzi Y. IL-9 and IL-13
 induce mucous cell metaplasia that is reduced by IFN-
gamma in a Bax-mediated pathway. Am J Respir Cell
Mol Biol. 2008 Mar;38(3):310-7. [PMC free article]
[PubMed]

 Dellamonica J, Lerolle N, Sargentini C, Beduneau G,

Di Marco F, Mercat A, Richard JC, Diehl JL, Mancebo
J, Rouby JJ, Lu Q, Bernardin G, Brochard L. PEEP-
induced changes in lung volume in acute respiratory
distress syndrome. Two methods to estimate alveolar
recruitment. Intensive Care Med. 2011
Oct;37(10):1595-604.
 Kass SM, Williams PM, Reamy BV. Pleurisy. Am Fam
Physician. 2007 May 01;75(9):1357-64. ]

 Reimel BA, Krishnadasen B, Cuschieri J, Klein MB,

Gross J, Karmy-Jones R. Surgical management of
acute necrotizing lung infections. Can Respir J. 2006
Oct;13(7):369-73

SILVER OAKS COLLEGE OF NURSING

ABHIPUR, MOHALI.
 LESSON PLAN
ON
PNEUMONIA
SUBJECT: MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
SUBMITTED ON: 12-9-2024

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Ms. Shafali Bright Ms. Lovepreet Kaur
Assistant Professor M.Sc. nursing 2nd year
Medical surgical nursing Medical surgical nursing