Aim: To measure educative component of ‘g’ as defined in Spearman`s Two factor theory using Raven`s Standard Progressive Matrices.

Basic
Concept: Differences in the functioning of two individuals, dull vs bright, quick vs slow, adaptive vs nonadaptive etc. can be attributed to
intelligence. But what is intelligence? Many definitions have been given: • Ability to adjust • Ability to learn • Ability to carry out abstract thinking
According to oxford dictionary, intelligence is the ability of perceiving, learning, understanding and knowing. Alfred Binet was one of the first
psychologists to define intelligence as the ability to judge well, reason well and understand well. “It seems to us that in intelligence there is a
fundamental faculty, the alteration or the lack of which, is of the utmost importance for practical life. This faculty is judgment, otherwise called good
sense, practical sense, initiative, the faculty of adapting one’s self to circumstances.”

Charles Spearman proposed two-factor theory of intelligence. According to this, intelligence consisted of general factor and specific factor based on
factor analysis. The `G` factor consists of mental functions that are primary. In addition, individuals have specific factors too. Louis Thurstone
proposed the theory of primary mental abilities which staes that intelligence consists of 7 primary abilities, which are: • Verbal comprehension •
Spatial relations • Numeric abilities • Perceptual speed • Word fluency • Memory • Inductive reasoning Harvard professor Howard Gardner has
identified eight different types of intelligences that each individual has the capacity to possess. The idea of multiple intelligences is important
because it allows for educators to identify differing strengths and weaknesses in students and also contradicts the idea that intelligence can be
measured through IQ. Visual/Spatial - Involves visual perception of the environment, the ability to create and manipulate mental images, and the
orientation of the body in space. Verbal/Linguistic - Involves reading, writing, speaking, and conversing in one's own or foreign languages.
Logical/Mathematical - Involves number and computing skills, recognizing patterns and relationships, timeliness and order, and the ability to solve
different kinds of problems through logic. Bodily/Kinesthetic - Involves physical coordination and dexterity, using fine and gross motor skills, and
expressing oneself or learning through physical activities. Musical - Involves understanding and expressing oneself through music and rhythmic
movements or dance, or composing, playing, or conducting music. Interpersonal - Involves understanding how to communicate with and understand
other people and how to work collaboratively. Intrapersonal - Involves understanding one's inner world of emotions and thoughts, and growing in
the ability to control them and work with them consciously. Naturalist - Involves understanding the natural world of plants and animals, noticing
their characteristics, and categorizing them; it generally involves keen observation and the ability to classify other things as well. Assessment of
Intelligence Standardized intelligence testing has been called one of psychology's greatest successes. It is certainly one of the field's most persistent
and widely used inventions

Since Alfred Binet first used a standardized test to identify learning-impaired Parisian children in the early 1900s, it has become one of the primary
tools for identifying children with mental retardation and learning disabilities. It has helped the U.S. military place its new recruits in positions that
suit their skills and abilities. In 1908, Alfred Binet gave the concept of Mental Age [MA] which is a subject`s intellectual development with respect to
others of his/her age group. Chronological Age [CA] is the biological age. IQ = MA X 100 CA History and description It is the most common and
popular test administered to groups ranging from 5-year-olds to the elderly. It is made of 60 multiple choiceitems, listed in order of difficulty that’s
why it`s called progressive. The original form of the matrices was first published in 1938. This test measures abstract intelligence of an individual The
tests were developed for research purposes. Because of their independence of language and reading and writing skills, and the simplicity of their
use and interpretation, they quickly found widespread practical application. For example, all entrants to the British armed forces from 1942 onwards
took a twenty-minute version of the SPM.

Preliminaries

Materials Required SPM booklet, response sheet, SPM manual, pen/pencil Precautions 1. Optimal conditions for testing were ensured before the
test begun 2. Time of start and finish were noted 3. If the subject got stuck on a question, then they should move to the next question. 4. The tester
should ensure that no question is left unanswered Rapport Formation Rapport was established between the subject and the tester, prior to the test
so that he/she could feel comfortable and at ease. In such a state, she/he should answer the questions in a calm manner and any doubts should be
cleared before starting the test. Instructions The following instructions were given: 1. This is a test which consists of a booklet containing 5 sets, each
set has 12 items that sums up to be 60 items in total. 2. The difficulty level of the test increases progressively. 3. Attempt all the items.4. Choose the
correct item that you think is the right answer and write it on the response sheet. 5. If you have any doubt, then clarify it right now. 6. There is no
time limit but try to finish as soon as possible. Test Administration After the instructions were given, the subject was asked to fill in the necessary
details. The tester ensured that the instructions were clear and understood. Introspective report/Verbal Report The subject wrote “The first three
sets were quite easy but gradually items became difficult and required high level on concentration. Towards the end I didn’t feel like completing the
test.”

Scoring The total no. of problems solved correctly were scored which was calculated with the help of the answer key. Thereafter, a single score is
obtained by adding the total scores of the five columns. The percentile score and grade corresponding to this are noted down from the manual for
analysis. Discrepancy score – The difference between the score a person obtains on each set and that normally expected for his total score is called
the discrepancy score shown numerically as:

Interpretation The aim of administrating the SPM was to access the level of mental ability of the subject. SPM is a test of person`s capabilities of
abstract reasoning at the time of the test. This is done by providing figures/patterns and measuring the ability to figure out patterns between them.
The subject`s raw score was _______ which corresponds to ____ percentile and grade _____.

Conclusion[For Grade – 1] The subject`s score shows that he is Intellectually Superior as his score lies at 95th percentile for people of his age group.