INSIGHTSIAS

IA SIMPLIFYING IAS EXAM PREPARATION

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MAINS MISSION 2024

GS- I

APRIL 2024

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NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They
are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is
content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you
extra points in the form of background information.

Table of Contents
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to
modern times. ................................................................................................................................... 5
UNESCO World Heritage Sites are significant for their cultural and historical value. Better
management practices are needed to protect cultural heritage by conserving historic structures
and artifacts. Elaborate. (250 words) ........................................................................................... 5
Female Bhakti saints in medieval India made significant contributions to religious, social, and
cultural spheres. Discuss. (150 words) .......................................................................................... 7
Gandhara School encapsulates foreign techniques and Hellenistic spirit of realism which is
evident in its art. Elucidate. (250 words)....................................................................................... 9
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant
events, personalities, issues. ........................................................................................................... 11
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a pivotal moment in India’s struggle for independence from
British rule, marking a shift towards more organized and concerted efforts to achieve
independence. Analyse. (250 words) .......................................................................................... 11
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar played a pivotal role in shaping India’s journey towards becoming a
democratic and inclusive nation where all citizens have equal rights and opportunities. Discuss.
(250 words) ................................................................................................................................. 13
History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars,
redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization. ....................................................... 16

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The mid-18th marked a pivotal period that set the stage for the onset of the Industrial
Revolution. Several key factors converged during this time, laying the groundwork for the
profound economic and societal transformations that would follow. Discuss. (250 words) ....... 16
Role of women and women’s organization; population and associated issues, poverty and
developmental issues, ..................................................................................................................... 18
What factors contribute to the decline in the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of India? Evaluate the
opportunities that India can harness due to declining TFR. (250 words)..................................... 18
Urbanization, their problems and their remedies............................................................................. 21
The increased dumping of waste in landfills poses several issues that need to be addressed
promptly. Examine. (250 words) ................................................................................................. 21
The feasibility of implementing water pricing in India’s urban spaces is a complex issue that
requires careful consideration of various factors such as economic and social aspects. Comment.
(250 words) ................................................................................................................................. 23
What are the causes for urban poverty in India? Discuss the measures that can be taken in order
to end urban poverty in the country. (250 words) ...................................................................... 26
Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism. ..................................................... 28
Creating a truly inclusive society for persons with disabilities (PwD) requires providing equal
opportunities and reducing marginalization through societal change. Examine. (250 words) .... 28
Salient features of world’s physical geography. ............................................................................... 33
In the Himalayan region, land sinking can occur due to various natural and human-induced
factors. Examine. (150 words) ..................................................................................................... 33
What are the various factors that affect the formation of Savanna type of climate? Examine the
various threats to Savanna biomes. (250 words) ........................................................................ 35
The expansion of glacial lakes in the Indian Himalayan river basins has significant implications
for both local communities and broader climate change adaptation strategies. Examine. (150
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 38
what is an anticyclone? What is the impact of an anticyclone on the weather? (150 words) ..... 40
By recognizing and addressing the gendered dimensions of climate change and empowering
women, societies can harness the full potential of all individuals to build a more sustainable and
resilient future. Explain. (250 words). ......................................................................................... 42
Geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-
bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes. .................................. 46
How do the interconnected elements of land, food, and water shape economic activity in the
context of climate change? Discuss strategies can be implemented to address these
intersections and promote sustainable economic development. (250 words) ............................ 46
In recent years, India has adopted a proactive policy aimed at transforming the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. Examine the strategic and economic importance of Andaman & Nicobar Islands
for India. (250 words).................................................................................................................. 48
Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-
continent); ...................................................................................................................................... 51

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Sundarbans, are one of the most biologically diverse areas in the world. Its resource richness is
unparalleled, making it an invaluable ecological asset. Discuss the resource richness and major
issues faced by the Sundarbans. (250 words) ............................................................................. 51
India’s contributions play a vital role in sustaining the efficiency and effectiveness of the global
shipping industry. Discuss. (150 words) ...................................................................................... 53
India recognizes the potential of the Arctic as a future source of resources and its engagement in
the region is guided by broader considerations of environmental sustainability and global
climate action. (250 words)......................................................................................................... 56
Deep sea mining holds the potential to meet the growing demand for critical metals and
minerals; however, it also poses significant environmental risks and uncertainties. Critically
examine. (250 words) ................................................................................................................. 58
Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc; .. 60
Examine the reasons behind the increasing frequency of forest fires in India. What role is
climate change playing in exacerbating the forest fire risk? (250 words).................................... 60
As global temperatures rise, permafrost is thawing at an accelerated rate, leading to a variety of
environmental, social, and economic consequences. Examine. (250 words) .............................. 63
What are the primary factors contributing to the escalation in severe cyclonic storm occurrences
in India, and how can effective mitigation and adaptation strategies be implemented to address
this growing challenge? Discuss. (250 words) ............................................................................. 65
Examine the reasons for the increasing incidence of heatwaves in different parts of the country,
and to what extent is climate change responsible for this trend? (250 words) ........................... 68

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Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and
Architecture from ancient to modern times.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites are significant for their cultural and historical value.
Better management practices are needed to protect cultural heritage by conserving
historic structures and artifacts. Elaborate. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the role played by the UNESCO world heritage sites in conservation efforts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by writing the objectives of UNESCOs world heritage sites (WHS).
Body:

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In the detail, write about the issues faced by sites having cultural, historical and scientific significance
in present day – poor conservation, negligence, encroachment etc.
Next, write about the measures taken by UNESCOs WHS in order to overcome the above.
Next, write about the successes and criticism of UNESCOs WHS programmes. Substantiate with
examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

A World Heritage site is classified as a natural or man-made area or a structure that is of

international importance, and a space which requires special protection. These sites are officially
recognised by the UN and the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation, also
known as UNESCO. UNESCO believes that the sites classified as World Heritage are important for
humanity, and they hold cultural and physical significance. They are protected under a international
treaty called the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage,
adopted by UNESCO in 1972.

As of 2023, there are 42 World Heritage Sites located in India. Out of these, 34 are cultural, 7 are
natural, and one, the Khangchendzonga National Park, is of mixed type. India has the sixth-largest
number of sites in the world.

Body

Types:

1. Cultural heritage sitesinclude historic buildings and town sites, important archaeological
sites, and works of monumental sculpture or painting.

2. Natural heritage sitesare restricted to natural areas.

3. Mixed heritage sitescontain elements of both natural and cultural significance.

Objectives of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS):

 Preservation: Safeguarding cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value.

 Promotion: Raising awareness about global heritage and fostering mutual understanding.

 Education: Educating people about diverse cultures, ecosystems, and historical legacies.

Challenges Faced by WHS:

 Poor Conservation: Many sites suffer from inadequate maintenance, insufficient funding, and
lack of skilled personnel.

 Negligence: Some governments prioritize economic development over heritage preservation.

 Urbanization: Uncontrolled urban growth encroaches upon WHS, altering their character.

 Tourism Pressure: High tourist footfall can strain fragile ecosystems and historic structures.

 Natural Calamities: Earthquakes, floods, and climate change threaten site integrity.

UNESCO’s Measures to Overcome Challenges:

 Capacity Building: Training local communities and professionals in conservation techniques.

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 Legal Frameworks: Encouraging countries to enact laws protecting WHS.

 Monitoring and Reporting: Regular assessments to track site conditions.

 Emergency Response: Rapid action during crises (e.g., post-earthquake restoration).

 Community Engagement: Involving local communities in site management.

Successes and Criticisms of UNESCO’s WHS Programmes:

 Successes:

 Machu Picchu, Peru: Effective conservation and sustainable tourism management.

 Great Barrier Reef, Australia: Collaborative efforts to combat coral bleaching.

 Historic Centre of Vienna, Austria: Balanced urban development.

 Criticism:

 Overemphasis on Prestige: Listing can prioritize fame over genuine conservation needs.

 Geopolitical Tensions: WHS can become pawns in political conflicts (e.g., Jerusalem).

 Tourism Impact: Some sites struggle with overtourism and its consequences.

Way Forward:

 Holistic Approach: Integrate heritage conservation with sustainable development.

 Local Empowerment: Involve communities in decision-making and site management.

 Innovative Funding: Explore public-private partnerships and creative financing.

 Climate Resilience: Adapt sites to climate change impacts.

 Balanced Tourism: Implement visitor quotas and sustainable practices.

Conclusion

It is the duty of every citizen to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
The art and culture of our nation are a vast continuum, evolving incessantly since time immemorial.
Naturally, preservation and conservation of India’s rich cultural heritage and promotion of all forms
of art and culture, both tangible and intangible, including monuments and archaeological sites,
anthropology and ethnology, folk and tribal arts, literature and handicrafts, performing art of music-
dance-drama and visual arts of paintings-sculpture-graphics is essential and assumes a lot of
importance.

Female Bhakti saints in medieval India made significant contributions to religious, social,
and cultural spheres. Discuss. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express , Insights on Inia
Why the question:
The article explains that three mediaeval women saints stand particularly tall in the Indian faithscape
– Mirabai, Akka Mahadevi and Lal Ded.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the contributions of female bhakti saints of India during the medieval period.
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Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving context about Female saints during Bhakti period.
Body:
First, write about the contributions of female bhakti saints- popularized the Bhakti movement
through their songs and teachings, challenging social norms and advocating for equality and
empowerment of women, enriched regional traditions, while their advocacy for social justice and
spiritual leadership left a lasting legacy. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction

Bhakti was accepted as a means to attain moksha along with jnana and karma. The Bhakti
Movement originated in the seventh-century in Tamil, South India (now parts of Tamil Nadu and
Kerala), and spread northwards. It swept over east and north India from the 15th century onwards,
reached its peak between the 15th and 17th century CE. The Bhakti Saints moved against the
austerities propagated by the Buddhist and Jain schools and professed that ultimate devotion to god
was the means to salvation.

Body
The Bhakti movement in medieval India witnessed the emergence of remarkable female saints
who made significant contributions to religious, social, and cultural spheres. These women, through
their devotion, poetry, and spiritual experiences, challenged norms, advocated for equality, and left
an indelible mark on Indian history.

 Popularizing the Bhakti Movement:

 Meera Bai: A Rajput princess from Rajasthan, Meera Bai’s unwavering devotion to Lord
Krishna transcended societal boundaries. Her soul-stirring bhajans and poems continue
to resonate across generations.

 Andal (Godadevi): A Tamil saint-poetess, Andal’s passionate love for Lord Vishnu found
expression in her Tiruppavai and Nachiyar Tirumozhi. Her verses celebrate divine union
and devotion.

 Challenging Social Norms:

 Akka Mahadevi: A 12th-century Kannada saint, Akka Mahadevi defied conventions by

renouncing worldly life and embracing nakedness. Her vachanas (devotional poems)
express her intense love for Lord Shiva.

 Lal Ded (Lalleshwari): A mystic poetess from Kashmir, Lal Ded’s verses blend devotion
with social critique. She questioned ritualistic practices and emphasized inner
spirituality.

 Advocacy for Equality and Empowerment:

 These female saints rejected traditional roles, transcending societal expectations. They
sought direct communion with the divine, challenging male-dominated religious spaces.
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 Their teachings emphasized that devotion was not bound by gender, caste, or social
status. Their courage inspired other women to seek spiritual liberation.

 Enriching Regional Traditions:

 Mirabai: A devotee of Lord Krishna, Mirabai’s bhajans in Rajasthani and Braj Bhasha
enriched North Indian devotional music. Her songs are sung even today during festivals
and celebrations.

 Karaikkal Ammaiyar: A Tamil Shaivite saint, she composed powerful hymns in praise of
Lord Shiva. Her verses reflect her unwavering devotion and spiritual wisdom.

 Legacy of Social Justice and Spiritual Leadership:

 These women saints advocated for compassion, love, and justice. Their teachings
transcended religious boundaries, emphasizing the universality of devotion.

 Their spiritual leadership inspired social reforms, challenging oppressive practices. They
championed the cause of women’s rights and dignity.

Conclusion

The female bhakti saints of India during the medieval period were torchbearers of devotion,
courage, and social transformation. Their legacy continues to inspire generations, reminding us that
spirituality knows no gender and that love for the divine can lead to profound realization.

Gandhara School encapsulates foreign techniques and Hellenistic spirit of realism which
is evident in its art. Elucidate. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the various influences on Gandhara school of art.
Directive word:
Elucidate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by mentioning about the development of sculpture and the emergence of Gandhara school of
art.
Body:
Write in detail about the features of Gandhara school of art – The regions they covered, the
patronage, the important characteristics of their sculpture, the material they used and type of
images produced.
Next, in detail write about the various Greek and Roman influences on them. Substantiate with
examples the various nature of influences.
Conclusion:
Conclude by Summarising.
Introduction

Gandhara art, style of Buddhist visual art that developed in what is now northwestern Pakistan and
eastern Afghanistan between the 1st century BCE and the 7th century CE. The style, of Greco-Roman
origin, seems to have flourished largely during the Kushana dynasty and was contemporaneous with
an important but dissimilar school of Kushana art at Mathura.

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Body

The Gandharan craftsmen made a lasting contribution to Buddhist art in their composition of the
events of the Buddha’s life into set scenes.

Gandhara art encapsulates foreign techniques and Hellenistic spirit of realism

 In its interpretation of Buddhist legends, the Gandhara school incorporated many motifs and
techniques from Classical Roman art, including vine scrolls, cherubs bearing garlands,
tritons, and centaurs. The basic iconography, however, remained Indian.

 The materials used for Gandhara sculpture were green phyllite and gray-blue mica
schist which in general, belong to an earlier phase, and stucco, which was used increasingly
after the 3rd century CE. The sculptures were originally painted and gilded.

 The Hellenistic influence was nowhere more dramatic than in Gandhara, a term now used
to describe the school of semi-classical sculptures of Pakistan and Afghanistan in the early
centuries of our era.

 In contrast with Mathura School, the Gandhara School images are known for
their anatomical accuracy, spatial depth, and foreshortening.

 The Gandhara school drew upon the anthropomorphic traditions of Roman religion and
represented the Buddha with a youthful Apollo-like face, dressed in garments resembling
those seen on Roman imperial statues.

 This style of art was closely associated with Mahayana Buddhism and hence the main theme
of this art was Lord Buddha and Bodhisattvas.

 The Buddha and Bodhisattva figures resemble the Greek God Apollo with broad shoulders,
a halo around the head. The physical features such as muscles, nails, hair have been done
with great detail.

 All early Bodhisattvas are shown in wearing turbans, jewelry, and muslin skirts, a costume
that was an adaptation of the actual dress of Kushan and Indian nobles.

 Thus, it can be conjectured that in idea and conception this style was Indian and in execution
it was foreign. One example of the Gandhara style of art is the Bamiyan Buddha statues.

 The Gandhara depiction of the seated Buddha was less successful.

Conclusion

The schools of Gandhara and Mathura influenced each other, and the general trend was away from
a naturalistic conception and toward a more idealized, abstract image. Gandhara School of Art can
be said as an influence and culmination of both the Indian as well as foreign traditions due to its
strategic location.

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Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the
present- significant events, personalities, issues.
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a pivotal moment in India’s struggle for
independence from British rule, marking a shift towards more organized and concerted
efforts to achieve independence. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India
Why the question:
According to many historians, this was a turning point in Indians’ relationship with their British
colonisers, and thus a pivotal moment in the course of India’s struggle for independence.
Key Demand of the question:
To write the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and its impact as a pivotal moment in India’s struggle for
independence.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, write about the incident in detail.
Next, write about the incident as turning point – galvanized nationalist sentiment, shifted leadership
to figures like Mahatma Gandhi, drew international attention, accelerated the independence
movement, and eroded faith in British rule.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, also called Massacre of Amritsar was an incident in which British troops
fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in an open space known as the Jallianwala Bagh in
Amritsar in Punjab.

Body

Jallianwala Bagh massacre:

 April 13, 1919, marked a turning point in the Indian freedom struggle.

 It was Baisakhi that day, a harvest festival popular in Punjab and parts of north India.

 Local residents in Amritsar decided to hold a meeting that day to discuss and protest against
the confinement of Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, two leaders fighting for Independence,
and implementation of the Rowlatt Act, which armed the British government with powers to
detain any person without trial.

 The crowd had a mix of men, women and children.

 They all gathered in a park called the Jallianwala Bagh, walled on all sides but for a few small
gates, against the orders of the British.

 The protest was a peaceful one, and the gathering included pilgrims visiting the Golden
Temple who were merely passing through the park, and some who had not come to protest.

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 While the meeting was on, Brigadier-General Reginald Edward Harry Dyer, who had crept up
to the scene wanting to teach the public assembled a lesson, ordered 90 soldiers he had
brought with him to the venue to open fire on the crowd.

 Many tried in vain to scale the walls to escape. Many jumped into the well located inside the
park.

Response of the Indians:

 This tragedy came as a rude shock to Indians and totally destroyed their faith in the British
system of justice.

 National leaders condemned the act and Dyer unequivocally.

 Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in his letter of protest renounced the knighthood
conferred on him, condemning the brutal act of Britishers.

 In protest against the massacre and the British failure to give due justice to the victims,
Gandhiji relinquished his title ‘Kaiser-e-hind’ bestowed on him by the British for his services
during the Boer War in South Africa.

 In December 1919, the congress session was held at Amritsar. It was attended by a large
number of people, including peasants.

British and Government of India Response:

 Gen Dyer was appreciated by many in Britain and the British in India although some people
in the British government were quick to criticize it.

 The massacre had been a calculated act and Dyer declared with pride that he had done it to
produce ‘moral effect’ on the people and that he had made up his mind that he would shoot
down all men if they were going to continue the meeting.

 The government set up the Hunter Commission to inquire into the massacre. Although the
commission condemned the act by Dyer, it did not impose any disciplinary action against
him.

 He was relieved of his duties in the army in 1920.

 A British newspaper called it as one of the bloody massacres of modern history.

One of the worst acts of violence:

 Large gathering of 15,000-20,000 people with a majority of Sikhs came together to celebrate
the Punjabi harvest festival of Baisakhi in this garden.

 They had also gathered to revolt against the repressive Rowlatt Act that provided for stricter
control of the press, arrests without warrant and indefinite detention without trial.

 The people were unarmed and British surrounded them and opened fire brutally.
 Even after that British was not empathetic but responded with brutal repression in the
following ways.

 Seeking to humiliate and terrorize people, Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the
ground.

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 They were forced to crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs.

 People were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab) were bombed.

 For Indians this added the fuel to fire and national movement was taken forward more
intensively

 Leaders heavily criticized the government with Tagore renouncing his knighthood as protest.

 The whole nation came together protesting against British so this incident brought unity to
India which was essential for the freedom movement.

Turning point in Indian national movement:

 By the end of the 19th century, British rule, in India as well as across the globe, had gained a
certain legitimacy even in the eyes of the enslaved public.

 Till then, most Indians had reconciled with the progressive nature of the colonial rule.

 Jallianwala Bagh shattered the faith that the people had in the British sense of justice and
fairness.

 To most Indians, the massacre of the unarmed was a betrayal of the trust that they had
placed on the British to rule them wisely, justly and with fairness.

 In the eyes of the Indian, the just, fair and liberal British suddenly turned into a ruthless,
bloodthirsty tyrant who couldn’t be trusted. Jallianwala Bagh revealed the evil that resided
in the ‘enlightened’ empire.

 Since then, it was a slow but sure downward slide for British rule in India. It was on this
sense of betrayal that Gandhi built his mass movement, which put a premium on breaking
the laws made by the rulers.

 As the people began to willfully break the laws made by the state, the state itself became
illegitimate. Now people actively started demanding for purna swaraj

Conclusion

Jallianwala Bagh was a reminder to each one of us as to how hard won & precious our freedom is. It
was an occasion to shed a silent tear for each of the innocent Indians who lost their lives
that Baisakhi day in 1919 and a poignant moment of reflection on colonial cruelty & irrational anger.
This day would inspire us to strive to create a world without oppression & persecution, a world of
friendship, peace & progress, a world where all nations stand united to defeat inhuman forces of
terror & violence. It is a day to reaffirm India’s centuries long commitment to the ideal of
Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar played a pivotal role in shaping India’s journey towards becoming a
democratic and inclusive nation where all citizens have equal rights and opportunities.
Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
As a grateful nation celebrates the 133nd birth anniversary of the father of India’s Constitution, the
article recalls the Mahad Satyagraha.

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Key Demand of the question:

To write contributions of Dr B.R Ambedkar’s in promoting democratic unity as well protection of
equal rights.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by writing a few introductory lines regarding Dr B.R Ambedkar
Body:
First, write about his role and contributions; His role as a social reformer, chairman of the draft
committee of the Indian Constitution, and first law minister of the country is well-known. He was an
educationist, economist, jurist, politician, journalist, sociologist and social reformer and worked in
the fields of culture, religion and spirituality.
Next, write about his measures in promoting democratic unity and as champion of domestic rights.
Mention about key learnings from his teaching in the present day.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction

Dr B.R Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town and military cantonment of Mhow in the
Central Provinces (now in Madhya Pradesh). The nation is celebrating the 133rd birth anniversary of
Ambedkar. He is one leader from the pre-independence times who has gained phenomenal after-life
recognition, respect and popularity, not only as a messiah of the Dalits but also as one of the
greatest Indians of the modern age. He was a nation-builder with a difference. Unlike Gandhi, Nehru,
Subhas Bose and Bhagat Singh, he didn’t fight against British imperialism. December 6 is observed as
the Mahaparinirvan Diwas, or the death anniversary, of Dr BR Ambedkar, the Father of the Indian
Constitution.

Body

Ambedkar’s role as a political leader and a social reformer

 His primary fight was against the evil of untouchability and casteism in the Hindu
community.

 Ambedkar worked to embed the objectives of liberty, equality and fraternity and the
concept of dignity of the individual at the heart of the Constitution.

 Babasaheb always advocated for providing equal rights to women. Women have been given
the same fundamental right to Equality as men in the Constitution drafted by him.

 Ambedkar was the voice of the Depressed Classes on every platform. As their representative
at the Round Table Conference, he championed the cause of labour improving the condition
of peasants.

 During the Bombay Assembly’s Poona session in 1937, he introduced a Bill to abolish the
Khoti system of land tenure in Konkan.

 He was the first legislator in the country to introduce a Bill for abolishing the serfdom of
agricultural tenants.

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 His essay titled ‘Small Holdings in India and their Remedies’(1918) proposed industrialisation
as the answer to India’s agricultural problem and is still relevant to contemporary debates.

 The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualised from the Hilton Young Commission’s
recommendation, which considered Ambedkar’s guidelines laid out in The Problem of the
Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution.

 As a member of the Bombay Assembly, he opposedthe introduction of the Industrial

Disputes Bill, 1937, as it removed workers’ right to strike.He advocated for “fair condition of
life of labour” instead of securing “fair condition of work” and laid out the basic structure of
the government’s labour policy.
 Ambedkar out rightly opposed the communist labour movements, their extraterritorial
loyalties and their Marxian approach of controlling all means of production.

 As chairman of the Constitution’s drafting committee, he took meticulous measures to build

a just society through liberty, equality and fraternity.

 Morality, Equality, Self-respect and Indianness were the four most important ideals of
Babasaheb’s vision.

 Lord Buddha’s message of compassion and harmony was the basis of his life and politics.
 Babasaheb stressed the need for politics based on the cultural values of morality and
harmony.

 He was a severe critic of Mahatma Gandhi and the politics of the Indian National
Congress for fighting only the external evil of foreign rule while ignoring the cancerous
disease within the Hindu community.

Voice of the depressed classes

 Ambedkar was the voice of the Depressed Classes on every platform. As their representative
at the Round Table Conference, he championed the cause of labour and improving the
condition of peasants.

 During the Bombay Assembly’s Poona session in 1937, he introduced a Bill to abolish the
Khoti system of land tenure in Konkan.

 In Bombay, the historic peasant march to the Council Hall in 1938 made him a popular
leader of the peasants, workers, and the landless. He was the first legislator in the country to
introduce a Bill for abolishing the serfdom of agricultural tenants.

 His essay titled ‘Small Holdings in India and their Remedies’ (1918) proposed
industrialisation as the answer to India’s agricultural problem and is still relevant to
contemporary debates.

Conclusion

Today our legal system is progressing on the path suggested by him on many issues like property
rights for women. This shows that Babasaheb’s visionary thinking was far ahead of his time.
Ambedkar’s thinking and legacy are reflected in the pro-people, pro-poor welfare policies and
programmes of the government.

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History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial
revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization,
decolonization.
The mid-18th marked a pivotal period that set the stage for the onset of the Industrial
Revolution. Several key factors converged during this time, laying the groundwork for
the profound economic and societal transformations that would follow. Discuss. (250
words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Down to Earth , Insights on India
Why the question:
The Industrial Revolution, one of humanity’s most transformational events, did not begin in 1760
across Georgian Britain. Instead, Britain had already industrialised a century earlier under the
Scottish House of Stuart, according to new research from the University of Cambridge.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about reasons for rise of Industrial revolution in England.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by defining Industrial Revolution.
Body:
In detail, write about the reasons for rise of Industrial revolution in England – Agricultural changes,
Population boom, Economic innovations, new ideas and a scientific viewpoint, Transportation
foundations, Natural resources, supportive government and numerous colonies.
Conclusion:
Summarize how all the above factors converged to start the revolution in England.
Introduction

The Industrial Revolution saw a rapid development of industry take place in Britain in the late 18th
and early 19th centuries, soon spreading to Western Europe and North America. New and improved
large-scale production methods and machinery marked the beginnings of Industrialization. Many
different factors contributed to the rise of the Industrial Revolution in Britain and paved the way for
Britain to become an industry-driven country.

The Industrial Revolution, one of humanity’s most transformational events, did not begin in 1760
across Georgian Britain. Instead, Britain had already industrialised a century earlier under the
Scottish House of Stuart, according to new research from the University of Cambridge.

Body

Major factors leading to rise of industrial revolution

 Agriculture

o As a supplier of raw materials, the agricultural sector was closely linked to the
industrial; this was the main source of occupation for the British population.

o Half of the arable land had been enclosed, while half remained in the medieval open
field system.
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 Industry

o Most industries were small scale, domestic and local, but traditional industries could
meet the domestic demands.

o There was some inter-regional trade, but this was limited by poor transport.

 Population

o The nature of the British population has implications for the supply and demand for
food and goods, as well as the supply of cheap labor.

o The population had increased in the earlier part of the 18th century, especially
closer to the middle of the era, and was mostly located in rural areas.
o The people were gradually accepting of social change and the upper and middle
classes were interested in new thinking in science, philosophy. and culture.

 Transport

o Transportation and communication were comparatively easy and cheap, since no

part of Britain is more than seventy miles away from the sea, and even less from
some navigable waterway.

o Canals were built in the rivers of Britain from 1760-1800 to allow ships to transport
goods and for a quicker rate.

o Railroads were also built to allow more efficient trade and transportation of goods.

o Provincial ports had developed, such as Bristol and Liverpool.

 Trade

o Britain had access to local and international economies because of their powerful
Navy and other ships.

o The British government allowed foreign trade and domestic to occur to expand the
economy and grow industries.

o The main market for British goods was Europe, and the government maintained a
mercantilist policy to encourage it.

 Finance

o By 1750, Britain had begun to move towards capitalist institutions — which are
considered part of the development of the Revolution.

o The produce of trade was creating a new, wealthy class prepared to invest in
industries.

 Raw Materials

o Britain had access to cotton from its colonies and could use slaves to collect it. As
technology improved, cotton picking became easier and was a booming industry.

o Coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, limestone, and water power were also readily available
for the British to use for their industrial advancement.

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 New Inventions:

o A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step
of the production process.

o They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and
they made possible the production or stronger threads and yarn.

 A Stable Government/Stable Monetary System

o All of these changes occurring in Britain were held together by its stable
government.

o There were drastic differences in the economies when comparing Britain to other
European mainland countries.

o The pound sterling was the national currency during the entire pre-industrial and
Industrial Revolution time period time, and it is still the currency used to today in
Britain.

Conclusion

Britain in 1870 had the following which has all been stated as necessary for an Industrial Revolution.
Good mineral resources, growing population, wealth, spare land and food, ability to innovate,
laissez-faire government policy, scientific interest, and trading opportunities, all of these began to
develop simultaneously. The result was a massive change.

Role of women and women’s organization; population and associated issues,

poverty and developmental issues,
What factors contribute to the decline in the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of India? Evaluate
the opportunities that India can harness due to declining TFR. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India
Why the question:
The article discusses the disparities in Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) across different regions,
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the causes of falling TFR and the opportunities it provides.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context from the NFHS-5 data.
Body:
First, write about the factors that have contributed to declining TFR are: Higher education, increased
mobility, late marriage, financial independence among women and overall prosperity.
Next, possible advantages that the falling TFR may lead to.
Conclusion:
Conclude by suggesting solutions to the challenges.
Introduction

Total fertility rate (TFR) indicates the average number of children expected to be born to a woman
during her reproductive span of 15-49 years. The data in NFHS 2019-21, the fifth in the survey
series, shows the fertility rate at 1.6 per cent in urban areas and 2.1 in rural India.

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Body

Data from National Family Health Survey’s fifth round (NFHS-5) reveal that India’s Total Fertility
Rate (TFR) has decreased to 2.0 from 2.2 in the previous round. TFR is the number of children born
to a heterosexual couple during their reproductive life. Given that 2.1 is the figure at which the
population is maintained at a stable level, taking into account the likelihood of some child deaths,
the latest number suggests that the spectre of population explosion need no longer haunt India.

Even as the goal of population stabilisation is being achieved, it is imperative that we invest in
fostering the health and wellbeing of all our people, throughout their life course. Decline in fertility
frees up funds for investment in development of our human resources.

Value addition

Trends in the declining Total Fertility Rate in India

 NFHS-5 places the total fertility rate (TFR) at 2.0. known as replacement level of fertility. This
decline is spread evenly across the country.

o 28 states and UTs have a TFR of 9 or less, with seven below 1.6.

o All southern states have a TFR of 1.7-1.8, similar to that of Sweden.

 Even states that have not reached replacement fertility — Bihar and Uttar Pradesh — seem
to be head in that direction.
 Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan that were part of the lagging states have
achieved TFRs of 0.

 With falling fertility (currently 2.0), the median age of India has risen from 24 years in 2011
to 29 years now and is expected to be 36 years by 2036.

o With a falling dependency ratio (expected to decrease from 65% to 54% in the
coming decade taking 15-59 years as the working age population), India is in the
middle of a demographic transition.

Reasons for falling fertility rate:

 Higher education, increased mobility, late marriage, financially independent women,

overall prosperityare all contributing to a falling TFR.

 It goes below 2 in both urban and rural areas, where girls complete schooling and reduces
further as they pass college.

 Bihar, with the highest TFR of 3.2, had the maximum percentage of illiterate women at
26.8%, while Kerala, where the literacy rate among women is 99.3%, had among the lowest
fertility rates.
 Increased focus on family planning by use of Contraceptives, increased tubectomies and
relatively lesser vasectomies have also contributed to the reducing TFR.

 Urbanization, reduced joint family system, increasing nuclear and single-parent families,
higher cost of living in urban areas and higher wages have discouraged aspiring parents to
reduce the number of kids.

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 Working people in urban areas want better pay, implying that they have to reduce the
number of children so as to increase the time they spend at their workplace.

 As more cities come up, people move for jobs and employment tenure gets shorter, TFR may
fall further.

Decreasing fertility rate and its challenges:

 The decrease in fertility and the associated decrease in the dependency ratio, in turn lead to
an increase in the share of the population concentrated in the working ages and hence in
the ratio of the working age to the non-working age population.

 Dependency ratio:

o The proportion of workers rises sharply, even as the proportion of dependants falls.
In many countries, the ratio of workers to dependents goes up, giving a huge boost
to per capita income.

o India will see a significant rise in working age adults India’s dependency ratio that is
the number of dependents to working people is low at 0.6, compared with the
developed countries. That ratio is going to decline further with fertility rates
continuing to fall.
 For the next few decades India will have a youthful, dynamic and productive workforce than
the rest of the world.

 A demographic trend where the proportion of persons aged 15-24 in the population
increases significantly compared to other age groups which paired with limited employment
opportunities may contribute to increased poverty, hunger, malnutrition, poorer health,
lower educational outcomes, child labour, unsupervised and abandoned children, and
rising rates of domestic violence.

 Education constraints:
o There are serious problems with Indian higher education. These include a shortage
of high quality faculty, poor incentive structures, lack of good regulation

o India is home to the world’s largest concentration of illiterate people in the world

 Health:

o At the primary level, there are also serious problems with health and nutrition that
impact the effectiveness of education and the capacity for learning.

o In future large proportion of older working aged people who face longer periods of
retirement, accumulate assets to support themselves.

Way forward:

 Health and education parameters need to be improved substantially to make the Indian
workforce efficient and skilled.

 Enhance, support and coordinate private sector initiatives for skill development through
appropriate Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models; strive for significant operational and
financial involvement from the private sector

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 Focus on underprivileged sections of society and backward regions of the country thereby
enabling a move out of poverty; similarly, focus significantly on the unorganized or informal
sector workforce.

 Measures should have pan Indian presence and not just concentrated in metropolitan cities
as most of the workforce is likely to come from the rural hinterland.

 Investing in people through healthcare, quality education, jobs and skills helps build human
capital, which is key to supporting economic growth, ending extreme poverty, and creating
more inclusive societies

 New technology could be exploited to accelerate the pace of building human capital,
including massive open online courses and virtual classrooms

 Policymakers should have a greater incentive to redouble their efforts to promote human
capital so that it can contribute to economic growth and job creation

Value addition

Findings from NFHS-5

 NFHS-5 finds that there has been a significant increase in current use of any modern
contraceptive method, which stands at 56.5 per cent in 2019-21 against 47.8 per cent in
2015-16. The share of condoms is 9.5 per cent against 5.6 per cent in 2015-16.

 The uptake of female sterilisation has gone up to 38 per cent against 36 per cent in 2015-16.

 The uptake of injectable contraceptives, introduced in 2017, remains abysmally low at 0.6
per cent.

 The increase in female sterilisation shows that the onus of family planning remains with
women, with men not participating in the process and “shrugging responsibility.

 The quality of care in family planning has shown significant improvement with 62 per cent of
current users reporting that they received information on side effects from service providers.
This has increased from 46 per cent in the last survey.
 The number of women who have a bank account they operate themselves has increased
significantly from 53 per cent in 2015-16 to 79 percent, the data show.

Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.

The increased dumping of waste in landfills poses several issues that need to be
addressed promptly. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Hindustan Times , Insights on India
Why the question:
A thick cloud of smoke continued to billow out of the Ghazipur landfill site, enveloping the
surrounding areas in east Delhi, after a portion of the country’s largest garbage dumpsite — which
holds at least 8.4 million tonnes of waste — caught fire on Sunday evening.
Key Demand of the question:
To write issues with respect increased dumping of wastes in landfills, threats from it and remedies for
better waste management.

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Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Give a statistic about increasing municipal solid waste with the increasing rate of urbanisation.
Body:
First, write the problems associated with rapid urbanisation and waste management in India at
landfills: Leaching of chemicals, spread of diseases, release of poisonous and toxic gages, fires,
serious health and environmental hazards to the people etc.
Next, suggest strategies to deal with solid waste so that it may prove a resource instead of waste.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials and is the oldest and most common form
of waste disposal. The landfill sites in India are not scientifically planned. The efficiency of waste
processing is only 30-40%, while India’s municipalities are collecting over 95% of the waste
generated in cities.

A thick cloud of smoke continued to billow out of the Ghazipur landfill site, enveloping the
surrounding areas in east Delhi, after a portion of the country’s largest garbage dumpsite — which
holds at least 8.4 million tonnes of waste — caught fire on Sunday evening.

Body

Challenges posed by landfills in India

 The wastes are not segregated due to which the landfill sites receive mixed wastes
which include organic waste/ignitable material/plastics. (Higher temperature + flammable
material = a chance for the landfill to catch fire.)

 In India, more than 90% of the MSW generated finds its way to landfill sites, often in the
most unhygienic manner possible. The landfilling process of the municipalities is the most
unorganized one.

 The landfills are meant for reducing the exposure between humans and the environment
from toxic waste but it takes a toll on humans as we are exposed to the problems associated
with the waste directly i.e from the soil and groundwater pollution. There are concerns
regarding the flow of toxins in the food chain of birds and animals, fires and explosions,
vegetation damage, unpleasant odor, landfill settlement, groundwater pollution, air
pollution and global warming.
 The disposal of these toxic chemicals leads to the exposure of rag pickers to these chemicals.
The rag picker’s only means of income is by collecting waste but they are not aware of the
fact that this waste will be toxic for them, their health as well as their surrounding.

 The anaerobic decomposition (breakdown of organic waste in the absence of oxygen)

generates methane gas and heat. As soon as the methane gas comes in contact with
oxygen, the combustible materials at the dumping site catch fire easily.

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 The health problems related to various emissions from landfills include high PM10 exposure,
breathing problems, bacterial infections, asthma, elevated cardiovascular risk, and other
infections.

 In India scenario, open dumps are highly prevailing which causes the breeding of
mosquitoes, flies, rats, cockroaches, and other pests. Some diseases are very common in the
population living near the landfill site such as plague, histoplasmosis, murine typhus,
malaria, dengue, West Nile fever, etc. as they are caused by the pests breeding in the
landfills.

Way forward
 proper disciplinary action should be taken against officials who are responsible for
management of municipal waste in the area. This will set a good precedent for future.

 State governments should provide adequate funds to local bodies so that they can take
requisite measures to tackle the creation of giant landfills.

 States must also learn from good practices of each other to tackle the menace of landfills.
For instance, the Delhi Government has agreed to study a system installed in Mumbai to
capture methane from the rotting waste and replicate it in the national capital to prevent
fires at the landfill site.

 India also has to develop skilled and trained professionals to operate and maintain the
entire waste management chain. Right from the collection, operation and maintenance of
waste-handling plants.

 There should be proper implementation of Solid Waste Management and Plastic Waste
Management Rules so that less waste flows into landfills.

 The idea of a circular economy should be promoted in masses. Further, the government
should do greater procurement of recycled goods for itself in order to incentivise the private
sector.

Conclusion

The menace of landfills is a result of decades of poor solid waste management practices adopted by
the Governments and the masses. The rising number of landfill fires is a testimony to the huge
magnitude of damage that a big landfill site can cause to the citizens. It is therefore imperative to
take proactive measures towards their reduction and help in achievement of SDG 15 (Life on Land).

The feasibility of implementing water pricing in India’s urban spaces is a complex issue
that requires careful consideration of various factors such as economic and social
aspects. Comment. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint , orfonline.org
Why the question:
The article discusses the concept of water pricing in India.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about feasibility of water pricing in India.
Directive word:
Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall
opinion thereupon.
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Structure of the answer:

Introduction:
Begin by giving statistic regarding water scarcity in India.
Body:
First, in write about the acute water shortage and its impact on India’s urban spaces.
Next, write about the concept of water pricing, its features and its feasibility – affordability of water
for different socio-economic groups, Public awareness and education and metering infrastructure
and billing systems etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

A disastrous water crisis has been creeping up on us for years. Water tables have declined
precipitously, even by thousands of feet in some parts of Punjab, Haryana and Andhra Pradesh.
Tanks and wells have gone dry. Some rivers have shrunk while other smaller ones have completely
dried up. Water rationing is routine in many urban areas, while in many villages women are trudging
longer distances to fetch water.

Body

Current status

 India has 18% of the world’s population but only 4% of its water resources.

 A large number of Indians face high to extreme water stress.

 Groundwater, a crucial source for irrigation and domestic use, is being depleted rapidly.

 The per capita water availability has declined by almost 20% in the last two decades.

 India has 1123 billion cubic metres of surface and groundwater resources.

 According to the Central Water Commission, India receives 4,000 billion cubic metres in
rainfall, which is higher than its requirement.

 However, in 2023, around 91 million Indians will not have access to safe water. This data
indicates the massive water shortage in India.

 Bengaluru faces a looming water crisis, prompting concerns of a potential Day Zero
scenario akin to Cape Town.

 As per the Report, 223 of the 236 talukas in Karnatakaare affected by drought, including
Mandya and Mysuru districts, the sources of Bengaluru’s water.

 A BBC report highlighted Bengaluru as one of the cities likely to run out of drinking water,
second only to Sao Paulo, Brazil, by 2031

Impact on Urban Spaces:

 Inadequate Supply: No Indian city currently supplies 24/7 clean potable water to all its
residents year-round.

 Economic Growth vs. Water Security: Rapid urban growth and pollution have increased
water insecurity.

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 Infrastructure Challenges: Outdated infrastructure and minimal enforcement of water

conservation measures exacerbate the crisis.

Water Pricing Concept:

 Economic and Social Considerations: Implementing water pricing in urban spaces requires
careful consideration of economic and social aspects.

 Affordability: Different socio-economic groups must find water pricing affordable.

 Public Awareness: Education on water conservation and the importance of water pricing is
essential.

 Metering Infrastructure: Adequate billing systems and metering infrastructure are

necessary to implement water pricing effectively.

Why water should be priced?

 With 18% of the world population, India has only 4% of the world’s renewable water
resources. Moreover, the distribution is geographically skewed and the majority of rainfall
occurs over just a few months, leading to reckless consumption in well-endowed
geographies and during those months. This can be avoided because of pricing

 Low/Free water rates, apart from encouraging the inefficient use of water, result in low
revenue collections and contribute to the growing burden of government subsidies
 OECD studies say that putting the right price on water will encourage people to waste less,
pollute less, and invest more in water infrastructure

Why water should not be priced?

 Water is the basic human need. Making it a commodity is against human rights of those who
can’t pay.

 It will erode India’s export advantage

 It will increase input cost of farmers

Way Forward:

 Policy Structuring: Effective policymaking and governance reforms are needed to strengthen
overall water management.

 Localized Solutions: Localized storage options and optimal use of reservoirs can help
manage water resources better.

 Agricultural Management: Regulation of water-intensive crops and groundwater

consumption is crucial.

 Urban Water Policy: Developing Water Smart cities and managing urban water demand will
be key to addressing water scarcity.

 Investment in Infrastructure: Investing in water infrastructure like dams and canals will
improve water storage and distribution.

Conclusion

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Addressing water scarcity in India requires a multi-faceted approach that includes policy reform,
infrastructure investment, public education, and the implementation of water pricing mechanisms
that are equitable and sustainable. The success of these initiatives will hinge on the cooperation
between government bodies, communities, and individual citizens to ensure the judicious use of this
vital resource.

What are the causes for urban poverty in India? Discuss the measures that can be
taken in order to end urban poverty in the country. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question:
The India Employment Report (IER) 2024 by the Institute for Human Development and International
Labour shows a divergent trend between rural and urban areas in terms of employment and income.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about causes of urban poverty and steps that are needed in order to end it.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving statistic about the numbers of urban poor in India
Body:
First, mention the various causes of poverty in Urban areas and how it is much more severe than the
rural areas.
Next, write about the measures that are needed in order to end urban poverty – minimum wages,
social security, food and nutritional security and rehabilitation and resettlement, Housing etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Urban poverty in India is over 25 percent; close to 81 million people in urban areas live below the
poverty line. Over the years, due to high migration, the poverty in the country is transiting largely
from rural to urban. To make rapid economic progress, India needs to improve the well-being of the
workforce that migrates to cities in the hope of a better life.
The India Employment Report (IER) 2024 by the Institute for Human Development and International
Labour Organization poses questions on the trickle-down effect of benefits to the working class in
the backdrop of a 5.4% average real economic growth, from 2015-16 to 2022-23.

Body

Present Status

 India lifted about 415 million people out of multidimensional poverty between 2005-06 and
2019-21, according to the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).

 Urban poverty dropped from 9% to 5.5%.

 The Atmanirbhar Health Infrastructure Yojana has prioritised strengthening urban health
centres and the creation of frontline health teams.

Findings from the India Employment Report (IER) 2024 report

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 It also shows a divergent trend between rural and urban areas in terms of employment and
income.

 It demonstrates a relatively higher unemployment rate in urban areas, at 4.8% in 2000 over
the 1.5% in rural areas.

 However, average monthly earnings are higher by 76% for self-employed, 44% for regular
employed and 22% for casual labour in urban areas in 2022.

 The coexistence of higher unemployment and wages requires further investigation to

understand its implications for the urban poor.

Causes for urban poverty

 High vulnerability

o Indian cities are vulnerable to multiple disasters like urban floods, urban heat
islands, air pollution, inaccessibility of potable water etc.

 Proliferation of slums

o land to people ratio in cities has been exacerbated.

o there is lack of hygienic and sanitation in slums

 Non-inclusive development

o Urban poor are not receiving the benefits of the development –rich are getting
richer with development while poor are getting poorer.

o India is quite far behind in inclusivity index.

 Development at the cost of poor

o The peri-urban areas where tribes live are being occupied for establishments of
industries without proper compensation and rehabilitation.

Implications

 People living in slum areas are also prone to suffer from waterborne diseases such as
typhoid and cholera.

 Women and children living in slums are prone to become victims of social evils like
prostitution, beggary and child trafficking.

 Hunger, malnourishment, lack of quality education, high infant mortality, child marriage,
child labour are some of the social problems prevalent for urban poor.

Concerns / Challenges

 Urban commons like lake, urban forests, green areas in Cities are adversely affected due to
the need for development.

 As per a survey people in mega cities spend more time in office than home. Family life has
been affected adversely.

 Municipal bodies have lost revenues after the introduction of GST as entry tax and octroi are
no longer with them.
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 While an increase in property tax is an option, this alone will not suffice.

 Stamp duty is a big revenue source in urban areas but it’s not directly available to local
bodies.

 Contrary to B R Ambedkar’s hope that urbanisation will break caste hierarchies, our large
cities are among the most segregated.

Conclusion & Way Forward

 The focus on urban employment generation programmes should be in coordination with

local governments.

 A major local initiative would be to design and implement employment-intensive investment

policies.

 There is a need to prioritise urban infrastructure.

 A labour-intensive approach to building municipal infrastructure can be a cost-effective

alternative to capital intensive-approach as wage rates are low.

 Infrastructure investments would spur employment, generate earnings and contribute to

small enterprise formation.

 Construction of low-cost housing can be carried out using labour-intensive methods, while
yielding substantial benefits for urban dwellers.

 There is need for an urban employment scheme oriented toward building large-scale
medical, health and sanitation infrastructure in cities and towns across India.

 Skilling, upskilling, and re-skilling opportunities must be readily available for poor
households in ways that enable them to combine work with skill upgradation.

 Focusing on rural development and to enhance services like education, health, electricity
and water and sanitation services are effective means to control rural to urban migration.

Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.

Creating a truly inclusive society for persons with disabilities (PwD) requires providing
equal opportunities and reducing marginalization through societal change. Examine.
(250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question:
Every year, March 15 is celebrated as World Consumer Rights Day to create awareness about the
rights of consumers. One section of consumers who might remain invisible in these celebrations or
even in the discourse around consumer rights is consumers with disabilities.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the efforts at achieving inclusivity for PwD’s and further steps need to empower them
to lead a normal life.
Directive word:

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Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin the answer by giving statistic regarding the number of persons with disabilities (PwD) in India.
Body:
First, write about the efforts made at improving the lives of PwD’s – Rights of Persons with
Disabilities Act, 2016, Sugamya Bharat Abhiyaan/Accessible India campaign, Disability movement
etc.
Mention the shortcomings of the above – lack of medical treatment, educational opportunity,
absence of PwDs in decision making etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward to involve PwDs as stakeholder in their development and
decision-making.
Introduction

According to Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, “Person with disability” means a person
with long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment which, in interaction with
barriers, hinders his full and effective participation in society equally with others.

Today, there are millions of people living with disabilities in India. Census 2011 pegs us at 26.8
million, constituting 2.21 per cent of India’s total population; but activists, academicians and
world bodies like the WHO estimate it to be between 40 and 80 million.

Every year, March 15 is celebrated as World Consumer Rights Day to create awareness about the
rights of consumers. One section of consumers who might remain invisible in these celebrations or
even in the discourse around consumer rights is consumers with disabilities.

Body

Various efforts towards securing a life of dignity for persons with disabilities (PwD)

Constitutional Provisions:

 Article 41 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)states that the State shall make
effective provision for securing right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases
of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, within the limits of its economic
capacity and development.

 The subject of ‘relief of the disabled and unemployable’ is specified in the state list of the
Seventh Schedule of the constitution.

Governmental Provisions:

 Right of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016:

o It becomes the duty of the Union, states as well as Union Territories to take up the
matter.

o It is also important to ensure that all government buses are disabled friendly in
accordance with the harmonized guidelines.

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o Disability has been defined based on an evolving and dynamic concept.

o The types of disabilities have been increased from 7 to 21. The act added mental
illness, autism, spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, chronic
neurological conditions, speech and language disability, thalassemia, hemophilia,
sickle cell disease, multiple disabilities including deaf blindness, acid attack victims
and Parkinson’s disease which were largely ignored in earlier act. In addition, the
Government has been authorized to notify any other category of specified disability.

o It increases the quantum of reservationfor people suffering from disabilities from

3% to 4% in government jobs and from 3% to 5% in higher education institutes.
o Every child with benchmark disability between the age group of 6 and 18 years shall
have the right to free education.

o Government funded educational institutions as well as the government recognized

institutions will have to provide inclusive education.

o Stress has been given to ensure accessibility in public buildingsin a prescribed time
frame along with Accessible India Campaign.

o The Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities and the State Commissioners
will act as regulatory bodies and Grievance Redressal agencies, monitoring
implementation of the Act.

o A separate National and State Fundbe created to provide financial support to the
persons with disabilities.

 Accessible India Campaign:Creation of Accessible Environment for PwDs:

o A nation-wide flagship campaign for achieving universal accessibility that will enable
persons with disabilities to gain access for equal opportunity and live independently
and participate fully in all aspects of life in an inclusive society.

o The campaign targets at enhancing the accessibility of built environment, transport

system and Information & communication ecosystem.

 Deen Dayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme: Under the scheme financial assistance is
provided to NGOs for providing various services to Persons with Disabilities, like special
schools, vocational training centres, community-based rehabilitation, pre-school and early
intervention etc.

 Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase / fitting of Aids and Appliances (ADIP):The
Scheme aims at helping the disabled persons by bringing suitable, durable, scientifically-
manufactured, modern, standard aids and appliances within their reach.

 National Fellowship for Students with Disabilities (RGMF):

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o The scheme aims to increase opportunities to students with disabilities for pursuing
higher education.

 Under the Scheme, 200 Fellowships per year are granted to students with disability.

 Schemes of the National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy,
Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities.

Issues and Challenges

 Health:

o A large number of disabilities are preventable, including those arising from medical
issues during birth, maternal conditions, malnutrition, as well as accidents and
injuries.

o However, the health sector especially in rural India has failed to react proactively to
disability

o Further there are lack of affordable access to proper health care, aids and appliances

o Healthcare facilities and poorly trained health-workers in rehabilitation centres is

another concern.

 Education:

o The education system is not inclusive. Inclusion of children with mild to moderate
disabilities in regular schools has remained a major challenge.

o There are various issues such as availability special schools, access to schools,
trained teachers, and availability of educational materials for the disabled.

o Further, reservations for the disabled in higher educational institutions has not been
fulfilled in many instances

 Employment:

o Even though many disabled adults are capable of productive work, disabled adults
have far lower employment rates than the general population.

o The situation is even worse in the private sector, where much less disabled are
employed

o Accessibility: Physical accessibility in buildings, transportation, access to services etc

still remain a major challenge.

 Discrimination/Social Exclusion:

o Negative attitudes held by the families of the disabled, and often the disabled
themselves, hinder disabled persons from taking an active part in the family,
community or workforce.

o Differently-abled people face discrimination in everyday life. People suffering from

mental illness or mental retardation face the worst stigma and are subject to severe
social exclusion.

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 Inadequate data and statistics:The lack of rigorous and comparable data and statics further
hinders inclusion of persons with disabilities. The major issues with collection of data and
measuring disability are:

o Difficult to define disability

o Coverage: Different purposes require different disability data

o Reluctance in reporting disability as disability is considered to be a stigma in many

places/societies

 Poor implementation of policies and schemes hinders the inclusion of disabled persons.

o Though various acts and schemes have been laid down with an aim to empower the
disabled, their enforcement face many challenges.

Way Forward:

 Prevention:

o Preventive health programs need to be strengthened and all children need to be

screened at a young age.

o Kerala has already started an early prevention programme. Comprehensive New-

born Screening (CNS) programme seeks early identification of deficits in infants and
reduce the state’s burden of disability.

 Awareness:

o People with disabilities need to be better integrated into society by overcoming

stigma

o There should be awareness campaigns to educate and aware people about different
kinds of disability

o Success stories of people with disabilities can be showcased to inculcate positive

attitude among people

 Employment:

o Disabled adults need to be empowered with employable skills

o The private sector needs to be encouraged to employ them.

o Better measurement: The scale of disability in India needs to be better understood

by improving the measurement of disability.

 Education:

o State-wise strategies on education for children with special needs need to be

devised.

o There should be proper teacher training to address the needs of differently-abled

children and facilitate their inclusion in regular schools

o Further there should be more special schools and ensure educational material for
differently-abled children

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 Access:

o Safety measures like road safety, safety in residential areas, public transport system
etc, should be taken up

o Further, it should be made legally binding to make buildings disabled-friendly

 Policy Interventions:

o More budgetary allocation for welfare of the disabled. There should be a disability
budgeting on line of gender budget.

o Proper implementation of schemes should be ensured. There should be proper

monitoring mechanisms and accountability of public funds.

Salient features of world’s physical geography.

In the Himalayan region, land sinking can occur due to various natural and human-
induced factors. Examine. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
A Joshimath-type land sinking has taken place in the remote Pernote village in Raman district on the
Srinagar-Jammu National Highway causing damage to over 50 houses and four electricity towers.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the natural and man-made causes of land sinking in Himalayan region.
Directive:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Define land sinking.
Body:
First, write about the man-made causes of lank sinking – tectonic activity, glacial melting,
groundwater extraction, deforestation, mining, urbanization,
Next, write about the natural causes – landslides, erosion, and sedimentation etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), subsidence is the
“sinking of the ground because of underground material movement”. It can happen for a host of
reasons, man-made or natural, such as the removal of water, oil, or natural resources, along with
mining activities. Earthquakes, soil erosion, and soil compaction are also some of the well-known
causes of subsidence.

A Joshimath-type land sinking has taken place in the remote Pernote village in Raman district on the
Srinagar-Jammu National Highway causing damage to over 50 houses and four electricity towers.

Body

Man-Made Causes of Land Sinking:

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 Tectonic Activity: Earthquakes and crustal movements can lead to localized subsidence.

 Glacial Melting: As glaciers retreat, the land they once pressed down rebounds, causing adjacent
areas to sink.

 Groundwater Extraction: Excessive pumping of groundwater weakens soil and rock layers,
resulting in subsidence.

 Deforestation: Removal of trees reduces soil stability and can lead to land sinking.

 Mining: Subsurface mining methods (e.g., pillar extraction) cause intentional void collapse,
resulting in surface subsidence.

 Urbanization: Heavy construction and urban development overload the land, leading to
compaction and sinking.

Natural Causes of Land Sinking:

 Landslides: Mass movement downslope due to gravity can cause localized subsidence.

 Erosion: Soil erosion by water or wind gradually removes material, leading to land sinking.

 Sedimentation: Accumulation of sediment in river deltas or coastal areas can compress

underlying layers, causing subsidence.

Challenges and Risks:

 Urban Vulnerability: Cities built without considering load-bearing capacity experience rapid
subsidence.

 Sea Level Rise: Sinking land combined with rising sea levels exacerbates flooding risks.

 Localized Impact: Subsidence affects specific regions, often clustered around urban areas or
agricultural zones.

Way Forward

 Local Solutions: Communities can take control of land subsidence:

o Efficient Water Management: Promote water conservation and sustainable

groundwater use.

o Climate-Resilient Urban Planning: Factor subsidence risk into city development.

o Green Corridors: Create green spaces to absorb excess water and stabilize soil.

o Rainwater Harvesting: Capture rainwater to recharge aquifers.

o Innovative Construction: Use lightweight materials and consider subsidence risks.

 Global Cooperation: Addressing subsidence requires local action but also global awareness and
collaboration.

 Research and Monitoring: Invest in ongoing research, monitoring, and early warning systems.

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What are the various factors that affect the formation of Savanna type of climate?
Examine the various threats to Savanna biomes. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1.
Key Demand of the question:
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Give a brief about Tropical savannas or grasslands that they are associated with the tropical wet and
dry climate type.
Body:
First, write about the factors conducive for Savanna type of climate – tropical regions 8° to 20° from
the Equator, warm to hot, the dry season is associated with the low sun period etc.
Next, mention that the Savanna climate provides for a diverse vegetation such as grasslands, hardy
weather proofed trees and diverse fauna and mention different Savanna regions such as East African,
Llanos, Pampas etc and how they differently impact their ecology.
Next, mention the various threats such as water logging, fire, drought, grazing etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stating that in the present context of Climate change it is imperative to address the
threats faced by the Savannas and ensure ecological balance.
Introduction

Savanna regions have two distinct seasons – a wet season and a dry season. There is very little rain
in the dry season. In the wet season vegetation grows, including lush green grasses and wooded
areas. As you move further away from the equator and its heavy rainfall, the grassland becomes
drier and drier – particularly in the dry season.

Body

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Savanna biomes

Savannas – also known as tropical grasslands – are found to the north and south of tropical
rainforest biomes. The largest expanses of savanna are in Africa, where much of the central part of
the continent, for example Kenya and Tanzania, consists of tropical grassland. Savanna grasslands
can also be found in Brazil in South America.

Various factors that affect the formation of Savanna type of climate

 Savanna type of climate is located between 5°-20° latitudes on either side of the equator.

 Thus, savanna climate is located between equatorial type of climate (Af) and semi-arid and
subtropical humid climate.

 In other words, this climate is located between equatorial low pressure belt or rain
producing inter-tropical convergence and subtropical high pressure belt.

 The regions of Savanna climate are affected by low and high pressure systems in a year.

 Due to northward migration of the sun during summer solstice (21 June) the equatorial low
pressure belt and doldrum are shifted northward and thus Savanna climate comes under the

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influence of Inter Tropical Convergence (ITC) which is associated with atmospheric

disturbances (cyclones) which yield rains.

 Due to southward migration of the sun during winter solstice (23 December) Savanna
climatic zone comes under the influence of subtropical high pressure belt and thus
anticyclonic conditions dominate the weather and bring dry conditions.

 The descending stable winds under anticyclonic conditions cause dry conditions.

 Besides, the coastal areas are affected by local winds and sea breezes.

 Eastern coasts are influenced by trade winds. Strong and high velocity tropical cyclones
dominate the weather conditions during warm season.

 It is apparent that the Savanna type of climate is induced due to the introduction of wet
summer and dry winter seasons because of northward and southward migration of the sun
respectively.

 Since the Savanna climate is located between equatorial wet and tropical dry climates and
hence there is gradual variation in weather conditions away from the equator as the aridity
increases poleward.

Various threats to Savanna biomes

 Anthropogenic activities
o Unsustainable water usage and irrigation methods could potentially dry up life-
giving rivers and water holes.

o In regions where indigenous people regularly include bushmeat – wild meat – in

their diet, ungulate populations have dropped at noticeable rates.

o Some savanna wildlife is also hunted as trophies; black rhinoceroses, in particular,

are hunted for their valuable horns.

o Even some plant species are over-harvested due to their commercial value.
o Carvings made from African Blackwood, a savanna tree, are often sold at tourists’
markets.

 Agriculture, drought and Heavy Grazing

o Agriculture is another environmental threat to the savanna. Large areas of land are
being cleared to grow crops and farm livestock. The livestock competes with local
animals for grazing and can decimate the natural ecosystem.

o Prolonged, severe drought has a dangerous effect on a savanna ecosystem, with

grazing patterns exacerbating this effect.

o The combination of severe drought and grazing can change a grassland of primarily
edible, perennial grasses to a savanna dominated by inedible grasses and plants.

 Desertification

o Tropical savannas often border on arid, desert regions, and the spread of desert-like
conditions into dry grassland areas is called desertification.

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o This threat to a savanna ecosystem include effects caused by climate change,

farming practices, overgrazing, aggressive agricultural irrigation, which lowers the
level of the water table away from plant roots, deforestation and erosion.

o Each year, over 46,000 square kilometers of African savanna becomes desert.

 Carbon Emissions

o A 2012 survey attributed large increases in woody plant mass to the “CO2
fertilization effect.” The authors posited that the increase in the rate of woody plant
growth was caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide.

o A dramatic increase in the amount of trees and shrubs could threaten the entire
savanna ecosystem, as these plants use more water than grasses.

Conclusion

While forests are undoubtedly great carbon sinks, grasslands are not all that far behind. Studies
reveal that restoring grasslands is an immensely effective and economical way to combat climate
change, as these landscapes store large amounts of carbon below ground. When a nuanced and
informed understanding of the importance of grasslands filters into conservation and climate change
policies, it will be win-win for pastoralists, grassland biodiversity, and the planet.

The expansion of glacial lakes in the Indian Himalayan river basins has significant
implications for both local communities and broader climate change adaptation
strategies. Examine. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the impact of expansion of glacial lakes.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Introduction:
Begin by giving context and statistic related to the above.
Body:
First, write about the impact of the above – Increased risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs),
Water resource management and Ecological impacts etc.
Next, write about the measures that are needed in the mitigate the above – proactive monitoring,
water management, and international cooperation to mitigate risks and enhance resilience etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

The Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) long-term satellite imagery covering the
catchments of Indian Himalayan river basins from 1984 to 2023 have shown significant changes in
glacial lakes. According to the ISRO, of the 2,431 lakes larger than 10 hectares identified during 2016-
17, 676 glacial lakes have notably expanded since 1984. ISRO’s satellite imagery shows significant
expansion of glacial lakes in Indian Himalayan river basins, aiding in climate change adaptation.

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Body

Impact of Expanding Glacial Lakes:

 Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs):

o As glacial lakes expand, the risk of GLOFs increases significantly.

o These sudden floods occur when natural dams (such as moraine or ice) fail, releasing
large volumes of meltwater downstream.

o Devastating consequences include loss of life, damage to infrastructure, and

disruption of ecosystems.

 Water Resource Management:

o Glacial lakes serve as freshwater sources for rivers in the Himalayan region.

o Their expansion affects water availability downstream, impacting millions of people

who rely on these rivers.

o Altered flow patterns can disrupt agriculture, hydropower generation, and

household water supply.

 Ecological Impacts:

o The delicate Himalayan ecosystem faces stress due to glacial lake expansion.

o Habitat loss, altered water temperatures, and sediment deposition affect aquatic
biodiversity.

o Vegetation and wildlife downstream are also impacted by changing water regimes.

Mitigation Measures:

 Proactive Monitoring:

o Regular monitoring of glacial lakes is essential.

o Satellite remote sensing technology provides wide coverage and revisit capability.

o Early detection of lake expansion allows timely risk assessment and preparedness.

 Water Management:

o Sustainable water management practices are crucial.

o Balancing water needs for agriculture, hydropower, and communities is vital.

o Efficient irrigation techniques and water-saving practices can mitigate impacts.

 International Cooperation:

o Transboundary rivers demand collaboration among neighboring countries.

o Joint efforts for data sharing, risk assessment, and disaster preparedness are
essential.

o Regional agreements can enhance resilience against GLOFs.

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Way Forward:

 Integrated Approach:

o Combine scientific research, community engagement, and policy frameworks.

o Address glacial lake expansion holistically, considering ecological, social, and

economic aspects.

 Capacity Building:

o Train local communities and authorities in risk management.

o Equip them with knowledge and tools to respond effectively to GLOFs.

 Climate Change Mitigation:

o Tackling climate change at a global level is critical.

o Reduced greenhouse gas emissions will slow glacier retreat and lake expansion.

 Adaptive Strategies:

o Develop adaptive strategies for vulnerable communities.

o Early warning systems, evacuation plans, and resilient infrastructure are essential.

Conclusion

Proactive monitoring, sustainable water management, international cooperation, and adaptive

strategies are key to mitigating the impact of expanding glacial lakes. By acting collectively, we can
safeguard communities and ecosystems in the face of climate change.

what is an anticyclone? What is the impact of an anticyclone on the weather? (150

words)
Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Down to Earth , Insights on India

Why the question:

The article discusses how a massive anticyclone caused floods in Dubai and humid heat in Mumbai,
on the other side of the Arabian Sea

Key Demand of the question:

To write about anticyclones and the impact of an anticyclone on the weather.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Define anticyclone.

Body:

In the first part, write about the various features of anticyclones with respect to – cloud formation,
temperature, wind, condensation, impact on air and sea.

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Next, write about the impact of anticyclone on the weather of the region. Cite examples to
substantiate.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

introduction

An anticyclone is a weather phenomenon defined as a large-scale circulation of winds around a

central region of high atmospheric pressure. It rotates clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and
counter clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere (opposite to a cyclone). Effects of surface-based
anticyclones include clearing skies as well as cooler, drier air. Fog can also form overnight within a
region of higher pressure.

a massive anticyclone caused floods in Dubai and humid heat in Mumbai, on the other side of the
Arabian Sea

Body

Features of Anticyclones

 Cloud Formation:

o Anticyclones are associated with clear skies and minimal cloud cover.

o The sinking air within the high-pressure system inhibits cloud formation.

o Fog and mist may occur overnight due to cooling and condensation.

 Temperature:

o Anticyclones bring stable weather conditions.

o Clear nights lead to radiational cooling, resulting in colder temperatures.

o In summer, anticyclones can cause heatwaves due to prolonged sunshine.

 Wind Direction:

o In the Northern Hemisphere, winds circulate clockwise around the anticyclone

center.

o In the Southern Hemisphere, the circulation is counterclockwise.

o Light and gentle winds prevail due to the descending air.

 Condensation and Dew:

o Dry air associated with anticyclones inhibits condensation.

o Dew formation is minimal, especially during clear nights.

 Impact on Air and Sea:

o Air: Anticyclones bring stable, subsiding air masses.

 Surface-based haze may build up due to temperature inversions.

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 Air quality improves as pollutants disperse.

o Sea: Calm seas prevail under anticyclones.

 Reduced wave activity and minimal storm surges.

Impact on Regional Weather

 Clear Skies and Sunshine:

o Anticyclones result in prolonged periods of fair weather.

o Examples:

 The Azores high-pressure system over Europe brings sunny days.

 The Siberian anticyclone dominates winter weather in Asia.

o Temperature Extremes:

 Summer: Heatwaves occur due to prolonged sunshine and clear skies.

 Mediterranean anticyclones lead to scorching temperatures.

 Winter: Cold nights and frost due to radiational cooling.

 Anticyclones may cause fog and mist in cold conditions.

 Blocking Highs:

 Some anticyclones remain stationary, altering seasonal weather.

 European sun-blocking anticyclones disrupt typical weather

patterns.

Conclusion

Anticyclones, though often associated with fair weather, have diverse impacts. From clear skies to
extreme temperatures, they shape our daily climate. Understanding their features and effects
enhances our ability to predict and adapt to changing weather conditions. Anticyclones remain both
fascinating and influential components of Earth’s climate system.

By recognizing and addressing the gendered dimensions of climate change and

empowering women, societies can harness the full potential of all individuals to build a
more sustainable and resilient future. Explain. (250 words).
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
While climate action requires 100% involvement of the population, at the same time, empowering
women would mean better climate solutions
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the role empowered women can play in finding better climate solutions.
Directive word:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the
context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant
associated facts.

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Structure of the answer:

Introduction:
Start by giving context.
Body:
First, write about the disproportionate impact of climate change on women.
Next, write about the role empowered women can play in this regard – role in sustainable
development, their knowledge and innovation potential, and the benefits of addressing reproductive
rights and economic empowerment.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

The climate crisis is already here and does not impact everyone equally. Women and girls experience
disproportionately high health risks, especially in situations of poverty, and due to existing roles,
responsibilities and cultural norms. According to the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP), women and children are 14 times more likely than men to die in a disaster. The Supreme
Court of India has just ruled that people have a right to be free from the adverse effects of climate
change, and the right to a clean environment is already recognised as a fundamental right within the
ambit of the right to life.

Body

Impact of climate change on women

Impact on
Challenges Consequences
Women and Girls

Male migration for work due Women taking on extra chores

Agriculture and
to poor productivity in traditionally carried out by men
Livelihood
agriculture e.g., roof repair

Inability to seek emergency

Health Increased health risks due to
medical services at night in
Vulnerabilities limited access to healthcare
male absence

Burden on girls with more

Increased Scarcity of resources like
responsibilities leading to school
Workload water and firewood
dropouts and early marriages

Safety concerns and harassment

during migration
Limited awareness of
Unsafe Migration
migration safeguards
Lack of knowledge about
safeguards against abuse

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Women working in factories

Poor Working endure poor conditions, Health hazards, skin reactions,
Conditions lower wages and health and long hours
hazards

Extreme heat Water and firewood scarcity increases the time spent collecting
and water them by women, and cattle must graze in distant areas due to a lack
scarcity of available grass (creating issues about the safety of girls)

When women migrate for work and leave their children in the care
Disrupted of their father or grandparents, caregiving gets disrupted in their
Caregiving absence, and many times, the men use the money they send back
for alcohol, which makes the children more vulnerable.

Disproportionate Impact of Climate Change on Women:

 Gendered Vulnerability: Climate change disproportionately affects women and girls. They
bear the brunt of its impacts due to existing gender inequalities.
 Resource Dependence: Women rely more on natural resources but have limited access to
them. They secure food, water, and fuel, especially in rural areas.

 Increased Burden: During droughts and erratic rainfall, women work harder in agriculture to
support their families. Girls often leave school to assist their mothers.

 Violence and Vulnerability: Climate change escalates conflict, making women more
vulnerable to gender-based violence, trafficking, and other forms of harm.

 Post-Disaster Challenges: After disasters, women struggle to access relief and assistance,
perpetuating vulnerability.

Role of Empowered Women in Sustainable Development:

 Resource Stewards: Women play a crucial role in nurturing natural resources and fostering
biodiversity.

 Innovation Potential: Empowered women contribute to innovative solutions for climate

resilience.

 Leadership and Advocacy: Women’s participation in decision-making processes is essential

for effective environmental policies.

 Economic Agency: When women thrive in decent work conditions, they exercise agency and
realize their rights.

Benefits of Addressing Reproductive Rights and Economic Empowerment:

 Reproductive Health: Access to reproductive healthcare empowers women. It leads to

better health outcomes and economic gains.

 Labor Force Participation: Comprehensive reproductive services increase women’s chances

of formal employment.

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 Reduced Gender-Based Violence: Economic empowerment reduces violence against

women.

 Political and Social Participation: Empowered women engage in leadership roles and
advocate for sustainable practices.

Way Forward

 Invest in Women: Allocate resources to close the credit gap for women-owned businesses.

 Promote Internet Access: Bridging the digital divide is crucial for job opportunities and
entrepreneurship.

 Secure Land Rights: Ensure equal access to and ownership of agricultural land.
 Support Sustainable Energy: Enhance knowledge about sustainable energy and climate
protection.

 Financial Inclusion: Facilitate women’s access to financial resources.

 Recognize Reproductive Rights: Prioritize reproductive health services.

 Gender-Responsive Policies: Create an enabling environment for women’s economic

empowerment.

Conclusion

Empowering women is not only a matter of justice but also a strategic imperative for sustainable
development. The need of the hour is to invest in women, accelerate progress, and build a resilient,
equitable future for all.

Value addition

Best Practices for Women’s Involvement in Climate Change Plans:

Best Practices Description

Charlot Magayi assists Kenyan women in switching from dirty

Clean Cook Burners
cook burners to clean ones, improving community health and
in Kenya
reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Women-led program, Solar Sister, helps communities establish

Solar Sister Program
small-scale solar systems for energy independence, reducing
(Africa)
greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.

Female Scientists in Female scientists contribute local knowledge to bridge gender

Africa gaps in climate research and agriculture across Africa.

Gender and Climate A program in South Asia aims to empower women in

Change policymaking, providing them with a stronger voice in climate
Development policy decisions.

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Programme (South
Asia)

The Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in

SEWA in India India educates women farmers on adapting to changing climate
patterns for improved financial stability.

Geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features

(including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of
such changes.
How do the interconnected elements of land, food, and water shape economic activity
in the context of climate change? Discuss strategies can be implemented to address
these intersections and promote sustainable economic development. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
As the India Meteorological Department (IMD) predicts a hotter summer and longer heat waves from
April to June, India must also prepare for water stress.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about interconnectedness that shape the economy and the impact of climate change,
strategies needed against.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context of the interconnectedness of land, food, and water.
Body:
First, write about how the climate change is impacting the interconnectedness and its outcome. Cite
statistics to substantiate.
Next, write about the strategies to overcome the same – adopting climate-resilient agricultural
practices, transitioning to renewable energy sources, implementing integrated water resource
management, and promoting food security and nutrition etc
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

The intricate web of land, food, and water is fundamental to human survival and well-being. Climate
change disrupts this delicate balance, affecting availability, access, and utilization of these vital
resources.

As the India Meteorological Department (IMD) predicts a hotter summer and longer heat waves
from April to June, India must also prepare for water stress.

Body
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Impact of Climate Change on Land, Food, and Water:

 Food Availability and Productivity:

o Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns directly impact crop yields.

o Extreme events like droughts, floods, and storms disrupt agricultural production.

o Statistics: Agricultural productivity has slowed due to climate change, affecting food
availability.

 Water Scarcity and Quality:

o Changing climate affects water availability and distribution.

o Water scarcity reduces crop irrigation and livestock needs.

o Statistics: Nearly 2.4 billion people live in water-stressed countries.

 Food Security and Nutrition:

o Climate-induced crop failures lead to food shortages.

o Nutrient content in crops may decline due to elevated CO2 levels.

o Statistics: In 2020, 770 million people faced hunger, predominantly in Africa and
Asia.

Strategies to Overcome Climate Change Impact:

 Climate-Resilient Agricultural Practices:

o Adopt drought-tolerant crop varieties and sustainable farming techniques.

o Promote agroforestry and soil conservation practices.

o Statistics: Indigenous communities’ traditional knowledge-based practices show

resilience against climate change.

 Transition to Renewable Energy Sources:

o Reduce emissions from agriculture and food supply chains.

o Promote solar-powered irrigation and energy-efficient processing.

o Statistics: Agriculture accounts for 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

 Integrated Water Resource Management:

o Optimize water use through efficient irrigation systems.

o Protect watersheds and enhance water quality.

o Statistics: Agriculture consumes 70% of global freshwater withdrawals.

 Promote Food Security and Nutrition:

o Reduce food waste and improve distribution systems.

o Enhance access to diverse and nutritious diets.

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o Statistics: Cutting food waste by 25% could feed 900 million people.

Way Forward

 Holistic Policies and Partnerships:

o Integrate land, water, and food policies.

o Collaborate across sectors and engage local communities.

 Invest in Research and Innovation:

o Develop climate-resilient crop varieties.

o Explore climate-smart technologies.

 Empower Smallholders and Indigenous Communities:

o Support capacity-building and knowledge exchange.

o Strengthen community-based adaptation strategies.

Conclusion

A coordinated effort involving science, policy, and community engagement is essential to ensure a
sustainable and resilient future for land, food, and water.

In recent years, India has adopted a proactive policy aimed at transforming the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Examine the strategic and economic importance of
Andaman & Nicobar Islands for India. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India
Why the question:
The new thrust on developing strategic infrastructure, both civilian and military, on the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands is decades overdue.
Key Demand of the question:
To understand the importance of Andaman & Nicobar Islands both strategically and economically for
India.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving a brief on the geographical location of Andaman & Nicobar Islands with respect to
mainland India.
Body:
Mention the economic importance such as the prospects of blue economy, tourism sector and
strategic importance such as critical role it plays in India’s engagement with the East Asian nations,
potential to act as a check on Chinese aggression in the seas, access to important trade routes and
sea routes etc. Next mention the need to develop the island to harness its importance through
regional infrastructure development as well as robust policy formulation.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stating that the island is filled with best opportunities and needs to be harnessed rightly
for India’s benefit.
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Introduction

The strategic and economic importance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is increasing in the power
corridors of New Delhi. The enhanced focus of New Delhi on the strategic importance of Andaman
and Nicobar Islands is reflected by the renewed emphasis on the creation of major military
infrastructure (revamping of airfields, jetties, habitat for troops) in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Government of India had earlier constituted Islands Development Agency (IDA) and a NITI Aayog
committee for holistic socio-economic development of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Body

Importance and Significance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands for India

Geo-strategic and Geo-Political Significance

 Crucial Node for peace and security in the Indo-Pacific:India can leverage the strategic
position of the Andaman and Nicobar islands to emerge as the ‘net security provider’ in
the Indo-Pacific region.

 Enhances the scope of Maritime Partnership: Andaman and Nicobar’s geo-strategic location
enhances the scope for India’s maritime partnership with the US, Japan, Australia and
France. For ex-Enhances their scope for participation in Exercise KAVACH.
 Countering the growing Chinese influence:Andaman and Nicobar Islands is like a ‘Metal
chain‘ strung right down the Bay of Bengal to the mouth of the Malacca, with the potential
to block China’s access to the Indian Ocean. Beefing up of military infrastructure creates a
‘Malacca Dilemma‘ for China due to the proximity of Andaman and Nicobar Island to the
Malacca Strait.

 Protection of Maritime Choke points:Its geo-strategic location gives India advantage of

securing the Malacca Strait from where more than 90,000 merchant ships carrying about 30
per cent of the world’s traded goods pass every year.

Geo-Economic Significance

 Mineral Deposits:The island provides India with 300,000 sq km of exclusive economic zone
with the potential of undersea hydrocarbon and mineral deposits.

 Tourism Potential:The pristine beaches of the Andaman and Nicobar Island has a large
tourism potential which can attract FDI in the hospitality sector in India.

 Maritime and Startup Hub:NITI Aayog has identified the potential for development of
Andaman and Nicobar Island as a maritime and startup Hub. For ex- NITI Aayog’s proposed
project for Great Nicobar which includes international container trans-shipment terminal,
a greenfield international airport, a power plant and a township complex.

Social Importance

 Treasure of Tribes:The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are home to 5 Particularly Vulnerable
Tribal Groups- Great Andamanese, Jarawas, Onges, Shompens and North Sentinelese. These
tribal groups are a treasure for enrichment of our anthropological understanding.

 Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR):The Andaman and Nicobar Island
provides an opportunity for India to undertake disaster-relief, medical aid, countering piracy

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and human smuggling, aircraft/submarine search and rescue operations for the social
welfare in the Indo-Pacific region.

Challenges in the realisation of full development potential of these Islands

 Environmental Concerns:There are environmental concerns around the large scale

development projects being undertaken in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These
developmental projects can endanger the flora and fauna of the island state. For ex-
Proposed Great Nicobar project will endanger the Giant Leatherback in the Galathea Bay
area & threat to coral reefs and mangroves in the area.

 Geo Political insecurity: The geopolitical influence of Chinese military facility at Myanmar’s
Coco Islands lying 55 km north of A&N Islands poses a threat to India’s blue economy and
maritime security.

 Maritime Challenges: There are maritime threats and challenges arising from illegal
migration, human trafficking, poaching, and subversive threats from the seas.

 Geological Vulnerability:The Andaman and Nicobar island group’s location in the highly
active geological zone makes it prone to a number of natural disasters. For ex- 2004
earthquake and tsunami wiping one-fifth of the population and 90% of mangroves
in Nicobar and Car Nicobar island.

 Lack of coordination: The development of islands and strategic infrastructure is a

multidimensional project involving several ministries, departments, and agencies, that
presents significant coordination challenges

 Encroachment in Tribal Space: There has been intrusion in the tribal space due
to encroachment into their areas in the name of development, and lack of effective
rehabilitation program.

 Socio-economic Challenges: The influx of settlers, job-seekers, labourers, and migrants that
has created socio-economic problems on the island. The high cost of living, lack of
employment opportunities, and distance from the mainland have led to a sense of negativity
among the islanders.

Way forward

 Development in accordance with Sustainable Island Development

Framework: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment should be made mandatory for
any development activity in the Andaman and Nicobar Region. Planned habitation of
uninhabited islands should be considered by providing incentives such as free or subsidised
land, where eco-friendly entrepreneurial efforts could be encouraged.

 Developing Island Security Model:A long-term Capability Development Plan must be

prepared for the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the Coast Guard, and the Andaman
Police for developing and implementing an Island Security Model. There must be robust
maritime security to keep the vast area around the islands under surveillance.

 Increasing the pace of Development Works:The pace of Socio-economic and Infrastructural

Development works must be increased for the holistic development of the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands.
It’s crucial to develop infrastructure on the southern group of islands, strategically

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positioned along the main shipping route from the Indian Ocean to Southeast Asia, to
support India’s maritime economy.

 Making the Andaman’s a formidable maritime bastion: This will extend India’s defensive
perimeter and also bestow the ability to project power or extend a hand of friendship to
maritime neighbours.

Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and
the Indian sub-continent);
Sundarbans, are one of the most biologically diverse areas in the world. Its resource
richness is unparalleled, making it an invaluable ecological asset. Discuss the resource
richness and major issues faced by the Sundarbans. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Down to Earth , Insights on India.
Why the question:
The article explains that for most of the world, the Sundarbans evoke a sense of awe for their flora
and fauna.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the resource richness of Sundarbans and issues it faces.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving context about Sundarbans.
Body:
First, write about the resource richness of Sundarbans – Bay of Bengal delta, boasts unparalleled
biodiversity and invaluable resources, mangrove forests, diverse flora and fauna, serve as a crucial
habitat for endangered species like the Bengal tiger and saltwater crocodile, supports thriving
fisheries, sustains local livelihoods, and attracts tourists with its scenic beauty etc.
Next, explain the concerns in the region – Climate change, deforestation, pollution, poaching, and
human-wildlife conflicts are pressing issues.
Next, discuss the efforts that are needed to be taken in this direction.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Introduction

The Sundarbans, a unique and dynamic ecosystem, sprawls across the Bay of Bengal delta,
straddling India and Bangladesh. This vast mangrove forest, covering approximately 40,000 square
kilometers, is a treasure trove of natural resources and biodiversity.

For most of the world, the Sundarbans evoke a sense of awe for their flora and fauna. The
innumerable rivers, mangrove swamps, tidal backwaters, islands, creeks and forests depict nature at
its most pristine and its most savage. There are Bengal tigers, saltwater crocodiles, bull sharks,
venomous snakes, wild boar, monkeys, Bengal monitors and others.

Body

Resource Richness of Sundarbans:

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 Mangrove Forests:

 The Sundarbans is home to one of the largest contiguous mangrove forests globally,
spanning both countries.

 These mangroves serve as a natural barrier against cyclones and tidal surges, protecting
coastal communities.

 Biodiversity:

 The region boasts 373 faunal species and 324 floral species.

 It provides a critical habitat for endangered species like the Bengal tiger, saltwater
crocodile, and Ganges and Irawadi dolphins.

 The Royal Bengal Tiger finds its only mangrove habitat here.

 Thriving Fisheries:

 The Sundarbans supports vibrant fisheries, providing livelihoods to local communities.

 Fish and crab are essential protein sources for inhabitants.

 Tourism Attraction:

 Its scenic beauty, mangrove boat safaris, and unique ecosystem draw tourists.

 Visitors explore its mangrove creeks, spotting wildlife and experiencing its natural
wonders.

Concerns in the Region:

 Climate Change:

 Rising sea levels, increased salinity, and extreme weather events threaten the Sundarbans.

 Permanent submergence of landmass due to climate change affects biodiversity and

human settlements.

 Deforestation and Pollution:

 Unsustainable exploitation of forest resources leads to habitat degradation.

 Chemical pollution from industries contaminates rivers and water ecosystems.

 Human-Wildlife Conflicts:

 Proximity to mangroves exposes communities to tiger attacks and other hazards.

 Loss of livelihoods due to conflicts impacts local well-being.

Efforts Needed:

 Climate-Resilient Policies:

 Implement policies to address climate change impacts.

 Afforestation, ecosystem restoration, and sustainable resource management are crucial.

 Community Engagement:
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 Involve local communities in conservation efforts.

 Promote alternative livelihoods to reduce dependence on forest resources.

 Research and Monitoring:

 Continuously assess the ecosystem’s health.

 Mitigate human-wildlife conflicts through awareness and safety measures.

Way Forward:

 Transboundary Cooperation:

 India and Bangladesh must collaborate for effective conservation.

 Integrated management across borders is essential.

 Nature-Based Solutions:

 Mangrove restoration, afforestation, and sustainable agriculture are key.

 Promote eco-tourism with responsible practices.

 Empower Local Communities:

 Education, healthcare, and livelihood diversification are critical.

 Inclusive policies can ensure a sustainable future for the Sundarbans.

Conclusion

Safeguarding the Sundarbans requires collective efforts, balancing ecological conservation with
human well-being.

India’s contributions play a vital role in sustaining the efficiency and effectiveness of the
global shipping industry. Discuss. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question:
Amid rising safety concerns among Indian seafarers following the recent attacks on commercial ships
in sensitive geographical areas such as the Red Sea and the Strait of Hormuz, India submitted three
papers to the 111th Session of the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Legal Committee
(LEG).
Key Demand of the question:
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by writing a statistic related to Indian shipping industry.
Body:
First, write about the contributions of India to global shipping industry – Seafarers, Shipbuilding, Port
Operations, Maritime Services and Logistics and Supply Chain etc.

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In the next part, write about the major issues faced by Indian shipping industry and measures needed
to overcome them.
Conclusion:
Write a way forward.
Introduction

India has a coastline that is more than 7,517 km long, interspersed with more than 200 ports. Most
cargo ships that sail between East Asia and America, Europe, and Africa pass through Indian
territorial waters. The ports sector in India is being driven by high growth in external trade.

Amid rising safety concerns among Indian seafarers following the recent attacks on commercial ships
in sensitive geographical areas such as the Red Sea and the Strait of Hormuz, India submitted three
papers to the 111th Session of the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Legal Committee
(LEG).

Body

Contributions of India to the Global Shipping Industry:

 Seafarers:

o India ranks third globally in providing seafarers, following China and the Philippines.

o Indian seafarers constitute nearly 10% of the global maritime workforce.

o Their presence on both domestic and foreign ships makes them globally dispersed.

 Shipbuilding:

o India has a significant shipbuilding industry, contributing to the global fleet.

o The country’s shipyards construct various types of vessels, including cargo ships, tankers,
and offshore platforms.

 Port Operations:

o India handles approximately 95% of its external trade by volume through ports.

o The country has 12 major and over 200 minor and intermediate ports.

o Efforts are underway to develop six new mega ports under the Sagarmala initiative.

 Maritime Services and Logistics:

o India’s ports and shipping sector plays a crucial role in economic progress.

o The sector contributes significantly to trade, transportation, and logistics services.

o Initiatives like mechanization, deepening drafts, and efficient operations enhance

performance.

Major Issues Faced by Indian Shipping Industry:

 Infrastructure Challenges:

o Inadequate port infrastructure, outdated facilities, and equipment lead to congestion

and inefficiencies.

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o Investment in modernization and expansion is essential.

 Container Shortage:

o Persistent scarcity of shipping containers affects trade.

o Measures to increase container availability are crucial.

 Regulatory Hurdles:

o Cumbersome regulations impact efficiency.

o Streamlining processes and reducing bureaucratic hurdles are necessary.

 Skill Gap:

o Bridging the gap in technical skills and technology adoption is vital.

o Training programs and skill development initiatives can address this challenge.

Measures Needed to Overcome Challenges:

 Investment in Infrastructure:

o Develop and upgrade port facilities, terminals, and inland transportation networks.

o Enhance connectivity to improve cargo handling efficiency.

 Operational Efficiency:

o Mechanize port operations, deepen drafts, and ensure timely evacuations.

o Implement the Major Port Authorities Bill for decentralized decision-making.

 Private Participation and FDI:

o Encourage private investment in shipping and port infrastructure.

o Attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to boost capacity and competitiveness.

 Technology Adoption:

o Leverage digital solutions for tracking, tracing, and efficient logistics management.

o Enhance communication and coordination across the supply chain.

Way Forward:

 Capacity Building:

o Invest in expanding port capacities.

o Develop new mega ports to accommodate growing trade volumes.

 Sustainable Practices:

o Promote eco-friendly shipping practices.

o Focus on ship recycling and green initiatives.

 Collaboration and Innovation:

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o Foster partnerships with global players.

o Encourage research and innovation in maritime technology.

 Government Support:

o Continue policy reforms and ease regulatory processes.

o Ensure a conducive environment for growth.

Conclusion

India’s shipping industry has immense potential. By addressing challenges, embracing technology,
and fostering collaboration, we can propel the sector toward sustained growth and global
prominence.

India recognizes the potential of the Arctic as a future source of resources and its
engagement in the region is guided by broader considerations of environmental
sustainability and global climate action. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question:
While the Indian government seems keen to benefit from seabed mining and resource exploitation in
the Arctic, it ought to unequivocally back a sustainable mode of extraction.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the importance of Arctic region and features of India’s arctic policy.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving the extent of Arctic region.
Body:
In the first part, write about the climatic importance of Arctic – world’s climate in balance, circulate
the world’s ocean currents, moving cold and warm water around the globe etc.
Next, write about economic importance – huge commercial and economic opportunities, particularly
in shipping, energy, fisheries and mineral resources etc.
Next, write about the key features of India’s arctic policy – actively engages in the Arctic region
through scientific research expeditions, contributing to global understanding of climate change,
potential as a future resource hub etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction

The Arctic encompasses the northernmost part of Earth, extending beyond the Arctic Circle
(approximately 66.5°N latitude). It includes the Arctic Ocean, land areas in Canada, Finland,
Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the US (Alaska).

While the Indian government seems keen to benefit from seabed mining and resource exploitation
in the Arctic, it ought to unequivocally back a sustainable mode of extraction.

Body

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Climatic Importance of the Arctic:

 Global Climate Regulation:

o The Arctic acts as Earth’s “icebox,” helping cool the planet.

o It shapes the jet stream and influences weather patterns worldwide.

 Ocean Currents:

o The Arctic Ocean plays a pivotal role in the global oceanic conveyor belt.

o The Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current are regulated by Arctic processes.

 Unique Features:

o Arctic climate changes impact the entire planet due to its disproportionate
influence.

Economic Significance of the Arctic:

 Resource Potential:

o Estimated 90 billion barrels of oil (16% of global total) and 1,669 trillion cubic feet of
gas (30%).

o Abundant natural gas liquids and renewable energy sources (wind, tidal,
geothermal).

 Commercial Opportunities:

o Shipping routes (Northern Sea Route) shorten distances between Europe and Asia.

o Fisheries and mineral resources (rare earth minerals, metals).

o Tourism potential due to pristine landscapes and wildlife.

India’s Arctic Policy:

 Scientific Research:

o India actively engages in Arctic research, studying climate change connections.

o Observatories and atmospheric laboratories established in Kongsfjorden.

 Global Understanding of Climate Change:

o India’s Arctic research contributes to understanding climate dynamics.

o Focus on glaciers, sea-level changes, flora, fauna, and monsoon connections.

 Future Resource Hub:

o India aims to enhance cooperation with the resource-rich Arctic.

o Procuring an ice-class research vessel for Arctic exploration.

Way Forward:

 Collaboration and Capacity Building:

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o Strengthen partnerships with Arctic Council members.

o Develop infrastructure for Arctic research and exploration.

 Environmental Stewardship:

o Combat climate change and protect fragile Arctic ecosystems.

o Promote sustainable practices in resource extraction.

 Balancing Economic Development and Conservation:

o Leverage economic opportunities while safeguarding the environment.

Conclusion

The Arctic, though remote, is a global player. Its melting ice, resource wealth, and strategic
importance demand responsible stewardship.

Deep sea mining holds the potential to meet the growing demand for critical metals
and minerals; however, it also poses significant environmental risks and uncertainties.
Critically examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Down to Earth
Why the question:
The article provides an explanation of deep-sea mining and highlights the concerns related to the
industry.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the issues and concerns regarding deep-sea mining operations.
Directive word:
Critically examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we have to look into the topic (content words) in
detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question.
While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the
topic and give a fair judgment.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining deep-sea mining.
Body:
First, write about the various issues regarding the above – potential environmental impact,
biodiversity loss, disturbance of the deep-sea ecosystem, and the potential for negative impacts on
fisheries and coastal communities.
Next, write about the need for careful evaluation and consideration of alternative approach to it.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Deep-sea mining is the process of retrieving mineral deposits from the deep seabed the ocean
below 200 metres and covers two-thirds of the total seafloor. According to International Seabed
Authority (ISA), an agency under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS) for monitoring all activities related to mineral resources in the deep sea, the international
seabed is the area that lies beyond the limits of national jurisdiction and represents around 50% of
the total area of the world’s oceans.

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Deep-sea mining involves extracting ores rich in cobalt, manganese, zinc and other rare metals from
the seafloor. Experts believe they contain critical minerals required for the production of batteries
for electric vehicles and renewable energy capacity, as well as smartphones and laptops. More
than 1.5 million square kilometres of the international seabed have been set aside for mineral
exploration.

Body

Issues posed by Deep sea mining

 Environmental impact:

o According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), these deep
remote locations can be home to unique species that have adapted themselves to
conditions such as poor oxygen and sunlight, high pressure and extremely low
temperatures.

o Such mining expeditions can make them go extinct even before they are known to
science.
o The deep sea’s biodiversity and ecology remain poorly understood, making it
difficult to assess the environmental impact and frame adequate guidelines.
o Environmentalists are also worried about the sediment plumes that will be
generated as the suspended particles can rise to the surface harming the filter
feeders in the upper ocean layers.

o Additional concerns have been raised about the noise and light pollution from the
mining vehicles and oil spills from the operating vessels.

 Technology:

o The specialized drills and extraction-technology that would be required pulling out
the metals from the deep sea would develop a major technical challenge.

 Commercial Viability:
o The latest estimate from the ISA says it will be commercially viable only if about
three million tonnes are mined per year. More studies are being carried out to
understand how the technology can be scaled up and used efficiently.

International conventions regulating deep sea mining

 The Jamaica-based International Seabed Authority was established under the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It holds authority over the ocean
floors outside of its 167 member states’ Exclusive Economic Zones.

 At the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Marseille (September 2021), IUCN Members
adopted Resolution 122 to protect deep-ocean ecosystems and biodiversity through
a moratorium on deep-sea mining unless and until several conditions are met.

 The UN High Seas Treaty,to protect the world’s oceans outside national boundaries.

National Conventions

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 Draft Deep Seabed Mining Regulations, 2021:It has been formulated by the Indian
government to provide a legal framework for the exploration and exploitation of mineral
resources in the country’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ).

Conclusion

There is an urgent need for an international charter as in the absence of a clear charter, deep sea
mining operations could cause irreversible damage to a little understood ecology. A new set of
exploration guidelines must be worked out with discussions involving multi-stakeholders like ISA,
IUCN, UNCLOS, littoral nations etc.

Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic

activity, cyclone etc;
Examine the reasons behind the increasing frequency of forest fires in India. What role
is climate change playing in exacerbating the forest fire risk? (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
The article explains the recent forest fires that occurred in Goa, India, in March 2023. It describes the
causes and impact of the fires, which destroyed large areas of forest and wildlife habitats.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about causes of forest fires in India and measures need to mitigate them.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by defining forest fires and statistic regarding rising instances of forest fires in India.
Body:
Draw a small illustrative diagram showing major forest fire prone areas.
Discuss first the reasons of forest fires; Thunderstorms are the most likely natural cause for forest
fires. Slash and burn techniques etc. Write about the role of climate change in rising instances of
forest fires.
Next, explain the concerns posed by it. Explain why they are difficult to control.
Next, discuss the efforts that are needed to be taken in this direction.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Introduction

Forest fires are considered as one of the most widespread hazards in a forested landscape.
They have a serious threat to forest and its flora and fauna. Forest fires essentially are ‘quasi-
natural’, which means that they are not entirely caused by natural reasons (like volcanoes,
earthquakes and tropical storms), but are caused by human activities as well. In India’s case, a
combination of hot weather, oxygen and dry vegetation is a potent recipe for forest fires.

Higher forest fire incidents are reported in India during March, April and May, due to the ample
availability of dry biomass following the end of winter and the prevailing summer season. Amid

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forest fires in Uttarakhand’s Nainital district, the Indian Air Force was engaged in firefighting
operations on Sunday (April 28), the second day the fires continued raging.

Body

Reasons for Increasing frequency of forest fires

 Forest fires can be caused by a number of natural causes, but officials say many major fires
in India are triggered mainly by human activities.

 Natural: Such as lightning, high atmospheric temperatures, and dryness (low humidity) offer
favourable circumstances.

 Man-made: When a source of fire like naked flame, cigarette, or bidi comes into contact
with inflammable material.

 Emerging studies link climate change to rising instances of fires globally, especially the
massive fires of the Amazon forests in Brazil and in Australia in the last two years.

 Fires of longer duration, increasing intensity, higher frequency and highly inflammable
nature are all being linked to climate change.

 In India, forest fires are most commonly reported during March and April, when the ground
has large quantities of dry wood, logs, dead leaves, stumps, dry grass and weeds that can
make forests easily go up in flames if there is a trigger.

 Under natural circumstances, extreme heat and dryness, friction created by rubbing of
branches with each other also have been known to initiate fire.

 In Uttarakhand, the lack of soil moisture too is being seen as a key factor.

 In two consecutive monsoon seasons (2019 and 2020), rainfall has been deficient by 18%
and 20% of the seasonal average, respectively.

the role of climate change in exacerbating the forest fire risk

 Climate change has been a key factor in increasing the risk and extent of wildfires.

 Research shows that changes in climate create warmer, drier conditions.

 Climate change induced increasing global temperature and variability in rainfall results in
more dried vegetation, which works as fuel for the fire.

 Thus climate change, in addition to human population pressure is one of the main causes of
the increased number of forest fires and their increased intensities.

 Since the beginning of the Industrial period, the Earth’s temperature has increased by
almost 20C.

 This increasing heat is contributing to two main components for forest fire, i.e. heat and the
availability of fuel in the form of dry vegetation.

 Increased drought, and a longer fire season are boosting these increases in wildfire risk.

Measures to control forest fires

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 Forest fire line:Successive Five-Year Plans have provided funds for forests fighting. During
the British period, fire was prevented in the summer through removal of forest litter all
along the forest boundary. This was called “Forest Fire Line”.

o This line used to prevent fire breaking into the forest from one compartment to
another.

o The collected litter was burnt in isolation.

 Firebreaks: Generally, the fire spreads only if there is continuous supply of fuel (Dry
vegetation) along its path. The best way to control a forest fire is therefore, to prevent it
from spreading, which can be done by creating firebreaksin the shape of small clearings of
ditches in the forests.

 Forest Survey of India monitors forest fire events through satellites on two platforms–
MODIS and SNPP-VIIRS, both in collaboration with the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).

o While the SNPP-VIIRS identifies, alerts and tracks fire incidents on real time data at
375X375 sq meter pixel, the older version MODIS detects it in the range of
1kmX1km.

o Forest fire suppression relies very heavily on “dry” firefighting techniques because of
poor water availability.

 Integrated forest protection: The main objective is to control forest fires and strengthen the
forest protection. The works like Fireline clearing,assistance to Joint Forest
Management committees, creating water bodies, purchase of vehicles and communication
equipment, purchase of firefighting tools, etc., needs to be undertaken.

 Prevention of human-caused firesthrough education and environmental modification. It will

include silvicultural activities, engineering works, people participation, and education and
enforcement. It is proposed that more emphasis be given to people participation through
Joint Forest Fire Management for fire prevention.

 Prompt detectionof fires through a well-coordinated network of observation points,

efficient ground patrolling, and communication networks. Remote sensing technology is to
be given due importance in fire detection. For successful fire management and
administration, a National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) and Fire Forecasting System
are to be developed in the country.

 Introducing a forest fuel modification system at strategic points.

 National Action Plan on Forest Fires (NAPFF): It was launched in 2018 to minimize forest
fires by informing, enabling and empowering forest fringe communities and incentivizing
them to work with the State Forest Departments.

Conclusion

It is important to prevent the lungs of the nation from ravages of fire. With climate change and
global warming on the rise, India must prevent human-made disaster to ensure our carbon sinks are
protected.

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As global temperatures rise, permafrost is thawing at an accelerated rate, leading to a

variety of environmental, social, and economic consequences. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Down to Earth
Why the question:
Increasing temperatures thawing permafrost, exposing substantial quantities of organic carbon and
atmospheric release of greenhouse gases.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about permafrost, its global distribution and impact of its thawing.
Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining permafrost.
Body:
First, with a map, show the major areas of the world that are covered with permafrost.
Next, write about the thawing of permafrost under the impact of global warming.
Next, write about the impact of thawing of permafrost – Thawing permafrost can raise water levels
in Earth’s oceans and increase erosion, resurrecting trapped pathogens, giving rise to potential public
health threats etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward to handle the above challenges.
Introduction

Permafrost is any type of ground, from soil to sediment to rock—that has been frozen continuously
for a minimum of two years and as many as hundreds of thousands of years. It can extend down
beneath the earth’s surface from a few feet to more than a mile—covering entire regions, such as
the Arctic tundra, or a single, isolated spot, such as a mountaintop of alpine permafrost.

Increasing temperatures thawing permafrost, exposing substantial quantities of organic carbon and
atmospheric release of greenhouse gases.

Body

Thawing of Permafrost

 While global warming is upping temperatures around the world,the Arctic is warming twice
as fast as anywhere else and faster than it has in the past 3 million years.

 And when surface air temperatures rise, below-ground temperatures do, too, thawing
permafrost along the way.

 Scientists estimate there is now 10 percent less frozen groundin the northern hemisphere
than there was in the early 1900s.

 One recent study suggests that with every additional8°F (1°C) of warming,an additional 1.5
million square miles of permafrost could eventually disappear.

 Even if we meet the climate targets laid out during the 2015 Paris climate talks, the world
may still lose more than 2.5 million square milesof frozen turf.

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Impact of permafrost thawing

 Huge Carbon Sink: An estimated 1,400 gigatons of carbon are frozen in Arctic permafrost,
making it one of the world’s largest carbon sinks.

o That’s about four times more than humans have emitted since the Industrial
Revolution, and nearly twice as much as is currently contained in the atmosphere.

o According to a recent report,2 degrees Celsius increase in temperature, expected by

the end of the century will result in a loss of about 40 percent of the world’s
permafrost by 2100.

 Loss of trapped Greenhouse gases: Packed with many thousands of years of life, from
human bodies to the bodies of woolly mammoths, permafrost is one of earth’s great stores
of global warming gases.

o Indeed, permafrost in the Arctic alone is estimated to hold nearly twice as much
carbon as exists in the atmosphere now, as well as a sizable amount of methane—a
powerful greenhouse gas that traps more than 80 times more heat on the planet
than carbon does.

 Toxins: A recent study found that Arctic permafrost is a massive repository of natural
mercury, a potent neurotoxin. Indeed, it’s estimated that some 15 million gallons of
mercury—or nearly twice the amount of mercury found in the ocean, atmosphere, and all
other soils combined—are locked in permafrost soils.

o Once released, however, that mercury can spread through water or air into
ecosystems and potentially even food supplies.

 Crumbling Infrastructure: About 35 million people live in a permafrost zone, in towns and
cities built on top of what was once considered permanently frozen ground.

o But as that solid ground softens, the infrastructure these communities rely on grows
increasingly unstable.

o Eg: Recent Russian Norilsk diesel oil spill is an ongoing industrial disaster, which
occurred at a thermal power plant that was supported on permafrost, crumbled.

 Altered Landscape: Thawing permafrost alters natural ecosystems in many ways as well. It
can create thermokarsts, areas of sagging ground and shallow ponds that are often
characterized by “drunken forests” of askew trees.
o It can make soil—once frozen solid—more vulnerable to landslides and erosion,
particularly along coasts.

o As this softened soil erodes, it can introduce new sediment to waterways, which
may alter the flow of rivers and streams, degrade water quality (including by the
introduction of carbon), and impact aquatic wildlife.

 Diseases and viruses: it can also trap and preserveancient microbes.

o It’s believed that some bacteria and viruses can lie dormant for thousands of
years in permafrost’s cold, dark confines before waking up when the ground warms.

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o A 2016 anthrax outbreak in Siberia, linked to a decades-old reindeer carcass

infected with the bacteriaand exposed by thawed permafrost, demonstrated the
potential threat.

o In 2015, researchers in Siberia uncovered the Mollivirus sibericum, a 30,000-year-

old behemothof a virus that succeeded in infecting a rather defenceless amoeba in a
lab experiment.

o About a decade earlier, scientists discovered the first Mimivirus, a 1,200-gene

specimen measuring twice the width of traditional viruses, buried beneath layers of
melting frost in the Russian tundra. (For comparison, HIV has just nine genes.)
o This can be the case with other diseases, such as smallpox and the 1918 Spanish
flu—known to exist in the frozen tundra, in the mass graves of those killed by the
disease.

o Human contact with zombie pathogens may risk new pandemics, if there is
unabated mining of metals from permafrost.

Conclusion

By reducing our carbon footprint, investing in energy-efficient products, and supporting climate-
friendly businesses, legislation, and policies, we can help preserve the world’s permafrost and avert
a vicious cycle of an ever-warming planet.

What are the primary factors contributing to the escalation in severe cyclonic storm
occurrences in India, and how can effective mitigation and adaptation strategies be
implemented to address this growing challenge? Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint , Insights on India
Why the question:
A “sudden” storm wreaked havoc in parts of Jalpaiguri district in northern West Bengal on Sunday,
claiming four lives. Over 100 others have reportedly been injured in the storm.
Key Demand of the question:
To mention about causes behind severe cyclonic storms and measures needed to mitigate and adapt
to it.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving context.
Body:
In the first part of the body, start by mentioning the various causes of severe cyclonic storm – climate
change, ocean warming, changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, urbanization, deforestation,
poor infrastructure, and natural climate variability etc.
Next, mention ways to mitigate and adapt – reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing coastal
resilience through better infrastructure and land use planning, restoring natural barriers like
mangroves and wetlands, improving disaster preparedness and response mechanisms,
Conclusion:
Write a way forward.

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Introduction

Tropical Cyclone is any large system of winds that circulates about a centre of low atmospheric
pressure in a counter-clockwise direction north of the Equator and in a clockwise direction to the
south. Cyclonic winds move across nearly all regions of the Earth except the equatorial belt and are
generally associated with rain or snow.

A “sudden” storm wreaked havoc in parts of Jalpaiguri district in northern West Bengal on Sunday,
claiming four lives. Over 100 others have reportedly been injured in the storm.

Body

Process and conditions favorable for Cyclone Formation

 Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27° C

 Presence of the Coriolis force enough to create a cyclonic vortex:

o The Coriolis force is zero at the equator (no cyclones at equator because of zero
Coriolis Force) but it increases with latitude. Coriolis force at 5° latitude is significant
enough to create a storm [cyclonic vortex].

o About 65 per cent of cyclonic activity occurs between 10° and 20° latitude.

o Small variations in the vertical wind speed

o A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low-level-cyclonic circulation

 Humidity Factor:

o High humidity (around 50 to 60 per cent) is required in the mid-troposphere, since

the presence of moist air leads to the formation of cumulonimbus cloud.

o Such conditions exist over the equatorial doldrums, especially in western margins of
oceans (this is because of east to west movement of ocean currents), which have
great moisture, carrying capacity because the trade winds continuously replace the
saturated air.

 Upper divergence above the sea level system:

o A well – developed divergence in the upper layers of the atmosphere is necessary so

that the rising air currents within the cyclone continue to be pumped out and a low
pressure maintained at the center.

 Low-level Disturbances:

o Low-level disturbance in the form of easterly wave disturbances in the Inter-Tropical

Convergence Zone (ITCZ) should pre-exist.

 Temperature contrast between air masses:

o Trade winds from both the hemispheres meet along inter-tropical front.
Temperature contrasts between these air masses must exist when the ITCZ is
farthest, from the equator.

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o Thus, the convergence of these air masses of different temperatures and the
resulting instability are the prerequisites for the origin and growth of violent tropical
storms.

 Wind Shear:

o It is the differences between wind speeds at different heights

o Tropical cyclones develop when the wind is uniform.

o Because of weak vertical wind shear, cyclone formation processes are limited to
latitude equator ward of the subtropical jet stream.

o In the temperate regions, wind shear is high due to westerlies and this inhibits
convective cyclone formation.

Way forward

Short term measures:

 provide cyclone forecasting, tracking and warning systems

 Construction of cyclone shelters, cyclone resistant buildings, road links, bridges, canals,
drains etc.

 Establishing Early Warning Dissemination System (EWDS), and Capacity building for coastal
communities.

 Mock drills, and training of local population and police by NDRF and SDRF

 Plantations of strong rooted trees, canopies, mangroves and proper vegetation cover which
act as first line of defence.

 Proper drainage system throughout the city to discharge the water as soon as possible to
avoid flood like conditions

 Use of NAVIC and RESOURCESAT-2 for disseminating coastal information and helping in
disaster management.

 Implementation of National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project

Long term measures:

 The National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) should be implemented with
financial assistance from the World Bank

 The NDMA had come up with its National Guidelines of Management of Cyclones in 2008.
The basic premise of these guidelines is that the mitigation has to be multi-sectoral.

 Developing Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) frameworks for addressing the
sustainability and optimal utilisation of coastal resources as also cyclone impact
minimisation plans.

 Ensuring cyclone resistant design standards are incorporated in the rural/ urban housing
schemes in coastal areas

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 Implementing coastal flood zoning, flood plain development and flood inundation
management and regulatory plans.

 Coastal bio-shields spread, preservation and restoration/ regeneration plans.

 There is a need for private sector participation in designing and implementing policies,
plans, and standards.

 Need of Disaster Management program to be inclusive including women, civil society, and
academia.

Conclusion

Cyclone Disaster Management encompasses mitigation and preparedness measures for cyclones.
Installing disaster-resilient power infrastructure in the coastal districts, providing concrete houses to
poor and vulnerable households, and creating massive community awareness campaigns are
essential.

Examine the reasons for the increasing incidence of heatwaves in different parts of the
country, and to what extent is climate change responsible for this trend? (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question:
The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) on Monday announced that India will see more than
average heat wave days in this year’s hot weather season (April to June).
Key Demand of the question:
To write about heat waves and causes of heat wave conditions and role of climate change on it
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by defining a heat wave.
Body:
In the first part of the body, start by mentioning the criteria for a heat wave: in temperature for
plains, coastal areas and hilly areas. The criteria for a severe heat wave.
In the next part, mention the causes behind heat waves in India. Write about the ways in which
climate change impacts heatwaves in India and to what extent.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing about measures that must be taken to tackle heatwaves in India.
Introduction

Heat wave is a period of abnormally high temperatures, more than the normal maximum
temperature that occurs during the pre-monsoon (April to June) summer season. According
to Indian Meteorological Department, Heat wave is considered if maximum temperature of a
station reaches at least 40°C or more for Plains, 37°C or more for coastal stations and at least 30°C or
more for Hilly regions.

The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) announced that India will see more than average heat
wave days in this year’s hot weather season (April to June).

Body
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Reasons for India to experience increasing instances of heatwaves

 Magnified effect of paved and concrete surfaces in urban areas and a lack of tree cover.

 Urban heat island effects can make ambient temperatures feel 3 to 4 degrees more than
what they are.

 More heat waves were expected as globally temperatures had risen by an average 0.8
degrees in the past 100 years. Night-time temperatures are rising too.

 Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becomingly
increasingly frequent globally due to climate change.

 High intensity of UV rays in medium-high heat wave zone.

 Combination of exceptional heat stress and a predominantly rural population makes India
vulnerable to heat waves.

Climate change and Heatwaves

 Climate change is making heat waves phenomenon more frequent and severe

 Due to climate change, periods of hot days in heat wave conditions stretch out longer in
places like South Asia.

 Climate models reveal that future heatwaves will have a more intense geographic pattern.
The world will experience more intense, more frequent, and longer-lasting heat waves in the
second half of the 21st century.

 Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that
heatwaves will be more severe.

 Heatwaves and droughts, as a result, minimise ecosystem carbon sequestration or carbon

uptake.

 This will cause changes in the ecosystem’s carbon cycle feedback because there will be less
vegetation to hold the carbon from the atmosphere, which will only contribute more to
atmospheric warming.

 Due to climate change, the problem of heat waves is also becoming widespread across the
country, affecting not only the typical hot spots in the northwest and southeast but also
regions that aren’t used to seeing so much extreme heat.

 The effects of heat waves are even more stark because of a lack of rainfall so far this season
due climate change.

Measures to mitigate heat waves:

 Switching to lighter-colored paving or porous green roads and cool roofs, to reflect more
solar radiation.
 For instance, after a severe 2010 heat wave, the city of Ahmedabad implemented a Heat
Action Plan, including a cool-roofs program; research has shown this plan has prevented
thousands of deaths.

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 Cities could increase their share of tree cover, which is significantly lower than what’s
required to maintain an ecological balance.

 People in urban areas could be encouraged to grow climbing plants and curtains of
vegetation outside their windows.

 Greenbelts around cities, for wind paths, would allow the passage of exhaust heat from
urban air conditioners and automobiles.

 Finally, air-quality standards should be enforced rigorously and continuously—not just when
air pollution reaches hazardous levels.

Way forward:

 In 2016, the National Disaster Management Agency prepared guidelines for state
governments to formulate action plans for the prevention and management of heat waves,
outlining four key strategies:

o Forecasting heat waves and enabling an early warning system

o Building capacity of healthcare professionals to deal with heat wave-related

emergencies

o Community outreach through various media

o Inter-agency cooperation as well as engagement with other civil society

organizations in the region.

 Scientific Approach:

o Climate data from the last 15-20 years can be correlated with the mortality and
morbidity data to prepare a heat stress index and city-specific threshold.

o Vulnerable areas and population could be identified by using GIS and satellite
imagery for targeted actions.

 Advance implementation of local Heat Action Plans, plus effective inter-agency coordination
is a vital response which the government can deploy in order to protect vulnerable groups.

 This will require identification of “heat hot spots”, analysis of meteorological data and
allocation of resources to crisis-prone areas.

 The India Cooling Action Planmust emphasize the urgency and need for better planning,
zoning and building regulations to prevent Urban Heat Islands.

 Provision of public messaging (radio, TV), mobile phone-based text messages, automated
phone calls and alerts.
 Promotion of traditional adaptation practices, such as staying indoors and wearing
comfortable clothes.
 Popularization of simple design features such as shaded windows, underground water
storage tanks and insulating housing materials.

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