“Real Talk: NO TO DRUGS!
Tips and Tricks para sa
Makulay na Buhay”
DR. RHYSELLE BERNADETTE B. MELLIZA-DESCALLAR, DM MN RN
Head, City Anti-Drug Abuse Division – Oro Wellness Center
Office for Community Affairs
City Anti-Drug Abuse Council (CADAC)
Cagayan de Oro City
1
What is a drug?
“Any chemical substance which alters the mood or
behaviour as a result of alterations in the function
of the brain.”
The World Health Organisation definition (1988)
2
TYPES OF DRUGS
• LEGAL ILLEGAL: Prescribed Medications
• ILLEGAL:
- Stimulants (Uppers)
- Depressants (Downers)
- Hallucinogens
- Inhalants
Types of vulnerability
Why do only some
people develop drug use
disorders while others
do not?
4
Biopsychosocial Model
Most common model in understanding substance use disorder
Psychology
Genetics factor through Sociology
- Personality
traits - Stress from
- Beliefs
- Response to drug use environment
- Behaviors
- Characteristics - Poverty
- Life experiences
inherited at birth - Armed conflict
- Concurrent psychiatric - Natural disasters
disorders - Cultural issues
5
RISK FACTORS
• Friends who use drugs
• (this is the number one predictor of
who will experiment with
drugs/alcohol)
RISK FACTORS http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:HwoS27sbLtCZGM:http://www.beebo.com.my/pix/fight.gif
Family management problems http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:iAGq9NgQT2m0jM:http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/headers_49730/Kfamily_fights.gif
• poorly defined rules
• inconsistent application of rules http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:fT1ab0SG-1OZhM:http://billyconn.net/aPhotos/galleries/family/billy%2520fighting%2520with%2520jackie.jpg
• lack of monitoring
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:a2PvvFUISGqYrM:http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/386354/2/istockphoto_386354_bickering_twins.jpg
• excessive discipline
• negative communication patterns
• poor anger management http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:7WhHafYVepknjM:http://www.offthemarkcartoons.com/cartoons/1994-05-05.gif
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:vB76aIRxdwq0DM:http://mathforum.org/midpow/POW/thanks.gif
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:MUs6Nst3qABpCM:http://www.pacfs.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/bickering.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:IJik_s_uF_9ddM:http://library.thinkquest.org/4026/sports1.jpg
RISK FACTORS
• Absence of healthy recreational or leisure
interests
• Early antisocial behavior
(e.g., aggression, hyperactivity, defiance) http://images.google.ca/images?q=tbn:mbraD-LEb4_N_M:http://www.columbia.k12.mo.us/columbia/macho.gif
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:TJdX2AAO2IHCwM:http://www.drpbody.com/images/sports_ex.gif
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:fQHy1ZaJSwlTVM:http://fantasy-leagues.net/images/fantasy_sports.jpg
RISK FACTORS
• Parental drug use and a positive attitude toward
use
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:iJ2azm6mUu8vGM:http://www.parentsusingdrugs.org.uk/images/CYP4210_family3_L.gif http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:etJzQsyh6JQspM:http://www.chatfirst.com.au/images/photos/teens/right/20.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:7D1bUOqw1TaJ6M:http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/family/parenting/general-parenting/images/teenagers-female.gif
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:feM_42Y7oiqHEM:http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/200703/r131641_437285.jpg
http://images.google.ca/images?q=tbn:lgI2Gnh6I-P4gM:http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2006-01-05/news_story3-1.gif
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:L9AgCnQUz_K1PM:http://www.eopd.com/images/narcotics_eopd.jpg
RISK FACTORS
• Academic Failure (low and failing grades)
• Little commitment to school
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:gmsoyuFy1GqeuM:http://www.jennifercounseling.com/images/grumpy-girl_to4q.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:KZlVV5ZTaYeCGM:http://vandamere.com/grades.jpg
http://images.google.ca/images?q=tbn:QAdDcS2xftBTFM:http://images.suntimes.com/images/schoolreport1.gif
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:KNrVJJ42kkbwjM:http://www.pacifica.edu/images/youth.jpg
RISK FACTORS
• Favorable attitude towards drug use
• Early first use of drugs http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:IdF4f5pMbQ-v7M:http://musicglob.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/youth-group.jpg
• Prenatal exposure to alcohol (FAS/E)
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:PAHhvwV1vQpkwM:http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/media/image/l/o/ypg_1__1.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ImKO4yA4umc33M:http://www.pqhcs.com/images/youth.gif
Stress & Vulnerability Model
(Diathesis Model / Stress & Resilience model)
Stress Vulnerability
Life experiences Individuals can inherit
may trigger the genetic predisposition
onset of alcohol & to alcohol & other drug
other drug use use
Individuals with a predisposition for alcohol & other drug use or a
mental illness can have a harder time with major life events, and
symptoms of mental illness may emerge
Substance use 12
Bio-Psycho-Social + Stress &
Vulnerability
Biological Psychological Social
• Genes • Upbringing • Cultural
• Mother’s alcohol • Parental strife demands
Predisposing use • Personality • Poverty
• Maternal health traits • Migration
in pregnancy
• Trauma • Bereavement • Joblessness
• Infections • Exam failures • Being robbed
Precipitating • Loss of
• Illicit drugs relationship • Retirement
• Family conflicts • Demands at
• Malnutrition • Domestic work
Perpetuating • Poor sanitation violence • Refugee status
• Drug dependency • Poor coping • Financial
skills pressures
13
1. Mouth
2. Stomach
3. Small Intestine
4. Bloodstream
5. Liver
6. Brain
1. Mouth
2. Stomach
3. Small Intestine
4. Bloodstream
5. Liver
6. Brain
Alcohol
Physical Effects Mental and
• Co-ordination is Emotional
impaired, clumsiness, • Behave in ways that
slower reflexes you normally wouldn’t
• High blood pressure, • Increase in aggressive
damage to the heart and violent behaviour
• Liver damage • Problems with school
• If drinking when and learning
pregnant, FASD
• Life threatening when
mixed with other
drugs
ALCOHOL and the LIVER
• The liver removes poisons – include alcohol
from the body
• People who drink regularly can have serious
liver damage and may even get liver cancer
• If the liver is damaged badly enough, it
can stop working, causing the person to
die.
NICOTINE
• Most addictive drug
• Causes more long term health problems
than any other drug
• Adults are smoking less, younger people
under 18 smoke more
• When someone stops smoking they have:
strong cravings
irritability (everything gets on
nerves)
thoughts of it-can’t stop thinking
about it
NICOTINE
What it does to your body, brain
and behavior
• depression
• lung cancer
• lung diseases
• heart disease
• skin becomes thinner and wrinkled
http://freehosting.tomaweb.com/QuitSmoking/images/oral_cancer.jpg
NICOTINE
Global Estimate of Drug Use
24
Type of Substance Use
Experimental
Recreational
Instrumental
Dependence
25
Key Indicators of Drug Dependence
Tolerance Withdrawal
o Need for increased
o Characteristics of
amount
Withdrawal Syndrome
o Diminished marginal
effects
26
What is Polydrug Use?
3 PATTERNS OF
POLYDRUG USE
For cumulative or
complementary effects
To offset adverse effects
of another drug
“The use of two or
more substances at the
same time” To gradually replace
another drug due to price
or fashion
27
Risk & Consequences of
Polydrug Use
Intoxication Overdose Death
“It is also important to understand trends of
polydrug use because they show that it is often not
useful to profile
PWUD as only users of a specific single drug.”
28
Substance abuse and
society
What are the effects of substance abuse on
society?
• Spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and
Hepatitis C through sharing needles, or
having unprotected sex
11 million people
who inject drugs
Unsafe injecting (2019 WDR global estimate)
drug leads to very
serious health risks
HIV/AIDS
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C In terms of the actual numbers of PWID,
most reside in East and South-East Asia (28%
of the global total)
30
Substance abuse and
society
Effects on unborn children or other
complications from drug use
EFFECTS OF DRUG USE ON
CHILD
• Miscarriages
• Premature birth
• Low birth weight
• Birth defects
• Developmental problems
• A baby’s health problems, if caused by a
drug will continue to grow as the child grows.
Substance abuse and
society
CRIME
• drug possession
• drug use
• drug trafficking
• drug manufacturing
• theft http://images.google.ca/images?q=tbn:ydh9L1HwewSdAM:http://www.lancs.ac.uk/postgrad/albelush/Pictorial%2520Jigsaw%2520Tasks/Bank%2520Robbery%2520Story/Bank%2520Robbery%25203.JPG
• break and enter
• robbery
• motor vehicle theft
Substance abuse and
society
HOMELESSNESS
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:vop9_HkektorsM:http://artslide.fa.asu.edu/mfaslide/peterson/fi/00000005.jpg http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:hO8Ddfiyc5EPuM:http://www.cse.ucsd.edu/~skumar/photography/previous/dependence.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:UY8vraiq1NcBXM:http://www.hprt-cambridge.org/images/Alcohol%2520dependence.gif
Dependence
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:-FTRTdHXSIGxXM:http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/818/30009103.JPG http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:U7vAXY_1paS4tM:http://www.justthinktwice.com/images/stressbrain.jpg Psychoactive Drugs home
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:USJiSbwoBSKLYM:http://www.thefabricator.com/Articles/Photos/539/lead.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:g8GyrfZxx0oBVM:http://www.greenfacts.org/en/psychoactive-drugs/images/child-with-pills.jpg
Biopsychosocial Model
Treatment & Support
Biology Psychology Sociology
- Taking medication - Participating in - Safe secure housing
- Eating a healthy diet psychotherapy, CBT, - Being part of a
etc. support or social
- Learning about the group
effects of alcohol &
other drugs
36
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
• Involvement in alternative activities http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:5uY2DnBM-2xayM:http://www.randwick.nsw.gov.au/images/Summer_Activities_Surf.jpg
• Sense of well being and self-confidence
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:0_iQIAxDqcvnUM:http://www.randwick.nsw.gov.au/images/Summer_activities_snorkel.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:GrEv9xYZ2LT66M:http://www.cookman.edu/images/upload/Current_Students/Student_Activities_Main.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ITUoEf-_iMp_UM:http://www.alpinemountainresorts.com/collage2/resort-activities-images.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:s6RhDkz_h7QY4M:http://www.nevis1.com/Activities_Page_Collage.gif
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
• Positive relationships with adults
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:mN2SSDfa-f7FsM:http://www.teenempowerment.org/images/about/curtain-call.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:75TVvKJZ3UZENM:http://www.faithflowermound.org/youth/images/youthsept.gif http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:OZ4HtX8lFOxU4M:http://www.cambridgeymca.org/images/pictures/afterschool_swim_bw.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:cyFUaWMGtZbw2M:http://www.iveymission.org/All%2520Web%2520files/Support/Current%2520Needs%25202007_files/image002.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:_6L4PBuWh26aZM:http://www.umcnewhope.org/incommunity.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:8rE5zjtDRBC1LM:http://www.actforyouth.net/images/uploaded/100-0039_IMG.JPG
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:JhPSzMeM_XrPKM:http://www.greeleygov.com/Recreation/WebImages/YE/youth2.jpg
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
Friends disapprove of drugs and use
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:jqxKbovPtRf7GM:http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/pix/nats/t/Handshakes-m.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:TTNk137Zbtw44M:http://www.secallnet.com/photos/fotolia_195497.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:hGqtxua03MAS2M:http://research.ua.edu/archive2001/images/handshake1.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:m_68kEgQL9JBrM:http://www.drugfreeworld.org/images/laDFMs.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:qkKwaLuZsfoRSM:http://storage.msn.com/x1pNWjjkHJ3o_y4un2O8MIRkAxdn6uD5cuCV7L-PR_kRrJvMfwYzhWm4IowS_Uyci1jARFbVplg8tziJbOlJXZK4r2kIoK0rqxfRHt_NVb0K22J5BM4rEl7OowoW-cq940vb1ym6V6kg_k
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ktvCv863rZsySM:http://www.calband.berkeley.edu/calband/sections/phonez/photos/2003/good_friends.jpg
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
• Positive future plans
• Healthy coping strategies to deal with stress
• Positive attitude towards learning
click on the star to get your own positive thought
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
Knowledge about risks associated with
substance use
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:MEqeIM0v8F2SGM:http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/f/f6/250px-Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:G2x5krzt58s42M:http://www.alicebernstein.net/Film_Answers_Hunger_Homelessness/Mother_and_babyJohnMcCabe.JPG http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ossZChHPvTUWOM:http://blog.kir.com/archives/homeless2.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:WERD1OHl73kUDM:http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/homeless/images/film_singleman.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:kfpk--9VBaUe8M:http://www.lgfl.net/lgfl/leas/tower-hamlets/accounts/THe%2520Grid/thhec/web/global%2520webquests/homeless%2520webquest/structured%2520webquest/home/section1-tvl-backto--media-1-quizX5Fid-z20051215162329116X2DovalX2D19800X2D1-u-20051215162329116X2DovalX2D19800X2D1-z-f.jpe
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:x4NQy0cO_ScsYM:http://www.ahomeoftheirown.com/images/homegirl_vi9s.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:31OenMtEZsftTM:http://technique.library.gatech.edu/articleimages/2006-11-17-15-1.jpg
http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:63EUxwcXdpyPPM:http://www.eapn.org/module/module_page/images/images/img_news/Homeless.jpg
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
Negative attitude towards substance use
