JIPFRI, Vol. 8 No.

2 JIPFRI (Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika dan Riset Ilmiah)

Pages: 75-81
https://doi.org/10.30599/jipfri.v8i2.3349
November 2024

Hands-on Solar Energy: Exploring How Light Influence Solar Cell

Performance in Junior High School Experiments

Naufal Rabah Wahidin, Eka Cahya Prima*, and Riandi

Department of Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan
Indonesia
Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No.229, Isola, Kec. Sukasari, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat 40154
* E-mail: ekacahyaprima@upi.edu

Abstract
This study explores the impact of light wavelength on solar cell performance through a hands-on laboratory
experiment designed for junior high school students. The experiment utilized a spectrometer app to measure the
dominant wavelengths of various visible light colors and assessed the corresponding voltage and current
generated by a solar cell. Results indicated a clear inverse relationship between wavelength and solar cell output,
with shorter wavelengths producing higher voltage and current values. For example, light with a wavelength of 400
nm resulted in the highest voltage (1.75 V) and current (13.9 µA), whereas light at 650 nm generated the lowest
output (1.43 V and 8.7 µA). This experiment provides an accessible, cost-effective way for students to grasp the
principles of solar energy and wavelength effects, enhancing their understanding of energy conversion in
renewable technologies.

Keywords: Laboratory activity, Solar cell, Experiment

al., 2021; Hamdani et al., 2022).

INTRODUCTION Science cannot be understood by
memorizing facts or by passively listening to the
Science education curricula in Indonesia teacher describe concepts. Students, on the
have been continuously improved due to the other hand, must learn through
implementation of the freedom to learn experimentation, observation, and involvement,
curriculum (Prima et al., 2023). However, in which will ultimately foster creativity and
accordance to the most recent survey, students awareness. This process is crucial for
need to be pushed to enhance their 21st maintaining and enhancing the study of natural
century skills. According to Braaten & Sheth phenomena, and it's also important for shaping
(2017) learning science managed by teachers scientific attitudes (Suryawati & Osman, 2018).
fails to meet expectations due to an absence of According to Prima, Utari, Chandra, Hasanah,
practical skills. Fitri (2021) expressed an and Rusdiana (2018), changing perceptions of
identical point of view, claiming that errors the values and purposes of science learning
during experimentation and limitations in have increasingly emphasized the importance
practical tools cause the teaching and learning of laboratory work.
process to run poorly, resulting in a lack of Physics is considered a challenging
comprehension in students' minds. In most subject for students to learn. Physics topics are
cases in Indonesia, science is presented in the abstract and difficult for students to learn,
classroom using only supplementary books, leading to a lack of motivation and interest
and students are not as involved in actual (Wangchuk et al., 2023). Students also struggle
activities (Prima et al., 2023). Students must be with determining the equations of physics
engaged with the learning process if the goal is formulas used to solve problems (Qotrunnada,
to achieve learning objectives and acquire a 2022). The lack of engagement in learning
deep understanding of the lesson (Dwiyanti et physics is also considered a significant factor in

p-ISSN 2549-905X|e-ISSN 2549-9076 Universitas Nurul Huda

2 JIPFRI (Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika dan Riset Ilmiah), Vol. 8 No. 2, November 2024

students' difficulties with the subject home inventory appliance that consume
(Ramadhani & Tanjung, 2020). standby power. Meanwhile, Nicolaidis (2020)
Given these conditions, this study aims to developed a portable organic solar cell kit for
develop laboratory work that can assist school undergraduate and high school students. A
teachers in teaching the topic of wavelengths study from Prima (2023) developed a low-cost
for eight grade students. The table 1 shows the experiment regarding the measurement of light
core competences and basic competences in wavelength using light diffraction phenomenon.
the curriculum. Wave science is perceived by Another research is from Angjelina (2023), a
students as difficult, abstract, and monotonous, microcontroller-based hydrostatic pressure
often seen as a discipline suitable only for experiment tool has been developed. Rosyidah,
extraordinarily talented and gifted students Prima, & Riandi (2023) also developed
(Erinosho, 2013). The concept of wavelength laboratory activities using tracker software to
will be directly implemented into real-world calculate the speed of propagating waves on
scenario, a mini solar cell will be used as a main the water surface. However, there is still no
tool in the laboratory work. The importance of research on the development of laboratory
connecting science content and skills to real- activities to investigate the effect of wavelength
world scenarios is crucial for enhancing on the current and voltage output in a solar cell.
students' understanding and engagement Through this experiment, students can become
(Thomas et al., 2013). more engaged in learning the concept of waves
Previous study on the development and as it relates to real-world phenomena.
implementation of laboratory activities in Furthermore, the experiment can be conducted
learning physics concepts has been conducted. without the need for expensive or advanced
A research by Knezek & Christensen (2020) tools.
insists junior high school students to analyze

Table 1. Core competence and basic competencies in grade 8 Junior high school
CORE COMPETENCE 3 (COGNITIVE) CORE COMPETENCE 4 (PSYCHOMOTOR)
3. Understanding knowledge (factual, 4. Trying, processing, and serving in the
conceptual, and procedural) based on concrete realm (using, parsing, composing,
curiosity about science, technology, art, modifying, and creating) and abstract realm
culture-related phenomena, and (writing, reading, counting, drawing, and
eyesight event. composing) according to what was learned
in schools and other sources same in point
of view/theory.

BASIC COMPETENCIES BASIC COMPETENCIES

3.11 Analyzing the concepts of vibration, 4.11 Presenting experimental results on
waves, and sound in everyday life, vibrations, waves, and sound Analyzing the
including the human hearing system properties of light, the formation of shadows
and the sonar system in animals on flat and curved planes, and their
application to explain the process of human
vision, insect eyes, and the working
principle of optical instruments.

3.12 Analyzing the properties of light, the 4.12 Presenting experimental results about
formation of shadows on the plane flat shadow formation on mirrors and lenses.
and curved and its application to
explain human vision process insects,
and the working principle of optical
instruments.

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 Hands-on Solar Energy: Exploring How Light Influence Solar Cell ... 75
Naufal Rabah Wahidin, Eka Cahya Prima, Riandi

METHOD

Preparing The Materials

This research needs several tools and
materials which are Android phone, multimeter,
solar cell, wire, and solar power meter. These
materials are shown in figure 1.

Figure 1. Tools and Materials

The light source for this experiment is an

Android phone. Two Android phones are
required, and each phone needs one
application to be installed—Screen Lamp and
Spectrometer. Both applications are available
for free on the Google Play Store.

Variables
The experiment contains 3 kinds of Figure 2. Flowchart of development
variables which are independent, dependent,
and controlled. Those variables are detailed in Preparing Hex Color and Wavelength
Table 2. Using the Spectrometer and Screen
Table 2. Experiment Parameter Lamp applications, we can measure the
Parameter Details wavelength emitted by the phone's screen. The
Independent Wavelength variation from
wavelength we want to take in this experiment
phone’s screen (nm)
Dependent Current (µA) and voltage (V) ranging from 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm,
Control Light intensity of the phone’s 600 nm, and 650 nm. The application display is
screen (0.2 W/m2), distance
shown in figure 3.
between phone’s screen to the
solar cell (15 cm) First, open the Screen Lamp application,
and click the custom color button to set the hex
Procedures code for the screen color. The hex color code is
The development of the experiment was a six-digit code that signifies a specific color and
started from October-December 2023. After is widely used in web design and digital media.
through several steps, the experiment was Each pair of digits in the code represents the
completely developed. The flowchart of the intensity of the color's red, green, and blue
development is shown in figure 2. components. For instance, the hex code

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#FF0000 represents the color red at its Preparing Solar Power Meter
maximum intensity, with no green or blue. Hex Solar power meter was used to measure
codes are frequently used to ensure consistent the light intensity of the phone screen. The light
color representation across different digital intensity needs to be the same, otherwise the
platforms. current and voltage output from solar cell is not
fully affected by only wavelength, but also light
intensity. The distance of phone’s screen to the
solar power meter needs to be the same also.

Preparing Solar Cell

The solar cell was connected to the
multimeter, ensuring the correctness of the wire
connection. After obtaining the specific hex
code and wavelength, current and voltage
measurements were conducted. The solar cell
was placed inside the dark chamber, while the
multimeter remained outside. The solar cell
setting is shows in figure 4.

(a)

Figure 4. The display of (a) Spectrometer and

(b) Screen Lamp application

(b) Preparing The Cardboard Box

The measurements were conducted in a
Figure 3. The display of (a) Spectrometer and dark chamber to ensure the exclusion of any
(b) Screen Lamp application other light sources besides the phone's screen.
The dark chamber was constructed using a
Second, on the other phone, open the cardboard box.
Spectrometer application. Spectrometer allow On the top side of the dark chamber,
the user to measure the dominant wavelength there is a hole designed to accommodate the
of the light, just by directing the camera to the Android phone. The Android phone is
light source. In this research, the source light is positioned facing the inside of the dark
from Screen Lamp application, so just direct the chamber, ensuring that the solar cell only
camera from the Spectrometer application to receives light from the phone's screen.
the other phone. Set the hex code in the screen Additionally, a small hole at the bottom ensures
lamp application to meet the wavelength of the connection of the wire from the multimeter.
400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, and The laboratory setting is illustrated in Figure 5.
650nm.

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 Hands-on Solar Energy: Exploring How Light Influence Solar Cell ... 77
Naufal Rabah Wahidin, Eka Cahya Prima, Riandi

creation of electron-hole pairs in the cell. Upon

constructing an external circuit, the voltage
difference compels electrons to move from the
n-side of the junction to the p-side (Zhang &
Yang, 2018). Consequently, an electric current
is generated in the external circuit.

(a)

Figure 6. Principle Operation of a PV cell

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

(b)
Wavelength of Hex Code
Figure 5. (a) The dark chamber and (b) By using Spectrometer application, the
laboratory setting for current and voltage dominant wavelength of light can be measured.
measurement The table 2 shows the result of various hex
code and its wavelength.
Principles of PV Effect
The electricity generation in photovoltaic Table 3. Wavelength of Each Hex Code
(PV) is referred as PV effect. Alexandre- Color Hex Code Wavelength (nm)
Edmund Becquerel, a French physicist, Light purple #CE00FF 400
Purple #8B00FE 450
discovered voltage transmission in 1839 after
Light blue #00FEE4 500
experimenting using an electrolytic cell made Green #33FF00 550
up of two metal electrodes placed in an Orange #FE9100 600
electricity-conducting solution (Petrova-Koch, Red #1B0000 650
2008). When exposed to light, electricity
The measurement of the wavelength
generation increased. The photovoltaic effect is
using Spectrometer is in line with the theory of
the basis of solar cell technology. In 1870, the
visible light spectrum. The wavelength of visible
PV effect was initially studied in solids such as
light is increasing from purple to red, ranging
selenium (Kartikay et al., 2021). Czochralski
from 360nm to 760nm (Sliney, 2016).
method for obtaining pure Silicon crystal was
At the quantum level, the fundamental
developed within 1940 and early 1950. This
particle of light, including visible light, is known
method was utilized to produce crystalline
as the photon (Prangnell, 2016). The photon
Silicon solar cells with an efficiency of up to
has been shown to behave simultaneously as a
11% (Kymakis & Amaratunga, 2003). At this
particle and a wave; in quantum mechanics
time, PV effect ushered in a new era of solar
research, this is referred to as the
power generation.
counterintuitive wave-particle duality
Figure 6 illustrate the principle of PV cell
phenomenon (Salasnich, 2014). Moreover, the
(Zhang & Yang, 2018). Sunlight is essentially
photon is an elementary particle in the boson
composed of photons, discrete units of energy
category. The energy propagated by an
contained in light. PV cell is constructed from
electromagnetic wave, for all forms of
semiconductor materials and features a p-n
electromagnetic radiation including visible light,
junction. When solar radiation strikes a solar
is continuously distributed in the form of
cell, some photons are absorbed, leading to the

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photons. The photon energy of visible light wavelength has a strong effect on voltage
ranges from 2 to 2.75 electron volts (eV) output, contributing to 95.7% of the variance in
(Lewerenz, 2012); the energy of a photon is voltage. The remaining 4.3% (1 - R²) is likely
inversely proportional to the wavelength of the due to other factors not accounted for in the
electromagnetic wave. experiment, such as minor inconsistencies in
light intensity or distance.
Voltage and Current Output The negative quadratic relationship
Before measuring the voltage and current aligns with theoretical principles in quantum
output from the solar cell, the light intensity of mechanics. According to the photon energy-
the phone’s screen for each wavelength has wavelength relationship, energy (and thus the
been checked, and it shows 0.2 W/m². The potential voltage output in a solar cell) is
distance from the phone’s screen to the solar inversely proportional to the wavelength of light;
cell also needs to be the same; in this case, the shorter wavelengths correspond to higher
distance is 15 cm. photon energies, which can excite more
The results of the measurements are electrons and thus produce higher voltages.
shown in Table 4. Each wavelength exhibits This experiment’s quadratic fit mirrors this
different current and voltage outputs. The light nonlinear relationship, as the rate of change in
with a wavelength of 400 nm has the highest voltage decreases as the wavelength
recorded voltage and current, which are 1.75 V increases. This result is consistent with existing
and 13.9 µA. Meanwhile, the light with the theoretical models for photon energy
highest wavelength, 650 nm, has the lowest dependence in photovoltaic materials.
recorded voltage and current, which are 1.43 V
and 8.7 µA. 3

Table 4. Current and Voltage Output

2
Voltage (V)

Wavelength Voltage (V) Current (µA)

(nm)
400 1.75 13.9
450 1.62 11.4 1
y = -0.0012x + 2.1907
500 1.59 10.2 R² = 0.9577
550 1.53 9.8
600 1.48 9.4 0
650 1.43 8.7 350 450 550 650
Wavelength (nm)
Relationship Between Wavelength, Voltage,
(a)
and Current
15
After the data was obtained, this study
14
aimed to know the relationship between y = 9E-05x2 - 0,11x + 43,67
Current (µA)

13
variables. The trendline of correlation graph R² = 0,9652
12
between wavelength and voltage is shown in
11
figure 7.
10
The analysis of the relationship between
9
wavelength and voltage output in the solar cell
8
reveals a quadratic correlation rather than a
350 450 550 650
linear one. The fitting of the data produces a Wavelength (nm)
quadratic equation, indicating that voltage (b)
output does not decrease at a constant rate with
increasing wavelength. Instead, the relationship Figure 7. Correlation graph between
is better represented by the equation y = - wavelength and (a) voltage and (b) current
0.0012x + 2.1907, and the contribution of
wavelength toward voltage output in solar cell The analysis reveals that the relationship
is 95.7%. The R² value of 0.9577 suggests that between wavelength and current output in the

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 Hands-on Solar Energy: Exploring How Light Influence Solar Cell ... 79
Naufal Rabah Wahidin, Eka Cahya Prima, Riandi

solar cell follows a quadratic pattern, not a generation based on its material (Kibria et al.,
simple linear trend. The best-fit equation for this 2014). The first generation was based on wafer-
relationship is y = 9E-05x2 - 0.11x + 43.67, based silicon cells, the second on thin-film
where the quadratic term captures the non- technology, and the third on emerging
linear dependence of current on wavelength. technologies, including nano crystal-based,
This quadratic relationship indicates that the polymer-based, dye-sensitized, and perovskite-
decrease in current with increasing wavelength based solar cells (Parthiban & Ponnambalam,
is not constant but follows a curved trend. The 2022). With different types of solar cells, the
R² value of 0.965 shows that wavelength recommendation for future studies is to explore
accounts for 96.5% of the variation in current, various generations of solar cells to compare
with the remaining 3.5% likely due to external their voltage and current outputs, especially in
factors, such as minor variations in light school experiment settings.
intensity or distance.
This quadratic correlation is consistent CONCLUSION
with theoretical principles in photovoltaic
energy conversion. According to quantum These laboratory activities are feasible
mechanics, photon energy, which is inversely for school implementation due to the
related to wavelength, impacts the excitation of accessibility and affordability of the tools and
electrons in the solar cell material. Shorter materials used. Through this study, the
wavelengths (with higher photon energy) are relationship between wavelength and the
more efficient at generating electron flow, output of voltage and current in solar cells has
resulting in higher current outputs. As been explored. The results indicate that both
wavelength increases, the photon energy voltage and current outputs decrease with
decreases, leading to a gradual reduction in increasing wavelength, but this relationship
current, reflected in the quadratic decline follows a quadratic pattern rather than a linear
observed in this experiment. This nonlinear one. Specifically, the quadratic equations
trend aligns with the photon energy-wavelength derived for the voltage and current outputs
relationship and highlights how varying show that as wavelength increases, the rate of
wavelengths impact current generation in decrease in both voltage and current slows,
photovoltaic materials. suggesting a non-constant rate of change.
Based on the previous study, there are This quadratic trend aligns with the
many factors that can affect solar cell output. theoretical principles of photon energy and
The most crucial factor is solar cell efficiency wavelength in quantum mechanics. Higher-
(Huang et al., 2013). The increased efficiency energy photons (shorter wavelengths) result in
of solar energy technologies and reduced higher voltage and current outputs due to
investment costs have significantly boosted the greater electron excitation in the solar cell. As
popularity of solar energy generation in recent the wavelength increases and photon energy
years. PV panels are renowned for their direct decreases, voltage and current outputs
conversion of solar radiation into electrical decrease as well. However, the decrease
energy, featuring the major advantage of follows a nonlinear pattern, as predicted by
having no mechanical or moving parts (Isioma photon energy-wavelength relationships in
et al., 2021). However, they are susceptible to photovoltaic materials. Future studies could
various environmental factors such as dust, investigate these effects across different types
dye, partial or total shading, and more. Among of solar cells to further explore how material and
these factors, shading has the most substantial structural differences affect these relationships
impact on PV panel efficiency. When dust, in educational settings.
clouds, or other impediments cover the PV
panels, their efficiency decreases (Brecl &
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Topič, 2011; Ghazi & Ip, 2014).
This research was supported by Jabar
Solar cell also generally divided into three
Future Leader Scholarship 2023 and Penelitian

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80 JIPFRI (Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika dan Riset Ilmiah), Vol. 8 No. 2, November 2024

Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2024. Enhancing solar cell efficiency: The

search for luminescent materials as
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Pemanfaatan Tangki Riak Untuk

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