CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
2024-25
SETTING OF CEMENT
BY
BY ~
ASHISH RAJ SRIVASTAVA
ASHISHCLASS
RAJ SRIVASTAVA
– 12-D
CLASS 12-D
2024-25
SIR PADAMPAT
SINGHANIA
EDUCATION
CENTRE
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ASHISH RAJ SRIVASTAVA OF
CLASS XII-D HAS SUCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE RESEARCH ON
THE MENTIONED TOPIC UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF –
Ms. KIRTI SHARMA [CHEMISTRY TEACHER]
DURING THE YEAR 2024-25 IN FULFILMENT OF PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION.
SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE OF CHEMISTRY TEACHER
INDEX
# ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
# AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
# INTRODUCTION
# THEORY
EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND ON
SETTING OF CEMENT MORTAR
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING
USING CEMENT
PORTLAND CEMENT
EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING OF
CEMENT MORTAR
# APPARATUS REQUIRED
# PROCEDURE
# OBSERVATION
# CONCLUSION
# PRECAUTIONS
# BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks
of gratitude to my chemistry teacher Ms.
KIRTI SHARMA as well as our school
principal Ms. BHAWNA GUPTA who
gave the opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic "SETTING OF
CEMENT " which also helped me in
doing a lot of research work and I came to
know about so many new things. I am
really thankful to them.
AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT
To study the setting of mixture OF
cement with sand time and Fly ash with
respect to time and strength'
INTRODUCTION
In the most general sense of the word, CEMENT is a binder,
a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can
bind other materials together.
The word “cement” traces to the Romans, who used the
term opus caementicium to describe masonry
resembling modern concrete that was made from
crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic
ash and a pulverized brick additive that were added to
the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later
referred to as cementum, cimentum, camevtt and
cement.
The most important use of cement is the production
of mortar and concrete.
The bonding of natural or artificial aggregates
to form a strong building materials that is
durable the face of normal environment effects.
THEORY
EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND
ON SMITING OF CEMENT
MORTAR
Sand obtained from different sources has different
qualities
• For examples, sea sand obtained from sea contains
unwanted salts and retards setting of cement and is
not suitable for making mortar.
•On the other hand, Pit sand is obtained from pits in the
soil and the river sand obtained from riverbed is
considered excellent for preparing mortar and
concrete.
CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDING USING CEMENT
Cement used in construction is characterized as
hydraulic or non-hydraulic Hydraulic cement (e.g.
Portland cement) harden because of hydration
chemical reactions that occur independently of the
mixture's water content; they can harden even
underwater or when constantly exposed to wet
weather. The chemical reaction that results when the
anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water
produces hydrates that are not water soluble. Non-
hydraulic cements (eg. Lime and Gypsum plaster)
must be kept dry in order to retain their strength.
PORTLAND CEMENT
Cement is made by heating limestone(calcium carbonate), with
small quantities OF other materials (such as clay) to 74500 C in a
kiln, in a process known as calcination, whereby a molecule OF
carbon dioxide is liberated From the calcium carbonate to form
calcium oxide, or quicklime, which is then blended with the other
materials that have been in the mix. The resulting hard substance,
called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount OF gypsum in a
powder to make 'Ordinary Portland Cement', the most commonly
used type OF cement (often referred to as OPC). Portland cement is
a basic ingredient OF concrete, mortar and non specialty grout. The
most common use For Portland cement is in the production OF
concrete. Concrete is a composite material consisting OF aggregate
(gravel and sand), cement and water.
EFFECT OF TIME ON
SETTING OF CEMENT MORTAR
Time has an important role on strength OF developed cement
mortar. When a cement mixture in the ratio OF 7:3 with water
is allowed to dry, the strength OF solid mass keeps on
increasing with the time given for setting. It acquires a nearly
Full strength in 28 days.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
BEAKERS
WEIGHT BOX MATCHBOX
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare mixtures of various compositions as given
in Observation table.
2. Take each of the given mixtures in different beakers
and prepare their pastes by adding minimum
amount of water.
3. Take nine cases of empty match boxes and mark
from 1 to 9.
4. Fill the three cases with the paste of each
composition.
5. Spray water from time to time over the paste, so
that they remain moist all the time.
6. After three days, take out one slab of each
composition and test their strengths
7. Similarly, take out a set of three slabs after 7 days
after 30 days respectively and test their strengths,
OBSERVATION
s COMPOSITION MINIMUM
NO. OF MIXTURE AND WEIGHT TO
RATIO BREAK THE SLAB
3 7 10
DAYS DAYS DAYS
01. CEMENT:RIVER 18g 20g 3og
SAND
(1:3)
02. CEMENT:RIVER 16g 18g 26g
SAND:FLY ASH
(1:3:1)
03. CEMENT:RIVER 10g 15g 20g
SAND:LIME
(1:3:1)
PRECAUTIONS
Handle the glass wares carefully
Allow the time required to set
Sprag only required amount of
water
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET
WWW.PINTEREST.COM
WWW.STUDY.COM
