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Humans
Digestive Circulatory Nervous
System System System

Respiratory Excretory Endocrine \Plants,

System System System
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Control
It the power of restraining and regulation by which something can be started
is
slow down or stopped!

Coordination
The working together of various organs of the body of an organism in a proper
manner to produce aappropriate reaction to a Stimulus, is called Coordination.
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Coordination
The working together of various organs of the body of an organism in a proper
manner to produce appropriate reaction to a Stimulus, iscalled Coordination.
a

• It is mainly of 2 types:

NervoUs Coordination Hormonal Coordination

This happens in animals & humans. This also happens in animals but
It consist of: mainly in plants.
•
Brain This invloves release of chemicals,.
•
Spinal cord
•
Nerves
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Nervous system

Nervous and muscular tissues are responsible for control & coordination
in humans or animals.

In our body, all the information recieves from the tip of nerve cells
through the receptors.

(Receptor)
Humans (Nerve cells)
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Nervous system
Nerve cell
These type of cells Sense and receives signals from body to brain
and vice versa.
Nerve cells are also known as "Neurons".

Receptors
These are specialised- structure which present in cell menmbrane.
These are usually located in our sense organs, such as:

>
(Contain Receptors)

Eyes Nose Tongue Skin

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Nervous system
Receptors
These are specialised - structure which present in cell membrane.
These are usually located in our sense organs

Photo receptor Olfactory receptor Gustratory receptor Thermo receptor

"For Vision" "For Smell "For Taste" "For Sensation"

•
These receptors contains specialised neurons, which are responsible for
sending and receiving messages & necessary informations.
•These receptors and neurons works in co-relation.

•
Neurons and receptors are present mostly everywhere in our body.
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Nervous system

(CNS) Central Nervous system Peripheral Nervous system(PNS)

-Arise fromCNS.
Brain Spinalcord) •Present everywhere in the body.
Nerves

The nerves that arise from brain are called Cranial nerves.

> The nerves that arise from spinal cord arecalled spinoal nerves
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Peripheral Nervous system

Somatic nerves |

|
Autonomic nerves
|

These nerves control all the voluntary actions |

These nerves control all the involuntary actions
in our body. in our body.

> Actions which are in controlof our will are |

Actions which are not in control of our will are
called voluntary actions. called involuntary actions.
These nerves are of 2 types:
|

|
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
WALKING MOVING TALKING •
Prepare our body at the •
These nerves keep us calm.
I

time of fight response.

|
Stop overthinking.
|
•or in potential danger.
|
 Nerve ending
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Neuron Dendrites
Synapse A small gap between
two continous neurons

Nucleus

Cell body

Axon

Electrical Impulse
•An electrical signal which travel along the axon.

Sensory neuron Motor neuron

•
These neurons sense information and carry it to• These neurons send response impulses from the
the brain. brain to the effector.
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Reflex Action
When we do something without thinking about it, is called reflex action.
Reflex actions are very fast & quick actions.
Message to
Splnal cord
(CNS) braln

Scnsory ncuron:

Motor
ncuroi)

Receptors = Hcat/ Pain Relay neuron

Receptors In skin
ENector= Muscle In arm

Reflex arc
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Human brain
the most important organ/Part of our human body.
It is

It mainly consist of three parts:

Cerebrumn

) Forebrain Cranium (skull)

2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain
Fore-Brain

Mid-brain

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland Pons
Medulla
Hind-brain
Cercbcllum -X
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Human brain Cerebrum

Cranium (sko

> It is the most important organ/Part of our human Fore-Brain

Mid-brain
It mainly consist of three parts:

Forebrain Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland Pons
Hind-brain Medulla
Cerebellum
• It
has 2 parts:
Cerebrum Hypothalamus
• It
has Speech center, judgment center, thinking I• It controls:
center, emotional center.
• It is known as the "Arithmetic logical unit" of the •Temperature
human brain. I•• Hunger
Thirst
•It controls all the voluntary actions of our body.
• It is
the largest part of our brain.
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Human brain Cerebrum

Cranium (sk

> It is the most important organ/Part of our human body. Fore-Brain

Mid-brain
It mainly consist of three parts:

Midbrain Hypothalarmus
Pituitary gland Pons
Hind-brain Medulla"
• It
has Auditory and visual processing centre. Cercbellum

Hindbrain
• It control some involuntary actions with the help of midbrain.

Pons Medulla Cerebellum

•
These both together controls our: our body posture
• It control
• Sleep center •Breathing and body balance.
• •
Wake-up cycle Heartbeat
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Spinal cord
It is located at the backside ofour body.
It connects the brain to lower-back portion.
It coordinate in the transportation of nerve signals.
> It is responsible for all the reflex actions in our body.

CNS Protection
The protection of central nervoussystem's organs.

Brain Spinal Cord

It is protected by cranium/skull. It is protected by Vertebral column.
A fluid-filled balloon also protects the brain.
Vertebral colunn provide shape to our body.
• It
helps in shock absorption.
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Coordination in Plants

Plants do not have NervOUs or muscular system for coordination.

Coordination in plants is majorly done by Hormones.

Plants movement are of 2 types:
O Due to stimulus
2 Due to growth

What is Stimuli?
> Anything that cantriggera physical or behavioural change is called stimuli.

(Mimosa pudica)
"Touch me not plant
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Coordination in Plants
2) Movement due to growth

Plants response toa particular direction for their growth.

hence, Plants growth is directional.
> Plants respond toenvironmental triggers such as light, gravity for growth.

i) Movement towards light (Phototropism) Respond to lght

> The movement of plants towards light.

(shoots)

Cereo (Roots)
towards gravity
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Coordination in Plants
2) Movement due togrowth
> Plants response to a
particular direction for their growth.
hence,Plants growth is directional.
Plants respond to environmental triggers such as light, gravity for growth.
ii) Geotropism
Land or gravity Towards growth

The movement of plants towards gravity.

> Plant's rootsgrow in opposite direction of sunlight.
iii) Chemotropism
The movement of plants towards chemicalresponse.
• (Ex.) Movement of pollen tube towards ovules.
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Coordination in Plants
2) Movement due to growth
> Plants response to aparticular direction for their growth.
hence, Plants growth is directional.
> Plants respond to environmental triggers such as light, gravity for growth.

iv) Hydrotropism

The movement of plants towards Water/moisture.

>
Movement related to growth is much slower than stimulus response.

Ho
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Plant Hormone
Plants hormones are also known as Phytohormones.
Plants hormones are divided into 2 types :
1) Growth Promoter hormones

Plants hormones that promotes growth.

Auxin
This hormone is responsible for Cell elongation in plants.
> It's presence causes cell elongation and hence growth.
Gibberellin Cytokinin
> It Also helps in cellelongation. Itpromotes celldivision,
helps in stem growth & in flower
It
seed germination ,flower
development while flowering. & fruit development.
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Plant Hormone
Plants hormones are also known as Phytohormones.
Plants hormones are divided into 2 types:
2) Growth Inhibitor hormones

Absicis acid
It inhibits plant growth by counter the growth promotive hormones.
It maintains Seed dormancy.
> It is responsible for curlting of leaves.

Ethylene
It isgaseous plant hormone.
a

It stimulates the growth & development of flower's organs.

It helps in ripening of fruit.

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Animal's Hormone

In humans, Hormones are secreted by Glands.

These glands are mainly of 2 types:

i) Endocrine gland ii) Exocrine gland

•
These glands directly secrete their •
These glands have specialised duct, in
hormones into the blood. which they secrete their hormones.
pruang
prayglhrd

LOCATION WORK

SECRETED DEFICIENCY/
HORMONE ACCESS
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Animal's hormone
Pituitary Gland
• This gland is also known as "Master gland".
• It is located in the brain.
• This gland secreies "Growth hormone".
This hormone regulates our body's growth.
• Its deficiency causes "Dwarfism" (smaller height).
• ts access Causes "Gigantism" (larger height).

Adrenal Gland ADRENAL GLAND

As

•It is located at the top of kidneys.

• This gland secretes "Adrenaline hormone".
• It prepares our body in ditficult or emergency conditions. Core

• Its deficiency causes "Addison disease".

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Animal's hormone
Thyroid Gland
• Itis located in the neck side.
• This gland secretes "Thyroxine hormone".
• This hormone balance our growth.
• This hormone also balance our metabolism
• lts deficiency causes "Goitre disease".

Para-thyroid Gland
located at the backside of thyroid gland.
•
It is

• This gland secretes "Parathyroid hormone".

• This hormone regulates Calcium balance in our body. Prrtyod
Gata
• Its deficiency causes lack ofcalcium in our blood (hypocalcemia).
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Animal's hormone
Pancreas
• It islocated between the upper abdomen and duodenum.
• This gland secretes "Insulin and glucagon hormone".
• This hormone maintain Glucose and blood sugar level in our body.
• Its deficiency causes "Diabetes disease".

Sex hormones
In human beings, All hormones are same in male & female except their sex hormones.

•
Inmales, Testosterone is the Sex hormone.
• In females, Progesterone & Oestrogen is the Sex hormones.
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Feedback Mechanism

> This mechanism requlates the timing and amount of releasing hormones.
When?
• (Feedback mechanism)
Howmuch?
•
When?

For example :

"No adrenaline secretion" "Adrenaline Secreted"