RUNNING HEAD: Depression

Introduction to Major Depressive Disorder

Kali Champagne

Bay Path University

PSY240AZ1

Professor Mayda

July 25, 2023

Introduction

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychological condition marked by enduring

feelings of unhappiness, diminished interest or enjoyment, and a variety of other bodily and

emotional manifestations This paper provides an in-depth examination of MDD, including its

definition, signs and symptoms, prevalence, and the diagnostic criteria outlined in the Diagnostic

and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Understanding the

complexities of this disorder is essential for early identification, appropriate treatment, and

improved outcomes for those affected.

Definition of the Disorder:

Major Depressive Disorder, commonly known as depression, is a severe and debilitating

mental health condition. Individuals with MDD experience a pervasive sense of sadness, often

referred to as a "depressed mood," which persists for most of the day, nearly every day, for at

least two weeks or longer (Torres, 2020). This emotional state significantly impacts the

individual's ability to function and engage in everyday activities, including work, school, and

social interactions.

In addition to a persistent sad mood, individuals with MDD often experience a

diminished interest or pleasure in activities they once found enjoyable. This symptom, known as

"loss of interest or pleasure," can lead to a withdrawal from social interactions and a lack of

engagement in hobbies or other previously enjoyable pursuits. MDD is not solely an emotional

condition; it also affects physical health. For example, weight changes that inculde significant

weight loss or gain, can be observed without intentional dieting. Secondly, changes in appetite

and eating patterns are common features of depression, further impacting the individual's overall

well-being. Thirdly sleep disturbances are prevalent in MDD, with individuals experiencing
Depression

insomnia or hypersomnia (excessive sleepiness) nearly every day. These sleep disruptions lead to

fatigue and a lack of energy, even for simple tasks. Forthly, feelings of worthlessness and

excessive guilt are prominent emotional symptoms of depression. Individuals may excessively

blame themselves for perceived shortcomings or failures, leading to a sense of hopelessness and

inadequacy.

As well a cognitive symptoms are also observed in MDD, affecting an individual's ability

to concentrate, make decisions, and recall information. The difficulty in focusing or making

decisions can further contribute to a sense of helplessness and frustration. In severe cases,

individuals may experience recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation. Suicidal thoughts,

which can be life-threatening and require immediate help (Truschel, 2022).

Prevalence and Statistics:

Major Depressive Disorder is a significant public health concern, affecting people of all

ages, genders, and cultural backgrounds worldwide. According to the World Health Organization

(WHO), depression is one of the leading causes of disability globally (WHO, 2019). It is

estimated that approximately 4.4% of the global population suffers from depression,

underscoring the widespread impact of this disorder.

In the United States, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports that over 17

million adults, roughly 7% of the adult population, have experienced at least one major

depressive episode in their lifetime. The prevalence of MDD varies across different populations,

highlighting the need for culturally sensitive approaches to diagnosis and treatment.

MDD often emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood, but it can affect individuals of all

ages (National Institute of Mental Health, 2022). It is essential to recognize that depression is not
Depression

limited to a specific age group or demographic, and early intervention is critical to improving

outcomes and preventing potential chronicity.

DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria:

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5),

provides specific criteria for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder. To receive a diagnosis of

MDD, an individual must meet the following criteria:

A. “Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same two-week

period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either

(1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure” (Florida BH Center, 2020).

1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day.

2. A significant decrease in interest or enjoyment in almost all activities, lasting most of the day

and occurring nearly every day.

3. Experiencing notable weight changes without intentional dieting, or experiencing fluctuations

in appetite almost daily

4. Struggling with either insomnia or excessive sleepiness nearly every day

5. Consistently displaying either excessive restlessness or slowed movements almost daily.

6. Feeling persistently tired or lacking energy almost every day

7. Frequent feelings of worthlessness, or excessive and inappropriate guilt, nearly every day.

8. Finding it difficult to concentrate, think clearly, or make decisions nearly every day.

9. Having recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts without a specific plan, or engaging in

suicidal behaviors, or having a clear plan for suicide

B. The symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in important areas of life such as

social, occupational, or other essential functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

C. The episode's origin cannot be attributed to the physical influence of any substance or another

underlying medical ailment.

D. The occurrence of this significant depressive episode cannot be more effectively explained by

schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, or any other related psychotic disorders (Substance

Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2016b).

E. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode.

F. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general

medical condition (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2016).

G. The symptoms cannot be solely attributed to normal grieving, which typically lasts for about

two months. Instead, they may include severe functional impairment, an intense and obsessive

preoccupation with feelings of worthlessness, suicidal thoughts, psychotic symptoms, or a

significant slowing down of physical and mental activity (MD+CALC, n.d.).

Conclusion:

Major Depressive Disorder is a complex and pervasive mental health condition that

significantly impacts the lives of those affected. The persistent feelings of sadness, loss of

interest or pleasure, and physical and cognitive symptoms highlight the importance of early

recognition and intervention. Understanding the diagnostic criteria and prevalence of MDD is

crucial for healthcare professionals to provide appropriate support and improve the quality of life

for individuals living with depression. By offering comprehensive and compassionate care, we

can help those with MDD on their journey towards recovery and wellness.
Depression

References

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